960 PHYSICS

A. MECHANICS

1. Physical quantities and units (3 double periods)

1.1 Base quantities and SI units -

1.2 Dimensions of physical quantities - dimensions of a quantity

-falsify a physics formula

- predict a physics formula

1.3 Scalars and vectors - addition and subtraction of vectors

1.4 Errors - characteristics of systematic and random errors

- Examples of each type of errors

- precision(d.p.) and accuracy(s.f.)

2. Kinematics and dynamics (9 double periods)

2.1 Rectilinear motion x= ut – ½ at2 ; v-t graph for t and a

- work-energy theorem for u, v and x

2.2 Motion with constant acceleration Same as 2.1

2.3 Projectiles x= ux t ; y = uy t – ½ gt2

2.4 Newton’s laws of motion ; F = ma ;

2.5 Conservation of momentum - definition and use

2.6 Elastic and non-elastic collisions - definition and use

3. Work, energy, and power (3 double periods)

3.1 Work - definition ; work-energy theorem

3.2 Potential energy -

3.3 Kinetic energy -

3.4 Conservation of energy Conservation of energy; conservation of mechanical energy

3.5 PowerAverage ; Instantaneous P = Fv

3.6 Efficiency Explain dissipation of heat affecting efficiency

1

4. Circular motion (4 double periods)

4.1 Uniform circular motion Condition for circular motion

4.2 Centripetal acceleration; state and use

4.3 Centripetal force; state and use

5. Rotation of rigid body (5 double periods)

5.1 Kinematics and dynamics of rotation and ω- t graph

and

; ;

5.2 Centre of mass Definition of c.m. for masses in a plane

5.3 Moment of inertia I =mr2 for particle and for rigid body

5.4 Angular momentum L = Iω for rigid body and L = rmv for particle

5.5 Conservation of angular momentum Definition and uses

5.6 Rotation kinetic energy

6. Statics (3 double periods)

6.1 Equilibrium of particles and

6.2 Closed polygon Equivalent to

6.3 Equilibrium of rigid bodies ; and resultant moment about any point = 0

System of three forces, the forces intercept at a common point( vector diagram)

6.4 Frictional forces

7. Gravitation (3 double periods)

2

7.1 Newton law of universal gravitation

7.2 Gravitational field strength;

7.3 Gravitational potential or ;

7.4 Relationship between g and G9.81 =

7.5 Satellite motion in circular orbits or ;

7.6 Escape velocity;

8. Simple harmonic motion (3 double periods)

8.1 Characteristics of simple harmonic motion and definition

8.2 Kinematics of simple harmonic motion or

8.3 Energy in simple harmonic motionSpring-mass system is used ;

K.E. E = and P.E. U =

Energy of oscillation =

8.4 Systems in simple harmonic motion Derive that oscillation of mass on a spring is a S.H.M.

9. Oscillations (1 double period)

9.1 Free oscillations S.H.M.

9.2 Damped oscillations Describe underdamping, critical damping and overdamping

9.3 Forced oscillations Variation of oscillation amplitude with frequency of the external force

9.4 Resonance and damping How damping factor affects resonance

B. WAVES

10. Wave motion (3 double periods)

3

10.1 Waves and energy -

10.2 Progressive waves; ; ; =

10.3 Wave intensityIntensity = ;

Spherical wave,

10.4 Principle of superposition definition

10.5 Standing waves Standing wave in a string:

n = the nth overtone

10.6 Longitudinal waves and transverse waves Differences

11. Sound waves (4 double periods)

11.1 Propagation of sound waves ;

comparing y-t graph with graph

11.2 Sources of sound -standing wave in string, open pipe and closed pipe.

Graphic presentation of standing waves in both open and closed pipes

for open pipe

for closed pipe

11.3 Intensity of soundIntensity I = ;

Sound intensity level

11.4 Beat , y-t graph for beat

11.5 Doppler effect

C. PROPERTIES OF MATTER

12. State of matter (2 double periods)

12.1 Solid, liquid, and gas Comparing from microscopic and macroscopic perspectives

12.2 Crystalline solids Comparing crystal and amorphous

4

12.3 Intermolecular force curve Sketch and explain the F-r graph;

12.4 Potential energy curve Sketch the U-r graph and use it to explain 0 K and expansion of solid

13. Deformation of solids (3 double periods)

13.1 Stress and strain ;

13.2 Force-extension graphs and stress-strain graphs

13.3 Young modulus;

13.4 Strain energyStrain energy =

D. THERMODYNAMICS

14. Kinetic theory of gases (4 double periods)

14.1 Ideal gas equation Definition of an ideal gas ; pV=nRT

14.2 Kinetic theory of gases Assumptions of ideal gas in kinetic theory;

; ;

5

14.3 Pressure of a gas -

14.4 Molecular kinetic energy ;

14.5 Rms speed of molecules Calculation

14.6 Degrees of freedom explain

14.7 Law of equipartition of energyKinetic energy per degree of freedom per molecule=

14.8 Internal energy of an ideal gas Internal energy = total kinetic energy for ideal gas

Monatomic gas per mole: ; ;

Diatomic gas per mole : ; ;

Polyatomic gas per mole : ; ;

14.9 Distribution of molecular speeds Maxwell-Boltzmann speed distribution graph

15. Thermodynamics of gases (5 double periods)

15.1 Heat capacity

15.2 Work

15.3 First law of thermodynamics State and explain or

15.4 Internal energy Definition for cV and cp ; and

; cp = cV + R

6

15.5 Isothermal changep-V graph and work done =

15.6 Adiabiatic changeMolar heat ratio γ =

Monatomic: γ= 1.67; diatomic: γ= 1.4 ; polyatomic: γ= 1.33

;

P -V graph and work done = n cV (Ti –Tf) or

16. Thermal conduction (3 double periods)

16.1 Thermal conductivity

16.2 Determination of thermal conductivity Understand the working principles

E. ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM

17. Electrostatics (3 double periods)

17.1 Coulomb’s law ; = N m2 C-2

17.2 Electric fieldF =qE ; For point charge source:

17.3 Gauss’ law State Gauss’ law: E for charge distribution on conducting sphere.

E for charge distribution on thin flat infinite conducting sheet

17.4 Electrical potentialFor point charge source: ;

For distribution of charge :

17.5 Equipotential surfaces Graphic: equipotential surface always normal to the electric field lines

18. Capacitors (4 double periods)

18.1 CapacitanceDefinition

18.2 Parallel plate capacitor

18.3 Uniform field between parallel plates

18.4 Capacitors in series and in parallel Net capacitance

7

18.5 Energy stored in a charged capacitorEnergy stored

18.6 Charging and discharging q-t, V-t and I-t formulae and graph for charging and discharging of a capacitor.

Time constant

18.7 Dielectrics Effect of dielectric on capacitance, charge stored,

electric field and potential difference of a capacitor.

19. Electric current (5 double periods)

19.1 Conduction of electricity;

19.2 Drift velocity Difference between drift velocity and random velocity

19.3 Current density

19.4 Electrical conductivity

19.5 Resistivity

19.6 Dependence of resistance on temperature graphs for pure conductor, semiconductor and superconductor

19.7 Energy and electrical power Power = I V

20. Direct current circuits (5 double periods)

20.1 Electromotive force Definition; comparing emf and potential difference

20.2 Internal resistance of sources Output voltage and internal resistance; load resistance for maximum wattage from a voltage source

20.3 Kirchhoff’s law State and use the two Kirchhoff’s laws

20.4 Potential dividerVoltage receiver by a resistor in series;

20.5 Potentiometer Use as voltmeter; V=

20.6 Wheatstone bridge Use for comparing resistance

20.7 Shunt and multiplier Define and use for converting milliammeter to ammeter(shunt;

8

current sharing)

And milliammeter to voltmeter(multiplier; voltage sharing)

21. Magnetic fields (6 double periods)

21.1 Magnetic field B Definition;

21.2 Force on a moving charge Trajectory

21.3 Force on a current-carrying conductor Derive the magnetic force on a linear conductor from magnetic force on all free electrons in the conductor.

, normally θ = 90o

21.4 Magnetic fields due to currentsStraight infinite conductor:

9

In a circular coil of N loops:

In a solenoid:

21.5 Force between current-carrying conductors;

21.6 Definition of ampere: current balanceDefinition of 1 A :

Current balance:

21.7 Torque on a coil for radial field

21.8 Determination of ratio

21.9 Hall effect ;

22. Electromagnetic induction (6 double periods)

22.1 Magnetic flux = number of magnetic lines through an area

22.2 Faraday’s law and Lenz’s law Definitions and use.

Induced emf :

-linear conductor in uniform field,

- Faraday disc,

- coil rotating in a uniform field,

Note: We may determine the direction of magnetic force on electron instead Lenz’s law to check for polarity

10

22.3 Self-inductance L ; for solenoid

22.4 Energy stored in a inductorEnergy stored =

22.5 Mutual induction ;

for two coaxial circular

coils

22.6 Transformer ; ; flux through both coils is

the same ; understanding of eddy current.

22.7 Back emf in dc motors

23. Alternating currents (3 double periods)

23.1 Alternating currents through resistors ;

23.2 Power ; or

sketch V-t, I-t and P-t graphs on the same axes for resistor

23.3 Rms value ;

23.4 Alternating currents through inductors

;

11

= =

voltage lead current by

= ;

sketch V-t, I-t and P-t graphs on the same axes

23.5 Alternating currents through capacitors

;

Voltage lags current by

;

sketch V-t, I-t and P-t graphs on the same axes

23.6 Rectification of alternating currents - half rectifier and full rectifier circuits

-Vo-t graph

23.7 Smoothing by capacitors Sketch a simple voltage smoother circuit

24. Electronics (4 double periods)

24.1 Operational amplifiers State the characteristics of open circuit op-amp

Very high input impedance; very low output impedance; very high voltage gain

Vo = A(V+ - V-)

24.2 Inverting and non-inverting amplifiersInverting amplifier,

Non-inverting amplifier,

24.3 Negative feedback State the advantages in using the negative feedback.

24.4 Use of operational amplifiers Adder or summing amplifier; integrator,

12

differentiator

24.5 Oscillators Sketch a oscillator circuit

F. OPTICS

25. Electromagnetic waves (1 double periods)

25.1 Electromagnetic vibrations State the characteristics of EM wave in terms of electric and magnetic vibrations

25.2 Relationship between

25.3 Electromagnetic wave spectrum Give estimate wavelength or frequency for ; X-rays; visible light and radio wave

26. Geometrical optics (3 double periods)

26.1 Curved mirrorsUse mirror formula ; with the correct

sign convention

26.2 Refraction at curved surfacesUse with the correct sign convention

26.3 Thin lensesUse lens formula and lens maker’s equation

with the correct sign convention

27. Physical optics (6 double periods)

27.1 Huygen’s principle Explain Huygen principle. Relate diffraction with Huygen principle

27.2 Interference Constructive interference or maxima:

Optical path difference = m

Destructive interference or minima

Optical path difference = (m + ½ )

27.3 Two-slit interference pattern o.p.d.= .

For maxima, = m ;

27.4 Air wedgeo.p.d. =2t+ ;

For minima, 2t+ =(m+ ½ ) , ;

13

Or ;

27.5 Thin film o.p.d.= 2n1t ( n2 > n1)

For minima(non-reflective), 2n1t = (m + ½ )

For maxima(reflective), 2n1t = m

27.6 Diffraction at single slito.p.d.=

For 1st minima, = ;

27.7 Diffraction gratings o.p.d = d sin

For maxima,

27.8 PolarisationAfter polarizer,

From polarizer through analyzer, ;

G. QUANTUM PHYSICS

28. Photons (2 double periods)

28.1 Photoelectric effect State the three important observations in photoelectric effect experiment that could not be explain using wave theory of light.

28.2 Concept of light quantisationEnergy of photon or =

Einstein equation for photoelectric effect:

, w = work function of the cathode metal

= threshold frequency

29. Wave-particle duality (1 double period)

14

29.1 De Broglie’s relationFor wave, ;

For particle, ; =

29.2 Electron diffraction

H. ATOMIC PHYSICS

30. Atomic structure (2 double periods)

30.1 Bohr’s postulate State the two Bohr’s postulates for hydrogen-like atoms

30.2 Energy levels in atoms Orbital energy En = P.E. + K.E.

eV

30.3 Line spectra

31. X-ray (2 double periods)

31.1 X-ray spectra Explain the production of continuous X-rays and characteristic X-rays

31.2 X-ray diffraction Bragg’s law

32. Laser (1 double period)

32.1 Principles of production Explain: - metastable excited state

- population inversion

- stimulated emission

32.2 Characteristics Characteristics of laser light

32.3 Uses Examples on uses of laser

I. NUCLEAR PHYSICS

33. Nucleus (2 double periods)

33.1 Discovery of neutrons

33.2 Atomic number and mass number -

33.3 Mass defect and binding energy Einstein mass-energy equivalent

Mass defect=total mass of nucleons – mass of nucleus

Calculating binding energy per nucleon for a nucleus

15

Sketch and explain graph of binding energy per nucleon against nucleon number

33.4 Isotopes -

33.5 Mass spectrometryVelocity selector, qE = qvB;

Deflector:

34. Radioactivity (2 double periods)

34.1 Radioactive decay Explain decay constant

34.2 Decay constant and half-life

34.3 Use of radioisotopes Examples of radioactivity as tracer

35. Nuclear reaction (2 double periods)

35.1 Nuclear reaction Calculating Q-value or nuclear energy from mass difference

35.2 Nuclear fission two fragments about equal mass

+ one to three neutrons

calculating the Q-value

35.3 Nuclear fusion p-p cycle in the sun

two combine to form

one combine with to form

two combine to form

36. Elementary particles (2 double periods)

36.1 Basic forces Name the four basic forces in order of strength.

State the characteristics of leptons and hadrons

Comparing leptons and hadrons

Examples of leptons and hadrons

16

36.2 Quarks Explain ad give some examples of quarks

36.3 Neutrinos Explain the existence of neutrino from the energy spectrum of the particles in beta emission.

Note

A list of fundamental physical constants as shown below will be provided for Papers 1 and 2. These data are included in the Data Booklet for STPM. Other data, specific to indivudual questions, will be given with the individual questions.

960 PHYSICSValues of constants

Speed of light in free space c = 3.00 108 m s-1

Permeability of free space 0 = 4 10-7 H m-1

Permittivity of free space 0 = 8.85 10-12 F m-1

(1/(36)) 10-9 F m-1

Magnitude of electronic charge e = 1.60 10-19 C

Planck constant h = 6.63 10-34 J s

Unified atomic mass constant u = 1.66 10-27 kg

Rest mass of electron me = 9.11 10-31 kg

Rest mass of proton mp = 1.67 10-27 kg

Molar gas constant R = 8.31 J K-1 mol-1

Avogadro constant L, NA = 6.02 1023 mol-1

Boltzmann constant k = 1.38 10-23 J K-1

Gravitational constant G = 6.67 10-11 N m2 kg-2

17

Acceleration of free fall g = 9.81 m s-2

18