lugarawa shpp
TRANSCRIPT
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(COOPERAZIONE RURALE IN AFRICA E AMERICA LATINA)
c/o Nazareth Center
P.O. Box 807, Njombe
Tel: +255 (0) 766752372
E-mail: [email protected]
www.acra.it
Submitted to: The National Environment Management Council (NEMC)
Regent Estate, Plot No. 29/30
P.O Box 63154, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
Tel: +255 (022)2774889 or +255(022)2774852
Fax: +255 22 2774901
Email: [email protected]; [email protected]
Prepared by: Julius M.S. Shilungushela
P.O Box 8295, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
Tel: +255 787 585854/ +255 713 482583
Email: [email protected]/[email protected]
ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (ESIA) REPORT
FOR THE PROPOSED LUGARAWA SMALL HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT (1.7MW)
ON MADOPE RIVER, IN LUGARAWA VILLAGE AND TRANSMISION LINES PROJECT
WITHIN 20 VILLAGES OF LUDEWA DISTRICT, NJOMBE REGION, TANZANIA
SUBMITED: 6th April, 2016
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AKNOWLEDGEMENT
ACRACCS management, the proponent, wishes to thank Mr. Julius M. S Shilungushela
(Consultant) and his team who conducted the ESIA Study and provided all required support and
assistance. Also, the company management team would like to extend their sincere gratitude to
NEMC staff for providing the technical guidance which enabled the Consultant to address all
pertinent issues related to this study.
Furthermore, the company management team would like to appreciate the support provided
by the leaders, experts and other stakeholders at all levels in the project area, particularly for
sparing their time for discussions with our field study team and providing very useful comments
on the project; i.e., the Ludewa District Council Executive Director and experts; the District
Administrative Secretary; Ludewa District TANESCO Management and experts; Village Chair
Persons, WEOs and VEOs; and the villagers from all the twenty Villages in the project area.
Lastly but not least, the company management appreciates the assistance of several other
individuals who provided support in field data collection, analysis and technical report writing;
namely Mr. David Alloys, Mr. Modest Zachariah and Ms. Zainabu Kisina.
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STUDY TEAM
S/No Name of the Expert Position/area of expertise Signature
1 Julius M.S Shilungushela EIA Team Leader (Registered EIA
Expert)
2 Robert O.J. Kibongolo Environmental Scientist
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ABBREVITIONS
AIDS Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
BWO Basin Water Office
CITES Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species
CRB Contractors Registration Board
DOE Division of Environment
E&ECN Education and Enterprises College of Njombe
EEP Energy and Environment Partnership
EIA Environnemental Impact Assesment
EMA Environmental Management Act
ESMP Environnemental and Social Monitoring Plan
ERB Engineers Registration Board
EUE Energy User Entity
EWURA Energy and Water Utilities Regulatory Authority
GPS Geographic Positioning System
HIV Human Immunodeficiency Syndrome
HSE Health Safety and Environment
JUWALU Jumuiya ya Watumiaji Umeme wa Lugarawa
kW Kilowatt
LNBWO Lake Nyasa Basin Water Office
MCHPCL MADOPE Community Hydro Power Company Ltd
MKUKUTA Mpango wa Kukuza Uchumi na Kuondoa Umaskini Tanzania
MSDS Material Safety Data Sheet
MW Megawatt
NDO Njombe Development Organization
NEMC National Environmental Management Council
NGO Non-Government Organization
NIPP National Investment Promotion Policy
NSGPR National Strategy for Growth and Poverty Reduction
OSHA Occupational Safety Health Authority
PAP Project Affected Person
PPE Personal Protective Equipment
REA Rural Energy Agency
SHPP Small Hydropower Project
STDs Sexual Transmitted Diseases
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TANESCO Tanzania Electric Supply Company Limited
TDS Total Dissolved Solids
ToR Terms of Reference
UNIDO United Nations Industrial Development Organization
URT United Republic of Tanzania
UTM Universal Transverse Mercator
VEO Village Executive Officer
VPO Vice President Office
WEO Ward Executive Officer
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
AKNOWLEDGEMENT ...................................................................................................................................... i
STUDY TEAM ................................................................................................................................................. ii
ABBREVITIONS ............................................................................................................................................. iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS ..................................................................................................................................... v
LIST OF FIGURE ............................................................................................................................................xiii
LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................................................ xiv
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ................................................................................................................................ xv
CHAPTER ONE ............................................................................................................................................... 1
1.0 INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 Project Background ................................................................................................................................. 1
1.2: Project Rationale .................................................................................................................................... 4
1.3: Scope of Work ........................................................................................................................................ 6
1.4: Methodology of the Study ..................................................................................................................... 7
1.4.1 Literature review .................................................................................................................................. 7
1.4.2 Field site visit ........................................................................................................................................ 7
1.4.3 Public consultation ............................................................................................................................... 7
1.4.4 Project Impact Assessment .................................................................................................................. 8
CHAPTER TWO ............................................................................................................................................ 10
2.0 DESCRIPTION OF THE PROPOSED PROJECT .......................................................................................... 10
2.1: Project Location and Accessibility ........................................................................................................ 10
2.2: Land acquisition ................................................................................................................................... 11
2.3: Project Components ............................................................................................................................ 12
2.3.1 Intake structures ................................................................................................................................ 12
2.3.2 Plant head .......................................................................................................................................... 13
2.3.3 Power Station ..................................................................................................................................... 14
2.3.4 Transmission and Distribution System ............................................................................................... 15
2.3.5 Access Roads ...................................................................................................................................... 16
2.3.6 Construction Camp ............................................................................................................................ 17
2.3.7: Electromechanical Equipment .......................................................................................................... 17
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2.4 Capacity and Expected Energy Production and Demand ...................................................................... 18
2.4.1 Capacity and expected energy production ........................................................................................ 18
2.4.2 Energy demand .................................................................................................................................. 19
2.5 Environmental release and available flow for power generation ........................................................ 20
2.6 Project activities, management and services........................................................................................ 21
2.6.1 Project Activities ................................................................................................................................ 21
2.6.1.1: Mobilization & Designing Phase .................................................................................................... 21
2.6.1.2: Construction Phase ........................................................................................................................ 22
2.6.1.3: Operation Phase ............................................................................................................................ 22
2.6.1.4: Decommissioning Phase ................................................................................................................ 23
2.6.2 Project management and supporting service .................................................................................... 23
2.6.2.1 Water Supply................................................................................................................................... 23
2.6.2.2 Energy supply .................................................................................................................................. 23
2.6.2.3 Waste management ........................................................................................................................ 24
2.6.2.4 Staff ................................................................................................................................................. 25
2.6.2.5 Health and safety issues ................................................................................................................. 25
CHAPTER THREE .......................................................................................................................................... 26
3.0: POLICY, ADMINSTRATIVE AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK ........................................................................... 26
3.1 Overview of Legislation ......................................................................................................................... 26
3.2 National Policies and guidelines ........................................................................................................... 26
3.2.1 The National Environmental Policy, 1997 .......................................................................................... 26
3.2.2 The Energy Policy, 2003 ..................................................................................................................... 27
3.2.3 National Human Settlements Development Policy, 2000 ................................................................. 28
3.2.4 National Land Policy of 1995 ............................................................................................................. 29
3.2.5 The National Strategy for Growth and Poverty Reduction II, 2010 ................................................... 29
3.2.6 Rural Development Strategy, 2001 .................................................................................................... 31
3.2.7 Tanzania Development Vision 2025................................................................................................... 31
3.2.8 National Economic Empowerment Policy, 2004 ................................................................................ 31
3.2.9 National Policy on HIV/AIDS, 2001 .................................................................................................... 32
3.2.10 National Water Policy, 2002 ............................................................................................................ 33
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3.1.11 Wildlife Policy, 1998 ......................................................................................................................... 33
3.2.12 National Sustainable Industrial Development Policy, 1996 ............................................................. 33
3.2.13 National Investment Promotion Policy, 1996 .................................................................................. 34
3.2.14 National Employment Policy, 1997 .................................................................................................. 34
3.2.15National Gender Policy, 2002 ........................................................................................................... 34
3.2.16 National Forest Policy, 2000 ............................................................................................................ 34
3.2.17 Construction Industry Policy, 2003 .................................................................................................. 35
3.2.18 National Agriculture Policy, 2013 .................................................................................................... 35
3.3: Relevant Legal and Regulatory Framework ......................................................................................... 35
3.3.1: The Environmental Management Act No. 20 of 2004, Cap. 191 ...................................................... 35
3.3.2: Energy and Water Utilities Regulatory Authority Act Cap 414, 2001 ............................................... 36
3.3.3: The Environment Impact Assessment & Audit Regulations G.N. No. 349 of 2005........................... 37
3.3.4: Occupation Health and Safety Authority Act No.5, 2003 ................................................................. 37
3.3.5: Tanzania Investment Act Cap 38 of 2002 ......................................................................................... 37
3.3.6: Employment and Labor Relations Act No. 6 of 2004 ........................................................................ 37
3.3.7: The HIV and AIDS (Prevention and Control) Act of 2008 .................................................................. 38
3.3.8: The Local Government Laws (Miscellaneous Amendments) Act No. 4 (2000) ................................. 38
3.3.9: National Land Use Planning Commission Act No. 2 of 2007............................................................. 38
3.3.10 Land Act Cap 113, (No. 4 of 1999) ................................................................................................... 39
3.3.11: Village Land Act Cap 114 R.E, 2002 ................................................................................................. 39
3.3.12: The Forest Act, 2002 ....................................................................................................................... 39
3.3.13: Water Resources Management Act, 2009 ...................................................................................... 40
3.3.14: The Standards Act No. 2, 2009 ........................................................................................................ 41
3.3.15: The Water Supply and Sanitation Act No. 12 of 2009 ................................................................... 41
3.3.16: The Contractors Registration Act Cap 25 R.E, 2002 ........................................................................ 42
3.3.17: The Electricity Act, 2008 ................................................................................................................. 42
3.3.18: The Rural Energy Act, 2005 ............................................................................................................. 43
3.4 International obligations, Conventions and other Specific Programmes ............................................. 43
3.4.1: Convention on Biological Diversity, Rio de Janeiro, May 1992 ......................................................... 43
3.4.2: World Bank Safeguard Policies and Guidelines ................................................................................ 44
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3.5: Administrative Framework .................................................................................................................. 48
CHAPTER FOUR ........................................................................................................................................... 49
4.0 BASELINE ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL CONDITIONS ....................................................................... 49
4.1 Physical condition ................................................................................................................................. 49
4.1.1 Climate and Topography .................................................................................................................... 49
Table 4.1 Monthly and Mean Annual Rainfall ............................................................................................ 49
4.1.2 Geology and Soils ............................................................................................................................... 50
4.1.3 Land use/ Land cover ......................................................................................................................... 51
4.1.4 Hydrology ........................................................................................................................................... 51
4.1.4.1 Basin context ................................................................................................................................... 51
4.1.4.2 Hydrology of Madope River ............................................................................................................ 53
4.2 Biological and ecological environment ................................................................................................. 59
4.2.1 Flora ................................................................................................................................................... 59
4.2.2 Fauna .................................................................................................................................................. 60
4.3 Socio-economic environment ............................................................................................................... 61
4.3.1 Population characteristics and ethnicity............................................................................................ 61
4.3.2 Income and Economic activities......................................................................................................... 61
4.3.3 Social services and facilities ............................................................................................................... 63
4.3.3.1 Education facilities .......................................................................................................................... 63
4.3.3.2 Water and environmental sanitation.............................................................................................. 63
4.3.3.3 Health services ................................................................................................................................ 63
4.3.3.4 Energy sources ................................................................................................................................ 64
4.3.3.4 Transport and communication ....................................................................................................... 64
CHAPTER FIVE ............................................................................................................................................. 65
5.0 STAKEHOLDER CONSULTATIONS AND PUBLIC INVOLVEMENT ............................................................. 65
5.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................................... 65
5.2 Stakeholders’ Identification and consultation ...................................................................................... 65
5.3 Results of Public Consultations ............................................................................................................. 65
5.5 Addressing stakeholders’ concerns. ..................................................................................................... 72
CHAPTER SIX ................................................................................................................................................ 74
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6.0: IMPACT IDENTIFICATION AND ASSESSMENT OF ALTERNATIVES ........................................................ 74
6.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................................... 74
6.2 Identification of Potential Impacts ....................................................................................................... 74
6.2.1 Mobilization/ Construction phase ..................................................................................................... 74
6.2.1.1 Loss of vegetation, existing land use patterns and property .......................................................... 74
6.2.1.2 Air pollution due to dust and gaseous emission from machinery and vehicles ............................. 74
6.2.1.3 Noise pollution from construction machinery and vehicles ........................................................... 74
6.2.1.4 Increased waste generation and haphazard disposal. .................................................................... 75
6.2.1.5 Increased soil erosion and potential landslide ............................................................................... 75
6.2.1.6 Increased turbidity in the downstream due to construction activities .......................................... 75
6.2.1.7 Increased sediments in the river bed that might reduce the water flow rate ............................... 76
6.2.1.8 Increase of traffic accidents ............................................................................................................ 76
6.2.1.9 Intensification of HIV/AIDs, STDs and other communicable diseases ............................................ 76
6.2.1.10 Occupational health and safety risks ............................................................................................ 76
6.2.1.11 Widespread of chemicals and oil spillage from vehicle and machinery refueling ....................... 76
6.2.1.12 Increase of soil and water pollution ............................................................................................. 77
6.2.1.13 Impacts on aquatic life and downstream water users due to impacted water quality ................ 77
6.2.1.14 Impairment of aesthetic and scenic qualities ............................................................................... 77
6.2.1.15 Increased employment opportunity and other economic activities ............................................ 78
6.2.1.16 Earnings of Government revenue ................................................................................................. 78
6.2.2 Operation phase ................................................................................................................................ 78
6.2.2.1 Noise pollution from the operation of turbines and other related equipments ............................ 78
6.2.2.2 Reduced stream flow and water level with possible impacts of aquatic life ................................. 78
6.2.2.3 Impacts on aquatic life and downstream water users due to impaired water quality .................. 79
6.2.2.4 Health and safety risks due to electric hazards .............................................................................. 79
6.2.2.5 Bushfire outbreak impacts .............................................................................................................. 79
6.2.2.6 Increased waste generation from the project site. ........................................................................ 80
6.2.2.7 Widespread of oil spills from oil refueling, workshop and power house ....................................... 80
6.2.2.8 Intensification of HIV/AIDS, STDs and other communicable diseases ............................................ 80
6.2.2.9 Impairment of aesthetic and scenic quality .................................................................................... 80
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6.2.2.10 Increased social conflicts and crimes ............................................................................................ 81
6.2.2.11 Improved Environmental Management of Madope River Ecosystem.......................................... 81
6.2.2.12 Benefits to Community resulting from employment and access to electricity ............................ 81
6.2.2.13 Increase of government revenue .................................................................................................. 82
6.3.1 Approaches for assessment of significance ....................................................................................... 82
6.3.2 Criterion used during evaluation ....................................................................................................... 83
6.4 Project Alternatives ............................................................................................................................... 88
6.4.1 No project alternative ........................................................................................................................ 88
6.4.2 Alternative Site................................................................................................................................... 88
6.4.3 Alternative Energy Source ................................................................................................................. 88
6.4.4 Building a reservoir ............................................................................................................................ 88
CHAPTER SEVEN .......................................................................................................................................... 90
7.0 MITIGATION/ ENHANCEMENT MEASURES ........................................................................................... 90
7.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................................... 90
7.2.1 Loss of vegetation, existing land use pattern and property .............................................................. 90
7.2.2 Air pollution due to dust and gaseous emission from machinery and vehicles ................................ 91
7.2.3 Noise pollution from construction machinery and vehicles .............................................................. 91
7.2.4 Increased waste generation ............................................................................................................... 91
7.2.5 Increased soil erosion and potential landslide .................................................................................. 92
7.2.6 Increased turbidity in the downstream due to construction activities ............................................. 92
7.2.7 Increased sediments in the river bed that might reduce the water flow rate .................................. 92
7.2.8 Increase of accidents due to increased traffic ................................................................................... 93
7.2.9 Intensification of HIV/AIDs, STDs and other Communicable diseases .............................................. 93
7.2.10 Occupational health and safety risks ............................................................................................... 93
7.2.11 Widespread of chemicals and oil spillage from vehicle and machinery refueling........................... 94
7.2.12 Increased soil and water pollution................................................................................................... 94
7.2.13 Impacts on aquatic life and downstream water users due to impacted water quality ................... 95
7.2.14 Impairment of aesthetic and scenic qualities .................................................................................. 95
7.2.15 Increased employment opportunity and other economic activities ............................................... 95
7.2.16 Earnings of Government revenue .................................................................................................... 95
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7.3 Operation Phase.................................................................................................................................... 96
7.3.1 Noise pollution from the operation of turbines and other related equipments ............................... 96
7.3.2 Reduced river flow and water level with possible impacts of aquatic life ........................................ 96
7.3.3 Impacts on aquatic life and downstream water users due to impacted water quality ..................... 96
7.3.4 Health and safety risks due to electric hazards ................................................................................. 96
7.3.5 Bushfire outbreak impacts ................................................................................................................. 97
7.3.6 Increased waste generation from the project site. ........................................................................... 97
7.3.7 Widespread of oil spills from oil refueling, workshop and power house .......................................... 97
7.3.8 Intensification of HIV/AIDS, STDs and other communicable diseases ............................................... 97
7.3.9 Increased social conflicts and crimes ................................................................................................. 98
7.3.10 Improved Environmental Management of Madope River ecosystem ............................................ 98
7.3.11 Community benefits resulted from employment opportunities and access to electricity. ............ 98
7.3.12 Increase of government revenue ..................................................................................................... 99
CHAPTER EIGHT ......................................................................................................................................... 100
8.0: ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN ...................................................................... 100
8.1: Impact Management plan .................................................................................................................. 100
8.2: Implementation of the Management Plan ........................................................................................ 100
CHAPTER NINE .......................................................................................................................................... 113
9.0 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MONITORING PLAN .......................................................................... 113
9.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................ 113
9.2 Objectives of a Monitoring Program ................................................................................................... 113
9.3 Context of a Monitoring Program ....................................................................................................... 113
CHAPTER TEN ............................................................................................................................................ 122
10.0 COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS OF THE PROJECT ........................................................................................ 122
10.1: Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 122
10.2 The estimated investment costs ....................................................................................................... 122
10.3 Operational Expenditures and Management (O&M) ....................................................................... 122
10.4 Economic assessment ....................................................................................................................... 124
10.5 Benefits related to the project .......................................................................................................... 125
CHAPTER ELEVEN ...................................................................................................................................... 126
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11.0: DECOMMISSIONING ........................................................................................................................ 126
CHAPTER TWELVE ..................................................................................................................................... 128
12.0 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSSION ........................................................................................................ 128
REFERENCES .............................................................................................................................................. 129
APPENDICES .............................................................................................................................................. 131
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LIST OF FIGURE
Figure 2.1: Lugarawa SHPP area location map ........................................................................................... 11
Figure 2.2: An illustrative diagram depicting run-of-river hydropower...................................................... 14
Figure 4.1 Madope River Catchment Basin at the proposed intake site for Lugarawa SHPP ..................... 52
Figure 4.2 Graphic of the estimated monthly mean flow discharge for Madope River at the proposed
intake site for the proposed Lugarawa SHPP .............................................................................................. 56
Figure 4.3 Discharge measurement (Source: Study team, August, 2015) .................................................. 57
Figure 4.4 Surface water sampling (Source: EIA Study team, August, 2015) ............................................. 59
Figure 4.5: Identified flora species in the project area, (Source: Field study team, Aug, 2015) ................. 60
Figure 4.6: PVC Pipes that are used for small scale irrigation purposes along Madope River ................... 63
Figure 5.1 Consultation meeting with stakeholders at Masimbwe and Itundu Villages respectively ........ 72
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LIST OF TABLES
Table 2.1 Location of the intake and powerhouse sites ............................................................................. 10
Table 2.2 Technical design data for the Proposed Lugarawa SHPP ............................................................ 16
Table 2.3: The annual expected energy production. .................................................................................. 19
Table 2.4 Projection of Total Consumption in MWh .................................................................................. 19
Table 2.5 Monthly Mean available flows for the proposed power production (m3/s) ............................... 21
Table 3.1: World Bank Safeguard Policies................................................................................................... 45
Table 3.2: Social and Environmental Safeguards commonly activated in hydropower projects ............... 46
Table 4.1 Monthly and Mean Annual Rainfall ............................................................................................ 49
Table 4.2 Monthly mean flow rates of Ruhuhu River in m3/s ..................................................................... 54
Table 4.3 Monthly Mean Flow Discharges for Madope River at the proposed intake site and Ruhuhu
River at Kikonge St. No. IRB3 - (m3/sec) forthe Period 1971-2002 ............................................................ 55
Table 4.4 Population characteristics in Ludewa District ............................................................................. 61
Table 5.1 Issues and Concerns raised from Stakeholders consulted with regard to the proposed
construction of Lugarawa SHPP .................................................................................................................. 66
Table 5.2 EIA Recommendations for issued by Stakeholders. .................................................................... 72
Table 6.1: First step assessment criteria for evaluation of impacts ........................................................... 83
Table 6.2 Summary of the Impacts associated with the Lugarawa SHPP ................................................... 84
Table 6.3: Impact Correlation Matrix for the Proposed Lugarawa Small Hydropower Project .................. 86
Table 8.1: Environmental and social management plan ........................................................................... 101
Table 9.1: Environmental and Social Monitoring Plan .............................................................................. 114
Table 10.1: The proposed project costs .................................................................................................... 122
Table 10.2A: Annual maintenance costs from 2018 ................................................................................. 123
Table 10.2B: Annual Operation costs from 2018 ..................................................................................... 123
Table 10.3: New Users ............................................................................................................................. 123
Table 10.4: Estimated Lugarawa Small Hydropower Project Economic Indicators .................................. 124
Table 10.5: Key Assumptions used to calculate the IRR and the NPV: .................................................... 125
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
INTRODUCTION
The proposed Lugarawa Small Hydro Electric Power Plant (1.7 MW) will be established on a
manmade water course of Madope River which now has a very significant water fall in
Lugarawa Village, Lugarawa Ward, Ludewa District, Njombe Region. The project mobilization
and construction will be financed and undertaken by ACRA CCS, an International NGO based in
Italy with an office in Njombe Municipality, in association with partners; NDO and Studio Frosio,
with funds from European Union, UNIDO and EEP.ACRA CCS has been certified on 27th February
2014 with registration number I-NGO/ 00006981 as shown in appendix 4.Then, after the
completion of the construction works of the proposed project which is foreseen to be by mid-
2018 (i.e., when all infrastructures will be in place, both for production and for distribution) will
hand over the power plant, the lines, and all others assets to MADOPE Community Hydro
Power Company Ltd, (P.O. Box 54, Njombe) which was established and registered in 2014.This
Company will be responsible for the generation and distribution of the hydroelectric energy to
more than 50,000 people living in 20 villages in Tanzania’s Njombe region. As said earlier, after
the handover from ACRA and his partners, foreseen at the end of the construction activities,
MADOPE will be the owner the project and will have the following shareholders: Lugarawa
Hospital (55 %); Education and Enterprises College of Njombe (E&ECN) (5%); and Jumuiya ya
Watumiaji Umeme wa Lugarawa (JUWALU) (40%).
At the proposed site on Madope River for power production for the proposed project, the
recorded maximum and minimum flow discharges are 0.7m3/sec and 0.182m3/sec respectively.
The waterfall’s head is 460 m. By utilizing the head, amount of water required for power
generation at any time will be diverted through a penstock to the power house in which a
Pelton turbine will be installed for the power generation.
The proposed project is expected to generate about 8,100MWh annually. The total energy that
will supplied to the twenty (20) surrounding villages from 2018 to 2038 is expected to be
84,473MWh and the total surplus that will sold to the National Grid from 2018 to 2038 will be
85,627MWh . The villages that will benefit from the proposed project are Lugarawa, Mkiu,
Mlangali, Itundu, Lufumbu, Ligumbiro, Utilili, Lupanga, Lusala, Masimbwe, Luvuyo, Madope,
Mangalanyene, Manga, Madilu, Ilawa, Mfarasi, Mdilidili, Ilininda and Kiyombo. The
socioeconomic survey conducted by ACRACCS and NDO shows that these villages have a
potential market for the proposed project because there are about 51,180 beneficiaries,
including institutions such as the Lugarawa hospital, Lugarawa Nursing School, Lugarawa
Vocational Education and Training Authority, 19 dispensaries/health centres, 32 primary and
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secondary schools, government offices, and business infrastructures such as milling machines,
motor vehicle garages, 38 mechanical and carpentry workshops, 510 small shops and bars, etc.
According to the Tanzania Legislation; particularly the Environmental Management Act (EMA)
of 2004 under section 81 (i) and (ii), project developers are obliged to carry out an
Environmental Impact assessment (EIA) prior to project implementation. In that context, the
project developer, commissioned Mr. Julius Shilungushela of Water and Land Centre Consult
Co. LTD (Registered EIA Expert) to conduct the EIA study. The EIA study Team comprised of the
following principal experts: Mr. Julius Shilungushela, Hydrologist as EIA study team leader and
Mr. Robert Kibongolo; an Environmental Scientist.
The EIA study Team initiated the process by preparing the Project Brief of the proposed
Lugarawa Small Hydropower Project (LSHPP) and filling in the EIA Forms; these documents
were then submitted to the National Environment Management Council (NEMC) for screening
purposes. The decision of the Council was that for the proposed project to obtain certification a
full study should be conducted. Following that decision the EIA study team was directed by the
Council to prepare Scoping Report and Draft ToR for the proposed project and submit the
documents to NEMC for review. After implementing that directive, the team was allowed to
proceed with the EIA study vide the letter shown in appendix 1.
PROJECT DESCRIPTION
The Lugarawa SHPP is taken up with the objective of exploiting the hydro power potential of
Madope River which is one of the tributaries of Ruhuhu River system in Lake Nyasa Drainage
Basin. The proposed power plant is of a nominal installed capacity of 1.7 MW at the existing
artificial waterfalls on Madope River, developed by the maximum discharge of 0.619m3/sec and
minimum discharge of 0.180m3/sec operating at the rated head of 460m. Power output will
vary with the seasonal flow variation, as in general terms a particular headwater/tail water
condition will correspond to a particular river flow, thus a particular power output.
The design of the proposed Lugarawa SHPP as contained in the Feasibility Study Report
constitutes the following components;
The major infrastructures of the proposed project include the intake structures which will be
located at Eastings 0683346 and Nothings 8920264 where the river channel level is at an
elevation of 2139m a.s.l. At the intake, the diversion weir around 1.5 m high and 25 m (cross
section of the river) will conveys water through a culvert concrete tunnel, around 540 m long
and with a diameter of 60 cm, with a bed slope of 0.35%. The culvert joins an open flow canal
with concrete walls, some 200 m long, with a steep slope. Water from the intake will pass
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through the culvert to a storage pool forebay with an accumulation capacity of at least 5,000
m3, very useful to cover the peaks of the electricity request. In order to increase the maximum
flow to 500 l/s, the existing culvert must be substituted by a new one, made by a PVC pipe of
700 mm of diameter. The crest level of the spillway, which determines the plant head, will have
the elevation of the culvert axis in the final downstream section and a length of 10 m, which
allows discharging the maximum flow of 500 l/s with a 10 cm rising of the water level. The
penstock will be a steel pipe, covering all its length (1,226m) and running above ground level
with a steep slope down to the powerhouse. The power house is located at Eastings
0684668and Northings 8919644 where the natural ground elevation is 1682m a.m.s.l. The
installation capacity of 1.7 MW will achieve energy generation of 8,100MWh/year in an
efficiency of 82%.
The generating plant will comprise the turbine which will be a two jets Pelton. Other
components such as switch gear, silting basin, head race canal, diversion weir, flood control,
power station, generators, will also be constructed. Appendix 12 contains the site layout plan
and the engineering drawings for the proposed project components.
The Power that will be generated will then be taken for transmission and distribution system
(TDS)as shown in appendix 13 through conductors (cables) supported with wooden poles and
transformers elaborated as follows;
The produced power will be supplied to twenty (20) villages namely: Lugarawa, Mkiu,
Mlangali, Itundu, Lufumbu, Ligumbiro, Utilili, Lupanga, Lusala, Masimbwe, Luvuyo,
Madope, Mangalanyene, Manga, Madilu, Ilawa, Mfarasi, Mdilidili, Ilininda and
Kiyombo.The tariffs to be used for the electricity that will be sold directly to customers
of the project will be at a cost recovery price which will be set by EWURA.
The excess power which will be connected to National Grid located at Luponde area.
The tariffs to be used for the electricity that shall be generated and sold to TANESCO
will be at the TANESCO rate standard.
A gravel access road of about 2 Km from Lugarawa Village to the proposed power plant will be
constructed during the implementation of the proposed Lugarawa SHPP
The proponent will establish the power plant within the land which is currently occupied by
their partner Diocese of Njombe which forms the catchment of the Madope River. The
occupied land has a title deed: LO. No. 502993 with total area of 39.31 ha in the Lugarawa
Ward as shown in appendix 10.Also the proponent through his partner Diocese of Njombe
holds a Provisional grant of Water Permit from the Ministry of Water offered through the Lake
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Nyasa Basin Water Office in March, 2016 as required by the Law to divert and abstract 12,960
m3of water per day for hydropower use. See appendix 8.
Furthermore, the proposed project will require about120 ha of land for transmission lines use.
The transmission lines will traverse through different types of environments such forested
lands, grassland, and individual’s property lands. According to the Tanzania Legislation and
International Legal instruments, all persons who will be affected in anyway by the proposed
project through their properties and land uses such as farming and settlement shall have to be
compensated. However, the villagers have agreed freely to provide their land parcels for the
proposed project use. However, they will continue using their land parcel for uses that do not
affect the activities of the intended project such as growing seasonal/short crops. To minimize
disturbance to the people housing properties shall be avoided.
POLICY, LEGAL AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK
Relevant National Policies, Legislation, Administrative structures, International treaties and
Conventions relevant to the proposed project were reviewed so that the implementation of the
proposed Lugarawa SHPP meets and abides to the existing conditions. The guidelines, national
policies and national legal instruments which were reviewed are as follows:
Guidelines: The World Bank Environmental and Social Safeguards Policies and
Guidelines and the Tanzania Development Vision 2025.
National policies: The National Land Policy of 1996, The National Energy Policy of 2003,
The National Water Policy of 2004, etc.
National legal instruments: The Land Act No. 4 of 1999, The Village Land Act Cap114 R.E
2002, The Local Government (District Authorities) of 1982, The Environmental
Management Act of 2004, and Environmental Impact Assessment & Audit Regulations
of 2005, etc.
Administratively, the institutional and legal framework for environmental management is
comprised of the National Environmental Advisory Committee, the Minister for Environment,
the Director of Environment, the National Environmental Management Council, Sector
Ministries, Regional Secretariat and Local Government Authorities.
BASELINE CONDITION OF PROJECT AREA
The power generation site for the proposed Lugarawa Small Hydro Power Project is located in
Lugarawa Village, Lugarawa Ward, Mlangali Division, Ludewa District, Njombe Region, see
figure 2.1.It is along Madope River which is located about 3.5km from the Lugarawa Village
Centre. The project area is connected with an earth road network. Lugarawa Village can be
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accessed through the Njombe –Ludewa earth trunk road to Mkiu, and then from Mkiu through
the Mkiu – Lugarawa earth to Lugarawa Village, the village in which the project infrastructures
will be installed. The roads in the project area are easily accessed during the dry season but
they are in bad conditions during the wet season. Also, many roads are narrow such that big
trucks cannot easily traverse on them. The Ludewa District has 5 Divisions, 25 Wards and 76
Villages, with a total population of 133,218 people with 0.36 % annual increase rate (according
to the 2012 National Census). Therefore, the current population of the District is estimated to
be 134, 662 people. The Survey conducted by ACRACCS and NDO in 2014 shows that about
51,188 people living within twenty (20) Villages will benefit from the proposed Lugarawa SHPP.
Furthermore, the project area has 9,967 households. The dominant ethnic groups in the project
area and Ludewa District in general are the Pangwa, Kisi and Manda. Also, there are smaller
ethnic groupings which include the Hehe, Bena, and Kinga.
The climate of the project area and the Ludewa District as whole is generally tropical with
seasonal and altitudinal temperature variations and distinctly defined two seasons; dry and
rainy seasons. The average annual temperature ranges between 100Cand 200C, which is humid.
The annual rainfall is ranges between 1000 to 1600mm, falling in a single season, usually from
November to May. The dry and cold season occurs after the rain season, particularly from June
to October. The project area is situated in a mountainous zone with undulating hills and valleys
with several natural waterfalls. The altitude in the project area ranges between 1200 and
2700m above mean sea level. The Madope River has a gentle slope below the identified
waterfall for the proposed power production, and considerable distances have been covered to
gain a small additional head. The available head between the proposed intake site and
powerhouse site is 460m which has a potential for the proposed power generation.
The study area is characterized by the presence of the crystalline, pre-cambric basement
displaced by tectonic lines mostly WNW-ESE oriented. The faults are related to the regional
tectonic that formed the big trench of the Lake Nyasa and the adjacent mountain ranges edging
in a SSW direction the Tanzanian plateau. The geology of the hydrological basin, upstream of
the intake, is mainly characterized by the presence of the phylliticschists, which do not outcrop
in the lower section of the basin, because of the thick coverage of eluvial-colluvial deposits. On
the valley bottoms there are scattered migmatites blocks, so that the presence of this rock type
can be supposed at shallow depth. In the NE corner some granite outcrops have been verified
and constitute the hills top. The high altitudes of the project area is composed of yellow, with
well drained and highly weathered and leached soils while in the low lands there are
intermediate clay soils which are characterized by being moderately drained and leached.
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According to the interview conducted to the villagers within the proposed project area during
this ESIA study, per capital income in all the twenty (20) villages is about TSh. 1,500,000/= per
year, which signifies that the villagers will be able to pay the electricity expenses. The villagers
are mainly involved in peasantry farming on the mountain side and working in the tea
plantations on daily basis depending the agreement. They grow both food and cash crops such
as such as maize, paddy, wheat, bananas, ground nuts, Irish potatoes, sunflower, coffee,
pyrethrum and sunflower. They also practice in horticulture by growing peaches, avocado,
passion fruits, mangoes and macadamia nuts. A few of households in Ludewa District are also
involved in livestock. The livestock include cattle, goats, sheep, pigs and chicken. Most cattle
owned are traditionally part of the mixed farming system; they provide supplementary income
(milk, meat and hides) and organic manure. Other economic activities include timber harvesting
using local methods and electric saws. Agro processing small scale industries is largely remains
unexploited because of lack power. Thus, the proposed Lugarawa SHPP once developed will
make a significant developmental contribution in the area.
The field survey for the ecological studies has been conducted on both banks of the Madope
River, including areas of inundation due to proposed power plant, intake structures and along
the proposed transmission routes. The valleys within the project area have well - drained soils.
Furthermore, the area is composed of species of shrubs, thickets, ferns and woodlots of Pinus
spp, Mikuyu (Ficus spp), Midobole (Hagenia abyssinica), bamboo trees (Bambusa spp), Mivengi
(Syzygium cordatum), Msambalawe (Vangueriopsis lanciflora), etc. However, the villagers
reported that there are no wild mammals within the project area and in the near vicinity of the
project area. Only small creatures are found in the project area particularly amphibians (frogs,
toads, etc.); reptiles (lizards, snakes, etc.) and insects including grass hoppers, mantis, house
flies, and species of ants, and butterfly. Also, they reported that the river does not have any fish
species.
In the project area there are numerous socio-economic facilities such as health centers, 32
primary and secondary schools, Vocational Training Institutes, shops, religious institutions and
workshops for various trades including carpentry and metal works.
According to the information provided by the villagers, some areas have poor mobile phones
networks. Therefore, the proposed project will attract investors in particular
telecommunication companies such as TIGO, Airtel, Vodacom, etc
Among the 76 villages of Ludewa District only four (4) are connected to electricity supply
provided by TANESCO. Furthermore, at present only 4% of the population in the project area
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has access to the electricity that is being produced by the old hydroelectric plant, built by the
Diocese of Njombe in order supply to power the Lugarawa Hospital.
The rural villages within the project area and Ludewa District in general are far away from
bigger urban centers and out of any connection to the national network. Therefore, a very high
percentage of the current utilized electrical energy is produced by diesel engine generators
which have a high running cost which is a significant obstacle to local development. The
commonly used source of energy for lighting during the night is the wick lamp and practically
majority of households use firewood for cooking. The main source of energy for cooking is fuel
wood. Fuel wood contributes about 95% of all energy need for cooking. Therefore, the
proposed project will cater for several energy demands in the project area.
PROJECT STAKEHOLDERS CONSULTATION AND INVOLVEMENT
Adequate public consultations and participation was ensured throughout the EIA study.
Stakeholders were consulted to get their concerns and perceptions in regard to the envisaged
Lugarawa SHPP. Consulted stakeholders include government agencies, beneficiaries,
commercial companies, and all other formal and informal groups associated to the proposed
project. By names the consulted stakeholders are: Ludewa District Council experts and
administrators (i.e. District Administrative Secretary, District Executive Director, experts of the
Department of Natural Resources, Department of Lands and Environment, Department of
Water Supply and Sanitation, and Department of Agriculture); TANESCO- Ludewa District Office;
Lake Nyasa Basin Water Office (LNBWO) and Representatives from 20 Villages namely
Lugarawa, Mkiu, Mlangali, Itundu, Lufumbu, Ligumbiro, Utilili, Lupanga, Lusala, Masimbwe,
Luvuyo, Madope, Mangalanyene, , Manga, Madilu, Ilawa, Mfarasi, Mdilidili, Ilininda and
Kiyombo, together with the proponent. Consultations with communities were conducted
through meetings and focus group discussions. Despite of the negative issues that were raised
which however can be mitigated, most of the stakeholders had positive attitude towards the
project because it is their hope that the project will improve social services such as health,
education and stimulate socio-economic growth in the project area and the District as whole.
The individuals’ names and signatures of the consulted stakeholders are attached in appendix
5.
ASSESSMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS
Development of the proposed Lugarawa SHPP in Lugarawa Village, Lugarawa Ward, Ludewa
District, Njombe Region will have a range of environmental and social consequences. The
impacts are of both positive and negative nature. A simple checklist and matrix methods were
used in impact identification and evaluation. The following are significant impacts identified;
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Impacts associated with Mobilization and Construction Phase
Loss of vegetation, existing land use pattern and property
Air pollution due to dust and gaseous emission from machinery and vehicles
Noise pollution from construction machinery and vehicles
Increased construction wastes generation and food remains
Increased soil erosion and potential landslide
Increased turbidity in the downstream water due to construction activities
Increased sediments in the river bed that might reduce the water flow rate
Increase of accidents due to increased traffic
Intensification of HIV/AIDs, STDs and other Communicable diseases
Occupational Health and safety risks
Widespread of chemicals and oil spillage from vehicle and machinery refueling
Increase of soil and water pollution
Impacts on aquatic life and downstream water users due to impacted water quality
Impairment of aesthetic and scenic qualities
Increased employment and other economic activities.
Earnings of Government revenue
Impacts associated with Operation Phase
Noise pollution from the operation of turbines and other related equipments
Reduced flow and water level with possible impacts of life
Impacts on aquatic life and downstream water users due to impaired water quality
Health and safety risks due to electric hazards
Bushfire outbreak impacts
Increased waste generation from the project site.
Widespread of oil spills from oil refueling, workshop and power house
Intensification of HIV/AIDS, STDs and other communicable diseases
Impairment of aesthetic and scenic quality
Increased social conflicts and crimes
Improved Environmental Management of Madope River Ecosystem
Benefits to Community resulting from employment and access to electricity
Increase of government revenue
Impacts associated with decommissioning Phase
Loss of aesthetics due to haphazard disposal of demolished waste/abandoned
structures
Loss of power with their associated drawbacks
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Loss of employment
MITIGATION MEASURES, ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (ESMP)
A management plan has been developed for ensuring appropriate implementation of all
mitigation measures recommended in the ESIA study. The plans are termed as Environmental
and Social Management Plan and Environmental and Social Monitoring Plan as illustrated in
Table 8.1 and 9.1 respectively.
The ESMMP describes the implementation schedule of the proposed mitigation measures as
well as planning for long-term monitoring activities. It defines roles and responsibility of
different actors of the plan. The indicative associated environmental costs amounts to about
Tshs 54,000,000/= for Environmental and Social Management Plan and about TShs
54,000,000/= for Environmental and Social Monitoring Plan.
COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS
The feasibility study report outlined the investment cost and economic characteristics of the
project. The estimated investment cost is 5,385,611 EUR (which is equivalent to TZS
1,298,470,812/=) for developing the proposed Lugarawa small hydro plant. This will involve
land topographical survey, clearing, demarcating, excavating, construction material
procurement, equipment installation, transmission lines and civil works during project
development. It will be implemented for a period of 24 months. The operation cost per year is
estimated to be 160,000 EUR (which is equivalent to TSh. 384,000,000) which will involve costs
related to management, purchase of spares, accounting and casual laborers. Several benefits
are associated with the proposed development both at local and national level in terms of
revenue generation and the multiplier effects associated with linkages with local and national
economy. The project will provide access to affordable energy services to 35% of the population in
the Ludewa District (total population of the Ludewa District is approx. 146,000). Also the project will
generate employment opportunities during construction and operation phases, social economic
impacts will benefit the villagers to receive electricity power by reducing the household living
expenses in terms of flour grinding and other food staffs from Tsh4, 000/= to 60% per 20 litre tin.
The power will have tangible effects on health services. The Saint John Hospital will receive cheap
and reliable energy supply. This will enable the Hospital to use with effectiveness its electric equipment
and be operational 24 hours a day. In addition, with the support received through the Development
Funds, it will be able to invest in its structures and services and, if possible, supply patients with free
medicines. Health centres will be able to use refrigerators, and therefore offer vaccination services in
addition to other useful health therapies. Women, children and elders will greatly benefit from this
result. It will empower people by engaging themselves in small scale business. It will provide clean
and environmentally friend energy to the local residences. This will enable families to stop the use of
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polluting and dangerous kerosene lamps. Economic activities, dispensaries and public offices will be able
to stop using expensive and polluting generators. TANESCO will receive a good share of clean energy to
be distributed. Also, the generated power will be supplied to academic institutions including primary
and secondary schools within the project area. Thus, students will have adequate electric power
to conduct workshops and laboratory studies and will be able to appropriately study and do
homework at night.
DECOMMISSIONING
It is anticipated that the proposed project planning life span is more than 20 years based on the
plant design life. Furthermore, the plant operation may end when there is no economic or
financial benefit of continuing using the power plant.
There will be loss of jobs, particularly those working in the power plant, businesses supplying
commodities to the power plant such as spares, fuel, lubricants, papers and other consumables
will go out of business, haphazard disposal of demolished waste/abandoned structures
resulting into loss of aesthetic value as well as loss of power with their drawbacks.
Equipments and machinery will have to be disposed-off or removed from the site and buildings
converted to something useful or demolished. All wastes will be collected and right disposed.
The developer will prepare a decommissioning plan to ensure that environmental and social
impacts due to decommissioning of the project are minimized in order to comply with
environmental legislations and policies requirements.
The developer will fund and implement all aspects of project decommissioning, including but
not limited to, all engineering, environmental monitoring, permitting, construction and
mitigation activities associated with this plan.
CONCLUSION
The proposed Lugarawa Small Hydro Power Project will cause low and under threshold adverse
impacts if the recommended mitigation measures will adequately and timely be implemented.
The identified impacts will be managed through the proposed mitigation measures and their
implementation regime has been laid down in this ESIA study report. ACRACCS is fully
committed to implement all the recommendations given in this ESIA and in carrying out
environmental auditing and monitoring schedules.
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CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Project Background
The proposed Lugarawa Small Hydro Electric Power Plant (1.7 MW) will be established on a
manmade waterfall of Madope River which now has a very significant water fall in Lugarawa
Village, Lugarawa Ward, Ludewa District, Njombe Region. The project mobilization and
construction will be financed and undertaken by ACRA CCS, an International NGO based in Italy
with an office in Njombe Municipality, in association with partners; NDO and Studio Frosio, with
funds from European Union, UNIDO and EEP they are described as follows;
a) ACRA, that is the leader agency in the implementation of this project, is an Italian non-
governmental organization established in 1968 and recognized by the Italian Ministry of
Foreign Affairs and the European Union. ACRA works to support the culture and
reinforce the skills of individual communities, paying particular attention to rural
environment. ACRA works mainly in the following sectors: sustainable management of
natural resources, food security, sustainable economic development and education and
is actively working in 12 countries around the world with 68 projects. ACRA is registered
in Tanzania as an international NGO from 2006 with number I-NGO/00006981. See
appendix 4.
b) “NJOMBE DEVELOPMENT OFFICE”, for short “NDO” is a Tanzanian Non-government
organization. It is entirely non- profit making organization, hence no profit sharing
among its members and it is registered under the Societies Ordinance (registration
number SO. NO. 12574). The organization’s primary mission is to promote, support,
sustain socio-economic programs, and address emergency as well as relief within and
outside NDO area of operation. NDO has extensive experience in supporting and
supervising organizations to create and implement various water scheme projects, plays
a great role in monitoring and evaluation process such that reports are prepared as per
donor’s specifications. NDO prefer to use the participatory approach where
stakeholders meet and think in terms of problems and opportunities and shared their
understanding of “expected results” in order to strengthen needs assessment, planning,
monitoring and evaluation.
c) Studio Frosio has a highly specialized competence in designing and site supervision of
hydro-power plants and hydraulic works in both Europe and Developing countries. It
Lugarawa SHPP ESIA Report
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designs and site supervises works connected with the utilization of renewable sources,
mainly hydro-power plants and hydraulic works like dams, weirs, dykes, gates, valves,
fish ladders, penstocks, tunnels, canals, turbines, generators. Moreover, Studio Frosio
runs activities such as: surveys, geognostic surveys, flow gauging, environmental impact
assessments, bureaucratic activities in order to obtain all public authorizations. Studio
Frosio has worked since 1980 as private consultant in designing and site supervision of
hydro-power plants and hydraulic works with complete respect for the environment.
Then, after the completion of the project foreseen by the mid 2018 (when all the works will be
done, both for production and for distribution) will hand over the power plant the lines and all
others assets to MADOPE Community Hydro Power Company Ltd, (P.O. Box 54, Njombe) which
was established and registered in 2014 and it will be responsible for generation and distribution
of hydroelectric energy to more than 50,000 people living in 20 villages in Tanzania’s Njombe
region. As said, after the handover from ACRA and his partners, foreseen at the end of
activities, MADOPE will be the owner the project and will have the following shareholders:
Lugarawa Hospital (55%); Education and Enterprises College of Njombe (E&ECN) (5%); and
Jumuiya ya Watumiaji Umeme wa Lugarawa (JUWALU) (40%).
The only relevant infrastructure in the project area for supply of electric power at the moment
is a min hydropower plant built in 1970 to supply the Lugarawa Hospital. Also, this plant
currently supplies about 380 private users. The plant consists of an Ossberger turbine,
producing up to 165 Kw, with a maximum flow of 2.55cumecs and 9 m penstock fall. During the
dry season the water supply of the Lugarawa torrent sharply decreases and therefore the
energy production is highly inadequate to meet the demand. Thus, the private users can use
the energy only for a few hours a day, in the evening time, as priority during the day time is
given to the hospital. However, even in this way, during the dry season the power supply to the
hospital is insufficient, so a diesel generator is needed in order to keep some machineries of the
hospital running. To overcome the water shortage for power generation, in 1997 the Nyasa
Water Basin Authority authorized deviation of the Madope River into a dam reservoir in
Lugarawa Village for the purpose of increasing the water supply to the min hydropower plant.
Even with that modification, during the dry season the water supply is never greater than 200
l/s; thus the water shortage problem has not yet been resolved. Since the deviation of the
Madope River included creation of a manmade waterfall of about 460 metres, part of the
waterfall water, depending on the water requirement for power generation at any time will be
diverted into a penstock of the proposed Lugarawa Small Hydropower Project
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At the proposed site on Madope River for power production for the proposed project, the
recorded maximum and minimum flow discharges are respectively 0.7m3/sec and 0.182m3/sec.
The waterfall’s head is 460 m. By utilizing the head, amount of 500l/s for maximum flow period
and 50l/s for minimum flows period of water will be required for power generation at any time
will be diverted through a penstock to the power house in which a Pelton turbine will be
installed for the power generation.
The proposed project is expected to generate about 8,100MWh annually. The total energy that
will supplied to twenty (20) surrounding villages from 2018 to 2038 is expected to be
84,473MWh and the total surplus that will sold to the National Grid from 2018 to 2038 will be
85,627MWh . The villages that will benefit from the proposed project are Lugarawa, Mkiu,
Mlangali, Itundu, Lufumbu, Ligumbiro, Utilili, Lupanga, Lusala, Masimbwe, Luvuyo, Madope,
Mangalanyene, Manga, Madilu, Ilawa, Mfarasi, Mdilidili, Ilininda and Kiyombo. The
socioeconomic survey conducted by ACRACCS and NDO reveals these villages have a potential
market for the proposed project because there are about 53,380 beneficiaries, including
institutions such as Lugarawa hospital, Lugarawa Nursing School, Lugarawa Vocational
Education and Training Authority, 19 dispensaries/health centres, 43primary and secondary
schools, government offices, and business infrastructures such as milling machines, motor
vehicle garages, 38 mechanical and carpentry workshops, 510 small shops and bars, etc.
According to the Tanzania Legislation; particularly the Environmental Management Act (EMA)
of 2004 under section 81 (i) and (ii), project developers are obliged to carry out an
Environmental Impact assessment (EIA) prior to project implementation. In that context, the
project developer, commissioned Mr. Julius Shilungushela of Water and Land Centre Consult
Co. LTD (Registered EIA Expert) to conduct the EIA study. The EIA study Team comprised of the
following principal experts: Mr Julius Shilungushela, Hydrologist as EIA study team leader and
Mr Robert Kibongolo; an Environmental Scientist.
The EIA study Team initiated the process by preparing the Project Brief of the proposed
Lugarawa Small Hydropower Project (LSHPP) and filling in the EIA Forms; these documents
were then submitted to the National Environment Management Council (NEMC) for screening
purposes. The decision of the Council was that for the proposed project to obtain certification a
full study should be conducted. Following that decision the EIA study team was directed by the
Council to prepare Scoping Report and Draft ToR for the proposed project and submit the
documents to NEMC for review. After implementing that directive, the team was allowed to
proceed with the EIA study by the letter shown in appendix 1.
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1.2: Project Rationale
Basic reasons in supportive to Lugarawa Small Hydroelectric Power Project with respect to the
project area include presence of an assured market for the power that will generated,
availability of a potential water source with an ideal site for the intended power generation,
acceptance and assurance of the intended beneficiaries (the villagers) to ensure sustainable
existence of the intended establishment, particularly for ensuring that the water source is
strictly conserved for the purpose of sustainable power production for the proposed project,
acceptance of the District Leadership (District Commissioner’s Office and District Executive
Director’s Office) to continually support such establishments, because of its high potential for
hastening socio-economic development, and its support to the Millennium goals.
Currently one of the critical problems afflicting the communities in the villages of Lugarawa,
Mkiu, Mlangali, Itundu, Lufumbu, Ligumbiro, Utilili, Lupanga, Lusala, Masimbwe, Luvuyo,
Madope, Mangalanyene Manga, Madilu, Ilawa, Mfarasi, Mdilidili, Ilininda and Kiyombo is lack of
electricity. Although, In Lugarawa Village there is a small hydropower plant of 150 KW built
several years ago which supplies power to institutions including Lugarawa Hospital, Lugarawa
Nursing School, Lugarawa Vocational Education and Training Authority, administrative offices,
business centers, institutions workers’ houses and some very few villagers’ houses. The power
that is supplied by this plant is now very insufficient to meet power requirements of current
services which are now far beyond the initial intended services. Furthermore, during the dry
season when the flow of the river is at its minimum, the power production at this old plant is
even much less such that it affects severely Lugarawa hospital operations, an issue requiring
urgent remedial action. Also, the institutions centers; dispensaries, schools, and government
institutions in the project area require adequate power supply for proper operations to meet
national and international development obligations. Therefore, these 20 villages partied in 86
sub—villages with a total number of 51,188 beneficiaries, 9,967 households, 32 primary and
secondary schools with a total of about 16.000 students, 19 dispensaries / health centers, 511
small shops/ bars, 118 milling machines, 38 mechanical and carpentry workshops will have
guaranteed accessibility of the hydroelectric power produced by the plant.
The existing socio-economic activities in the project area require availability of electricity for
proper, smooth and beneficial functioning. These activities are a ready market for the electricity
that will be generated by the intended Lugarawa Small hydroelectric project.
There are many flour milling machines in all the intended villages which certainly need the
power that will be generated by the proposed project. At the moment are using energy
produced from fossil products, i.e. diesel. Considering the long distance of the project area
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from Dar es Salaam, the place where the diesel is ferried from by road, the price of the diesel in
the project area is quite high and will continue to rise. Furthermore, since the staple food for
the villagers in the project area is stiff porridge, the villagers spend substantial amount of
money for flour milling, which is a significant economic burden to their merge earnings. Thus,
the availability of power from the intended project will be the redeemer of the villagers from
that burden.
Also, the availability of electricity will trigger small scale industries that will add value to
agricultural products and hence increase individual incomes of the communities.
Despite of the presence of the above mentioned activities in the project area, the villagers have
high determination of using the electricity for lightning in their homes. Most houses in the
project area are built of burnt bricks and roofed with corrugated iron sheets, and therefore
significantly qualify for house/homes connections in the rural electrification purpose. Hence, in
regard to domestic electricity requirements there is also a ready market in the project area. It is
also hoped that the electricity that will be produced will activate more economic activities in
the project area which in turn will propel fast economic development for the communities in
the project area.
The proposed project will meet the growing power demand in rural areas especially in the
proposed twenty (20) villages. It will also raise the quality of life in respect to the National
Strategy for Growth and Poverty Reduction (NSGPR or MKUKUTA II as it is popularly known in
Kiswahili) thus achieve the vision 2025 plans and the Millennium Development Goals.
The proposed project will play a great role in the mitigation of climate change and also to cope
with the climatic variability. The project will provide clean and safe energy and hence it will
reduce the consumption of combustible fossils such as kerosene and diesel which is estimated
to be 48,500 tons during the lifetime of the project in the target area. Likewise, the excess
supply to TANESCO will promote the switch of part of TANESCO existing energy supply from
polluting energy sources to clean and renewable ones. Also the proponent has a long term
strategy of mitigating project impacts resulting from vegetation clearance, combating soil
erosion along the river and mitigates climate change impacts and protecting and preserving the
water catchment from excessive depletion and degradation by instituting the plantation of
water loving trees such as Midobole, etc. In addition to that the proposed project will adapt the
global climate change by considering the project design flows of 500l/s during maximum river
flow and 50l/s during the minimum flow as well as the environmental flow of about 0.063m3/s.
Lugarawa SHPP ESIA Report
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Furthermore the direct and indirect benefits for the local communities and the nation resulting
from the proposed project include; General improvement of the access road to the project site,
Creation of employment opportunities for local people during construction and operation,
Improving livelihood in the project area, Facilitation of improvements to rural electrification,
health care and education facilities and Promotion of trade and services of small and medium
businesses.
The Lugarawa SHPP will not only contribute to the national growth and poverty eradication
strategy of the government it will also make a significant contribution to reduction of global
greenhouse gas production. Concerning experiences on hydroelectric power generation, there
is immerse knowledge because humankind has tapped the power of flowing rivers and streams
for thousands of years. It should be noted that the hydrological cycle is driven by sunlight,
making hydropower yet another form of indirect solar energy. Falling water, propelled by
gravity and replenished by rainfall, offers many environmental and socio-economic advantages.
It is renewable, creates no air pollution or thermal pollution, nd is relatively inexpensive.
Furthermore, the technology involved is well developed. The proposed Lugarawa Small
Hydropower Project will have minimal environmental concerns, particularly because there will
be no damming of the river flow to create a water reservoir, instead water required for power
generation at any time will be diverted through a penstock to the turbines in the power house.
Thus, there will be no sediment fills problems as involved in dam reservoirs. Small quantities of
suspended sediment in the water flow will be filtered and scooped in sediment filters to be
constructed at the intake structures just before the diverted water enters the penstock.
1.3: Scope of Work
This EIA study entailed the following:-
Reviewing the country policies and laws which are relevant to the project
Assessing the baseline environmental and social conditions to be affected by the
project
Outlining potential impacts that would result from the planned activities;
Recommending appropriate solution for mitigating and managing any undesirable
environmental and/or social effects resulting from the project
Developing Environmental and Social Management Plan and Environmental and Social
Monitoring Plan for managing the impacts
Lugarawa SHPP ESIA Report
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1.4: Methodology of the Study
1.4.1 Literature review
Review of secondary information was carried out to supplement existing data obtained from
different sources. Documents and data records were reviewed to obtain existing secondary
data and information relevant and appropriate to the study. A major source of such information
included the socio-economic profile of Ludewa District and the National Bureau of Statistics
Reports. Other sources of secondary data were the various national policies and legislation,
previous reports, World Bank Policies, the NEMC guidelines and international agreements.
Major guiding documents involved include the Environmental Impact Assessment and Audit
Regulations (2005), World Bank’s Operational Policies on Environmental Assessment (OP 4.01),
Natural Habitats (OP 4.04), Forests (OP 4.36), Involuntary Resettlement (OP 4.12) and Cultural
Property (OP 11.03).
1.4.2 Field site visit
Site visits were undertaken by the EIA study team in August 2015 for the purpose of fully
understanding the scope of the work. In addition to that, the EIA study team conducted
consultations the key stakeholders including Ludewa District Commissioner’s Office, Ludewa
District Executive Director’s Office, Nyasa Water Basin Office, and the twenty (20) villages in
which the project will be implemented. While in the field, among other things, information
related to the proposed project was collected from various sources including the Ludewa
District Executive Director sector offices. Other sources of information were Management
teams at Ward, and Village levels, and the Project Affected Persons (PAPs); the people living in
the project area. Parameters of the information and data collected during the field visits include
the vegetation, fauna, topography, land use, ecosystems and human habitat, rural production,
livestock, forestry, demography, hydrology, soil/geology and other information related to
environmental and socio-economic trends in the project area. Other information was appraised
through key informants interviews and experts’ observations.
1.4.3 Public consultation
Public participation is considered as an important element for adopting sustainable
development process. In this EIA study, various stakeholders participated in providing
information related to the development and implementation of the proposed project. Broad
consultations involving local communities and officials from Village, Ward and District levels
were carried out. During these consultations, the public had an opportunity to speak out their
Lugarawa SHPP ESIA Report
8
views and concerns. Questionnaires were administered to obtain the reliable information.
Primary and secondary data was collected through checklist, focus group discussion and public
meetings with local leaders and representatives of the people as shown in figure 5.1. Careful
observations were done to triangulate other sources; People’s concerns as well as list of
attendees and their signatures were taken. The study therefore adopted more of qualitative
data collection techniques to get the required information. Meanwhile some quantitative
information in this study was obtained through review of secondary data. The key stakeholders
consulted include the following; Ludewa District Administrators and Technical Officers i.e. District
Administrative Secretary, District Executive Director, District Environment Office, District Forest
Officer, District Agricultural Officer, etc.; Ludewa TANESCO Office, Members of the committee
concerned with Environmental management and Electricity for all twenty (20) villages, project
affected persons and Lake Nyasa Drainage Basin Office. The concerns of each institution/group
have been addressed in this ESIA report.
1.4.4 Project Impact Assessment
This involved superimposing project elements onto the existing socioeconomic and
environmental conditions. This facilitated the identification of the potential environmental and
social impacts of the proposed project. The environmental impact matrix method has been
adopted in identifying impacts of major concerns. The environmental and social impacts have
been evaluated for various alternatives. Several project alternatives were considered including
that of not implementing the project (i.e. do-nothing alternative). In so doing, the fundamental
environmental protection strategy and environmental considerations influencing engineering
design were incorporated in the design.
1.5 Report Structure
This report is divided into eleven (12) chapters conforming to the requirements of the EIA and
Audit regulations 18(1) and (2) of the Environmental Impact Assessment and Audit Regulation,
2005 as follows:
Introduction;
Project Description;
Relevant Policies, Legal and Institutional Framework;
Baseline Environmental and Social Framework;
Stakeholder Consultations and Public Participation;
Impact Identification and Assessment of Alternatives;
Mitigation and Enhancement Measures;
Lugarawa SHPP ESIA Report
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Environmental and Social Management Plan;
Environmental and Social Monitoring Plan;
Resource evaluation/ Cost Benefit Analysis;
Decommissioning;
Conclusions and Summary
References; and
Annexes.
Lugarawa SHPP ESIA Report
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CHAPTER TWO
2.0 DESCRIPTION OF THE PROPOSED PROJECT
2.1: Project Location and Accessibility
The intended Lugarawa Small Hydro Power Project generation site is located in Lugarawa
Village, Lugarawa Ward, Mlangali Division, Ludewa District, Njombe Region. Geographically, the
coordinates of the locations proposed for powerhouse and intake construction were recorded
during this ESIA Study by using GPS are as shown in table 2.1below. The project site can be
accessed by the Njombe – Ludewa earth road which is always passable throughout the year, at
Mkiu there is a junction going to Lugarawa Village in which the proposed project is located. The
power generation site is located about 3.5Km North of Lugarawa Village Centre and is also can
be accessed by an earth road. See Figure 2.1 for project area location map.
Table 2.1 Location of the intake and powerhouse sites
Location Coordinates (UTM) Elevation (m)
Powerhouse 684668; 8919644 1682
Intake 0683346; 8920264 2139
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Figure 2.1: Lugarawa SHPP area location map (Source: EIA Study team, Sept, 2015)
2.2: Land acquisition
The proponent will establish the power plant on the land which is currently occupied by their
partner Diocese of Njombe which forms the catchment of the Madope River. The occupied land
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has title deed: LO.No.502993 with total area of 39.31ha in the Lugarawa Ward. See appendix
10. Also the proponent through his partner Diocese of Njombe holds a Provisional grant of
Water Permit from the Ministry of Water through the Lake Nyasa Basin Water Office of March,
2016 as required by the Law to divert and abstract 12,960 m3 of water per day for hydropower
use as shown in appendix 8.
Furthermore, the proposed project will require about 120 ha of land for power
distribution/transmission lines use. These distribution/transmission lines will certainly traverse
through different types of environments such forested lands, grassland, and individual’s
property lands. According to the Tanzania Legislation and International Legal instruments all
persons who will be affected in anyway by the proposed project through their properties and
land uses such as farming and settlement shall have to be compensated. However, the villagers
have agreed to provide their land parcels freely for the proposed project use. Also, according to
consensus with the proposed project, they will continue using their land parcel for uses that do
not affect the activities of the intended project such as growing seasonal/short crops. Housing
properties shall be absolutely avoided.
2.3: Project Components
The proposed Lugarawa Small Hydroelectric Power Project will consist of the following main
components: a weir, intake structure, de-silting bay, fore bay, penstock pipe, power house,
electromechanical equipment, protections, controls, step up and down transformers, and
distribution/transmission lines. Appendix 12 depicts the site layout plan and engineering
drawings of the proposed project components. A tee off medium voltage lines will facilitate
power supply to the intended villages. The facilities that will be implemented within the context
of the Lugarawa Small Hydropower Project include the following structures;
2.3.1Intake structures
The proposed Lugarawa SHPP main objective is to exploit the hydropower potential of Madope
River with a capacity of 1.7 MW in Lake Nyasa Drainage Basin. The maximum flow rate of the
scheme is stated in 500 l/s, which are available for 5 months, while the minimum technical flow
is the 10% of the maximum one, as the turbine will be a two jets Pelton. The project
construction includes the intake structures located at Eastings 0683346 and Northings 8920264
with an elevation of 2139m a.s.l. At present there is a diversion weir around 1.5 m high and 25
m (across the river) broad; the intake is also equipped with a flushing gate (leading to the river)
and it conveys water through a culvert concrete tunnel, around 540 m long and with a diameter
of 60 cm, with a bed slope of 0.35%. The culvert joins an open flow canal with concrete walls,
Lugarawa SHPP ESIA Report
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some 200 m long, with a steep slope. As to the conditions of the civil structures, the weir wall is
made of concrete and it is in good condition. Some upgrading is needed to improve their
reliability and usefulness: basically the works to make are:
raising of the right abutment wall in order to prevent floods from damaging the supply
canal;
demolition of the first 20 m of the culvert to obtain a desilting canal, provided with
flushing and interception gates;
replacement of gates and frames, poor locally made;
installation of a protecting screen at the inlet of the culvert;
Some restoration work of the worn out parts and of small damages.
Also the terminal (downstream) part of the culvert will be demolished to leave place to a
storage pool forebay with an accumulation capacity of at least 5,000 m3, very useful to cover
the peaks of the electricity request. In order to increase the maximum flow to 500 l/s, the
existing culvert must be substituted by a new one, made by a PVC pipe of 700 mm of diameter.
The crest level of the spillway, which determines the plant head, will have the elevation of the
culvert axis in the final downstream section and a length of 10 m, which allows discharging the
maximum flow of 500 l/s with a 10 cm raising of the water level.
The penstock will be a steel pipe, covering all its length (1.226m) and running aboveground
level with a steep slope down to the powerhouse.
2.3.2 Plant head
The water level downstream the power station is 1,680.00 m a.s.l., so the geodetic head from
the weir section to the turbine axis is: H= (2,105.00- 1,682.00) = 423 m.
The gross head from the forebay spillway crest is: Hg = (2,100.00 – 1,682.00) =418 m.
The head losses in the penstock are as follow.
Steel pipe
Length = 1,226.24 m
Diameter (average) = 500 mm
Stickler factor = 90 s/m1/3
The total losses are:
Concentrated losses factor 10 %
DHmax (with Q = 500 l/s) 12.24 m
DHmin (with Q = 150 l/s) 1.05 m
And the net head:
Hmax (with Q = 500 l/s) 406 m
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Hmin (with Q = 150 l/s) 417 m
2.3.3 Power Station
At the end of penstock a small building will be used for accommodating the power generation
equipment; the electric panels and all the devices necessary for managing the plant in an
efficient and safe way. The building’s foundations will be constructed of reinforced concrete;
whereas the parts above ground level will be built according to the traditional local techniques.
The proposed powerhouse location is in Msanyo area at 8919644 North and 684668 East (UTM
Zone 36 South), at an elevation of 1682m a.s.l. Within the powerhouse or very close to it, the
cabin for the connection with the national grid will be installed, with one room dedicated
exclusively to TANESCO, one for the user and one (containing the metering equipment)
accessible for both. From the powerhouse a short tailrace of 100 m will be constructed, very
simply in the ground, for discharging the turbaned water back into the river system.
Figure 2.2: An illustrative diagram depicting run-of-river hydropower. Source: Edenhofer et
al.2011.
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2.3.4 Transmission and Distribution System
A three-phase transmission line of 11KV or 33 kV is recommended to meet the country
standard (TANESCO standard). The design of the line will be an overhead line, aluminum
conductor, steel reinforced, bare conductor (ACSR 100 mm), and three conductor system with
earth (wish-bone type). Local made treated wooded poles of 12-10 meter high which are the
standard sizes will be used for the transmission lines. The step-up transformers 250 kVA, 11/33
– 0.4 kV, three phase open to sky, preferably locally manufactured in Arusha, are chosen for
this project. A total length of about 156 km of transmission line will be designed which will
reach Lugarawa Hospital centre and all the villages around at a spacing of 100 metres maximum
and 80 metres minimum between the poles. The distribution lines within the villages will be
designed in a manner that a proper distribution system is put in place for overcoming low
voltage and meeting the set distribution standards. The recommended conductor size is 50 mm
aluminum PCVC insulated conductors (AAC-PVC) for the main distribution lines and 25 mm
(AAC-PVC) for the service lines. Step-down transformers of three types will be involved to step
down from 11,000 V back to 400 V:
Main transformer 11/0.4-200 kVA for the Lugarawa Hospital and big commercial and
production center;
Transformer 11/0.4-100 kVA for the Lugarawa mission compound, and villages where
there are some commercial and production activities including the mills and
workshops.
Transformers 11/0.4-50 kVA fort for the small center and secondary school;
The produced power will be supplied to twenty (20) villages namely Lugarawa, Mkiu, Mlangali,
Itundu, Lufumbu, Ligumbiro, Utilili, Lupanga, Lusala, Masimbwe, Luvuyo, Madope,
Mangalanyene, Manga, Madilu, Ilawa, Mfarasi, Mdilidili, Ilininda and Kiyombo. Also, the
connection for any excess power into the National Grid will be located at Luponde area. The
tariffs to be used for the electricity that will be sold directly to customers of the project will be
at a cost recovery price which will be set by EWURA, while the tariffs to be used for the
electricity that shall be generated and sold to TANESCO will be at the TANESCO rate standard.
The power transmission lines are as shown in appendix 13.
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Table 2.2 Technical design data for the Proposed Lugarawa SHPP
Hydrological data Maximum flow discharge measured 619 l/s
Minimum flow discharge measured 180 l/s
Mean river flow at the intake 339 l/s
Designed discharges Max = 500l/s
Min = 50l/s
Intake Intake location 0683346; 8920264(UTM Zone 36
South)
Intake type Weir + Side Intake
Weir crest level 2,105m a.m.s.l
Headrace/penstock Headrace tunnel length 1320m
Diameter 700mm
Inclination 0.35%
Powerhouse Powerhouse location 684668; 8919644 (UTM Zone 36
South)
Axis level at the power station 1,682m a.m.s.l
Units and installed capacity 1.7 MW
Potable Turbine types Pelton
Rated speed 1,500 min-1
Rated generation capacity 1,792 kW
Transmission and
distribution lines
Type of grid Grid conected
Length of transmission line 125km
Length of distribution line 100km
Voltage 11kv to 33kv
Power and energy Gross head 418m
Mean annual output 8,100MWh
Nominal maximum power 1.7 MV
2.3.3 Access Roads
A gravel access road of about 2Km from Lugarawa Village to the proposed power plant will be
constructed during the implementation of the proposed Lugarawa SHPP.
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2.3.5 Construction Camp
It is anticipated that a small temporary construction camp will be located on the project site,
i.e. within 39.31 ha of land acquired by the developer. This facility consist of the following
facilities; offices, accommodation, workshops, storage and holding areas so that just after
obtaining the environmental clearance certificate, the initial required equipment and materials
will immediately have to be transported to the Project site. There will be only limited storage
areas at the Project site, with rock crushing, concrete batching and basic workshops located at
or near the powerhouse. The proposed temporary campsite will cover approximately 10
percent of the total acquired land at the project site.
2.3.6: Electromechanical Equipment
As well as the three gates at the intake and the one of the forebay, there will be a valve at the
penstock inlet and one at its end, with the same diameter of the pipe, and an empting facility of
small diameter (100 mm) at the powerhouse. As to the generation machinery, the specific
speed can be computed, resulting:
Where:
P = maximum capacity (flow rate = 500; l/s; η = 90%))
H = head = 406 m
n = generator rotation speed = 1,500 min-1
The Turbine
The turbine unit is the key long lead time equipment which converts kinetic energy to dynamic
energy. The characteristics of the turbine which will be used in the proposed project are as
follows;
Type double jets Pelton
Maximum flow rate 500 l/s
Minimum flow rate 50 l/s
Head (with Qmax) 460 m
Rotation speed (preliminary) 1,500 min-1
Efficiency at the maximum flow 90 %
Efficiency at the maximum plant flow 87 %
Maximum power (at the turbine shaft) 1,792 kW
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Generator
The generator unit converts dynamic energy to electric power. The generator is synchronous
with two roller bearings, grease lubricated, supporting the turbine runner at one side and a free
wheel at the other. Its main characteristics are:
Type: synchronous
Rotation speed (preliminary) 1.500 min-1
Voltage (preliminary) 3.2 kV
Insulation class B/H
Cooling system air
Cosϕ 0.8
Full load efficiency 98 %
Efficiency at 57% of the capacity 95 %
Average efficiency 95.3 %
Capacity factor 0.8
Installed capacity of the generator 2.200 kWA
The overall efficiency with Q = 500 l/s, taking into account 4.6 % of losses in the electric circuit,
is: 0.90 x 0.98 x 0.954 = ~84.1%.
The overall efficiency with Q = 150 l/s, taking into account 1.0 % of losses in the electric circuit,
is: 0.87 x 0.95 x 0.99 = ~82%.
The control panels will provide the total automation of the equipment, both functioning in
parallel with the national grid and in standalone way.
2.4 Capacity and Expected Energy Production and Demand
2.4.1 Capacity and expected energy production
According to the available flow rate and the plant features listed above, considering the plant
efficiency range between 82% (in minimum flow condition) and 84,1% (in maximum flow
condition) and assuming a plant availability (very cautious, only for the economical evaluation)
of 85%, the annual expected energy production is as shown in Table 2.3 below.
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Table 2.3: The annual expected energy production.
Month Qnat Qdisp Qhp DE [m] P[kW] E[kWh]
Jan 1.25 1.22 0.50 407.37 1,680 1,062,594
Feb 1.16 1.13 0.50 407.37 1,680 959,763
Mar 0.92 0.88 0.50 407.37 1,680 1,062,594
Apr 0.94 0.90 0.50 407.37 1,680 1,028,317
May 0.41 0.37 0.37 412.05 1,273 805,316
Jun 0.20 0.16 0.16 416.93 534 326,776
Jul 0.19 0.15 0.15 417.01 512 323,877
Aug 0.18 0.15 0.15 417.09 490 310,101
Sep 0.20 0.17 0.17 416.84 556 340,139
Oct 0.26 0.22 0.22 415.90 753 476,168
Nov 0.38 0.34 0.34 413.09 1,158 708,784
Dec 1.14 1.10 0.50 407.37 1,680 1,062,594
8,467,025
2.4.2 Energy demand
As stated in the Feasibility Study Report various types of potential consumer loads were
determined through counting. Three categories of customers were identified namely; domestic
consumers, commercial consumers and small industries. Commercial consumers include small
shops, bars and restaurants. Small industries including milling machine and other merging
activities like carpentry workshops. Load forecast has been estimated for the period of 20 years
after implementation. Due to the economic situation it is anticipated that in the first few years
the load served by the generated electricity will be much smaller than the generated power.
Table 2.4 below shows the annual consumption generated by the facility developed under the
Project life.
Table 2.4 Projection of Total Consumption in MWh
Year Househ
olds
Shops
and
Bars
Milling
machines
Mechanic
laboratori
es
Dispens
aries
Schools Carpent
ers
Lugara
wa
Hospita
l
Total
users’
consum
ption
Tanesc
o
Net
Electricit
y Output
2018 1,000 170 350 88 34 50 60 120 1,872 6,228 8,100
2019 1,375 230 560 104 38 86 100 120 2,613 5,487 8,100
2020 1,750 237 568 111 39 89 103 124 3,021 5,079 8,100
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2021 2,000 244 577 119 40 91 106 127 3,305 4,795 8,100
2022 2,060 252 586 127 42 94 109 131 3,401 4,699 8,100
2023 2,122 259 594 136 43 97 113 135 3,499 4,601 8,100
2024 2,185 267 603 146 44 100 116 139 3,600 4,500 8,100
2025 2,251 275 612 156 45 103 119 143 3,705 4,395 8,100
2026 2,319 283 622 167 47 106 123 148 3,814 4,286 8,100
2027 2,388 292 631 179 48 109 127 152 3,925 4,175 8,100
2028 2,460 301 640 191 50 112 130 157 4,041 4,059 8,100
2029 2,534 310 650 205 51 116 134 161 4,160 3,940 8,100
2030 2,610 319 660 219 53 119 138 166 4,283 3,817 8,100
2031 2,688 328 670 234 54 123 143 171 4,411 3,689 8,100
2032 2,768 338 680 251 56 126 147 176 4,542 3,558 8,100
2033 2,855 349 690 268 57 130 151 182 4,678 3,422 8,100
2034 2,937 359 700 287 59 134 156 187 4,819 3,281 8,100
2035 3,025 370 711 307 61 138 160 193 4,965 3,135 8,100
2036 3,116 381 721 329 63 142 165 198 5,115 2,985 8,100
2037 3,209 392 732 352 65 146 170 204 5,271 2,829 8,100
2038 3,306 404 743 376 67 151 175 210 5,432 2,668 8,100
Energy consumed by users from 2018 to 2038amounted to 84,473 MWh
Energy sold toTanesco2018-2038amounted to 85,627MWh.
The total net output 2018-2038 amounted to 170,100 MWh
2.5 Environmental release and available flow for power generation
The Environmental Flow (EF) for this particular project is defined as the amount of water flows
allowed to pass at the area of bypass (after intake to tailrace) of approximately one kilometre
to enhance, or at least maintain, the aquatic river ecosystem of that reach. The amount of
water used for power generation will there after join with EF and flow downstream with very
minimal water losses (from power generation mainly through evaporation). The same amount
of water before intake will flow downstream after power production and thus the point of
interest for EF is of approximately one kilometer of which largely is a rocky area.
Preliminary site inspection of the specific bypass area indicates there are no species of peculiar
features that shall need special attention. However, precautionary principal has been
considered in the design of the project to carter for unknown ecological and/or biological
features at the bypass area. In this respect significant amount of EF has been considered.
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According to the most recent studies on environmental releases on rivers and Water Resources
Management Act of 2009, the proposed environmental release is 20% of the mean annual
flow:
Qenv = 0.20 Qnat = 0.20 x 0.324 = 0.065m3/s
The available flow for energy generation is equal to the natural discharge flowing in the
Madope River minus the environmental release, as stated in the Table 2.5.
Table 2.5 Monthly Mean available flows for the proposed power production (m3/s)
Month Total River Flow Environmental flow Available flow
Jan 0.342 0.065 0.277
Feb 0.409 0.065 0.344
Mar 0.51 0.065 0.445
Apr 0.609 0.065 0.544
May 0.392 0.065 0.327
Jun 0.311 0.065 0.246
Jul 0.28 0.065 0.215
Aug 0.256 0.065 0.191
Sept 0.208 0.065 0.143
Oct 0.168 0.065 0.103
Nov 0.171 0.065 0.106
Dec 0.232 0.065 0.167
Mean annual flow 0.324
0.259
2.6 Project activities, management and services
2.6.1 Project Activities
The main project activities that will be undertaken during the phases of the proposed project,
i.e., Mobilization/designing phase, Construction Phase, Operation Phase and Decommissioning
Phase are described as follows:
2.6.1.1: Mobilization & Designing Phase
This is the initial phase of project implementation which will commence when all necessary
permits and preparatory processes (including works tender) have been successfully completed.
Activities which will be undertaken in this phase are as follows:
Preparation of temporary campsite
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Transportation of materials, equipment and machinery to the site
Stockpiling of materials
Recruitment and deployment of construction work force
Securing of the way leave
Identification of source(s) of local materials i.e. gravel, stone and sand for concrete
(borrow pit) and water.
Preparation of site construction materials
Security and safety
2.6.1.2: Construction Phase
The Construction phase will involve the following activities:
Securing the designated project site/area and way leave;
Detailed planning and design for the project and its components by the contractor
Construction of temporary camps proximity to the power house location within the 5ha
of land acquired by the developer.
Transportation of project components and construction materials, equipment and
machinery to the site.
Recruitment and deployment of construction work force.
Identification and preparation of source(s) of local construction materials i.e. gravel,
stone and sand for concrete (borrow pit) and water.
Site preparation activities such as land clearing, grading, leveling and excavations of
foundations of electric poles and buildings.
Construction and installation works. This will include construction of powerhouse as
well as the installation of transmission and distribution poles, stringing of conductors/
cables between poles and the supporting components
Undertaking and adhering to the set appropriate security and safety measures.
2.6.1.3: Operation Phase
The Operation phase will involve the following activities:
Regulating the flow discharges of Madope River to ensure that environmental flow
releases are adhered to in accordance to the design
Operating and carefully cleaning the intake structures
Operating the automated machines in the power plant
Periodic servicing of the hydro-machines in the power plant
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Monitoring and servicing the transmission line
Monitoring of natural hydrometric parameters of the river (i.e., water level, discharge,
and suspended sediment load) to ensure that they are within natural conditions of the
river system.
2.6.1.4: Decommissioning Phase
Demobilization will entail:
Reinstatement of the excavated area(s) including borrow pits
Removal of any remaining construction materials
Use of spoils to reinstate the excavated area
Removing spoiled material from the sloppy areas to avoid the massive movement of
the loose soil particles particularly during severe rainfall pours and severe winds.
Clearing of stock yard
Transportation of equipment and machinery
Rehabilitation or restoration of the part of campsite which will not be used
Security and safety measures.
2.6.2 Project management and supporting service
2.6.2.1 Water Supply
It is envisaged that water supply for workers during construction will be obtained from Madope
River, mainly for washing, bathing and construction purposes while water for cooking and
drinking will be obtained from local suppliers in Lugarawa Village. Approximately 4,000 litres
per day of water will be required during construction phase of the proposed project, and about
1,000 litres per day will be required during operation phase.
2.6.2.2 Energy supply
During construction phase electric power will be required for lighting at the camp at night, and
during daytime electric power will be required for construction operations and administrative
and managerial activities at the camp and at any other locations in the project area where
powered equipment shall be needed and used. Because the proposed campsite is in Lugarawa
Village, electricity from the old working Minihydropower will be used to supply power at the
campsite, while mobile small generator(s) will be used to supply power in the other locations
where power will be required. Demand of electricity during the construction phase has not yet
been worked out; however it is expected to be of a small amount. For the camp site, the
Lugarawa SHPP ESIA Report
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proponent should procure a noise free generator of low emission factors. During operation
phase the source of power will obviously be from the proposed hydropower project.
2.6.2.3 Waste management
Solid wastes:
Solid wastes that will be generated during construction work include construction wastes such
as spoils and remains of construction materials (e.g. sand, stone, gravel, rubbles and timber).
The rubbles will be stock piled in appropriate locations designated at the site and will be used
latter for reinstatement of the site at the end of the project and the excess (if any) will be used
for landscaping. Remains of timber will be reused or provided to the villagers for other uses.
Concerning hazardous or non-biodegradable wastes such as glasses, batteries, tins, cans,
metals, and empty printer tonners or cartridges, such wastes will be collected in separate bins
and then after sorted for recycling. For reusable glasses and metals, such remains will be
collected and accumulated, and subsequently given or sold to scrap dealers.
Packaging wastes will include cardboard boxes, plastic and glass bottles, wooden drums and
empty cement bags. Also, during transmission line establishment work there will be remains of
the poles and conductors though in small amount. The packaging materials will be collected
and sorted according to their nature ready for recycling or for final disposal at the approved
dumpsite in Ludewa. Bottles of all kinds will be recycled or reused. Plastic wastes will be
collected onsite and given to vendors who will send them to agents who will latter transport
them to the recycling plants in Dar es Salaam.
Biodegradable wastes such as food remains will be dumped in dug controlled pits which will be
established from time to time in a specified fenced area within the site area and covered with
earth when filled up. Paper wastes will be burnt in a specified location in the fenced location.
Generally about 0.35kg/ capital/day of solid wastes will be generated. Therefore, about
17.5Kg/day of solid wastes will be generated during mobilization and construction phase while
about 3.5kg/day of solid wastes will be generated during the operation phase.
Liquid wastes:
Liquid domestic wastes such as sanitary wastes and wastewater [grey water and sewage] will
be handled through well designed temporal sanitary facilities (pit latrines) that will be dug
about 100m away from the bank of Madope River. Other domestic wastes will be handled in an
earth pit that will be dug away from the river. It is expected that about 2 to 3 cubic meter of
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waste water will be generated per day during construction phase while 0.7 to 1 cubic metre will
generated during the operation phase.
Engine oil and other hydrocarbons remains will be collected and sent to approved/ accredited
dealers in Njombe Municipality for reuse in factories as source of industrial energy.
2.6.2.4 Staff
Based on preliminary estimations, at the peak of the construction phase, the approximate
contractor crew at the site will be 50 people. However, only a few of these will be
accommodated at site. It is expected that most of them will be villagers residing at their homes
in the village, shuttling daily to the construction site. During operation there will be two (2)
watchmen are needed (one to be placed near the basin, the other for the control of the Project
power station) each with three shifts of 8 hours each. There will also be a line attendant for
each of the 20 villages. The local partner NDO has already undertaken various meetings within
each village to inform the population on the benefits and responsibilities of having a self-run
hydro power plan. In each village there will be an Electrification Committee which has the
responsibility of involving the local population in all the project activities and supporting the
Project staff in the implementation process. Each Committee will elect one representative who
will be trained by the proposed Project on his/her tasks and responsibilities (which will mainly
be that of controlling misuse, damages, and solicit for tariff payments). There will also be 4
electricians who will cover the 162 km line, two administrators for the administrative activities
of the EUE (Energy User Entity) and the tariff payment activity to support the line attendants,
and one Director.
2.6.2.5 Health and safety issues
A stable security wire fence will be constructed around the plant site for security and safety
purpose. During construction a temporary wire fence will be installed at the construction camp
site with entry and exit gates. The entire compound will be guarded accordingly. First aid kit will
be placed at the campsite and construction site, likewise appropriate personal protective gears
will be provided to construction crew as required.
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CHAPTER THREE
3.0: POLICY, ADMINSTRATIVE AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK
3.1 Overview of Legislation
In Tanzania, the main sources of the legislation including those concerned with the
environment are common laws and statutory laws in the form of principal legislation and
subsidiary legislation. Thus, the proposed Lugarawa SHPP needs to comply with Tanzania
legislations in all aspects as the country aims at achieving sustainable development through
rational use of natural resources and incorporating all such necessary measures in any
development activities in order to safeguard the environment.
In view of the relevant legislations pertaining to environmental quality, health and safety,
pollution of ground and surface water, pollution of soil, land and land use control, forests,
wildlife, protection of sensitive areas, protection of endangered species among others, were
examined in order to ensure that the proposed Lugarawa SHPP meets and abides by the
existing regulations. In this section, a full analysis of different policies, legal and administrative
frameworks and relevant international treaties and conventions as they apply to this project
are discussed.
3.2 National Policies and guidelines
3.2.1 The National Environmental Policy, 1997
The National Environmental Policy (Revised 2004) document provides framework for making
the fundamental changes that are required to bring consideration of the environment into the
mainstream of the decision making processes in the country. It provides for the overall sectoral
and cross-sectoral coordination of environmental management activities in various related
government departments. The policy called for enactment of environmental framework law
and establishment of environmental standards (of which have been put in place). The policy
further states the use of Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) as an instrument for achieving
sustainable development. National Environmental policy states that Tanzania is committed to
sustainable development in the short-, medium- and long-term. Chapter 4, Paragraph 64 of the
NEP states that “It is in the context of an EIA regime that policy guidance on choices to maximise
long-term benefits of development and environmental objectives can be revealed and decided
upon. Environment Impact Assessment as a planning tool shall be used to integrate
environmental considerations in the decision making process in order to ensure unnecessary
damage to the environment is avoided”. The policy also advocates public consultation in
carrying out Environment Impact Assessment. Specifically paragraph 66 states that “One of the
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cornerstones of the Environment Impact Assessment process will be the institution of public
consultations and public hearing in the Environment Impact Assessment procedures”. The
policy recognises the importance of promoting use of environmentally sound technologies that
protect environment based on careful assessment of the carrying capacity of the
environment.ACRACCShas taken seriously these concerns by its approval of the EIA’s findings
and recommendations which will be taken aboard during the implementation of this project. To
adhere to the statement of the National Environmental Policy in regard to consultation of
stakeholders, in depth public consultation has carried out to obtain the views of the
stakeholders on the proposed project which are contained in this study report and have the
basis of the contents of the study report.
3.2.2 The Energy Policy, 2003
The Energy Policy objectives are to ensure availability of reliable and affordable energy supplies
and their use in a rational and sustainable manner in order to support national development
goals. The national energy policy, therefore, aims to establish an efficient energy production,
procurement, transportation, distribution and end use systems, in an environmentally sound
and sustainable.
Poverty is one of the main problems in Tanzania. Poverty reduction programs aim at economic
and social empowerment of the poor and creating an enabling environment for development,
through investment in transportation, communications, energy and other economic, social and
physical infrastructure.
The Energy Policy recognizes that economic development correlates strongly with energy
consumption and energy dependence. Efficient use of energy is therefore a necessary condition
for sustainable economic development. With increasing energy demand and energy
dependence society, energy expansion projects are inevitable.
The policy recognizes the environmental impacts of energy exploitation, production,
distribution and consumption. Thus, it calls for environmental and social impacts assessment
and addressing the impacts by rigorous environmental management measures on all energy
activities including the application of economic instruments for changing market behavior to
adopt energy efficient and clean energy technologies.
On energy supply particularly electricity, the national energy policy states that:
The government will ensure sufficient and cost effective energy supply to meet the
increasing demand in commerce sector, promote energy management practices and
that generation of electric power shall be fully open to private and public investors as
independent power producers. However, investment shall be based on economic and
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financial criteria considering open access to regional network, balanced domestic
supply and environmental impacts.
The relevancy of this policy towards the proposed project is encouragement to produce
more electricity for the development of the country. However, energy generation
should ensure that apart from economic and financial considerations, environmental
issues pertaining to the energy projects are given an upper hand using tools such as
EIA, Environmental Audits and economic instruments to manage environmental
impacts.
Lugarawa Small Hydro Power Project uses the falling of Madope River water to generate
electricity so the project is in line with the policy.
3.2.3 National Human Settlements Development Policy, 2000
The overall goal of the National Human Settlements Development Policy (NHSDP) is to promote
the development of sustainable human settlement and to facilitate the provision of adequate
and affordable shelter to all people, including the poor. The policy outlines a number of
objectives including environmental protection within human settlements and protection of
natural ecosystems against pollution, degradation and destruction.
The NHSDP recognizes the role of the NEP and other sector policies in achieving rural
development. Thus, the NHSDP identifies the need for co-ordination and cooperation with
other sectors and stakeholders, including CBOs, and NGOs in urban development planning.
The NHSDP recognizes environmental planning and management as one of the broad human
settlement issues. According to this Policy; “environment means the physical, economic and
social conditions in which people live, influencing their feelings and development”. In that
regard the NHSDP identifies environmental protection as one of the strategic issues in human
settlement planning and development.
Among other issues, the NHSDP addresses:
Lack of solid and liquid waste management, leading to environmental deterioration;
Encroachment into fragile and hazardous lands (river valleys, steep slopes and
marshlands) leading to land degradation, pollution of water sources, etc;
Increasing dependence on firewood and charcoal as a main source of energy in human
settlements leading to depletion of forests, environmental deterioration and air
pollution.
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Therefore, the relevancy of this policy towards the proposed project is the improvement in
quality of life in human settlement through improvement of social services such as electricity.
At the same time the project proponent to recognize that quality life include the right to live in
clean and safe environment. Hence the project proponent should avoid air pollution, waste
pollution or any other environmental or social that will deteriorate the quality of life in the
settlement development.
In addition, the proponent shall increase reliable and cheaper electricity power supply in the
area which is essential for increasing urban/rural economic activities.
3.2.4 National Land Policy of 1995
National Land Policy of 1995 and amended in 1997 promulgates and advocates, inter alia, the
protection of land resources from degradation and to be available for sustainable development.
The policy addresses several environmental issues such as land use planning which considers
such aspects as land capability, ascribes proper management of rural land resources, promotes
resource sharing, provides for multiple land use techniques and community involvement in land
resources management and conflict resolution
The policy also emphasizes land protection in fragile environments including water catchment
forests, river basins and in areas of high biodiversity presence.
The ACRACCS has taken into account all these facts as the Madope River is within the Lake
Nyasa Basin that are environmentally sensitive ecosystems.
3.2.5 The National Strategy for Growth and Poverty Reduction II, 2010
The National Strategy for Growth and Poverty Reduction II (NSGPR II) established in July, 2010 is
coordinated under the Poverty Reduction Strategy (MKUKUTA II) as a national organizing
framework. As with MKUKUTA I (2005/6 – 2009/10) the focus continues to be that of
accelerating economic growth, reducing poverty, improving the standard of living and social
welfare of the people of Tanzania as well as good governance and accountability. MKUKUTA II,
like its predecessor, is a vehicle for realizing Tanzania’s Development Vision 2025, the
Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and the aspirations of the ruling Party’s Election
Manifesto.
In page 48 of the strategy stated that a reliable supply of electricity is one of the elements of
conducive environment for doing business and continues to be of critical importance as an
enabler of poverty-reducing growth. With current emphasis on Kilimo Kwanza, reliable energy
supply is an important factor for enhancing efficiency in agriculture (e.g. for milling machines,
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irrigation pumps etc.). For cost effectiveness, grid extension is the most desired supply in not-
so-remote areas, while renewable energy and off-grid supply target remote areas. The medium
term target is to double power generation capacity in order to enhance power availability, and
reliability by 2015. Global climate change has resulted in search of cleaner and renewable
energy resources. Thus, solar, wind and bio fuels are among the alternative resources to be
promoted. These will be achieved through the following cluster strategies:
Increasing generation of energy, utilization of capacity and coverage;
Developing new power plants (hydro, gas, and coal fired) in order to increase access;
Expanding renewable energies (solar, wind, mini-hydro and biogas) for off grid areas
where distribution costs are prohibitive, especially rural areas;
Promoting PPP especially in IPP schemes;
Promoting rural electrification (through supporting the Rural Energy Agency, REA);
Expanding and strengthening the National Grid which also carries the fiber optic cable
up to the district level;
Expanding exploitation of bio-fuel potential without compromising food security,
promoting use of energy-efficient appliances and equipment, use of natural gas for
industrial heating and domestic cooking;
Promoting energy saving technology, at household, firm, institutions, and community
levels;
Promoting energy efficient and conservation as well as integrated environmental
management;
Promoting projects which qualify for carbon credit through clean development
mechanism (CDM) window;
Exploration in search for oil expanded and contribution of natural gas and coal in GDP
increased;
Collaborating in SADC energy initiatives, the Southern African Power Pool (SAPP) and
the Regional Electricity Regulators Association (RERA) to implement the Power Sector
Development Roadmap and Regional Generation and Transmission Expansion Plan (the
SAPP Pool Plan).
The proposed Lugarawa SHPP will contribute to the goals of NSGPR II by providing reliable, high
quality energy source for economic activities that will result into economic growth,
employment, quality education and improved livelihood.
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3.2.6 Rural Development Strategy, 2001
The strategies have the primary objectives of stimulating growth in the rural economy by
building on gains in the national economy and by empowering rural poor people to overcome
poverty through better access to land, water, energy, financial resources and markets.
There is a large population still lacking electricity in Tanzania. The Government through Rural
Electrification Agency and TANESCO and development partners is supporting different energy
projects in the Country side as part of stimulating rural development and poverty reduction
through energy access.
The proposed Lugarawa SHPP will produce 1.7 MW of which will be connected to the National
Grid system making possible to extend the grid because of increased power and also to provide
reliable power to the country side. Also the proposed project will supply electricity within
twenty villages and will be in line with this strategy.
3.2.7 Tanzania Development Vision 2025
The Composite Development Goal for the Tanzania Development Vision 2025 (February 2000) is
summed up in these two key paragraphs:
Under the ‘Dimensions of Sustainable Human Development Vision 2025’, the Vision calls for:
“Sustainable human development that will involve striking an appropriate balance between
development pursuits, cultural considerations and basic needs on one hand and the preservation
of the natural environment for the current and future generations on the other”.
Again, in Section 2.2, ‘Environment’, apart from outlining its current state in the country, the
environment is considered as a crosscutting issue. Among other things, the Vision 2025
indicates that:
“…The relation between human life and the environment is such that caring about environment
is synonymous to caring about oneself. Balancing human activities and environment should
determine and shape our decisions and action processes”.
Therefore the implementation of Lugarawa SHPP is in line with Tanzania Development Vision
2025.
3.2.8 National Economic Empowerment Policy, 2004
The policy is intended to address economic empowerment needs of the individual citizens of
Tanzania and local companies. The policy takes on board all economic actors including farmers,
livestock keepers, fishermen, employees, traders as well as other groups of individuals in
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various economic activities. The policy puts in place the general guidelines for formulation of
strategies to be used by respective sectors depending on the prevailing circumstances. In this
respect, each sector is enjoined to come up with concrete implementation strategies. As this
policy touches the energy sector which this project has a bearing. Hence, power availability by
constructing 1.7 MW hydropower plant will play a key role in this case.
3.2.9 National Policy on HIV/AIDS, 2001
The National Policy on HIV/AIDS (2001) was formulated by the Government of Tanzania (GOT)
under technical support from the World Health Organization Global Programme on AIDS (WHO-
GPA) that led to the establishment of National HIV/AIDS Control Programme (NACP) under the
Ministry of Health. However, due to its multi-sartorial nature there was a need to involve all
sectors and community participation was found to be crucial. One of the government strategic
initiatives was to establish Tanzania Commission for AIDS (TACAIDS) under the Prime Minister’s
Office. The Commission provides leadership and coordination of national multi-sectoral
response to the HIV/AIDS epidemic. The management functions, institutional and
organizational arrangement of TACAIDS are outlined in the National Policy.
The policy identifies HIV/AIDS as a global disaster, hence requiring concerted and
unprecedented initiative at national and global levels. It recognizes HIV/AIDS as an impediment
to development in all sectors, in terms of social and economic development with serious and
direct implication on social services and welfare. Thus, the policy recognizes the linkage
between poverty and HIV/AIDS, as the poor section of the society are the most vulnerable.
The main policy objective is reflected well in the establishment of TACAIDS. However, the policy
has also set a number of strategic objectives to deal with specific HIV/AIDS problems:
Prevention of transmission of HIV/AIDS;
HIV Testing;
Care for People Living with HIV/AIDS (PLHAS);
Enhance Sectoral roles through participation and financial support;
Promote and participate in research on HIV/AIDS-including dissemination of scientific
information and development of HIV vaccine;
Creating a legal framework through enactment of laws on HIV/AIDS-governing ethical
issues and legal status of HIV/AIDS affected families;
The Proposed Lugarawa Small Hydro Power Project endeavours to adhere to this policy.
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3.2.10National Water Policy, 2002
The National Water Policy recognizes that industrial performance depends, among other
factors, on reliable water supply for socio economic development and poverty alleviation.
However, wastewater from industries may have a significant impact on water supply. The
Water Policy supports availability of water to ensure food security, electricity generation and
other economic activities amongst other important activities. It also advocates for integrated
and sustainable river basin management. The policy, in addition, urges the protection and
conservation of water resources in the Country Rivers and basins.
The construction of 1.7 MW Minigrid Power Plant should protect water sources by avoiding
water pollution of any sort. Drained water from the power plant should meet the quality
standard before releasing to water bodies.
3.1.11 Wildlife Policy, 1998
The Wildlife Policy identifies the need to conserve wildlife as a natural resource of great
biological, economic, environmental and nutritional value. It recognizes the need for involving a
broader section of society and various stakeholders in wildlife conservation. This Policy
considers the creation of ‘Protected Areas’ to promote the conservation of wildlife.
Some of the policy objectives for establishing Protected Areas include:
Preservation of representative examples of Tanzania terrestrial and aquatic habitats
and their physical environment;
Conservation of a viable population of species of flora and fauna with an emphasis on
endangered, threatened or endemic species and their habitats;
Protecting areas of scenic beauty and special or cultural interest; and
Conservation of water catchments and soil resources
The relevancy of this policy to this project is to remind the project proponent that although the
proposed project may lease wastes that can cause the deterioration of habitat for species.
Hence, proper environmental management measures should be in place to prevent water, air
and soil pollution that can affect aquatic habitats and their physical environment when drained
to the river flow.
3.2.12 National Sustainable Industrial Development Policy, 1996
In line with the NEP, the sustainable industrial policy, Section 3.5.3, refers to sound
environmental management as a means of promoting environmentally friendly and ecologically
sustainable industrial development in Tanzania. The policy underscores the importance of
carrying out EIA for new projects and Environmental Audit for existing projects.
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This ESIA is responding to the requirement of this policy.
3.2.13 National Investment Promotion Policy, 1996
National Investment Promotion Policy seeks to promote the growth of exports by strategically
utilizing the scarce natural, social and capital resources to accomplish it. Section 3.2 of the
policy outlines the objectives of the policy. The objectives, which are relevant to Lugarawa
Small Hydro Power Project includes, the encouragement of external resources to complement
national efforts: encouragement and facilitation of the adoption of technologies and activities
that, especially have direct bearing on the productivity, quality and increased competitiveness.
3.2.14 National Employment Policy, 1997
The major aim of this policy is to promote employment mainly of Tanzania Nationals. Relevant
sections of this policy are (i) 10, which lays down strategies for promoting employment and
section 10.1 is particularly focusing on industry and trade sectors (ii) 10.6 which deals with
employment of special groups i.e. women, youth, persons with disabilities and (iii) 10.8 which
deals with the tendencies of private industries to employ expatriates even where there are
equally competent nationals. The Proposed Lugarawa Small Hydro Power Project is
endeavoring to comply with this policy.
3.2.15National Gender Policy, 2002
The key objective of this policy is to provide guidelines that will ensure gender sensitive plans
and strategies are developed in all sectors and institutions. While the policy aims at establishing
strategies to eradicate poverty, it puts emphasis on gender quality and equal opportunity of
both men and women to participate in development undertakings and to value the role-played
by each member of society.
The Proposed Lugarawa Small Hydro Power Project endeavours to adhere to this policy.
3.2.16 National Forest Policy, 2000
The National Forest Policy statement No. 23 (Chapter 4 pg. 36) state that; “Environmental
Impact Assessment or Environmental audit will be required for the investment which use or
may cause potential damage to the forest environment.” The main objective of this
requirement is to ensure that the integrity of such conserved forested areas on public land is
maintained throughout the project life cycle.
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Therefore, the proposed Lugarawa Small Hydro Power Project endeavours to adhere to this
policy due the fact that the establishment of power plant and installation of transmission lines
will involve clearing all tall trees.
3.2.17 Construction Industry Policy, 2003
Among the major objectives of the policy, which support a sustainable building development
sector, include the promotion and application of cost effective and innovative technologies and
practices to support socio-economic development activities such as buildings, road-works,
water supply, sanitation, shelter delivery and income generating activities and to ensure
application of practices, technologies and products which are not harmful to either the
environment or human health. The Proposed Lugarawa Small Hydroelectric Power Project
endeavours to adhere to this policy.
3.2.18 National Agriculture Policy, 2013
The agricultural policy of 2013addresses the sustainable agriculture practices to (primarily small
scale) farmers at the village level so as to improve their farming practices and eventually
productivity. It provides the basic requirements to the inorder to boost crop output, alleviate
poverty, promote markets and increase food security for Tanzanians. One of the requirements
is energy supply in rural areas which inturn will facilitate agro processing and also to meet the
concerns on climate change. It is obvious that the agriculture products will increase needing
processing industries, preservation mechanisms, etc. Hence, power availability by constructing
1.7 MW hydro power plant in Lugarawa Village will play a key role in this case.
3.3: Relevant Legal and Regulatory Framework
This section addresses the legal and regulatory conditions, which are relevant to the Proposed
Lugarawa Small Hydro Power Project.
3.3.1: The Environmental Management Act No. 20 of 2004, Cap. 191
The Environmental Management Act (EMA) is a piece of legislation that forms an umbrella law
on environmental management in Tanzania. Its enactment has repealed the National
Environment Management Council Act. 19 of (1983) while providing for the continued
existence of the National Environment Management Council (NEMC).
Among the major purposes of the EMA are to provide the legal and institutional framework for
sustainable management of the environment in Tanzania; to outline principles for
management, impact and risk assessment, the prevention and control of pollution, waste
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management, environmental quality standards, public participation, compliance and
enforcement; to provide the basis for implementation of international instruments on the
environment; to provide for implementation of the National Environmental Policy; to provide
for establishment of the National Environmental Fund and to provide for other related matters.
Part III, Section 15(a) states that in matters pertaining to the environment, the Director of
Environment shall coordinate various environment management activities being undertaken by
other agencies to promote the integration of environment considerations into development
policies, plans, programmes, strategies projects and undertake strategic environmental
assessments with a view to ensuring the proper management and rational utilization of
environmental resources on a sustainable basis for the improvement of the quality of human
life in Tanzania.
Part VI of the EMA deals with Environmental Impact Assessments (EIA) and other Assessments
and directs that an EIA is mandatory for all development projects. Section 81(2) states that “An
Environmental Impact Assessment study shall be carried out prior to the commencement or
financing of a project or undertaking”, while Section 81(3) states “a permit or license for the
carrying out of any project or undertaking in accordance with any written law shall not entitle
the proponent or developer to undertake or to cause to be undertaken a project or activity
without an environmental impact assessment certificate issued under this Act”.
The Act gives powers to NEMC to determine, which projects should be subjected under EIA or
PEA. The proposed Lugarawa Small Hydro Power Project endeavours to comply with the
requirement of this law.
3.3.2: Energy and Water Utilities Regulatory Authority Act Cap 414, 2001
This Act consolidates the laws in relation to energy and water utilities in Tanzania Mainland.
Under this Act, the EWURA with prior approval of the Minister, make rules in respect of the
regulated goods and services (being the electricity, petroleum, natural gas, water and sewerage
sectors). The Act gives EWURA the legal mandates to issue renew and cancel licenses of service
providers in the regulated sectors. Existing license holders and potential license applicants may
submit their applications to EWURA for a new license or license renewal. EWURA considers
license applications and decides whether to grant a license renewal by using fair and
nondiscriminatory procedures. Cap 414 further makes it mandatory for EWURA to conduct
public inquiry before exercising its powers to issue, renew or cancel a license. The project
proponent will operate the power plant, inject power into the national grid and sell electricity
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to consumers at large; hence, EWURA will directly be involved in regulating the electricity
tariffs.
3.3.3: The Environment Impact Assessment & Audit Regulations G.N. No. 349 of 2005
The National EIA and Audit Regulations 2005 provide guidance on how the Environment Impact
Assessment and Environmental Audit should be carried out. Of reference to this study, is part X
of the Regulations. Section 51 prescribes the procedure to carry out the audit, and Section 52
gives the format of Environment Audit report. This ESIA report has been carried out in
accordance with these provisions.
3.3.4: Occupation Health and Safety Authority Act No.5, 2003
The law requires employers to provide a good working environment to workers in order to
safeguard their health. The Act also provides for the protection of persons other than persons
at work against hazards to health and safety arising out of or in connection with activities of
persons at work. Relevant to this project include part IV Section 43 (1) safe access and safe
working place and Part V on health and welfare provisions. The contractor and developer are
obliged to provide safe working environment, provision of clean and safe water, provision of
sanitary facilities and first aid facility. The employers need to perform medical examinations to
determine fitness before engaging employees. Employers must also ensure that the equipment
used by employees is safe and provide proper working gear as appropriate.
3.3.5: Tanzania Investment Act Cap 38 of 2002
The Act establishes Tanzania Investment Centre, which shall assist all investors to obtain
necessary permits, authorizations, registrations, consents, licenses and any other matter by law
for a person to set up and operate investment in Tanzania. The Act also stipulates that
employment of citizens shall be given top priority. The provisions of this law have been adhered
Lugarawa Small Hydro Power Project is endeavoring to abide by this law.
3.3.6: Employment and Labor Relations Act No. 6 of 2004
The Act makes provisions for core labour rights; establishes basic employment standards,
provides a framework for collective bargaining; and provides for the prevention and settlement
of disputes and provides. Lugarawa Small Hydro Power Project endeavours to comply with the
requirement of this law.
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3.3.7: The HIV and AIDS (Prevention and Control) Act of 2008
The law provides for public education and programmes on HIV and AIDS. Section 8(1) of the law
states that “The Ministry (Health), health practitioners, workers in the public and private
sectors and NGOs shall for the purpose of providing HIV and AIDS education to the public,
disseminate information regarding HIV and AIDS to the public”. Furthermore, Section 9 states
that “Every employer in consultation with the Ministry (Health) shall establish and coordinate a
workplace programme on HIV and AIDS for employees under his control and such programmes
shall include provision of gender responsive HIV and AIDS education” This project shall abide to
HIV/AIDS Act in the fight against the disease. Lugarawa Small Hydro Power Project endeavours
to comply with the requirement of this law.
3.3.8: The Local Government Laws (Miscellaneous Amendments) Act No. 4 (2000)
This act established the local governments and urban authorities with mandates to spearhead
developments in districts and urban centres (for cities and municipalities) respectively. By this
law, the authorities have mandates to formulate bylaws to enhance environmental
management within their district/urban authorities. Under this Act Lugarawa Small Hydro
Power Project endeavours to comply with the requirement of this law.
3.3.9: National Land Use Planning Commission Act No. 2 of 2007
The Act established the National Land Use Planning Commission, which is the principal advisory
organ of the Government on all matters related to land use. The Commission has the function
of formulating policy on land use planning, coordinating the activities of all bodies concerned
with land use planning matters, and evaluating existing and proposed policies and activities of
the Government directed to the safeguarding of land against its wrongful, wasteful or
premature use or development and, on that basis, recommends policies and programmes
which will achieve more effective protection and enhancement of the land quality and
encourage better land use planning.
Other functions include recommending measures to ensure that Government policies including
those for the development and conservation of land take adequate account of it on land use.
This is also an important environmental provision, which introduces the requirements for
environmental impact assessment at least in respect of land use matters. Lugarawa Small Hydro
Power Project endeavours to adhere to this act.
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3.3.10 Land Act Cap 113, (No. 4 of 1999)
The Land Act, Cap 113, replaces the previous basic land law of 1923, and establishes three
categories of land: general, village and reserved. In addition, land may be declared ‘hazard land’
where its development might lead to environmental damage, e.g. locations such as wetlands,
mangrove swamps and coral reefs, steep lands and other areas of environmental significance or
fragility. The Act recognizes customary tenure as of equal status to granted rights of occupancy.
Importantly the land Act promotes gender equality by recognizing equal access to land
ownership and use by all citizens- men and women – and giving them equal representation on
the land committees. Under this project the proposed scheme development activities are to be
carried out in the village land which is owned by village government through existing country
legislations. Therefore, the Diocese of Njombe took initiatives of securing land for the scheme
through agreements reached within the village and attained the Certificate of Occupancy as
shown in appendix 10.
3.3.11: Village Land Act Cap 114 R.E, 2002
This is the second pillar of Tanzania’s new land tenure legislation. It was enacted specifically to
cater for “the management and administration of land in villages”.
The Act empowers the Village Council to manage all village lands in accordance with the
principles of a trustee with the villagers being the beneficiaries. In the exercise of these
functions the Village Council is required to have regard to the principles of sustainable
development and the relationship between land use, other natural resources and the
environment in and contiguous to the village and village land; the need to consult with and take
account of or comply with the decisions or orders of any public officer or public authority with
jurisdiction over any matter in the area where the village is; and the need to consult with and
take account of the views of other local authorities with jurisdiction over the village.
3.3.12: The Forest Act, 2002
The Forestry Act, 2002 focuses on the utilization and conservation of the Forest Reserves in the
country. Section 18 of the Act, requires that any proposed development in a forest reserve,
private forest or sensitive forest area including watersheds to which this section applies,
whether the development is proposed by, or is to be implemented by, a person or organization
in the public or private sector, the proposer of the development shall prepare and submit to the
Director an Environmental Impact Assessment or Environmental Audit for the existing projects
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from NEMC registered consultants. Lugarawa Small Hydro Power Project endeavours to adhere
to this act.
3.3.13: Water Resources Management Act, 2009
Water as a resource (Economic and Social good) is governed by the Water Resources
Management Act, No. 11 of 2009. The objectives of the Act is to ensure that the nation’s water
resources are protected, used, developed, conserved, managed and controlled in ways which
take into account the following fundamental principles, including:
Meeting the basic human needs of present and future generations;
Promoting equitable access to water and the principle that water is essential for life
and that safe drinking water is a basic human right;
Promoting the efficient, sustainable and beneficial use of water in the public interest;
Facilitating social economic development;
Promoting stakeholder’s involvement in water resources management at all levels
especially by ensuring decentralization to the lowest possible level of government,
consistent with available capacity at such level;
Protecting biological diversity especially the aquatic ecosystem;
Preventing and controlling pollution and degradation of water resources;
Providing implementation of international obligations stipulated under international
legal instruments to which the United Republic is a party; and
Promoting dam safety security and the management of water related disasters.
The Act guides users to follow principles of sustainable integrated water resources
management and sustainable development which include:
The Act directs any proposed development in a water resource area or water shed to which the
Act applies, whether that development is proposed by or is to be implemented by a person or
organization in the public or private sector shall carry out an Environmental Impact Assessment
or Environmental Auditing in accordance with the provisions of the Environmental
Management Act.
Part VII (a) Section 43(1 - 4) of the Act, on Water Abstraction and Use, requires any person who
diverts, dams, stores, abstracts or uses water from surface or underground water source, or for
any such purpose constructs or maintains any works, shall apply for a Water Use Permit in
accordance with this Act. A water permit shall be issued taking into account water needed for
non-abstraction uses or for maintaining environmental flow requirements. No permit or license
issued under any other law may apply to a water course without a written authorization of the
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Basin Water Board. The proposed Lugarawa Small Hydro Power Project endeavours to adhere
to this law.
3.3.14: The Standards Act No. 2, 2009
The Tanzania Bureau of Standards is the designated national authority for all kinds of national
standards, including environmental standards. The TBS Acts establishes the National
Environment Standards Committee (NESC), which is responsible for developing environmental
standards. The National Environment Management Council Act 2004 recognizes the existence
of the NESC. Part X enumerates the types of environmental standards to be established, they
include water quality, discharge of effluent into water, air quality, control of noise and vibration
pollution, sub-sonic vibrations, soil quality, control of noxious smells. Light pollution and
electromagnetic waves and microwaves.
Development of national standards is still at its infancy stage. Only 9 compulsory environmental
standards (those that require compulsory compliance) have been developed so far. Although, it
is not stated in he acts, in the absence of national standards such as those of WHO, World Bank,
BS, EU, American Public Health Association (APHA), US EPA etc.
Relevant national environmental standards include:
TZS 932:2006: ACOUSTICS – General Tolerance Limits for Noise
This standard specifies limits of environmental noise. It also describes the methodology and
standard equipments used for measuring noise.
TZS 860:2005 MUNICIPAL AND INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATERS – General Tolerance Limits for
Municipal and Industrial Wastewaters, Lugarawa Small Hydro Power Project is endeavoring to
adhere to Tanzania as well as international standards.
3.3.15: The Water Supply and Sanitation Act No. 12 of 2009
This is also a new legislation that provides for sustainable management and adequate operation
and transparent regulation of water supply and sanitation services; provides for establishment
of water supply and sanitation authorities as well as community owned water supply
organizations; and provides for appointment for service providers. The main aim of this law is
to ensure the right of every Tanzanian to have access to efficient, effective and sustainable
water supply and sanitation services for all purposes by taking into account among others
protection and conservation of water resources and development and promotion of public
health and sanitation; and protection of the interest of customers. Under this law, the Minister
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responsible for water affairs shall establish water authority and cluster water authorities in
order to achieve commercial viabilities.
3.3.16: The Contractors Registration Act Cap 25 R.E, 2002
The Contractors Registration Act requires contractors to be registered by the Contractors Board
(CRB) before engaging in practice. It requires foreign contractors to be registered by the Board
before gaining contracts in Tanzania. Lugarawa Small Hydro Power Project shall comply with
the law requirement during the recruitment of contractors for project implementation.
3.3.17: The Electricity Act, 2008
This Act is established to provide for the facilitation and regulation of generation, transmission,
transformation, distribution, supply, and use of electric energy, to provide for cross-border
trade in electricity and the planning and regulation of rural electrification and to provide for
related matters, whereby;
Section 14 (8) states that “the licensee shall take into account the need to preserve natural
beauty, flora and fauna, buildings and sites of geological, archaeological, or cultural
significance”
Section 18 (3) states that “Any person who undertakes generation activities in rural areas
where the installed generation capacity at a single site less than one megawatt shall be
exempted from the requirement to obtain a license”
Section 18 (4) states that “Any person who undertakes Off-Grid distribution and supply
activities in rural areas where the maximum demand on the Off-Grid system is below one
megawatt shall be exempted from the condition stipulated in section 8”
Section 18 (6) states that “Any person exempted from this section shall in manner to be
provided by the Authority, report to the Authority such information on his activities as it may
require” this hydro power project fit the requirement of this Act to be exempted.
Section 39 (4) states that “for the promotion of the National Energy Policy in relation to rural
electrification every licensee shall be required to supply electrical energy to the local
communities where electrical supply installations are located or along transmission lines”
Section 39 (5) states that “where electrical generation is done by using natural resources
obtained in Mainland Tanzania the licensee shall be required to participate in development
projects initiated by communities located near the generation point”
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Lugarawa Small Hydro Power Project endeavours to adhere to the requirement of this Act.
3.3.18: The Rural Energy Act, 2005
This Act established the Rural Energy Board, Fund and Agency to be responsible for promotion
of improved access to modern energy services in the rural areas of Mainland Tanzania and
through a Fund within the Agency Board to provide for grants and subsidies to developers of
rural energy projects and for related and consequential matters whereby;
Section 16 (6) states that “The Agency in collaboration with the relevant authority shall ensure
that the relevant applicable environmental standards , if any, are used in de signing,
constructing, operating and maintaining rural energy systems”.
Section (17) states that “There shall be established a Fund to be known a s the Rural Energy
Fund for the purpose of providing grants to qualified developers of projects”
Section 18 (1) states that “The Fund shall represent the funding mechanism by which the Board
shall fulfill its mandate to provide grants to subsidize the capital cost of projects that are
developed by private and public entities, co-operatives, and local community organizations”
Section 18 (2) states that “The Fund shall provide resources for:
Grants towards the capital costs of projects implemented by private and public entities, co-
operatives, and local community organizations;
The provision of technical assistance, training and other forms of capacity building to qualified
developers by qualified experts related to the planning and preparation of a project prior to an
application for a grant; and
The provision of financial assistance”
Lugarawa Small Hydro Power Project fit the requirement of this Act to be granted funds, and
endeavours to adhere to the requirement of this Act.
3.4 International obligations, Conventions and other Specific Programmes
3.4.1: Convention on Biological Diversity, Rio de Janeiro, May 1992
Tanzania signed the CBD in 1992 and ratified it in 1996, thereby committing herself to the
conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity. The objectives of this Convection, are
the conservation of Biological Diversity, the sustainable use of its components and the fair and
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equitable sharing of benefits arising out of the utilization of generic resources, including by
appropriate access to generic resources and by appropriate transfer of relevant technologies,
taking into considerations all rights over those resources and technologies, and by appropriate
funding. Article 8 of the CBD addresses in situ conservation, stating that each contracting partly
shall:
“Establish a system of protected areas or areas of special measures need to be taken to
conserve biological diversity;
Promote the protection of ecosystems, natural habitats and the maintenance of viable
populations of species in natural surroundings; and
Subject to its natural legislation, respect, preserve and maintain knowledge,
innovations and practices of indigenous and local communities embodying traditional
lifestyles relevant for the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity and
promote their wider application...”
This ESIA study responds to the provisions of the Convention.
3.4.2: World Bank Safeguard Policies and Guidelines
The World Bank has mandatory Environmental Assessment (EA) guidelines in the form of
Operational Policies (OP) or sometimes referred to as Bank Policies (BP) or Guiding Policies
(GPs). The World Bank has policies governing environmental assessment (EA) of projects.
OP/BP/GP 4.01, issued in January 1999, is the central document that defines the Bank's
environmental assessment requirements. This directive outlines Bank policy and procedures for
the environmental assessment of Bank lending operations. Environmental consequences should
be recognized early in the project cycle and taken into account in project selection, sitting,
planning, and design by preventing, Minimizing, mitigating or compensating for adverse
environmental impacts and enhancing positive impacts. EA includes the process of mitigating
and managing environmental impacts throughout project implementation. The Environmental
Assessment Sourcebook (1993) and its updates (1996, 1997) provide technical guidance on
these issues. Table 3.1 provides a summary of the relevant WB Operational Policies for the
Lugarawa Small Hydro Power Project.
A screening process for all World Bank projects classifies them into one of three environmental
assessment categories. Projects in Category "A" potentially cause significant and irremediable
environmental impacts. Category "B" projects cause lesser impacts, which are often essentially
remediable or can be mitigated. Category "C" projects can be expected to have little or no
environmental impact. Category "A" projects require a full, detailed Environmental Impact
Assessment, which needs to be approved before the Bank can give its support while Category B
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projects require the implementation of an Environmental Impact Evaluation (EIE), which
requires far less details than an EIA. Category C projects do not require an EIE or EIA. Lugarawa
Small Hydro Power Project falls under category B projects and must therefore fulfill all relevant
World Bank safeguard policies.
Table 3.1: World Bank Safeguard Policies
Policy Summary of Core Requirements Public Consultation
Environmental
Assessment
(OP/BP 4.01)
Screen early for potential impacts and
select appropriate instruments to assess,
Minimize, and mitigate Potentially
adverse impacts.
Consult affected groups and non-
governmental organizations (NGOs) as
early as possible (for Category A and B
projects)
Natural Habitats
(OP/BP 4.04)
Do not finance projects that degrade or
convert critical habitats. Support projects
that affect non-critical habitats only if no
alternatives are available and if
acceptable mitigation measures are in
place.
Consult local people in planning,
designing and monitoring projects.
Involuntary
Resettlement
(OP/BP 4.12)
Assist displaced persons in their efforts to
improve or at least restore their standards
of living.
Consult project affected persons and host
community; incorporate expressed views
in resettlement plans; list choices made
by project affected persons.
Indigenous Peoples
(OD 4.20)
Identify adverse impacts and develop a
plan to address them. Design benefits to
reflect the cultural preferences of
indigenous peoples.
Consult indigenous people throughout
the project cycle.
Forests
(OP/BP 4.36)
Support sustainable and Conservation-
oriented forestry.
Consult local people, the private sector,
and interest groups in the forest area.
Cultural Property
(OPN 11.03)
Investigate an inventory of cultural
resources that may potentially be
affected. Include mitigation measures
when there are adverse impacts on
physical cultural resources.
Consult appropriate agencies, NGOs,
University departments and
residents/stakeholder groups.
Source: WB, Simplifying Safeguards: Addressing Environmental & Social Issues in Education Projects,
SMART, Feb. 1, 2004.
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The Safeguard Policies pursue three objectives: a) to assure that the environmental and social
aspects be evaluated in the preparation and decisions process; b) to reduce and to handle the
environmental and social risks of a program or projects financed by the World Bank; and c) to
provide mechanisms for consultation and information disclosure.
Safeguards Polices triggered by the TEDAP, in the electrification/power packages projects the
Environmental and Social Safeguards Polices that commonly triggers are the followings:
OP/BP 4.01 Environmental Assessment
OP/BP 4.04 Natural Habitats
OP/BP 4.11 Physical Cultural Resources
OP/BP 4.12 Involuntary Resettlement
OP/BP 4.37 Safety of Dams
OP/BP 7.50 Projects on International Waters
The following table presents the common settings that the safeguards are triggered and the
generic requests to comply them:
Table 3.2: Social and Environmental Safeguards commonly activated in hydropower projects
Safeguards Policies Setting of triggered and requests
Environmental
Assessment
Those projects where the works will affect, temporary or permanently; the
natural environment and/or the society, through direct, indirect or
cumulative impacts.
The project will develop the environmental and social studies (ESIA, ESMP,
others) required by the national law and the Bank’s guidelines, in order to
assure the social and environmental sustainability of the project and to
obtain the respective Environmental Permissions. The depth of the
environmental assessment is function of the Environmental and Social
Category.
Natural Habitats If a project is located in a protected area or considered as a critical area since
environmental point of view.
Depending on the potential negative impacts to the natural habitats (flora
and fauna), will require especial studies to protect or preserve the species
identified as a potential risk of being affected. If a project can cause
irreversible damages will be excluded of the financing.
Involuntary
Resettlement
When for the works execution the relocation of people or compensation is
required. The affectation could be partial or completely of its houses or
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productive lands (be these legal or illegal).
For these cases should be required a Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) taking
into account the Bank’s guidelines for these cases.
Cultural Properties
It should be taken into account this Safeguard in those projects where imply
the movement of lands in zones of recognized archaeological potential
and/or of cultural and/or physical.
Investigations, Rescue and Chance Finds Procedures Plan (CFPP) are the most
common instruments required.
Safety of Dams
Small dams (SMALL or micro hydroelectric power) are normally less than 15
meters in height (OP/BP 4.37). For small dams, generic dam safety measures
designed by qualified engineers are usually adequate.
For large dams, the Bank requires:
a) Reviews by an independent panel of experts (the Panel) of the
investigation, design, and construction of the dam and the start of
operations;
b) Preparation and implementation of detailed plans: a plan for construction
supervision and quality assurance, an instrumentation plan, an operation and
maintenance plan, and an emergency preparedness plan;
c) Prequalification of bidders during procurement and bid tendering, and
d) Periodic safety inspections of the dam after completion.
The subprojects that involve the use of existing dams or under construction,
the Bank requires that the subproject sponsors arrange for one or more
independent dam specialists to: inspect and evaluate the safety status of the
existing dams or their appurtenances, and its performance history; review
and evaluate the owner’s operation and maintenance procedures; and
provide a written report of findings and recommendations for any remedial
work or safety-related measures necessary to upgrade the existing dams to
an acceptable standard of safety. This Report calls “Dam Safety Measures
Report (DSMR)”.
International Waters
This policy applies when potential international water rights may be an issue,
for subprojects on the following type of international waterways: any river,
canal, lake, or similar body of water that forms a boundary between, or any
river or body of surface water that flows through, two or more states; any
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tributary or other body of surface water; and any bay, gulf, strait, or channel
bounded by two or more states or, if within one state, recognized as a
necessary channel of communication between the open sea and other states,
and any river flowing into such waters.
Projects on international waterways may affect relations between the Bank
and its borrowers and between states (whether members of the Bank or not).
The Bank recognizes that the cooperation and goodwill of riparians is
essential for the efficient use and protection of the waterway. The Bank
stands ready to assist riparians in achieving this end.
Source: ESMF, 2012
In relation to the Bank’s Public Disclosure Policy, generally a Communication and Disclosure
Program is required, in order to present all the environmental and social documents developed
for the subprojects (ESIAs, ESMPs, RAPs, others), as part of the participation and consultation
process.
3.5: Administrative Framework
The administrative authority for environmental issues at national level is vested in the Minister
responsible for Environment. Under the framework outlined in the Environmental Management
Act (2004), there shall be a National Environmental Advisory Committee, which shall be the
advisory body to the minister. The EMA (2004) also provides for the presence of the Director of
Environment, who among other functions shall coordinate various environment management
activities being undertaken by other agencies and promote integration of environmental
considerations into development policies, plans, programmes, strategies, projects and
undertake strategic environmental risk assessment with a view of ensuring proper management
and rational utilization of environmental resources on sustainable basis for the improvement of
quality of human life in Tanzania.
The enforcement and environmental compliance is now vested in the hands of NEMC. Above
all, the council has been actively promoting awareness of EIA issues and the necessity of
undertaking Environmental Audit to decision makers at National, Municipal and District levels.
The environmental impact assessment and audit regulations (2005) govern the environmental
auditing process.
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CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 BASELINE ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL CONDITIONS
4.1 Physical condition
4.1.1 Climate and Topography
The hydrological year in the project area begins in November ending in October. According to
the Njombe Region environmental profile where the project area is located has two climatic
zones which are described as follows: - The highland zone lies at an altitude of 1600 to 2700m
a.m.s.l. This zone covers the eastern part of the project area in which temperatures are
normally below 150Cand the annual rainfall ranges between 1000 to 1600mm, occurring in
single season starting November ending May. The dry, referred to as cold season occurs starts
in June ending in October. See table 4.1 below. The other zone is the midland zone which
covers the altitude from1200 to 1600m a.m.s.l. In this zone the temperatures ranges from 150C
to 200C and average annual rainfall ranges between 600mm and 1000mm.
The project area is situated in mountainous zone consisting of undulating hills and valleys. The
altitude ranges between 1200 and 2700m above mean sea level. The Madope River has a gentle
slope below the waterfall, and considerable distances have been covered to gain a small
additional head. The available head between the proposed intake and the powerhouse is 460m
which has considerable potential for the proposed power generation.
Table 4.1 Monthly and Mean Annual Rainfall
Month 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Mean
January 236.9 238.6 320.7 293.4 176.4 253.2
February 300.9 311.8 137.6 141.9 126.9 203.82
March 327.4 200.9 235.6 267.3 183.8 243
April 102.4 102.7 52.2 141.8 153.8 110.58
May 2.2 10.4 41 43.8 9.3 21.34
June 0 0 0 0 8.9 1.78
July 0 0 0 0 0 0
August 1 0 0 0 0 0.2
September 0 0 0 0 0 0
October 7.8 0 0 33.3 29.3 14.08
November 7 222.1 0 20.1 66.7 63.18
December 25 121.2 156.7 260.1 175.9 147.78
Total 1010.6 1207.7 943.8 1201.7 931 1058.96
Source: Njombe Town Council, 2008 - 2012
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4.1.2 Geology and Soils
The study area is characterized by the presence of the crystalline, pre-cambric basement
displaced by tectonic lines mostly WNW-ESE oriented. The faults are related to the regional
tectonic that formed the big trench of the Lake Nyasa including the close mountain ranges
edging in the SSW direction of the Tanzanian plateau. In the Milo sheet of the Geological
National Map highlights the presence of a regional fault cuts the Madope basin and ends in a
series of landslide phenomena characterized by debris avalanche at which head rock falls can
be found. The landslides are on the external eastern flank of the basin and do not interfere with
the penstock layout, but one of them borders the lay-out northward.
The area consists of various basement units mostly classified as cataclasites, meaning that the
rocks were subjected to strong metamorphic actions which caused an increase of schistosity
and a deterioration of their mechanic properties. Another group of rocks of younger age found
in this area are the syngeneic migmatites (the magma infiltrated during the metamorphism)
and the post-orogenic granites. These rocks have better mechanic properties because they
have not been subjected to the complete tectonic cycle of the Rift Valley tectonics.
The great fault which cuts the basin near the basin outlet divides the basin into two different
geological units
Characterized by very different mechanic behavior; north of the line of the outcrop there are
Phyllonite and Phyllitic Schists that show an evident system of schistosity and an easy
degradation to sandy-clayey materials. The mechanic characteristics are poor but this unit does
not cross the layout of the future works. The schists are defined in the geological map legend as
“dislocated argillaceous sediments”. They are visible along the road ascending the basin from
the northern direction, in the last 2-3 km before the water divide. South of the fault there is
Porphyroblastic Migmatite which constitute massive outcrops on which the barrage of the
intake and the canal have been built. This area is characterized by huge crystals and a total
absence of schistosity. This is by far the rock with better mechanic characteristics. It has been
observed that along the canal lay-out there are zones with a highly weathered top that may
reach more than 2-3 m of thickness. Also, along the canal no areas of instability have been
noted.
The penstock layout starts in the same unit (migmatites) but immediately enters in a new unit
(called Flaser Schists, still in the cataclasites groups) which is characterized by a lower degree of
schistosity and amore arenaceous composition (higher sandy percentage) with regard to the
Phyllonite and Phyllitic Schists. The steeper section of the penstock is located in this unit. In the
geological map this area is classified as “shear belt”, which means that the area was subjected
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to strong shear stresses. A vertical wall has been observed in the middle part of the steepest
section. It has been interpreted as a fracture and confirms the presence of the shear belt. The
third section of the layout lies, according to the geological map consists further unit; an olivine
gabbro -norite, which is an eruptive rock (consolidated lava flow), but is mostly located in the
terminal section, the basement is covered by eluvial-colluvial deposits rich in debris. The
thickness of the coverage is unknown and could easily exceed 5 metres. In the terminal section,
at the foot of the escarpment, water springs are widespread and tend to form swampy areas.
The yield of these small springs decrease with the progression of the dry season.
The geology of the hydrological basin, upstream of the intake, is mainly characterized by the
presence of the phylliticschists which do not outcrop in the lower section of the basin, because
of the thick coverage of eluvial-colluvial deposits. On the valley bottom there are scattered
migmatites blocks, so that the presence of this rock type is at shallow depth, as the geological
map suggests. In the NE corner some granite outcrops have been verified and constitute the
hills top.
The high altitudes of the project area is composed of yellow, with well drained and highly
weathered and leached soils while in the low lands there are intermediate clay soils which are
characterized by being moderately drained and leached.
4.1.3 Land use/ Land cover
The major land use patterns in the project area are settlements, farms, institutions,
communication facilities (road networks, telecommunication systems), and small scale
industries. The power station will be constructed about 3.5km from the centre of Lugarawa
Village
4.1.4 Hydrology
4.1.4.1 Basin context
The proposed Lugarawa SHPP is situated in Lake Nyasa Drainage Basin, on the Madope River
which is a first-order tributary of the five-order Ruhuhu River system. The Madope basin lies at
a high elevation2000-2500ma.m.s.l, drained by the Madope River. The river exits the basin in its
southern edge, along a very inclined course that cuts in a rocky oriental wall of the Lugarawa
valley, in the upper plateau of Lugarawa Village. The Madope basin lies in the coordinates (UTM
36 S) 8920.000-8927.000 (latitude) and 679.000-685.000 (longitude) with an area of16.4 km2.
The pictorial view of the basin at the proposed intake site is shown in Figure 4.1
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Figure 4.1 Madope River Catchment Basin at the proposed intake site for Lugarawa SHPP
(Source: EIA Study team, October, 2015)
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4.1.4.2 Hydrology of Madope River
Flow rate evaluation
During the field study it found that there are no hydrometric data records for Madope River
because the river has no gauging station installed for collecting hydrometric data. Due to this
shortcoming, an indirect procedure has been used for evaluating the flow equilibrium of the
River system.
The Madope River is a first-order tributary of the five-order Ruhuhu River system. See Figure
4.1. The Ruhuhu River system has a gauging station at Kikonge; station No. 1RB3, located at the
coordinates (36L) 0698521 and8845801, established on02/November/1971. The station is
operating and its rating curve and rating table are in place. The catchment area of Madope
River at the proposed intake site is approximately 0.85 percent of the entire Ruhuhu River
catchment at Kikonge gauging station. Since Madope River catchment is a sub-catchment of the
Ruhuhu River, the catchment characteristics and climatic factors of the two basins have the
same effects on runoff. Thus, it is reasonable to assume that the runoffs of the two basins are
proportional to areas. Hence, the methodology used to determine the flow discharge of
Madope River is as follows;
Statistical Analysis of Flow Discharge Data: Daily flow discharge values from 1971 to
2002 for Ruhuhu River at Kikonge gauging, station number 1RB3 were computed using
the established rating curve/rating table. Missing data and the recent years discharges (i.e.
from 2002/03 to 2014/15) were generated using Linear Regression Method. The
complete flow discharge data record for the period 1971/72 to 2014/15 for the Ruhuhu
River at Kikonge gauging, Station number1RB3 is as presented in Table 4.2.
Madope River flow discharge values for the period 1971 to 2002 were compute using
Ruhuhu River flow discharge values and the area proportionality of the two catchment
as per the following formulas:
𝑄𝑁 =𝛼 𝑄𝐾With 𝛼 =𝑆𝑁
𝑆𝐾=
16.4
1940.4= 0.0085
Where QK is the calculated monthly mean flow discharge for Ruhuhu River and QN is the
computed mean monthly flow discharge for Madope River. SK and SN are the areas of the
reference catchments; Ruhuhu River catchment at Kikonge Station and Madope River
catchment at proposed intake site. The results are as represented in Table 4.2.
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Table 4.2 Monthly mean flow rates of Ruhuhu River in m3/s
Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sept Oct
1971/72 19.661 24.929 37.133 46.975 68.644 56.324 43.715 33.695 29.245 25.824 23.45 20.313
1972/73 20.939 36.978 59.214 59.167 78.812 82.675 50.791 41.855 36.409 33.223 28.567 22.968
1973/74 21.466 28.899 42.63 50.465 44.811 96.82 80.55 51.873 44.611 38.407 33.999 29.016
1974/75 26.877 34.155 38.924 46.491 63.745 78.055 55.469 41.42 35.521 33.198 29.941 24.934
1975/76 21.687 30.801 43.7 48.844 67.18 64.963 46.003 35.778 30.836 27.396 23.942 21.93
1976/77 16.612 17.08 36.644 36.801 38.249 73.962 55.974 31.258 26.784 23.548 20.054 16.538
1977/78 16.956 25.922 32.359 52.502 63.76 70.029 43.752 35.401 30.776 32.064 27.811 18.987
1978/79 23.092 33.812 52.136 74.312 91.581 106.29 81.213 61.184 52.304 44.373 37.737 31.825
1979/80 28.95 42.478 61.576 34.275 45.952 72.501 48.449 35.627 32.032 27.731 24.471 19.336
1980/81 19.352 38.048 41.674 59.313 50.172 51.254 45.434 33.983 27.996 24.89 21.474 18.718
1981/82 15.16 32.474 43.82 54.635 67.707 60.138 56.481 38.272 33.541 29.512 25.551 27.006
1982/83 34.954 51.067 76.935 59.415 84.954 79.015 64.3 52.985 45.14 39.697 34.311 29.423
1983/84 28.726 36.373 68.843 73.099 74.831 71.178 52.691 44.764 39.285 33.975 28.977 23.082
1984/85 21.856 45.131 56.569 56.217 50.619 83.488 49.613 39.919 36.424 32.838 29.498 23.979
1985/86 38.782 38.768 46.937 57.074 75.331 88.685 67.311 50.239 43.165 38.325 34.149 21.355
1986/87 34.223 69.887 60.797 64.057 75.265 71.794 60.115 51.103 52.681 46.358 37.097 27.442
1987/88 23.857 19.999 33.052 40.846 49.479 43.403 25.898 26.996 22.204 19.705 15.213 11.895
1988/89 16.929 19.771 41.127 42.311 65.959 85.138 56.989 41.787 35.134 31.845 27.004 22.11
1989/90 22.036 40.523 37.523 41.71 53.856 60.98 40.433 32.919 28.323 25.726 20.864 17.544
1990/91 15.498 20.88 48.691 49.081 44.299 82.328 49.432 35.482 32.018 28.286 22.724 20.715
1991/92 18.749 31.468 36.166 37.577 45.985 53.164 46.959 30.531 26.555 23.369 19.365 16.517
1992/93 21.161 22.966 29.607 42.972 71.069 65.35 48.568 35.182 33.01 32.284 26.198 20.278
1993/94 18.616 13.516 31.138 49.646 80.452 75.347 45.757 36.42 32.825 32.066 24.556 19.699
1994/95 19.796 26.676 39.546 47.674 76.136 60.397 41.161 33.076 28.981 26.697 22.981 18.89
1995/96 14.662 20.232 35.753 41.655 61.198 70.274 48.663 34.926 30.422 27.01 23.771 19.914
1996/97 14.812 21.289 22.178 49.98 41.321 71.202 27.866 35.52 32.27 31.412 23.688 19.078
1997/98 19.178 25.338 38.103 46.822 58.85 71.064 43.353 35.22 32.085 31.194 23.471 18.871
1998/99 18.972 24.892 37.622 46.538 58.59 70.926 42.752 34.92 31.9 30.976 23.254 18.664
1999/00 18.766 24.446 30.908 41.511 56.531 67.542 35.106 28.273 25.515 22.482 19.377 14.762
2000/01 21.784 24 45.193 46.211 49.996 46.286 35.797 28.413 31.53 21.732 17.765 14.835
2001/02 10.668 14.716 38.677 50.25 57.81 119.5 58.36 45.16 37.899 34.311 30.382 24.918
2002/03 18.148 23.108 35.698 45.402 57.55 70.374 40.348 33.72 31.16 30.104 22.386 17.836
2003/04 17.942 22.662 35.217 45.118 57.29 70.236 39.747 33.42 30.975 29.886 22.169 17.629
2004/05 17.736 22.216 34.736 44.834 57.03 70.098 39.146 33.12 30.79 29.668 21.952 17.422
2005/06 17.53 21.77 34.255 44.55 56.77 69.96 38.545 32.82 30.605 29.45 21.735 17.215
2006/07 17.324 21.324 33.774 44.266 56.51 69.822 37.944 32.52 30.42 29.232 21.518 17.008
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2007/08 17.118 20.878 33.293 43.982 56.25 69.684 37.343 32.22 30.235 29.014 21.301 16.801
2008/09 16.912 20.432 32.812 43.698 55.99 69.546 36.742 31.92 30.05 28.796 21.084 16.594
2009/10 16.706 19.986 32.331 43.414 55.73 69.408 36.141 31.62 29.865 28.578 20.867 16.387
2010/11 16.5 19.54 31.85 43.13 55.47 69.27 35.54 31.32 29.68 28.36 20.65 16.18
2011/12 16.294 19.094 31.369 42.846 55.21 69.132 34.939 31.02 29.495 28.142 20.433 15.973
2012/13 16.088 18.648 30.888 42.562 54.95 68.994 34.338 30.72 29.31 27.924 20.216 15.766
2013/14 15.882 18.202 30.407 42.278 54.69 68.856 33.737 30.42 29.125 27.706 19.999 15.559
2014/15 15.676 17.756 29.926 41.994 54.43 68.718 33.136 30.12 28.94 27.488 19.782 15.352
AVERAGE 20.105 27.344 40.267 48.102 60.023 71.686 46.059 36.571 32.911 30.109 24.449 19.801
Source: Lake Nyasa BWO, Sept, 2015
Table 4.3Monthly Mean Flow Discharges for Madope River at the proposed intake site and Ruhuhu River at Kikonge St. No. IRB3 - (m3/sec) forthe Period 1971-2002
Month Ratio Ruhuhu River Madope River
Jan 0.0085 40.267 0.342
Feb 0.0085 48.102 0.409
Mar 0.0085 60.023 0.510
Apr 0.0085 71.686 0.609
May 0.0085 46.059 0.392
Jun 0.0085 36.571 0.311
Jul 0.0085 32.911 0.280
Aug 0.0085 30.109 0.256
Sept 0.0085 24.449 0.208
Oct 0.0085 19.801 0.168
Nov 0.0085 20.105 0.171
Dec 0.0085 27.344 0.232
Mean annual flow
38.119 0.324
The minimum monthly mean flow discharge for Madope River is 0.168m3/s which occurs in
October while maximum monthly mean flow discharge is 0.609m3/s which occurs in April. The
maximum flow is attributed tosurface runoff increase resulting from rainfall during rainy
season. The average flow discharge is 0.324m3/s.
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Figure 4.2 Graphic of the estimated monthly mean flow discharge for Madope River at the
proposed intake site for the proposed Lugarawa SHPP.
Spot gauging
During the field work of the EIA study in August, 2015 which was typically dry season, the study
team conducted spot gauging on Madope River at a location 10 metres upstream of the
proposed intake site. Due to shallow depth of water flow in the river channel the wading
method used where by the hydrographer waded in the flow when crossing the river to measure
flow velocity using the current meter.See Figure 4.3 below. Before the measurement work the
selected measuring cross-section was checked and any debris and stones that could affect the
accuracy of the depth and velocity observations were removed from the streambed. Then a
tape was spanned across the measuring cross-section at right angles to the general direction of
the flow to determine the span of the flow. With the current meter supported on a graduated
wading rod, the velocity observations were taken at appropriate distances along the tape line
keeping the rod in a vertical position. The hydrographer stood in a position that affected the
flow of water passing the current meter as little as possible. Since the depth of the flow was
shallow, in each vertical only a single velocity observation was taken at 0.6 of the depth.
The discharge was computed using the arithmetical mid-section method involves essentially of
the following steps; 1 dividing the total area of the cross section into partial sections and
determining the area and mean velocity of each partial section separately, 2 computing the
discharge in each partial section as the product of the velocity and the area, and 3 summing up
the partial discharges to obtain the total discharge.
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec
Flo
w r
ate
(m3
/s)
Month
Estimated Monthly Mean Discharge for Madope River
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The measured flow discharge for Madope River was 0.654m3/s. See appendix 2. This measured
flow discharge is higher than the plant minimum discharge design. Hence the Madope River is
an adequate water source and it is therefore very suitable for the proposed project.
Figure 4.3 Discharge measurement (Source: Study team, August, 2015)
Surface Water Quality and Sediment loads:
During field study, about 1.5 litres of water sample was sampled in a plastic bottle ata distance
about 10 metres upstream of the proposed intake site using depth integrating method as
shown in figure 4.4 below. The sample was stored in cool box and transported for analysis at
the Water Development and Management Institute (WDMI) in Dar es Salaam.
The results of the laboratory analysis the water sample show that the baseline surface water
quality for the Madope River is generally within acceptable limits for drinking water purposes as
per Tanzania Standards. See appendix 3. The water quality is good for outdoor bathing and can
also be used for drinking after conventional treatment and disinfection.
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The suspended sediment discharge of Madope River in Tones/day was computed basing on the
laboratory TSS results data by the following formula;
Qs =K .Qw.Cs
Where;
QS = sediment discharge (tons per day)
QW= daily mean water discharge (m3/sec)
CS = daily mean concentration of suspended sediment (mg/l)
K = 0.0864, a conversion factor assuming a specific weight of 2.65 for sediment
Then, Qs = 0.0864 x 0.654 x 0.007
= 0.000396tones/day
= 0.14454 tones/year
Thus, the suspended sediment discharge in Madope River flow at the proposed intake site is
0.14454tones/year. This quantity of suspended sediment in the river results from the natural
erosion and the ongoing land use and agrarian practices in the upper catchment of Madope
River basin.
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Figure 4.4 Surface water sampling (Source: EIA Study team, August, 2015)
4.2 Biological and ecological environment
The biological and ecological environment in area for proposed project basically includes flora
and fauna that is naturally found in the area During the field, through the survey that was
undertaken in the entire area in which the proposed project will implemented and the
interviews conducted to the villagers living in the area, who certainly are the principal
beneficiaries of the proposed project, the flora and fauna species existing therein is as follows;
4.2.1 Flora
The area is composed of species of shrubs, thickets, ferns and woodlots of various indigenous and exotic
tree species such as Pinus spp, Eucalyptus spp, Mikuyu (Ficus spp), Acacia hockii, Midobole (Hagenia
abyssinica),bamboo trees (Bambusa spp),Mivengi(Syzygium cordatum), Msambalawe (Vangueriopsis
lanciflora),etc as shown in figure 4.5below.
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Midobole(Hagenia abyssinica) Pines (Pinus spp)
Msambalawe (Vangueriopsis lanciflora) Mivengi(Syzygium cordatum)
Figure 4.5: Identified flora species in the project area, (Source: Field study team, Aug, 2015)
4.2.2 Fauna
The villagers reported that there are different species of fauna mainly amphibians (frogs, toads,
etc); reptiles reported include lizard species, chameleon, snakes and skinks. The field survey
team identified several insects including grass hoppers, mantis, house flies, and few species of
ants, and butterfly. It has been reported that the river is not having any fish species.
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4.3 Socio-economic environment
4.3.1 Population characteristics and ethnicity
Ludewa District is one of the four districts of the Njombe Region, located approximately
150kilometressouth of Njombe Municipality. The district contains portions of the Livingstone
Mountains, and borders Malawi on Lake Nyasa. Its areal extent is about 8397 square kilometres
of which 6325 square. Kilometres is land area and 2072 square kilometres water area; basically
Lake Nyasa. The Ludewa District it is divided into 5 Divisions, 25 Wards and 76 Villages, with a
total population of 133,218 people (2012 National Census) as shown in table 4.4below.
Therefore, considering the 0.36 percent population increase per year of the District, the current
population of the District is estimated to be 134, 662 people. Furthermore, the Survey
conducted by ACRACCS and NDO in 2014 shows that by then there were 51,188 people in the
twenty (20) Villages identified to benefit from the proposed Lugarawa SHPP. The survey also
found that in the project area there was having about 9, 967 households.
The dominant ethnic groups in the project area and Ludewa District in general are the Pangwa,
Kisi and Manda. Also, there are minority ethnic groups such as Hehe, Bena, Kinga, etc. who
however have migrated into the district from Iringa, Njombe and Makete respectively.
Table 4.4Population characteristics in Ludewa District
Year Total population
1967 54,200
1978 75,690
1988 100,216
2002 128,155
2012 133,218
Source; National Census, 1967-2012
4.3.2 Income and Economic activities
According to the interview conducted to the villagers within the proposed project area during
this ESIA study, the per capital income in all the twenty (20) villages is about TSh.
1,500,000/=.This income signifies that the villagers have enough financial capability to afford
the electricity expenses that will emanate from the proposed Lugarawa Small Hydropower
Project. Furthermore, Ludewa District is basically a rural area with abundant various natural
resources that could offer great development potentialities: agricultural development, forestry
development, water resources development, mining, tourism development and wildlife
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development. The major livelihood activities for the rural population are small scale agriculture
on the mountainsides, fishing on Lake Nyasa, and working on tea plantations. However, new
opportunities are in the offing as mines for coal, gold and iron ore will soon be opening up and
certainly many villagers will find jobs in the developments. Concerning agricultural
development, the District has a total of 465,030 ha of arable land, of which about 11% is
currently utilized for production of food crops such as maize, paddy, wheat, bananas, ground
nuts, Irish potatoes (Solanum tuberosum) and sunflower. The cash crops cultivated on this land
parcel include coffee, pyrethrum and sunflower. Also, horticultural crops are produced such as
peaches, avocado, passion fruit, mangoes and macadamia nuts. The agricultural sector provides
employment to over 80% of the adult rural population. The major activities in the upstream and
downstream of the project area undertaken by the villagers are subsistence crops cultivation (Vinyungu
and Vipalila) and tree planting. The tree species planted are pines and wattle. Whereas, in the
downstream area the major crops cultivated are cabbage, beans, vegetables, potatoes, and maize.
Likewise, the tree species planted are pines and wattle. Small scale irrigation agriculture along
Madope River is also practiced intensively particularly in the dry season, and actually it is an
economic saviour to good percentage of the population. See Figure 4.6 below.
The forest resource is another remarkable natural resource; the district has a total area of
about 30,596 ha of forestland which includes 4 forests reserves. Furthermore, tree planting
activities, both for commercial and conservation purposes; have increased so much in recent
years due to the involvement of NGOs, CBOs and the District Council.
In Ludewa District livestock rearing is not a major livelihood activity, however, there are a few
households who own small herds of livestock including cattle, goats, sheep, pigs and chicken.
Most cattle owned are traditionally part of the mixed farming system, for providing
supplementary income (milk, meat and hides) and organic manure. The other economic activity
is wood harvesting for timber production using local electric powered saws.
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Figure 4.6: PVC Pipes that are used for small scale irrigation purposes along Madope River
(Source: EIA Study team, Aug, 2015)
4.3.3 Social services and facilities
4.3.3.1 Education facilities
In the proposed project area there are Primary Schools, Secondary schools and Vocational
Training Institute. There are about 32 primary and secondary school which are highly in need of
electricity forthe purpose of raising the level of education. The availability of electricity will
enable students to study during early night hours at school and at their homes; for day
students, and the secondary schools will be able to conduct practical, especially for science
subjects; biology, chemistry and physics.
4.3.3.2 Water and environmental sanitation
The most common sources for drinking water in the project area includes shallow wells, surface
water (river and stream) and dug wells.
4.3.3.3 Health services
Main diseases in the project area are Malaria, A.R.I, pneumonia, diarrhea, intestinal worms, etc.
The project area has 19 dispensaries and health centers. The main sources of energy in these
health facilities include Solar panels, diesel generators and kerosene lamps. These energy
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sources are used mainly for lighting during night hours and enabling storage of the medicine in
fridges. However, the proposed project will enable the health facilities to have reliable
electricity and the workers will therefore undertake activities diligently at all times; 24hours. On
the other hand, the availability of power from the proposed project will significantly reduce the
running costs of the health facilities.
4.3.3.4 Energy sources
Among 72 villages in Ludewa District only four (4) of them are supplied with power by
TANESCO. At present only 4% of the population in the area for the proposed project has access
to electric energy produced by the old hydroelectric plant, built by the Diocese of Njombe in
order to supply the Lugarawa hospital.
The current main sources of energy for most people in the project area are fuel wood for
cooking, fossil products; kerosene for lighting in homes at night, and diesel and petrol for
milling cereals. Furthermore, in the business centers a high percentage of the employed energy
is produced by generators or solar powered panels, which according to the villagers has a high
cost and thus represents an obstacle to the local economic development. Basically, fuel wood
provides 95 percent of all energy required for cooking.
4.3.3.4 Transport and communication
The road network in the proposed project area is of earth roads. Accessibility to the project
area is by the Njombe –Ludewa road to Mkiu where there is a junction to Lugarawa Village
where the project is located. These roads are easily passable during the dry season, but are in
bad conditions during the wet season. However, most of the roads are narrow in such a way
that big trucks cannot easily travel on them.
In regard to communication, the villagers informed the EIA study team that, in some areas
mobile phone communication network is poor making communication difficult. Therefore, the
proposed project is expected to enhance mobile phone communication sit will attract investors
especially telecommunication companies such as TIGO, Airtel, Vodacom, etc
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CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 STAKEHOLDER CONSULTATIONS AND PUBLIC INVOLVEMENT
5.1 Introduction
Stakeholders and public involvements in the initial stages of any project are of great importance
particularly in planning, design, environmental and social impacts assessment and
implementation of the proposed project development.
5.2 Stakeholders’ Identification and consultation
Stakeholders for this project were identified during the scoping exercise and the entire duration
of the ESIA study. Different methods for stakeholder identification were used such as literature
review and interviews. A simple chain linkage was established which was such that from one
stakeholder, the team was connected to another stakeholder. During this study, all
stakeholders who are directly affected by the proposed project were involved through focus
group discussion, direct contact/ physical visits to the stakeholders in order to obtain their
views and concerns on the proposed project. The following under mentioned stakeholders of
the proposed project were consulted and their views/concerns on the proposed projects areas
indicated in the Table5.
Ludewa District Council experts and administrators (i.e. District Administrative
Secretary, District Executive Director, Department of Natural Resources and
Environment and Department of Agriculture)
TANESCO- Ludewa District Office
Lake Nyasa Basin Water Office (LNBWO)
Representatives from 20 Villages namely Lugarawa, Mkiu, Mlangali, Itundu, Lufumbu,
Ligumbiro, Utilili, Lupanga, Lusala, Masimbwe, Luvuyo, Madope, Mangalanyene, ,
Manga, Madilu, Ilawa, Mfarasi, Mdilidili, Ilininda and Kiyombo
Proponent i.e. ACRA CCS residing in Lugarawa, Ludewa District
5.3 Results of Public Consultations
From the consultations it was found that the stakeholders have great enthusiasm and
expectations for the proposed project. Their views and concerns on the project are as
summarized in Table 5.1.The names and signatures of some of the consulted stakeholders are
as shown in Appendix 5.
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Table 5.1 Issues and Concerns raised from Stakeholders consulted with regard to the proposed construction of Lugarawa SHPP
Stakeholder Issues/ Concerns Responses
Ludewa District Council
Experts and
Administrators:
District Executive
Director (DED)
District
Administrative
Secretary (DAS).
Department of
Natural Resources
and Environment.
Department of
Agriculture
They are aware and have positive attitudes towards the
proposed project since it has positive impact to the
surrounding communities such as reducing cost of social
services in the area such as health care services, school,
small scale business, light in the residential houses, etc.
Actually the produced power (1.7 MW) will be
connected in the twenty (20) surrounding villages
and the surplus will be connected to the national
grid so as to minimize the National energy demand.
Since Lugarawa hospital and the entire community receive
electricity from the existing mini hydropower project
which is not efficient and reliable during dry season due to
reduced water flow, hence the proposed project will
increase access to electricity in the hospital and the
villagers.
The generated power will also be supplied to the
Lugarawa hospital so as to cater the energy
demand.
Villagers in the project area should be given education on
entrepreneurship so that they can establish SMEs
associated with the electricity such as carpentry, internet
café, welding, stationeries, etc. which will enhance them
to gain their income for paying the incurred electricity
costs.
Comment noted
Compensation should be taken into consideration for
those who will be affected by the project due to
establishment of power plant and installation of
transmission and distribution lines so as to avoid disputes
The Villagers who cultivate at the upstream and
along the TDS have accepted to provide their land
parcels freely. See appendix 7
Also the ROW for transmission lines area will be
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on land and crops lost. under the villagers and the land can even be used
for growing short crops.
The proponent should involve in cooperate social
responsibility especially on education and health facilities.
Comment noted
The Villagers in close cooperation with the proponent,
Ludewa District and Lake Nyasa Basin Water Office should
be intensively involved in environmental conservation of
Madope River Catchment area by prohibiting cultivation
practices within the water sources (i.e. Vinyungu and
Kipalila) and encouraging them to plant tree species which
retain water such as Midobole (Hagenia abyssinica) so as
to have a sustainable project.
Cultivation especially at the upstream should be
done about 60m away from the river banks/ water
sources so as to reduce influx of sediments into the
river.
In effort to keep all river sources with adequate
water for power production, ACRA CCS has
mobilized the people to plant water retaining trees
along the river sources. Also the company
established nurseries in each village for
compensating the lost tall trees as shown in
appendix 14
it will add the values of agricultural products in the project
area such as maize, wheat, tree for timber, etc.
Actually the proposed project will impress the
investment in the project area such as agro
processing factories which inturn tend to add
values of the agricultural products.
The proposed project will cause the decrease of surface
water level in Madope River which will result on the
impact to downstream users and aquatic life.
It is anticipated that the proposed SHPP will
release the same amount of water from Madope
after power generation for further use at the
downstream. Also the environmental flow of about
0.069m3/s will be maintained throughout the
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project life.
The project construction activities should rely on the
National laws such as Environmental Management Act and
Forest Act as stipulated in chapter 3 prior for conservation
of Madope River Catchment and the entire project area.
As above
There will be loss of land patterns and crops at the power
plant, transmission lines and those who area cultivating at
the upstream.
As above
TANESCO- Ludewa District
Office
The District manager had positive attitudes towards the
proposed project because it will cater for the required
energy potential by adding reliability of energy sources
and improve the supply of power in remote areas of the
project area which cannot be connected to National Grid.
As above
Representatives from
twenty (20) villages namely
Lugarawa, Mkiu, Mlangali,
Itundu, Lufumbu,
Ligumbiro, Utilili, Lupanga,
Lusala, Masimbwe, Luvuyo,
Madope, Mangalanyene, ,
Manga, Madilu, Ilawa,
Mfarasi, Mdilidili, Ilininda
and Kiyombo
The produced electricity will be used for domestic
purposes such as cooking, lighting, charge their mobile
phones and improving social services within the proposed
villages such as education and health services.
Comment noted
The proposed project will substitute the diesel grinding
machines into electric machines in which it will help to
reduce the cost of living in terms of grinding of maize and
other food staffs from Tsh 3000/= to 60% per 20 kg, reduce
the costs of running in dispensary services, schools, and
empower people who are engaged in small scale business
such as welding, carpentry, etc.
Comment noted
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The implementation will lead to the loss of agricultural
land, properties and vegetations and occurrence of
accidents and deaths associated with the increased traffic
and electricity use.
The Villagers have accepted to provide their land
parcels freely. Also the ROW for transmission lines
area will be under the villagers and the land can
even be used for growing short crops.
The proponent will institute mechanisms for
controlling any hazards and in case of accidents;
there will be treatment and/or compensations.
Will put in place adequate notices, signs, and road
markings during construction and operation
process.
The project will reduce of immigration of the youth to
urban areas, raise the education level at the area,
subsidize the use of fuel oils (petrol, diesel, and kerosene)
which too costly for instance the current costs of kerosene
is TSh. 3000/= per litre and also not environmentally
friend
Comment noted
Concerning the land that shall be used for electricity power
transmission line networks; the villagers are ready to give
freely their land parcels for the transmission lines.
As referred in appendix 6
The proposed project will attract telecommunication
network investors and new employed government workers
to remain in Ilungu Ward.
Comment noted
It will enhance the environmental conservation since will The proposed plant energy output will be 100%
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reduce the rate of deforestation within the river
catchment by encouraging women to use electricity for
cooking instead of firewood and charcoal
from renewable energy source (i.e. hydropower
plant) which is safe and environmentally friend.
The contractor should give the priority of employment to
the people hailing from the villages along the project site
during the construction.
Employment opportunities will only be provided to
those people aged l8 years and above during the
construction phase. During the construction phase
approximately 50 skilled and unskilled will be
recruited.
The women are also encouraged to
participate in the construction activities
Conservation of the catchment area of the Madope River
should be encouraged by prohibiting cultivation or grazing
near the water source.
About 60 Metres in each side of the river banks will
be restricted from human activities such as
cultivation and grazing.
Also the villagers will be encouraged to plant water
retaining trees within the river catchment.
The project will help to improve social services such as
educational facilities (encouraging students to undertake
studies for raising their skills/education through evening
or night classes, , using computers, conducting laboratory
practical), religious institutions (lighting, etc) as well as
health services (e.g. preserving medicines in the fridge)
and water supply.
As above
Appropriate education and electrical fire hazards trainings
should be given to villagers in order to avoid fire hazard in
their residential houses.
Comment noted
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Lake Nyasa Basin Water
Office
The proposed project should consider Environmental Flow
for downstream uses
About 20% of the mean annual flow will be allowed
during the implementation and operation of the
proposed Lugarawa SHPP
During the operation the same amount of diverted water
should be returned into the river so as to retain its natural
state.
Comment noted
The project developer should apply for water use permit so
as to be assured with the water use or presence.
There has already applied for use permit from Lake
Nyasa Basin Water Office as attached in appendix 8
Environmental conservation of the Madope River catchment
area should be taken into great considerations.
Comment noted
See appendix 5for stakeholders consulted their names and signatures
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Figure 5.1 Consultation meeting with stakeholders at Masimbwe and Itundu Villages
respectively (Source: EIA Study team, August, 2015
5.5 Addressing stakeholders’ concerns.
As much as possible measures to ameliorate these main concerns and issues of different
stakeholders are proposed in the EIS report. Table 5.2 shows summary on how these issues
were addressed under various sections.
Table 5.2 EIA Recommendations for issued by Stakeholders.
Concern/ Issue Section
Negative impacts
Impact on the disputes of cultivation at the upstream within
the water sources and along Madope River
7.2.1
Impacts of sedimentation and erosion within the river 7.2.5, 7.2.7
The project might affect the quality and quantity of Madope
water which may result into downstream water users and
7.2.12, 7.2.13
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aquatic life.
Noise pollution from machinery and vehicles 7.2.3
Clearance /loss of vegetation cover 7.2.1
Increased accidents due to increased traffic 7.2.8
Positive impacts
The project will increase access to electricity in the project
area for lighting in residential houses, cooking and grinding
food grains, etc which inturn will substitute the use of fuel oils
(i.e. petrol, diesel, kerosene, etc) which are too costfull and
harmful to the environment.
7.3.11
The proposed Lugarawa SHPP will improve socio-economic
services such as health care services, school, small scale
businesses, agro processing, etc which inturn will add the
values of food products, increase the efficiency, effectiveness
and reduce the service costs.
7.3.11
The generated power will help the villagers to establish the
economic activities and adding values of agricultural products.
7.3.11
During the construction and operation phase, the proposed
project will reduce emigration of youths to urban areas.
7.3.11&7.2.15
The project will facilitate the conservation of Madope River
Catchment area.
7.3.10
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CHAPTER SIX
6.0: IMPACT IDENTIFICATION AND ASSESSMENT OF ALTERNATIVES
6.1 Introduction
This chapter describes the process of impact identification and assessment of the impacts that
might results from the implementation of the proposed Lugarawa SHPP particularly during
mobilization, construction, operation and decommissioning phase of the project. Also, in this
chapter a detailed assessment of the project alternatives is undertaken.
6.2 Identification of Potential Impacts
In any development project, a number of minor to major environmental impacts are likely to
occur. For this project, the impacts arise from the planned activities ranging from site clearance
to transportation of construction materials, construction and operation phases. Such potential
environmental impacts are described below;
6.2.1 Mobilization/ Construction phase
Negative impacts
6.2.1.1 Loss of vegetation, existing land use patterns and property
The implementation of the proposed project will involve site clearance of trees, shrubs both at
the proposed power plant site and16 Metres wide for the installation of transmission lines. This
will also cause cutting of tall trees or temporary loss to agricultural land, crops and other
properties such as houses. The construction of access road to the power house will cause loss
of agricultural land to some families according to the feasibility study for the project the access
road will be 3.5km long and 4m wide and will mainly cross cultivated farms.
6.2.1.2 Air pollution due to dust and gaseous emission from machinery and vehicles
During construction, fresh air will be polluted with dust from construction equipment,
machinery and vehicular fumes. These emissions such as CO, CO2, SOx, NOx and Particulate
matter which can affect human respiratory track especially to the workers and neighboring
communities if appropriate measures are taken into consideration.
6.2.1.3 Noise pollution from construction machinery and vehicles
Noise can be defined as unwanted sound, whereas sound is a form of energy propagating as
waves, by oscillation of medium particles about their mean position, and capable of being
sensed by the human ear. However, the human ear is only sensitive to sound waves in the
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frequency range of about 16 cycles per second up to 20,000 cycles per second. The World
Health Organization (WHO) has stipulated standard noise levels for residential and industrial
settings day and night. According to standard, 45dB (A) is the limit level for residential areas
during the nighttime and 70-80dB (A) is the limit levels for the industrial setting. Mitigation
measures will be required to reduce the impact for those who are potential for a prolonged
exposure above allowable limits and for protection of other people working or residing around
the project area. The residual impact after implementation of mitigation measures will be none
to low negative significance.
6.2.1.4 Increased waste generation and haphazard disposal.
Different kinds of both solid and liquid wastes will be generated during the construction of the
proposed project. Solid wastes that will be generated include vegetation remains (i.e. trees,
grass, and all other sorts of rubbish); paper, used plastic materials (plastic bottles, plastic bags);
glass materials, metal, textile and organic wastes while the liquid wastes will be mainly
domestic waste water and sanitary waste water. Such wastes can be injurious to the
environment through blockage of drainage systems, choking of water bodies and negative
impacts on animal health. Non-biodegradable waste materials especially the plastic/polythene
may cause long-term injurious effects to the environment. Even the biodegradable ones such as
organic wastes may be injurious to the environment because when they decompose, tend to
produce methane gas which is a powerful greenhouse gas known to contribute to global
warming.
6.2.1.5 Increased soil erosion and potential landslide
During construction phase, project activities like vegetation clearance, creation of access routes
& channels, dredging, quarrying are sources of unstable soils and compaction of soil due to
movement of heavy machinery will increase the rate of surface runoff especially during
torrential rains. These actions will cause soil erosion, gulling, siltation and increased sediment
loads in watercourses especially within the downstream of the project site. Also grazing and
agricultural activities within the sources of surface water (“vinyungu” or “vipalila”) in the
upstream of the proposed project site contribute to increase of loose soils that enter into
surface water thereby increasing sedimentation in the river.
6.2.1.6 Increased turbidity in the downstream due to construction activities
Increased turbidity could happen due to accelerated erosion as a result of vegetation clearance,
excavation, mishandling of spoil materials and drilling operations.
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6.2.1.7 Increased sediments in the river bed that might reduce the water flow rate
Soils erosion and excavation during construction might result into movement of spoils and soils
into stream water. Spoil materials if not handled properly might end up into the stream.
Drilling of a small tunnel for penstock will also result into generation of sediments. This will
increase amount of sediments into the river and thus affecting its natural hydrology.
6.2.1.8 Increase of traffic accidents
The construction phase will involve the movement of vehicles crossing the residential
settlement towards the project site transporting the construction materials and manpower. If
not properly organized, the construction process, often associated with fast moving heavy-duty
vehicles, may create a serious traffic hazard. Since the project area is well settled with a good
population of children aged between (6-13 years), medium negative impact caused by project
traffic is likely to occur especially during the construction phase.
6.2.1.9 Intensification of HIV/AIDs, STDs and other communicable diseases
During construction activities, more than 50 casual and skilled workers will be involved at site.
Some of these will be locals while others will come from places far away from the proposed
project site which will enhance social interaction between the construction employees and the
local people. There is a risk that their wages or earnings from the project could urge uncalled
for liaisons such as prostitution in the area, thereby fostering the spread of HIV/AIDS and STDs
thus driving up any already existing prevalence rates of the disease and related diseases in the
project area.
6.2.1.10 Occupational health and safety risks
During construction phase sources occupational accidents at the work place will be
construction machinery like concrete mixer, chain saw, trucks and vehicles in which workers at
working place if not using the personal protecting gears will result into accidents. Construction
workers will be exposed to bronchial and other respiratory tract diseases due to increased dust.
Also, poor use (or not using at all) of the safety gears during the construction phase will result
into loss of lives or injuries during construction. The incidence rate of water borne diseases such
as cholera and diarrhea will increase if there will be no proper sanitation practices at the
construction site.
6.2.1.11 Widespread of chemicals and oil spillage from vehicle and machinery refueling
Machinery and vehicles operating at site will require fossil fuels i.e. gasoline and engine oil for
their operation to minimize the usual corrosion, wear and tear. Since construction will be
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conducted for longer period onsite or nearby the site refueling/changing engine oil will be
required. If appropriate measures are not put in place refueling and changing oil might result
into oil spill that might contaminate soil and surface water.
6.2.1.12 Increase of soil and water pollution
During the construction phase, potential short-term impacts on water quality may be
associated with the handling, storage and disposal of construction material containing
contaminants; operation and maintenance of construction equipment; and uncontrolled earth
moving activities, which may facilitate soil erosion through storm runoff. In addition, leaking
fuel, oil or other fluids from poorly maintained vehicles and heavy equipment on the
construction site are also a potential source of water pollution and soil contamination. This
impact is likely to happen in the absence of awareness of the risks and putting up with
mitigation measures. Other agents of pollution of erosion such as storm water may contribute
to further pollution. However, the impact will be small and local. Appropriate handling of
materials prone to contamination and waste management are likely to reduce the impact.
6.2.1.13 Impacts on aquatic life and downstream water users due to impacted water quality
Impaired water quality is due to increased turbidity, sediments and solid waste as well as oil
spill in water stream if not handled properly will have impacts to aquatic life and downstream
community water users. The increased turbidity will reduce the light penetration in the aquatic
environment and hence affecting the rate of photosynthesis in water. Increased sediments will
have physical impacts to the breeding and feeding sites of aquatic fauna. Also human health
will be deteriorated due to the use of impaired water quality for domestic purposes. Thus
during the site visit water sample from Madope River was taken and sent to laboratory for
water quality analysis and the results showed that all parameters were with in Tanzania
Temporal Standards. See Appendix 3.
6.2.1.14 Impairment of aesthetic and scenic qualities
These will involve the changes in landscape that will be considerably altered by the diversion
channel/pipe, site clearance, excavation, access road, workers’ camp and other construction
related activities. All the structures that will be built plus the power lines will change pre-
existing and scenic qualities of the project area and potential for certain recreational uses. But
most of the structures will be located in the river valley and will generally be small structures
thus causing insignificant impacts. The power lines will hopefully use wooden poles and if the
penstock is not of shiny materials, the scenic impacts on the environment will remain medium
or low and insignificant.
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Positive impacts
6.2.1.15 Increased employment opportunity and other economic activities
The project will require approximately 50 skilled and unskilled labourers during the
construction phase. Thus, the employment opportunities during the construction phase may
however, result from an expanded local market -oriented economy due to emerged demand for
agricultural commodities. This will force the local people to work hard and produce more. For a
few people, the growth in retail business will provide opportunities to expand businesses such
as restaurants, guesthouses, shops and small business enterprises.
6.2.1.16 Earnings of Government revenue
Some of construction materials will be exported while others will be obtained locally of which
will contribute to the payment of relevant taxes, rates and fees to the government and the local
authority. The project, local traders and businessmen will also contribute towards the national
and local revenue earnings.
6.2.2 Operation phase
Negative impacts
6.2.2.1 Noise pollution from the operation of turbines and other related equipments
Noise pollution from the operation of the turbines for the proposed Power Plant is inevitable.
The distance from the power plant to the nearby residences is approximated to be 1.0
Kilometres and thus there will not be affected by noise emitted by the plant if appropriate
measures will be taken into consideration. The powerhouse will filter the noise to appreciable
limits when one is outside. However, in case of none adherence to the construction and
facilities specifications noise generation will be evident. Since the equipment used has
minimum noise level the impacts of noise pollution during operation will not result into
significant impacts to the community. The equipment design is of European standards
allowable noise level.
6.2.2.2 Reduced stream flow and water level with possible impacts of aquatic life
The diversion of some water from the main river channel at bypass point to the forebay flowing
through the penstock before it joins the main river again could result into possible impacts to
aquatic life. The changes will be most pronounced in the dry season when the largest
proportion of the river flow will be diverted into the powerhouse so as to run the turbine. Parts
of the riverbed will become dry at least parts of the year, reducing potential available habitat
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for aquatic life. Also prolonged farming and grazing practices at the upstream catchment and
along the banks of Madope River will ultimately result into increase of sediments into the river
bed through surface runoff. These sediments will be drained and accumulate into the base of
the proposed dam and thus reduce the water level for power generation.
6.2.2.3 Impacts on aquatic life and downstream water users due to impaired water quality
During the operation activities, the aquatic ecosystem and downstream water users of Madope
River will be disturbed due to changes in the natural flow regime of the river and water quality
changes. Fuel and oil spills from trucks and the transfer from trucks to storage facilities pose a
potential hazard. Other petroleum products associated with equipment maintenance (e.g.
hydraulic fluids, oil, solvents) and chemicals will be used in relatively small quantities. These
fuels and chemicals, as a rule, are harmful to aquatic organisms. They can also pollute surface
and underground water. The most important changes in water quality in terms of aquatic life
and downstream water users are increased sediment load and pollution during the project
construction phase. This will result in temporary avoidance by aquatic life of some areas just
downstream of construction activities in the river. Macro and Micro organisms are likely to be
particularly affected. Water quality impacts on aquatic life and downstream water users are
likely to be small and short-term.
6.2.2.4 Health and safety risks due to electric hazards
During the operation phase, the hydro power plant and customers residential houses and
commercial centres, there is possibility for the occurrence of electrical fire hazards and
electrocution (electric shock) which can cause Loss of lives, serious Injuries, Loss of properties
etc. The risks at the power plant that may occur accidentally include fire risk, faulty from
electrical equipment or installations and explosion caused by unsuitable electrical apparatus or
static electricity igniting flammable vapors or dusts. Also the intention of ACRACCS is to connect
the generated power to customers’ residential houses, commercial centres and institutions
(governmental and private). If proper measures are not put in place electrical fire hazards may
occur and can cause loss of lives, serious Injuries and loss of properties etc. This may result
because electricity use will be a new experience for many people in the proposed project area.
The impact is of high significance and may have long-term and irreversible consequences.
Safety measures need to be implemented to reduce the impact risk.
6.2.2.5 Bushfire outbreak impacts
The causes for bushfire outbreak is farming activities especially during the preparation of farms
for cultivation of crops along the valley during dry season without following procedures set
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when burning fields. This could result into burning of the plant premises and instruments as
well as wooden electric poles.
6.2.2.6 Increased waste generation from the project site.
During the operation phase, a number of materials, both solid and liquid, will be used and their
waste products are likely to pollute the natural rural environmental setting. Such wastes
include metals, glasses, plastic and used oils. Domestic waste water will be produced from
catering, accommodation and vehicle washing areas. Drainage into pits is the recommended
method during this phase, to allow the water to soak into the ground. It is preferable for such
pits to be covered to prevent the occurrence of mosquitoes. This will limit the potential for
evaporation of waste water.
6.2.2.7 Widespread of oil spills from oil refueling, workshop and power house
The potential oil spills may occur as a result of handing, storage and disposal of fuel, oil residue
and lubricating oil during operation phase. In the case of oil spill the relatively lighter, more
volatile, mobile, and water soluble compounds in diesel will tend to evaporate fairly quickly into
the atmosphere or migrate to groundwater. When exposed to oxygen and sunlight, most of
these compounds will tend to break down relatively quickly. Accidental oil spills can occur due
to leakage from the storage tanks or site oil pipelines. Poor maintenance of machines can also
lead to oil spills. A small amount of used oil may drip from spent oil filters. Oil spills might also
lead to contamination surface and ground water sources. The contamination on soil and
surface water may occur during the transportation and storage of diesel oil which will
ultimately have impact on terrestrial and aquatic ecosystem due to imported parts and
materials.
6.2.2.8 Intensification of HIV/AIDS, STDs and other communicable diseases
Increased business and improved community life will cause increase influx of people, migration
and interaction. Such conditions can trigger increased HIV/AIDS and other communicable
diseases in the area.
6.2.2.9 Impairment of aesthetic and scenic quality
The presence of the power house and their associated facilities at site are not the natural
feature. Thus, their presence will cause visual difference within the surrounding area. Also, the
electricity lighting at night will change the landscape providing lit skies than before and will
make the community safer. The project area does not have wildlife which would be scared by
lighting. Therefore the visual impacts are considered to be low.
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6.2.2.10 Increased social conflicts and crimes
During the operation phase people of different behaviors and culture will be attracted in the
project area due to reliable socio-economic facilities of which may trigger social conflicts on the
resources such as land and water. Also this may results into social crimes such as theft and
vandalism on transformers and cables as well as other social disruption or unrest. For over ten
years now in Tanzania there have been reported cases of vandalism on electric transformers
centred on stealing the “transformer fluid”. This can cause loss of lives when the transformers
ablaze, loss of money incurred in buying a new transformer and loss of electrical power to
customers.
Positive impacts
6.2.2.11 Improved Environmental Management of Madope River Ecosystem
Due to availability of the electrical power to villagers, the village government in association with
the Lugarawa Small Hydro Power Project management will facilitate the increase of
environmental management of Madope ecosystem in order to preserve the nature of the area
and hence to enhance the availability of stream water for sustainable hydro electrical power
generation.
6.2.2.12 Benefits to Community resulting from employment and access to electricity
During the consultative meetings, the majority people accepted the project in expectation that
the project will create jobs opportunities during the operation and maintenance of the power
project. Such jobs could be directly employed to the company as electrical engineers, drivers
etc. or indirectly through the establishment of businesses associated with the project such as
stationeries, internet café, etc.
The proposed power project will generally act as a catalyst to improve socio-economic status
and reduce the cost of living in the proposed twenty (20) villages. This is due to the fact that the
provision of power in the facilities such as agro-processing industries (milling machines) will
increase values of agricultural products and hence increases farmers’ income, improved health
care, education facility services, water supply and telecommunication systems will be
improved, increased investments in electrical appliances and increased indirect employment
due to the establishment of SMEs such as carpentry workshops, welding workshops, stationery
services, internet services, recharging of mobile phones, etc. Therefore, the proposed Lugarawa
SHPP will improve livelihood and living standards of people within the intended villages.
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6.2.2.13 Increase of government revenue
There will be positive gain for the revenue system arising from the sale of the electricity power
from the proposed Power Project to the Government, the fuel provider, project operator which
in turn will be supplied to various customers who will be paying District levy, taxes, VAT, import
duty for the imported raw materials to the Government. Furthermore, the people employed by
the project will pay income tax to the government which will be deducted directly by the
employer (the project) and sent to Treasury through the Workers Scheme Fund(s) to be used by
the workers of the project. These benefits will be beneficial to the local and national economy.
6.3 Evaluation of Impacts and their Significance
6.3.1 Approaches for assessment of significance
The general idea for the construction of Lugarawa SHPP has been presented in the previous
sections. The potential impacts of the proposed project have been listed in the previous
section. These impacts are now analysed into different categories based on the stakeholders’
views and perceptions, and the consultant’s experience.
The approach used to assess the significance of the potential impacts and later to determine
the effectiveness of the mitigation or enhancement measures was that significant ratings were
applied to each impact based on an objective criteria such as magnitude, extent and duration of
that impact. To determine the effectiveness of the mitigation measure applied, the level of the
impact after mitigation was compared with the level of the impact before the mitigation. A
decrease low level signified that the mitigation measure applied is effective, whereas non-
decrease in level signified that the mitigation measure is not effective.
The application of significance rating reduces the number of variables which have to be
considered by the decision maker, whilst providing relevant information about the implications
of the proposed construction of the Lugarawa Small hydropower project. The assessment
criteria are given on Table 6.1 below.
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Table 6.1: First step assessment criteria for evaluation of impacts
First step criterion Categories
Extent or spatial influence of impact Location site specific; Regional; National;
International
Magnitude of impact at that spatial scale High (H): Natural and/ or Social functions and/ or
processes are severely altered
Medium (M): Natural and/ or Social functions and/
or processes are notably altered
Low (L): Natural and/ or Social functions and/ or
processes are negligibly or minimally altered
Duration of Impacts Short term (ST): 0-5 Years;
Medium term (MT): 5-10 Years;
Long term (LT): 15+ Years
6.3.2 Criterion used during evaluation
Other important criteria considered to evaluate whether an adverse impact is significant or not
are:
environmental loss and/or deterioration;
social impacts resulting directly or indirectly from environmental change;
non-conformity with environmental standards, objectives and guidelines; and
Likelihood and acceptability of risk.
Criteria for evaluating adverse impacts on natural resources, ecological functions or designated
areas include:
reductions in species diversity;
depletion or fragmentation of plant and animal habitat;
loss of threatened, rare or endangered species;
impairment of ecological integrity, resilience or health e.g.
disruption of food chains;
decline in species population;
Alterations in predator-prey relationships.
Criteria for evaluating significance of adverse social impacts that result from biophysical
changes include:
threats to human health and safety e.g. from release of persistent and/or toxic
additives,
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decline in commercially valuable or locally important species or resources e.g. fish,
forests and farmland;
loss of areas or environmental components that have cultural, recreational or aesthetic
value;
displacement of many people e.g. by dams and reservoirs;
disruption of communities by influx of a workforce e.g. during road construction
Pressures on services, transportation and infrastructure.
Environmental standards, objectives and targets to evaluate significance include:
prescribed limits on waste/emission discharges and/or concentrations;
ambient air and water quality standards established by law or regulations;
environmental objectives and targets contained in policy and strategy; and
Approved or statutory plans that protect areas or allocate, zone or regulate the use of
land and natural resources.
The environmental significance was determined using an impact assessment matrix shown on
Table 6.2, through assigning the matrix at the intersection a value based on the scenarios of
Very Severe Impact (not acceptable) for a score of -3 to an acceptable (very good) impact with a
score of +3. Table 6.3 below depicts the Impacts Correlation Matrix for Proposed Lugarawa
SHPP in Lugarawa Village, Lugarawa Ward, Ludewa District, Njombe Region:
Table 6.2 Summary of the Impacts associated with the Lugarawa SHPP
Identified key impact Dir
ect
Ind
irec
t
Rev
ersi
ble
Irre
vers
ible
Hig
h m
agn
itu
de
Med
ium
mag
nit
ud
e
Low
mag
nit
ud
e
Lon
g te
rm
Med
ium
te
rm
Sho
rt t
erm
Sign
ific
ance
Impacts during mobilization and construction phase
Noise pollution from construction vehicles and
machinery.
-1
Air pollution due to dust and gaseous emission -1
Loss of Vegetation, land use and property -2
Increased soil erosion and land slides -2
Increase of traffic accidents Variable Variable Variable
Increased waste generation and haphazard -2
Lugarawa SHPP ESIA Report
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disposal.
Occupational health and safety risks. -2
Increased sediments that might reduce water
velocity
-1
Increased turbidity in the stream water -2
Impacts on aquatic ecology and downstream
water users due to impaired water quality
-2
Widespread of oil and chemical spillage -1
Increased soil and water contamination -1
Intensification of HIV/ AIDS, STDs and other
communicable diseases
-2
Impact on aesthetic and scenic qualities -2
Increased employment opportunity and other
economic activities.
+3
Increased government revenue +3
Impacts during operation phase
Noise pollution from the powerhouse. -2
Reduced surface water flow -1
Increased waste generation and haphazard
disposal
-2
Increased soil and water contamination -1
Widespread of oil spillage -1
Impacts on aquatic ecology and downstream
water users due to impaired water quality
-2
Intensification of HIV/ AIDS, STDs and other
communicable diseases
-2
Increased social conflicts and crimes -1
Health and safety risks due to electric
hazards
Variable Variable Variable
Benefits to communities resulting from
employment opportunity and access to the
generated electricity.
+3
Improved environmental management of
Madope River ecosystem.
+2
Increased government revenue +3
86
Table 6.3: Impact Correlation Matrix for the Proposed Lugarawa Small Hydropower Project
CA
TEG
OR
Y O
F IM
PA
CT
MOBILIZATION & CONSTRUCTION PHASE
OPERATION PHASE DECOMMISSION
ING PHASE
Rec
ruit
men
t o
f la
bo
ur
forc
e
Site
cle
arin
g
Esta
blis
hm
ent
of
wo
rke
rs’ c
amp
an
d
del
iver
y o
f co
nst
ruct
ion
eq
uip
men
ts
Exca
vati
on
s fo
r th
e fo
un
dat
ion
of
inta
ke s
tru
ctu
res
an
d c
anal
Wat
er
use
Ener
gy u
se
Co
nst
ruct
ion
of
po
wer
pla
nt
and
ho
usi
ng
un
its
Inst
alla
tio
n o
f t
ran
smis
sio
n/
dis
trib
uti
on
lin
es
Solid
was
te m
anag
emen
t
Liq
uid
was
te m
anag
emen
t
Layi
ng
off
co
nst
ruct
ion
lab
ou
r fo
rce
staf
f.
Liq
uid
was
te m
anag
emen
t
Solid
was
te m
anag
emen
t
Wat
er
use
Ener
gy u
se
Rec
ruit
men
t o
f w
ork
forc
e
Po
we
r ge
ner
atio
n b
y SH
PP
Tran
smis
sio
n a
nd
dis
trib
uti
on
Dem
olit
ion
of
stru
ctu
res
and
man
agem
ent
of
deb
ris
Layi
ng
off
th
e la
bo
ur
forc
e
POSITIVE IMPACTS
Employment opportunities +2 0 +2 +1 0 0 2 0 0 0 +1 -1 0 0 0 +2 +2 +1 +2 -2
Availability of electricity -1 0 0 0 0 +1 0 0 0 0 +1 0 0 0 0 +1 +1 -2 -1 -1
Increase of community income and
livelihood +2 0 +1 +2 0 0 +2 0 0 0 -1 0 0 0 +1 +2 +2 +1 -1 -1
Increase of gvt revenue +1 0 +1 +1 0 0 +1 0 0 0 -1 0 0 0 +1 +1 +2 +2 -1 -1
NEGATIVE IMPACTS
Loss of vegetation, existing land use
and property 0 -1 -1 -1 0 0 -1 -1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -1 0 0
Soil and water pollution 0 -1 0 -2 0 0 -2 0 0 0 +1 0 -1 0 -1 -1 -1 -1 0 0
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Air pollution due to dusts and gases
emissions 0 -1 0 -2 0 0 -2 0 0 0 +1 0 -1 0 -1 -1 -1 -1 0 0
Increased noise level 0 -1 -1 -2 -1 -1 -2 0 0 0 +1 0 0 0 -1 0 -1 -1 0 0
Increased soil erosion and land slide 0 -1 0 -2 0 0 -2 0 0 0 +1 0 -1 0 -1 -1 -1 -1 0 0
Increased sediments in the river bed 0 -1 0 -2 0 0 -2 0 0 0 +1 0 -1 0 -1 -1 -1 -1 0 0
Reduced surface water flow 0 -1 0 -2 0 0 -2 0 0 0 +1 0 -1 0 -1 -1 -1 -1 0 0
Impairment of surface water quality 0 -1 0 -1 0 0 0 0 -1 -1 0 -2 -2 0 0 0 -1 0 0 0
Increased traffic accidents 0 -1 0 0 0 0 -2 -1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -1 0 -1 0 0
Intensification of HIV/AIDS, STDs and
other communicable diseases. -2 -2 0 0 0 0 -2 0 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 0 -1 -1 -1 -2 -2
Health and safety risks to workers and
community -1 -2 -1 0 0 -1 -2 0 0 0 0 -1 -1 -2 0 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1
Increased waste generation and
haphazard disposal 0 -1 0 0 0 0 -2 -1 -2 -1 0 -1 -1 -2 0 0 -2 0 -1 0
Impacts to aquatic ecology and
downstream water users 0 -1 0 -2 0 0 -2 0 0 0 +1 0 -1 0 -1 -1 -1 -1 0 0
Impaired aesthetic and scenic quality 0 -1 0 -1 0 0 -1 -1 -1 0 +1 0 0 -2 0 0 -1 -1 -1 0
Increased crime level and social
conflicts 0 -1 -1 0 0 0 -1 0 0 0 -1 0 0 0 0 -1 -1 0 0 -1
Key:
+3 = Very High Positive Impacts -1 = Minor Negative Impact 0 = No Impacts
+2 = High Positive Impacts -2 = Highly Negative Impacts
+1 = Minor Positive Impact -3 = Very Highly Negative Impacts
88
6.4 Project Alternatives
Consideration of project alternatives is essential in ensuring that the developer and decision-
makers have a wider base from which they can choose the most appropriate option basing on
technology, environment, costs, etc. In this ESIA study in general, the following alternatives will
be considered.
6.4.1 No project alternative
The no project alternative entails retaining the current status quo without developing the
proposed Lugarawa Small Hydroelectric Power Project. Adopting this option would mean
avoiding most of the negative effects associated with the current situation and missing all the
benefits that would accrue such as improved community wellbeing through the presence of
electricity.
6.4.2 Alternative Site
The option to use an alternative site in terms of intake point within the same river was
considered. However the feasibility study shows that the selected point has enough head and
discharge to make the project technically feasible and economically viable than any other
location.
6.4.3 Alternative Energy Source
There are other energy sources apart from hydropower, they includes geothermal, wind, fossil
fuel, nuclear, solar etc. However, the hydroelectric power energy source has been chosen
because of several facts including the following: Humankind has tapped the power of flowing
rivers and streams for thousands of years and is thus well informed on the technologies
involved; the hydrologic cycle is driven by solar energy, making hydropower yet another form of
indirect solar energy which is expected to last for several billion years; falling water, propelled
by gravity and replenished by rainfall, offers many advantages. It is renewable, creates no air
pollution or thermal pollution, and is relatively inexpensive. Furthermore, the technologies
involved are well developed. Also, since the infrastructure of the intake for the proposed
project is a run-of-river type the lifespan of the project is not limited, because sedimentation
problems encountered in hydropower generation involving reservoirs and thus limiting the
lifespan of the project does not exist.
6.4.4 Building a reservoir
On the other perspective it will help to store the required water so as to run the plant but on
the other way it is not cost effective and environmentally friend for the proposed small
hydropower project since due to the climatic condition of the project site most of water will be
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lost through evaporation. Also, the reservoir has a tendency of emitting green house gases such
as Methane, CO2from the residues of decaying aquatic plants and animals which can contribute
to climatic change.
The proposed Lugarawa Small Hydro Power Plant is therefore, economically viable with
environmental merits and it can fulfill the required energy demand without harming the
environment.
Based on the above, we consider ACRACCS to have made the right decision to employ small
hydropower generation equipment, because their choice of technology is generally
environmentally friendly, and the implementation of the Small hydropower project would go a
long way in fulfilling the national policies through EWURA and REA towards rural communities.
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CHAPTER SEVEN
7.0 MITIGATION/ ENHANCEMENT MEASURES
7.1 Introduction
The identified impacts of the proposed Lugarawa SHPP are described in chapter 6 above and
the overall indication is that none of the identified negative impacts is of major
environmental/ecological significance. This is because all potential impacts can be mitigated
using appropriate measures as recommended by this study report. Some can be avoided
without having to change the fundamental design and/or location of the project. This chapter
identifies possible mitigation measures and strategies for the various negative impacts and how
the positive aspects can be enhanced.
7.2 Mobilization and construction phase
Negative Impacts
7.2.1 Loss of vegetation, existing land use pattern and property
During the construction stage clearance of bushes, shrubs, and pruning of trees branches are
expected as well as clearance of seasonal and permanent crops established along the proposed
access road, project site and 16 Metres on right of the way (ROW) for the transmission lines.
The following will be undertaken to reduce the severity of the impacts: - The clearance will be
strictly limited to the defined project area, mainly for construction sites, storage and small
campsite for the workers. The relocation of access road and transmission lines will avoid loss of
native mature trees. Workers will be sensitized to avoid clearance of vegetation unless they are
authorized by the project contractor. Rehabilitation (re-vegetation) should be done by using
fast growing species for slope stabilization and soil enrichment. The transmission and
distribution lines should be installed along the road reserve with 8m high grid poles and
overhead lines. In some areas tree branches should be trimmed instead of cutting in order to
make space for and not to interfere with the power lines. The developer should avoid locating
project infrastructure in sensitive ecosystem. Initiate and support a tree planting program in
the affected villages as an offset of vegetation that will be cleared. Also there will be no
displacement of homesteads so as to require involuntary resettlement plan. However, a
detailed Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) will be done according to International Standards (i.e.
WB) so to identify individuals/families, which will lose their land due to project development.
All crops, valuable trees such as eucalyptus trees should be replaced as per forest act. Also
during consultations people agreed to deliver their land parcels free prior for the
implementation of the project.
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7.2.2 Air pollution due to dust and gaseous emission from machinery and vehicles
Stockpiles of soil and vegetative debris generated during site clearing activities will be kept at
designated area, secured and covered with water proof nylon material to avoid dust
generations. All the construction machinery and vehicles shall be frequently checked and
serviced during the whole construction period so that the levels of exhaust emissions are
reduced. Water sprinkling in dusty areas (service roads and construction sites) should be done
during hot and dry as well as wind periods at least twice a day. Construction vehicles delivering
construction materials such as gravel should be covered with dust mats to guard against
fugitive dust. Dust masks and goggles should be used by operators and those working in dusty
areas.
7.2.3 Noise pollution from construction machinery and vehicles
The intake site and the power house as indicated in previous sections are isolated from
residential areas or village centers. The nearby residential house is more than 1.0 Kilometre
from the proposed project site. Thus, noise impact from the construction of the intake works
will not result into significant impacts to the community in the area. However, the following
measures will be taken so as to minimize the impacts of the proposed project: - Where the
noise level is beyond 85 dB (A), ear morphs or plugs shall be provided to all those either
operating or working within the construction site. Select machinery yard not too close to
residential premises. During construction activities, the contractor should only work during the
normal hours so that villagers living close the site are not disturbed during sleeping and resting
hours. Advance notice to local communities. Vehicles and equipments will be maintained and
serviced as required to ensure they do not generate excessive noise.
7.2.4 Increased waste generation
The project construction crew at site/camp will be the key source of solid and liquid wastes.
Some wastes which are difficult to dispose will be minimized and where practicable avoided
such as plastic wastes i.e. container/bottles and bags at the campsite instead all plastic wastes
should be collected and sold either to the local people for reuse or taken for recycling in
respective factories. The contractor will also put in place different waste bins for segregation on
site and discouraging uncontrolled waste disposal. All of the solid wastes which are
biodegradable will be buried on appropriate area in the site or nearby and covered with soil. All
excavated spoils should be well managed through leveling or tipped into borrow areas which
are no longer useful. The solid waste collection point at the project site should be fenced so as
to avoid scavengers from the surrounding community. Non-biodegradable wastes will be
collected, accumulated and sent to the designated Disposal site. Also during construction
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phase, the contractor will construct temporal sanitation facilities (pit latrines) 100Metres away
from the river bank, to be used by workers at the site to minimize environmental pollution that
could occur.
7.2.5 Increased soil erosion and potential landslide
Soil erosion might be resulted from vegetation clearance and the topographic nature of the
project area and construction activities on the sloppy areas especially during the construction
of the weir. Therefore this impact is significant taking into account the slope nature of the area.
However, the impact will be addressed by careful planning process and implementation of
mitigation measures as indicated hereunder: - Unnecessary vegetation clearance will be
avoided at sloppy area so as to reduce soil erosion and land slide. Exposed soil areas will be
monitored to determine potential for erosion, silting and sedimentation particularly during
storm events. The contractor shall ensure that backfilling is done adequately, compacted, and
the site restored. In case of excess soil, its disposal will be through landfill to avoid removal in
the event of rainfall. When construction will be carried out during rainy season, measures will
be applied to minimize the case of soil removal by rain/storm water.
7.2.6 Increased turbidity in the downstream due to construction activities
Increased turbidity could happen due to accelerated erosion as a result of vegetation clearance,
excavation, mishandling of spoil materials and drilling operations. To reduce severity of the
impacts, especially when construction will be carried out during rainy season, particular
measures will be applied to reduce turbidity as elaborated in section 7.2.5 above will be
applied.
7.2.7 Increased sediments in the river bed that might reduce the water flow rate
This is due to significant soil disturbances during construction of the weir, diversion canal and
penstock and hence resulting into soils erosion. Also loose soil from excavation during
construction can be drained into stream water during rainy season. This will increase amount of
sediments into the river and thus affecting the natural hydrology of the river. The following
shall be done to control increased sediments; a wire mesh shall be put downstream of drilled
point to set a sediment trap that will thereafter be removed out of the stream. No excavated
materials or debris from construction works shall be stockpiled or deposited near or on stream
banks or other watercourse perimeter where they can be washed away by high water or storm
runoff. Encourage reforestation of exposed surfaces especially along the river and channel.
Clearing of sensitive slopes and land adjacent to the river should be done by hand clearing.
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Grazing and farming along the river banks should be highly restricted. Thus they should be done
60m away from the water body.
7.2.8 Increase of accidents due to increased traffic
Accidents involving both the construction workers and the general public can be expected to
occur during the mobilization/construction stage if precautions are not taken. One of the major
sources of accidence will be vehicles i.e. traffic accidents. Traffic accidents will be avoided by
ensuring good driving awareness and maintaining speed limits for main roads and on
construction access roads. All workers will undergo an environmental, health and safety
induction before commencing work onsite which will include full briefing on site safety and
rules. PPEs will be provided and will be worn by the survey personnel. Also by providing both
road safety signs to public as well as drivers such as settlements, sharp bends, bridges, bill
crests, cattle farms etc. Before settlements and at any danger point, a combination of rumble
strips and road humps should be used in conjunction with warning signs, to ensure that speeds
are reduced.
7.2.9 Intensification of HIV/AIDs, STDs and other Communicable diseases
During construction, more than 50 workers will be involved at site. Some workers will come
from other places in the country while others will be recruited locally. This will result into social
interactions and intermingling which can result into spread of HIV/AIDs and STDs. In order to
curb this situation, workers will be sensitized on the issue of HIV/AIDs and STDs and strict
adherence to advises from health workers. HIV/AIDs testing and counseling services will be
voluntarily conducted. Collaborate with other players in community training and sensitization
on disease control during construction.
7.2.10 Occupational health and safety risks
Construction works may pose accidents if appropriate OHS measures are not instituted and
exercised. Accidents will be minimized through the following factors: - Proper maintenance of
the machines, protecting or guarding the cutting edges, and awareness of people including
workers on the dangers and make them understand how to protect themselves and others. The
supervisors shall ensure that safety measures are in place and are enforced (implemented)
including safety equipments (PPEs) such as nose muffins, helmets, ear mask and safety clothing
as well as good construction site management shall be provided. Approved working hours shall
be observed in order to avoid careless mishandling due to fatigue. MSDS should be in place for
appropriate use of any material during the construction activities. The contractor will ensure
that the construction site is hygienically kept with adequate provision of facilities including
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waste disposal receptacles, clean toilets, firefighting and clean and safe water supply. A well-
stocked First Aid kit (administered by qualified medical personnel) shall be maintained at the
construction site. The medical personnel shall also be responsible for primary treatment of
ailments and other minor medical cases as well as providing some health education to the
workforce.
7.2.11 Widespread of chemicals and oil spillage from vehicle and machinery refueling
Machinery and vehicles operating at site will require fossil fuels i.e. gasoline and engine oil for
their operation. Since construction will be conducted for longer period onsite or nearby the site
refueling/changing engine oil will be required. If appropriate measures are not put in place
refueling and changing oil might result into oil spill which will contaminate soil and stream
water and thus having far reaching impacts downstream. The appropriate measures to avoid
spillage include the following; designated workshop area will be established where all
mechanical including changing engine oil will be done. The workshop, oil refueling and chemical
storage sites will be situated far from water bodies and should be contained with laminated
tarpaulins or concrete made. Routine checkup of motorized equipments should be done to
avoid leakage and spills. Used oils will be stored in drums and collected for recycling/ reuse in
Njombe Town. Training on the construction workers on safe and proper storage, handling, use,
cleanup and disposal as highlighted in MSDS.
7.2.12 Increased soil and water pollution
Inorder to avoid or minimize excessive soil and water contamination in the project area the
following measures will take place; Very little sanitary wastes of approximately 2m3/d will be
managed by constructing a well designed soak pits. These soak pits will be closed once
construction activities are completed. Furthermore, appropriate handling of materials prone to
contamination and waste management are likely to reduce the impact. The contractor should
exercises good environmental practice most of the risk including fuel and oil spillages into
water courses should be avoidable. Construction camps, stores, vehicle repair workshops and
other possible sources of pollutants should not be sited near watercourses. Any removable
material that falls into a water course should be scooped out immediately. All scrap and solid
waste materials should be buried or incinerated. Fuel should be stored in specified places.
Refueling, oil changes and lubricating mobile equipment should be done on a pad that drains
into a temporary retention pond.
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7.2.13 Impacts on aquatic life and downstream water users due to impacted water quality
Impaired water quality as a result of increased turbidity and sediments disposal of solid wastes
as well as oil spill in the water will have impact to the aquatic species. The increased turbidity
will reduce the light penetration in the aquatic environment and hence affecting the rate of
photosynthesis in water. Increased sediments will have physical impacts to the breeding and
feeding sites of aquatic fauna. Increased turbidity will also damage fish gills and accumulate in
gill chambers leading to fish mortality or morbidity. The impaired water quality will have impact
to water dependants i.e. the community downstream. Measures to reduce turbidity, sediments
and oil spillage are described in sections 7.2.6, 7.2.7 and 7.2.11 above. Apart from the measures
pointed above to offset the impacts of contamination in the water stream alternative water
sources for immediate community that depend directly on the stream water for domestic
purposes shall be established. Also regular monitoring of water quality should be done.
7.2.14 Impairment of aesthetic and scenic qualities
The construction of the power house and their associated facilities at site are not the natural
feature. Thus, their presence will cause visual difference with the surrounding area. However,
the project area is not that much used by the people nor it is wildlife area assuming will have
impact to the wild animals. Thus the visual presence of the structures will not have significant
visual impact in the area. However, its presence is inevitable impact.
Positive Impacts
7.2.15 Increased employment opportunity and other economic activities
Employment opportunities opening during the mobilization and construction phases will
provide income to the villagers that would be employees (casual labourers). The contract shall
be advised to give employment priority to local residents in the neighboring villages. The youth
in the project area have expressed their eagerness to find employment and engage themselves
in businesses such as food vending, etc.
7.2.16 Earnings of Government revenue
The revenue system will arise from purchase of construction materials for the proposed Power
Project to Government, the fuel provider will be paying District levy, taxes, VAT, import duty for
the imported raw materials to the Government. Also the local construction workers will pay
income tax to the government which will be deducted directly by the employer and sent to
Treasury through the Workers Scheme Fund(s) to be used by the workers of the project. These
benefits will be beneficial to the local and national economy.
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7.3 Operation Phase
Negative impacts
7.3.1 Noise pollution from the operation of turbines and other related equipments
During site visit it has been observed that the proposed power house will be isolated about 1.0
Kilometres from the neighboring community center, thus, the impacts of noise pollution during
operation will not result into significant impacts. The powerhouse will be built within the
buildings that will also filter the noises to appreciable limits when one is outside. Power
generation machines shall be of modern type with gadgets to damped noise. Machine servicing
shall be ensured to avoid increased noise due to use age.
7.3.2 Reduced river flow and water level with possible impacts of aquatic life
One of the envisaged impacts of the project is at bypass point where the water is directed in
the tunnel flowing through the penstock and thus bypassing an area of about 1.0 kilometre
before re-surface on the river downstream. However, the design of the project is that at least
20 percent of the minimum flow will be left as environmental flow to reduce or avoid the
impacts that might happen as a result of diversion of water through the penstock. Cultivation
and grazing along the river will be done 60m away from the river channel so as to conserve the
catchment areas. Regular water flow monitoring should be done at the downstream.
7.3.3 Impacts on aquatic life and downstream water users due to impacted water quality
Regular water quality monitoring should be established both upstream and downstream of the
intake during the operation phase. Also emphasis on proper waste and oil spills management at
the project site.
7.3.4 Health and safety risks due to electric hazards
Electric hazards will be experienced at the power plant, community residences and commercial
building if measures are not taken. Mostly the electric hazards will be fire risks and
electrocution which may pose severe injuries, loss of lives and property. Also electricity usage
will be a new experience for many people in the Villages of Ilungu ward. It is therefore expected
to cause a lot of accidents and may be deaths to the community. Therefore, project
management shall facilitate awareness campaigns and special training to anybody who applies
for power connection. In addition, project management will also facilitate training of local
electrical artisans in vocational training centres in Njombe Town. These shall carry out simple
maintenance of house connections and domestic appliances. At the power plant fire fighting
equipments will be required to reduce the risk apart from awareness of employees. With
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emergency preparedness in place, the residue fire risk is small. Fire management and
prevention plan will be required to contain any fire eventuality. Good housekeeping shall be
maintained at all sites to reduce the fire risk. “No smoking” signs shall be posted all over the
building walls of the powerhouse.
7.3.5 Bushfire outbreak impacts
Activities such as the use of fire burning as a means of farm preparation particularly in the dry
season for farming in the valleys and the use of fire as a method for searching animals when
hunting in the dry season shall be prohibited using Village and District Council by laws. There
should be regular clearing of Right - of - Way (ROW) so as to prevent transmission lines from
fire outbreak.
7.3.6 Increased waste generation from the project site.
The Solid wastes such as papers, packaging materials and food remains are expected during
operational phase. Management will put in place different waste bins for segregation of wastes
where by all of the solid wastes which are biodegradable will be buried on appropriate/
designated pit in the site or nearby so that will not contaminate groundwater. Non-
biodegradable wastes will be collected, accumulated and sent to Disposal site in Lugarawa. For
liquid waste Lugarawa Small Hydro Power Project Management shall construct the modern
sanitation facility at the power plant either the septic tank system or ventilated improved pit
latrine for workers at the power plant.
7.3.7 Widespread of oil spills from oil refueling, workshop and power house
Used oils should be stored in tanks of good quality to avoid any leakages into the environment
while use of these products should adhere to the recommended safety standards to avoid any
accidental spillages into the environment or fire accidents. These materials shall be disposed of
in a manner deemed suitable and environmentally acceptable by a licensed disposal agent.
There must be prompt cleanup of any spills (oils, lubricants and cleaning solvents). Where an
accident occurs during disposal, standard emergency measures shall be employed to diffuse the
situation. Maintaining a proper waste management/containment system for oil spills and leaks,
waste residuals, cement slurry and rain water runoff.
7.3.8 Intensification of HIV/AIDS, STDs and other communicable diseases
Continued awareness creation in this phase with regard to HIV/AIDS, STDs and other
communicable diseases shall be conducted in collaboration with health centres, CBOs and
NGOs engaged in similar activity in the project area. Strengthen advocacy through awareness
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training in HIV/AIDS and other STDs; encourage the use of preventive measures like condoms.
Avail condom dispensers to the operation worker and other service providers.
7.3.9 Increased social conflicts and crimes
Presence of electricity in the village can attract many people to transact business and some may
decide to permanently settle in the area. This can result in fast growth of the village and
therefore trigger social conflicts especially on land and water resources. In order to curb this,
the project management in collaboration with Ludewa District Council will initiate formulation
of landuse plans for the proposed twenty (20) villages which may get benefit from the project.
The established management team of the proposed project in association with the village
government will form a permanent team for conducting surveillance for the purpose of
controlling of transformer fluid vandalism. If there is a need of casual workers, the proponent
should liaise with the local government. The developer should hire the contracted security
company to oversee all the project facilities.
Positive impacts
7.3.10 Improved Environmental Management of Madope River ecosystem
Since water is important for power generation, the Lugarawa small hydropower project
management shall ensure that the river is protected from destruction and siltation. This is an
advantage towards conserving the Madope river ecosystem. Already, the land parcels where
the intake and power house structures to be constructed are owned by the company thus
farming near to the river banks and steep slopes bordering the river is not present. Tree
planting especially water retaining tree species is highly recommended in the river catchment
area for sustainable natural resource use and management. It is also recommended that a tree-
planting and education programme be undertaken for fuel-wood.
7.3.11 Community benefits resulted from employment opportunities and access to electricity.
During stakeholders’ consultation, the youths in the project area have expressed their
eagerness to find employment which should be locally and gender based especially for all
casual workers. The project should improve socio-economic services to the public such as
health and education and reducing their costs in agro-processing mills, shops, salons, etc. It will
also stimulate micro and macro-economic activities of the area. The use of renewable energy
which is clean and environmentally friend from the project should be emphasized to the
villagers. Therefore, the project will generally improve the livelihoods of the people of Ludewa
District as a whole, improve the living standards of the people and generally it will stimulate
economic growth.
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7.3.12 Increase of government revenue
The Lugarawa hospital as the owner shall pay the water use permit taxes on time, and also
people engaging in small scale activities and industries shall pay taxes including property tax,
municipal Levy, VAT, Import duty tax for imported materials, etc. on time. Inorder to improve
efficiency in government revenue collection, the electronic fiscal devices (EFDs) should be used.
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CHAPTER EIGHT
8.0: ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN
8.1: Impact Management plan
Plans for the implementation of mitigation measures for the hydropower project are provided
below. The Plans indicate institutional responsibilities, time the action to be undertaken and
estimated costs. The proposed costs are only indicative, should the proposed development
proceed with the suggested changes, the developer will work out actual costs and include them
in the overall cost of the project. Based on the EMA, (URT 2004), NEMC is required to ensure
compliance of all the agreed conditions for authorization. The measures are given in Table 8.1.
Lugarawa Small Hydro Power Project Management is committed to implement the mitigation
measures suggested by the Environmental and Social Impact management Plan (ESMP).
8.2: Implementation of the Management Plan
The environmental and social mitigation measures incorporated in the detailed engineering
design shall be handed over to the contractor during construction period. The Contractor shall
take stock of the contents of the Environmental and Social Management Plan of the Project.
The contractor shall implement the ESMP during the construction period under close
supervision of Lugarawa Small Hydro Power Project Management and also during the
Operation Phase.
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Table 8.1: Environmental and social management plan
Phase Potential Impacts Management Measure Responsibility Estimated Costs/
year (TShs)
MO
BIL
AZA
TIO
N/C
ON
STR
UC
TIO
N P
HA
SE
Loss of vegetation, land
use pattern and property
The clearance will be strictly limited to the defined project area, mainly
for construction sites, storage and small campsite for the workers.
The relocation of access road and transmission lines will avoid loss of
native mature trees.
Workers will be sensitized to avoid clearance of vegetation unless they
are authorized by the project contractor.
Rehabilitation (re-vegetation) should be done by using fast growing
species for slope stabilization and soil enrichment.
The distribution grid should be installed along the road reserve with 8m
high grid poles and overhead lines.
In some areas tree branches should be trimmed instead of cutting in
order to make space for and not to interfere with the power lines.
Initiate and support a tree planting program in the affected villages as an
offset of vegetation that will be cleared.
Developer/
Contractor
1,000,000.00
Noise pollution from
machinery and vehicles
Noise levels along the perimeters of the project area shall be monitored
and recorded to insure that activities at the site are not exceeding
standards.
Where the noise level is beyond 85 dB (A), ear morphs or plugs shall be
provided to all those either operating or working within the construction
site.
Workers will be provided with ear muffins/masks during construction.
Developer/
Contractor
2,000,000.00
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Select machinery yard not too close to residential premises.
During construction activities, the contractor should only work during the
normal hours so that villagers living close the site are not disturbed
during sleeping and resting hours.
Advance notice to local communities.
Vehicles and equipments will be maintained and serviced as required to
ensure they do not generate excessive noise.
Air pollution due to dust
and gases emission from
vehicles and
construction machinery
Stockpiles of soil and vegetative debris generated during site clearing
activities will be kept at designated area, secured and covered with water
proof nylon material.
All the construction machines/ equipments and vehicles shall be
frequently checked and serviced during the whole construction period so
that the levels of exhaust emissions are reduced.
Construction vehicles delivering construction materials such as gravel
should be covered with dust mats to guard against fugitive dust.
Ensure strict enforcement of on-site speed limit regulations
Sprinkle water on sites and access routes when necessary to reduce dust
generation by construction vehicles and activities
Workers should be provided Personal Protective equipment e.g. dust
masks, cover roll, safety boots, gloves, etc
Developer/
Contractor
1,000,000.00
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Increased erosion and
potential landslide
Unnecessary vegetation clearance will be avoided at sloppy area so as to
reduce soil erosion and land slide.
At sloppy area the soil will not be disturbed to reduce soil erosion and
land slide.
Exposed soil areas will be monitored to determine soil erosion potential,
particularly during storm events.
The contractor shall ensure that backfilling is done adequately,
compacted, and the site restored.
In case of excess soil, its disposal will be through landfill to avoid removal
in the event of rainfall.
Particular measures will be applied when the construction is carried out
during the rainy season.
Developer/
Contractor
2,000,000.00
Increase of accidents
due to increased traffic
Provision of road/warning/safety signs before every prone hazard area
such as settlements, sharp bends, bridges, bill crests, cattle farms.
Before settlements and at any danger locations a combination of rumble
strips and road humps should be used in conjunction with warning signs
to ensure that the speeds are recorded.
Raise awareness to drivers and
Maintaining speed limits for main roads and on constructed access roads.
Developer/
Contractor/NEM
C/Village
government
1,500,000.00
Increased waste
generation and
haphazard disposal
Minimize or avoid the use of materials such as plastic materials which are
difficult to dispose. Such plastic wastes i.e. container/bottles and bags at
the campsite should be collected and sold either to the local people for
reuse or taken for recycling in respective factories.
Waste bins will be provided and discouraging uncontrolled disposal.
Developer/
Contractor/
NEMC/
Village govt
2,000,000.00
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All excavated spoils should be well managed through leveling or tipped
into borrow areas which are no longer useful.
Biodegradable wastes will be buried in pit on appropriate area in the site
or nearby and covered with soil.
Non-biodegradable wastes will be collected, accumulated and sent to the
designated Disposal site in the district.
The solid waste collection point at the project site should be fenced so as
to avoid scavengers from the surrounding community.
Temporal sanitation facilities (soak pit latrines) will be constructed
200Metres away from the river bank, to be used by workers at the site so
as to minimize environmental pollution that could occur.
Occupational health and
safety risks
Proper maintenance of the machines, protecting or guarding the cutting
edges
Raise awareness to people including workers of the dangers and
understand how to protect themselves and others.
Supervisors shall ensure that safety measures are in place and are
enforced (implemented) including safety equipments and good
construction site management.
Approved working hours shall be observed in order to avoid careless
mishandling due to fatigue.
MSDS should be put in place for appropriate use of any material during
the construction activities.
The contractor will ensure that the construction site is hygienically kept
with adequate provision of facilities including waste disposal receptacles,
Developer/
Contractor
2,000,000.00
Lugarawa SHPP ESIA Report
105
clean toilets, firefighting and clean and safe water supply.
A well-stocked First Aid kit (administered by qualified medical personnel)
shall be maintained at the construction site.
Increased sediments in
the river bed that might
reduce the water
velocity (flow &quantity)
A wire mesh shall be put downstream of drilled point to set a sediment
trap that will scoop the sediments and be removed out of the stream.
No excavated materials or debris from construction works shall be
stockpiled or deposited near or on stream banks or other watercourse
perimeter where they can be washed away by high water or storm
runoff.
Encourage reforestation of exposed surfaces especially along the river
and channel.
Clearing of sensitive slopes and land adjacent to the river should be done
by hand clearing.
Grazing and farming along the river banks should be highly restricted.
Thus, they should be done 60m away from the water body.
Developer/
Contractor/
Lake Nyasa Basin
Water Office
2,000,000.00
Increased soil and water
pollution
Workshop area will be established where all mechanical including
changing engine oil will be done.
The workshop to be situated far from water bodies and
The workshop surface will be concrete made or contained with laminated
tarpaulins.
Used oil will be collected, stored in drums and sent to the dealers for
industrial reuse in Njombe Town.
Designated area for refueling will be established far from water bodies
and will have containment bund with concrete surface.
Developer/
Contractor/ Lake
Nyasa BWO
1,000,000.00
Lugarawa SHPP ESIA Report
106
Setting of surface water quality monitoring stations at the upstream and
downstream of the proposed project site.
Impact to aquatic life
and downstream water
users due to impacted
water quality
Unnecessary vegetation clearance will be avoided at sloppy area so as to
reduce soil erosion and land slide.
Exposed soil areas will be monitored to determine potential for erosion,
silting and sedimentation particularly during storm events.
The contractor shall ensure that backfilling is done adequately,
compacted, and the site restored.
In case of excess soil, its disposal will be through landfill to avoid removal
in the event of rainfall.
When construction will be carried out during rainy season, measures will
be applied to minimize the case of soil removal by rain/storm water.
A wire mesh shall be put downstream of drilled point to set a sediment
trap that will thereafter be removed out of the stream.
Grazing and farming along the river banks should be highly restricted.
Thus they should be done 60m away from the water body.
The designed workshop, oil refueling and chemical storage sites will be
situated far from water bodies and should be contained with laminated
tarpaulins or concrete made.
Routine checkup of motorized equipments should be done to avoid
leakage and spills.
Used oils will be stored in drums and collected for recycling/ reuse in
Njombe Town.
Training on the construction workers on safe and proper storage,
Developer/
Ludewa District
Council/
Lake Nyasa
BWO/
Village govt
2,000,000.00
Lugarawa SHPP ESIA Report
107
handling, use, cleanup and disposal as highlighted in MSDS.
Alternative water sources such as boreholes and wells for immediate
community that depend directly on the stream water shall be
established.
Regular monitoring of water quality should be done.
Widespread of chemicals
and oil spillage from
vehicle and machinery
refueling.
Designated workshop area will be established where all mechanical
including changing engine oil will be done.
The workshop, oil refueling and chemical storage sites will be situated far
from water bodies and should be contained with laminated tarpaulins or
concrete made.
Routine checkup of motorized equipments should be done to avoid
leakage and spills.
Used oils will be collected, stored in drums and sent to the dealers for
recycling/ reuse in Njombe Town.
Training on the construction workers on safe and proper storage,
handling, use, cleanup and disposal as highlighted in MSDS.
Developer/
Contactor
1,500,000.00
Possible intensification
of HIV/AIDs and STDs
Workers will be sensitized on the issue of HIV/AIDs and STDs and usage
of condoms shall be emphasized.
HIV/AIDs testing will be conducted and counseling services will be done.
Collaborate with other players in community training and sensitization on
disease control during construction phase
Developer/
Contractor/
TACAIDS/
NGOs/
CBOs
4,000,000.00
Increased employment
and other economic
activities
Local employment shall be emphasized
Youth shall be given priority
Economic businesses such as food vending, accommodation and supply
Developer/
Contractor/
Local Authority
1,000,000.00
Lugarawa SHPP ESIA Report
108
of local products, etc will be enhanced in the project area.
OP
ERA
TIO
N P
HA
SE
Noise pollution National and international noise level standards will be maintained at the
power plant during operation.
The plant will be installed within the within the powerhouse that will also
filter the noises to appreciable limits when one is outside.
Power generation machines shall be of modern type with gadgets to
damped noise.
Machine servicing shall be ensured to avoid increased noise due to use
age.
Developer/
MCHPCL
NEMC
1,000,000.00
Reduced river flow and
water level with possible
impacts of aquatic life
The design shall leave defined environmental flow (20% of natural flow)
to ensure survival of species at the bypass area.
Cultivation and grazing along the river will be done 60Metres away from
the river channel so as to conserve the catchment area.
Regular water flow monitoring should be done at the downstream.
Developer/
MCHPCL
Local gvt
authority/
Lake Nyasa BWO
1,000,000.00
Impacts on aquatic life
and downstream water
users due to impaired
water quality
Regular water quality monitoring should be established both upstream
and downstream of the intake during the operation phase.
Emphasis on proper waste and oil spills management at the project site.
Developer/
Lake Nyasa BWO
1,500,000.00
Health and safety risks
due to electric hazards
All the workers shall be educated about the fire hazards, firefighting
methods and precautionary measures against fire outbreak.
Adequate number of portable fire extinguishers shall be placed at
Developer /
MCHPCL
Workers/
2,000,000.00
Lugarawa SHPP ESIA Report
109
strategic locations.
Good housekeeping shall be maintained at all sites to reduce the fire risk.
“No smoking” signs shall be posted all over the building walls of the
powerhouse.
Enforcing adherence to safety procedures and preparing contingency
plan for accident response in addition safety education and training shall
be emphasized.
The villagers should be sensitized on proper use of electricity so as to
alleviate fire incidences.
Project management will also facilitate training of local electrical artisans
in vocational training centers in Ludewa District Council.
OSHA/
Local Authority
Bushfire outbreak
impacts
Bush fires shall be prohibited using Village and District Council by laws.
There should be regular clearing of ROW so as to prevent transmission
lines from fire outbreak.
Developer/
MCHPCL
Local gvt
authority.
2,000,000.00
Increased waste
generation from the
project site
Bins shall be strategically placed on the site.
The bins should be of appropriate design and covered to prevent access
by vermin and minimize odour.
The bins shall be emptied regularly to prevent overfilling and
contamination of the area.
All waste materials (including solids, liquids, fuels and lubricants) shall be
well managed through proper segregation, handling, transportation and
safe disposal.
Bio-degradable wastes may be composted for production of usable
Developer/
MCHPCL
Workers
2,000,000.00
Lugarawa SHPP ESIA Report
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manure;
Plastic bottles, other plastics, steel and glass material may be well kept in
segregated accumulations and sold to relative factories for re-cycling;
There will be drains for control and proper disposal of surface runoff.
Waste oils must be well kept for disposal by authorized persons and a
well oil separator will be installed.
All liquid wastes will be subjected to septic tank system
Maintaining a high level of house keeping
Intensification of
HIV/AIDS, STDs and
other communicable
diseases
Collaborate with other players in community training and sensitization on
disease control during the operation phase
Provide counselling and testing for HIV/AIDS to the incoming personnel
Strengthen advocacy through awareness training in HIV/AIDS and other
STDs; encourage the use of preventive measures like condoms.
Avail condom dispensers to the operation worker and other service
providers
Developer/
MCHPCL
TACAIDS/
NGOs/
CBOs
4,000,000.00
Widespread of oil
spillage from oil
refueling, workshop and
power plant
Used oils should be stored in tanks of good quality to avoid any leakages
into the environment while use of these products should adhere to the
recommended safety standards to avoid any accidental spillages into the
environment or fire accidents.
These materials shall be disposed of in a manner deemed suitable and
environmentally acceptable by a licensed disposal agent.
There must be prompt cleanup of any spills (oils, lubricants and cleaning
solvents).
Where an accident occurs during disposal, standard emergency measures
Developer/
MCHPCL
Workers
Lugarawa SHPP ESIA Report
111
shall be employed to diffuse the situation.
Maintaining a proper waste management/containment system for oil
spills and leaks, waste residuals, cement slurry and rain water runoff.
Increased social conflicts
and crime levels.
Formulate a permanent team for conducting surveillance for the purpose
of controlling of transformer fluid vandalism.
If there is a need of casual workers, the proponent should liaise with the
local government.
The developer should hire the contracted security company to oversee
all the project facilities.
Developer/
MCHPCL
Village Gvt
1,000,000.00
Improved Environmental
Management of Madope
ecosystem
Farming and grazing near to the river banks and steep slopes bordering
the river will be highly restricted.
Water loving tree planting is recommended in the river catchment area
for sustainable natural resource use and management. It is also
recommended that a tree-planting and education programme be
undertaken for fuel-wood.
Developer/
MCHPCL
Village Gvt
3,000,000.00
Community benefits
resulted from
employment
opportunities and access
to electricity
Optimize local employment.
Ensure monitoring of labour standards among subcontractors and
workers
Improved access to electricity in the project area
Improve the living standards of the people – reduce the connection fee &
tariff
It will stimulate micro and macro-economic activities of the area, -
increase connection to micro & Macro enterprise in the area and reduce
the connection fee & tariff
Developer/
MCHPCL
Local gvt
authority
2,500,000.00
Lugarawa SHPP ESIA Report
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improve social services delivery to the public etc. – connection to the
social services structures/public buildings in the area and reduce the
connection fee & tariffs
Increase of government
revenue
Developer shall pay the water use permit taxes on time,
People engaging in small scale activities and industries shall pay taxes
including property tax, municipal Levy, VAT, Import duty tax for imported
materials, etc. on time.
Encourage revenue collection using Electronic Fiscal Devices (EFDs)
Developer/
MCHPCL/
Local gvt
authority/
TRA
2,000,000.00
DEC
OM
ISSI
ON
PH
ASE
Loss of aesthetics due to
haphazard disposal of
demolished
waste/abandoned
structures
All materials remains after project implementation will be taken back to
warehouse for future use.
Unusable materials remains shall be taken to the approved District
dumping site.
The site will be rehabilitated to its original state, whereby will be handled
over to plot owner/Village government.
Developer/
MCHPCL
NEMC/
Village Gvt
4,000,000.00
Loss of power and
employment
Enhance plans for new renewable power potential in the project area.
Prepare workers for self-employment schemes.
Ensure workers are members of social fund schemes such as NSSF
Provide training that can make workers competent for jobs elsewhere
Developer/
MCHPCL/
Workers
3,000,000.00
Total Implementation Costs of Management Plan 54,000,000.00
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CHAPTER NINE
9.0 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MONITORING PLAN
9.1 Introduction
An environmental monitoring plan provides specific means to determine whether or not the
project or any of its sub-components comply with the applicable environmental standards and
practices. JRPS will utilize their environmental policies to monitor, supervise and ensure proper
management.
The monitoring program will also include Hazard Analysis to determine Critical Control Points
for Biological, Chemical and Physical Qualities of the environments. The following aspects will
also be included in the monitoring program:
Public relations with neighboring communities
General sanitation of the site and associated utilities
Workers health and applied safety measures
Noise level
Air pollution including smoke and dust emission
Status of effluents, if at all, flowing into the river through the project area
9.2 Objectives of a Monitoring Program
Monitoring refers to the systematic collection of selected indicators and subsequent analysis.
Monitoring essentially examines whether or not identified project objectives are achieved as
expected in terms of output and time. In the case of this project, the monitoring program will
also seek to ensure that proposed mitigation measures are followed and are effective.
9.3 Context of a Monitoring Program
In the course of monitoring, arising phenomena are followed up, their status assessed,
quantified and rectified accordingly. A close eye is held on changing conditions and records are
kept to check on compliance with both policies as well as statutory provisions for
environmental protection.
To ensure that mitigation measures are properly done, monitoring is essential. Table 9.1
provides details of the attributes to be monitored, frequency, and institutional responsibility
and estimated costs. These costs are only approximations and therefore indicative. The costs
that will be covered by the developer should be included in the project cost.
Lugarawa SHPP ESIA Report
114
Table 9.1: Environmental and Social Monitoring Plan
Theme Potential Impacts Parameter to be monitored
Monitoring frequency
Monitoring area
Measurement unit
Target level/ standard
Responsibility Estimated Costs / year (TShs)
MO
BIL
AZA
TIO
N/C
ON
STR
UC
TIO
N P
HA
SE
Loss of
vegetation,
existing land use
and property
-Types of vegetation
to be cleared
-Extent of clearance
-Noticeable effects
-Extent of property
damaged
Monthly
monitored
Project area,
Transmission
lines and
constructed
access road
% of area
affected
Quantity(c
rops/trees
cleared)
Maintain natural
and
Aesthetic value
of the project
area
Developer/
Contractor/
Local gvt
1,000,000
Noise pollution
from construction
machinery and
vehicles
-Source of noise
pollution
-Extent
-Remedial options
Once every six
months
Construction
areas;
movement
of vehicles;
construction
activities
dBA As per noise
limits for
industrial setup
should be less
than 70 dB(A)
Developer/
contractor
2,000,000
Air pollution due
to dust and gases
emission
PM,
CO2, SOx, NOx and
CO
Once during
construction
phase
Project site,
access roads
and storage
areas
Ppm, g/m3 Emissions meet
both local and
WB
requirements.
Limits
NOx = 150g/m3
(24hours
Developer/
contractor/NE
MC
2,000,000
Lugarawa SHPP ESIA Report
115
average) and
100g/m3 annual
average
VOC= 20mg/l
Increased waste
generation
-Types of wastes
generated
-Handling and
management
practices adopted
-Mode of safe
disposal
Weekly
monitored
Hydro power
plant area
and the
neighboring
areas
Kg, m3 or
tones
Negligible
amount of solid
wastes.
Unpolluted
environment.
Developer/
contractor
2,000,000
health and safety
risks to workers
and community
Number of accidents Monthly
monitored
Project site
and
neighboring
communities
Number Negligible
accidents
Developer/
contractor/
Local
authority/
OSHA
2,000,000
Sediments level Total Suspended
Solids (TSS)
Monthly
monitored
Madope
river
catchment
area
Mg/l As per TBS
standard for
drinking water
ranges from
500mg/l to
2000mg/l
Developer/
contractor/
Lake Nyasa
BWO
2,000,000
Oil spills from
vehicle
Amount of oil spills Weekly Hydro power
project area
Litres Negligible
amount of oil
Developer /
contractor
2,000,000
Lugarawa SHPP ESIA Report
116
&machinery
spills;
Oil in water not
exceed
20mg/Nm3
Water quality Turbidity, Total
Hardness
Ph, TSS, TDS, DO,
BOD, COD, Na, K, Ca,
Mg, Alkalinity,
Nitrate, Nitrite,
Ammonia,
Phosphate,
Sulphate, Sulphites,
Cl, Fluoride, Pb, Fe,
hydrocarbons
Once during
the
construction
period
River stream Unit less
for pH;
NTU for
Turbidity;
Mg/l for
heavy
metals,
hydrocarb
ons and
other
physical-
chemical
parameter
s
pH = 6.5 – 9.2
Turbidity =
30NTU, TSS =
500-2000mg/l;
TDS=500-
1500mg/l; Total
hardness=<600
mg/l;
Chloride=200-
800mg/l;
Colour=15-
30mg/l; Mg=50-
100mg/l;
Hydrocarbons
in water
not to
exceed 10 mg/l
by APHA
Standard
Sulphide = 1;
Cu= <3.0mg/l;
Developer /
contractor/
Lake Nyasa
BWO
2,500,000
Lugarawa SHPP ESIA Report
117
Zn=<15.0mg/l;
Pb=<1.0mg/l;
Fe=<1.0mg/l
Possible
intensification of
HIV/AIDs and
STDs
-Patients
-Hospital/
Dispensary reported
HIV/AIDS cases and
deaths
-House bound cases
Monthly
Hydro power
project area
Respective
villages
Number
of cases
Incidences
among youths
and other
groups reduced
Developer/
Local
Authority
4,000,000
Benefits to
communities
resulting from
employment and
other economic
activities
-Number of direct
and indirect jobs
created
-Available goods
-Business level
-Per capital income
Once during
the
construction
phase
Project area
Communit
y
-As many
workers as
possible
-Business level
increased
-Standard of
living enhanced
Developer/
Local
authority
2,500,000
OP
ERA
TIO
N P
HA
SE
Reduced river
flow and water
level
Amount of water
bypassed
Daily
monitored
Downstream
of the intake
Not less
than
0.069m3/s
of water
bypassed
Not less than
20% of the
annual mean
flow should
remain in the
river
Operators/
MCHPCL
Lake Nyasa
BWO
2,000,000
Noise pollution
from the
operation of
-Source of noise
pollution
-Extent
Once per year Hydro power
plant area
dB (A) As per noise
limits for
industrial setup
MCHPCL/
Supervisor
2,000,000
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118
turbines and
other related
equipments
-Remedial options should be less
than 70 dB(A)
Surface water
quality
Turbidity, Total
Hardness
PH, TSS, TDS, DO,
BOD, COD, Na, K, Ca,
Mg, Alkalinity,
Nitrate, Nitrite,
Ammonia,
Phosphate,
Sulphate, Sulphites,
Cl, Fluoride, Pb, Fe,
Once per year Madope
River
Unit less
for pH;
NTU for
Turbidity;
Mg/l for
heavy
metals
and
hydrocarb
ons as
well as
other
physical
parameter
s
pH = 6.5 – 9.2
Turbidity =
30NTU, TSS =
500-2000mg/l;
TDS=500-
1500mg/l; Total
hardness=<600
mg/l;
Chloride=200-
800mg/l;
Colour=15-
30mg/l; Mg=50-
100mg/l;
Hydrocarbons
in water
not to
exceed 10 mg/l
by APHA
Standard
Sulphide = 1;
Cu= <3.0mg/l;
Zn=<15.0mg/l;
MCHPCL/
Lake Nyasa
BWO
3,000,000
Lugarawa SHPP ESIA Report
119
Pb=<1.0mg/l;
Fe=<1.0mg/l
Health and safety
risks due to
electrical hazards
(e.g. fire,
electrocution/
shocks, etc)
Number and type of
safety equipment
such as mask,
helmet gloves and
ear plugs.
Hazard incidences
Monthly
monitored
Project area Number
of safety
measures
provided
Injuries and
inspections
MCHPCL/
OSHA
3,000,000
Widespread of oil
spills from oil
refueling,
workshop and
power house
Amount of oil spills Weekly Hydro power
project area
Litres Negligible
amount of oil
spills
MCHPCL/
Supervisor
2,000,000
Increased waste
generation from
the project site.
Solid and liquid
wastes
Weekly
monitored
Project area Kg for
solid
wastes
and litres
for liquid
wastes
Observation and
measurements
MCHPCL/
supervisor
2,000,000
Increased social
conflict and crime
levels
Number of people in
the project area.
Surveillance on
transformer fluid
and cable
Monthly
monitored
The project
area/transfor
mers
location
transform
er fluid,
electric
cables, etc
Negligible
occurrence of
conflicts and
crimes
MCHPCL/
Village Gvt/
Ludewa
District
1,500,000
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120
vandalism.
Bushfire outbreak
impacts
Bushfire incidences
Monthly At the
project site
and
transmission
lines
Infrastruct
ure
damaged
e.g.
cables,
poles, etc.
Negligible fire
incidences
MCHPCL/
Village Gvt/
Ludewa
District
2,000,000
Intensification of
HIV/AIDS, STDs
and other
communicable
diseases
-Patients
-Hospital/
Dispensary reported
HIV/AIDS cases and
deaths
-House bound cases
Once after
every six
months
Hydro power
project area
Respective
villages
Number
of cases
Incidences
among youths
and other
groups reduced
MCHPCL/
Local
Authority
4,000,000
Benefits to
communities
resulting from
employment and
access to
electricity
-Number of direct
and indirect jobs
created
-Available goods
-Business level
-Per – capita income
Once during
the
construction
phase
Project area
Communit
y
Number
of workers
-As many
workers as
possible
-Business level
increased
-Standard of
living enhanced
MCHPCL/
Local
authority
2,500,000
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121
DEC
OM
ISSI
ON
ING
PH
ASE
Loss of aesthetics
due to haphazard
disposal of
demolished
waste/abandone
d structures
Solid and liquid
wastes
Weekly
monitored
Project area Kg for
solid
wastes
and litres
for liquid
wastes
Observation and
measurements
MCHPCL/
supervisor/
Village Gvt
4,000,000
Loss of power
Number of
households with no
power
Weekly
monitored
Project area Number
of
household
s with no
power
observations MCHPCL/
Village Gvt
4,000,000
Total Monitoring Costs of the Project 54,000,000
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CHAPTER TEN
10.0 COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS OF THE PROJECT
10.1: Introduction
This section addresses financial and economic analysis of the proposed project, and an
extended cost-benefit analysis for the project. However, lack of information on aspects such as
cost and units for various materials that will be used in the construction process, overall
running costs, cost of labour, etc. (cannot be disclosed at this stage as they are required to be
confidential in accordance to the Procurement Act) have prevented a detailed cost benefits
analysis to be undertaken. Therefore, what is presented in this section is rather an indicative
and elementary description of the costs and benefits. It is based on the indicative costs for
implementation of mitigation measures as well as the cost of monitoring.
10.2 The estimated investment costs
The investment costs which will be incurred during development phase of the proposed small
hydropower project are mainly associated with construction of the main infrastructures. The
investment costs will involve land topographical survey, clearing, demarcating, excavating,
construction material procurement, equipment installation, transmission lines and civil works
during project development. The detailed investment costs are shown in Table 10.1 below. The
estimated investment cost is 5,385,611 EUR (which is equivalent to TZS 1,298,470,812/=) for
developing the proposed Lugarawa small hydro plant as shown in table 10.1 below.
Table 10.1: The proposed project costs
Item Cost (EUR)
The costs of the new hydroelectric plant at Lugarawa 1,720,000
Transmission and distribution lines cost 3,370,531
Costs for connections to the TANESCO grid (energy purchase) 68,000
Costs for connections to the TANESCO grid (energy delivery) 227,080
Grand total 5,385,611
10.3 Operational Expenditures and Management (O&M)
The operational costs which will be obligatory include communication, electricity which is used
in the plant and project office, security, sanitation and operation and maintenance of the plant.
Other costs are related to management, purchase of spares, accounting and casual laborers.
Operational costs will also include salary for operational personnel, long time and short time
Lugarawa SHPP ESIA Report
123
maintenance and cleaning. Therefore the operational cost is estimated to be 160,000EUR per
year (which is equivalent to TSh. 384,000,000). See table 10.2A and 10.2B below. The project
operation and management costs have been computed in two steps; firstly the maintenance
costs have been calculated as percentage of investment costs. Secondly the operational costs of
items have been calculated based on specific considerations.
Table 10.2A: Annual maintenance costs from 2018
Item Yearly Percentage (%) Yearly Cost (€)
Civil Construction 1.00% 14,000
Grid and Turbine (material and machines) 1,50% 58,000
Other Project Costs 0,25% 6,000
Total 78,000
Table 10.2B: Annual Operation costs from 2018
Item No. No. of villages Yearly Cost (EUR)
Line attendants villages 1 20 14,000
Watchmen hydroelectric plant 2x3(8h) 6 12,000
Travel costs 20 7,000
Maintenance of tools stock 20 2,000
Maintenance of car and motorcycles 1 7,000
Administrator 2 9,000
Electric technicians 4 21,000
Director 1 10,000
Total 82,000
The Energy Users Entity during the first three years of operation of the hydroelectric plant will
be engaged in creating new connections and execute contracts for new users. It is planned to
connect4, 000 users in three years and to do so the EUE will have to make the following
investments.
Table 10.3: New Users
Cost for 1 connection (€) 160.00
Year 2018 (Y5) 2019 (Y6) 2020 (Y7)
New Users 1000 1500 1500
EUE Investments (€) 160,000 240,000 240,000
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10.4 Economic assessment
From the Feasibility study made economic assessment has been assumed basing the
investment of the project with EU grants and without EU and assumed to have the interest rate
of 10% with a period of 20 years covering two (2) years of construction periods. Using economic
indicators, assessment of the proposed Lugarawa SHPP indicates that the NPV is positive and
the IRR is on an attractive level (Table 10.4). The results indicate that, the revenues generated
by the project are based on the expected consumption levels and tariffs. It has been noted that,
the revenue from TANESCO during the first ten (10) years of operation will ensure the economic
sustainability of the project. This has been estimated by considering the reduction of 10% of
revenue that could be caused by their loss or period of not selling to TANESCO. The following
scenarios were considered;
The SHPP selling all its power at the current Standardized SHPP Tariff to the mini-grid and
via the powerhouse into TANESCO’s grid. This is done to determine the economic
attractiveness of the hydro plant alone and its capability to serve a loan.
The Lugarawa SHPP together with the mini-grid is selling power to the 20 Villages and excess
power to TANESCO at the same tariff and also at Standards SHPP TANESCO/EWURA rates.
The purchase price of renewable energy has been analysed by considering EWURA Order No
12-012 of 2012 in which the applicable tariff TANESCO has to pay TSh. 152/kWh (which is
equivalent to EUR 0.065/kWh) to small power projects for the electricity sold to the grid. The
purchase price of energy charged to TANESCO will be0.065€/ kWh. The rate for the families of
the proposed project will be€ 0.070/ kWh. At the current exchange of 2400TSh/€ corresponds
to 168TSh/kWh. Expecting a maximum consumption of 250kWhper year and an average family
of 5 people, we get a cost per person and perdayof24Tsh (€ 0.01), and per yearof8,
400Tshequalto 3.50€/y.
Table 10.4: Estimated Lugarawa Small Hydropower Project Economic Indicators
Item Level Units
IRR (With EU grant) 11.8 %
IRR (Without EU grant) 0.2 %
NPV (With EU grant) 23,000.00 €
NPV (Without EU grant) 4,369,000.00 €
Dynamic generation costs 152 TZS/kWh
Payback period 10 Years
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Table 10.5: Key Assumptions used to calculate the IRR and the NPV:
Economic / Financial Production
Tax Rate 30% Yearly Net Production 8,100,000 kWh/y
Inflation Rate (long terme) 3.00 % Yearly Tariffs Increase 1.50 %
Inflation Rate, year 2013 8.00 % Built-rate bills 90 %
Discount Rate 12.00 % Yearly O&M Increase 1.00 %
Note: when calculating the NPV we used the rate of 12%, whereas the banking system in
Tanzania in 2012usedadiscount rate of10% and that local Banks apply in respect of their
customers ‘rates ranging from 12 to 15%.
10.5Benefits related to the project
Several benefits are associated with the proposed development both at local and national level
in terms of revenue generation and the multiplier effects associated with linkages with local
and national economy. The project will provide access to affordable energy services to 35% of the
population in the Ludewa District (total population of the Ludewa District is approx. 146,000). Also the
project will generate employment opportunities during construction and operation phases,
social economic impacts will benefit the villagers to receive electricity power by reducing the
household living expenses in terms of flour grinding and other food staffs from Tsh4, 000/= to 60%
per 20 litre tin. The power will have tangible effects on health services. The Saint John Hospital will
receive cheap and reliable energy supply. This will enable the Hospital to use with effectiveness its
electric equipment and be operational 24 hours a day. In addition, with the support received through
the Development Funds, it will be able to invest in its structures and services and, if possible, supply
patients with free medicines. Health centres will be able to use refrigerators, and therefore offer
vaccination services in addition to other useful health therapies. Women, children and elders will greatly
benefit from this result. It will empower people by engaging themselves in small scale business. It
will provide clean and environmentally friend energy to the local residences. .The proposed
project will increase access of electricity. This will enable families to stop the use of polluting and
dangerous kerosene lamps. Economic activities, dispensaries and public offices will be able to stop using
expensive and polluting generators. Tanesco will receive a good share of clean energy to be distributed.
Also the generated power will be supplied academic institutions such as primary and secondary
schools within the project area. Thus, students will have adequate electric power to conduct
workshops and laboratory activities and night studies.
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CHAPTER ELEVEN
11.0: DECOMMISSIONING
Decommissioning is the final phase in the life cycle of any functional facility after securing
suitable site for it, design, construction/installation, commissioning and operation. Most often,
decommissioning is a process involving operations such as dismantling and demolition of
structures and management of resulting materials. All these activities take into account of the
environmental health and safety requirements for the operating personnel, the general public,
and any implications to the environment.
Small Hydropower Plants are normally counted as being lifetime projects, as long as the need
for electricity lasts. Continuity is made possible by machinery and equipment replacement, and
therefore considerations for decommissioning such a project are realistically not likely to
happen, unless there has been a massive destructive accident such as ineffective power
production of the plant due to any other factor, or the collapse of dam then its
decommissioning may become necessary. Therefore due to the requirements at that material
time, then a fresh Environmental Impact Assessment may be required, according to the first
schedule of the Environmental Impact Assessment and Audit Regulations of 2005.
The proposed Lugarawa SHPP is anticipated to have a design life of over 20 years, assuming
proper maintenance, management, and upkeep. Continued, sustainable operation of the
project will not be possible without a structured approach to its management, operation and
maintenance.
Due to the decommissioning of the project; there will be loss of jobs, particularly those working
in the power plant. Businesses supplying commodities to the power plant such as spares, fuel,
lubricants, papers and other consumables will go out of business, haphazard disposal of
demolished waste/abandoned structures resulting into loss of aesthetic value as well as loss of
power with their drawbacks.
Therefore appropriate measures will be taken especially during and after decommissioning
process. Such measures include the following: - Useful equipments and machinery will be taken
back to the warehouse for future use and all wastes will be collected for appropriate disposal.
The site will be rehabilitated to its original state and the proponent will conduct internal
environmental audit and the report will be submitted to NEMC for approval. Villagers shall be
encouraged to use an alternative power source. The proposed Lugarawa Small Hydro Power
Project shall be encouraged the workers to join the pension Funds such as NSSF, LAPF, PPF etc.
Training that can make workers competent for jobs elsewhere shall be provided. The
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proponent will prepare a decommissioning plan to ensure that environmental and social
impacts due to decommissioning of the project are minimized in order to comply with
environmental legislations and policies requirements. Also the proponent will fund and
implement all aspects of project decommissioning, including but not limited to, all engineering,
environmental monitoring, permitting, construction and mitigation activities associated with
this plan.
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CHAPTER TWELVE
12.0 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSSION
The proposed Lugarawa Small Hydro Power Project on Lugarawa River in Lugarawa Village,
Lugarawa Ward, Ludewa District, Njombe Region is a beneficial undertaking to both the
community and nation at large. The sustainability of the proposed project is guaranteed
because of the high water potential in the catchment in which the project is situated and the
zeal of the project proponent and the beneficiaries (the villagers) in ensuring the hydrological
cycle equilibrium of the catchment remains within natural limits.
The proposed hydro power project will have enormous socio-economic benefits to the villagers,
Ludewa District and the Nation as a whole. The most identified project benefits to the villagers
include reduction of lighting cost at night in their homes since power provided by the project is
expected to be cheaper than the use fossil energy products, i.e., paraffin; reduction of flour
milling costs as with the use of electric power in flour milling machines instead of fossil
products, i.e. diesel, shall be lower; and with electric power in the intended villages, the
villagers are expected to engage themselves into several socio-economic activities associated
with the available electric power which were not being done before e.g. stationeries, saloons,
welding, etc, which will enable them to earn more and hence improve their standard of living;
the hydro power project will provide more effective institutional developments in the area
including educational, health and other socio-economic facilities in the villages.
Furthermore, the project has minimal adverse environmental impacts of which adequate
mitigation measures have been proposed and incorporated in the project design.
Therefore, the proposed construction of Lugarawa Small Hydro Power Project will result into
low and under threshold adverse impacts if the adequately recommended mitigation measures
will be implemented. The identified impacts will be managed through the proposed mitigation
measures and their implementation regime has been laid down in this ESIA study report. The
proponent is fully committed in implementing all the recommendations given in this ESIA Study
report and in carrying out environmental auditing and monitoring schedules.
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REFERENCES
Feasibility Study Report, May, 2013
Iringa Region Socio-economic Profile, 2007
Convention on Biological Diversity, Rio De Janeiro (May 1992)
NBS, 2002; Volume IV, which is titled “The Regional and District Census Data in Brief”
URT, (1995) National Land Policy URT, (1996) National Land Policy,
URT, (1996) The National Investment Promotion Policy
URT, (1996) The National Sustainable Industrial Development Policy
URT, (2013) The National Agriculture Policy
URT, (1997) The National Employment Policy
URT, (1997)The National Environmental Policy
URT, (1998) Wildlife Policy URT, (2000) National Development Vision
URT, (2000) The Local Government Laws (Miscellaneous Amendments) Act No. 4
URT, (2000)National Human Settlements Development Policy
URT, (2001) Energy and Water Utilities Regulatory Authority Act Cap 414
URT, (2001)National Policy on HIV/AIDS
URT, (2001)Rural Development Strategy
URT, (2002) National Gender Policy
URT, (2002) National Water Policy
URT, (2002) Tanzania Investment Act Cap 38
URT, (2002) The Contractors Registration Act Cap 25 R.E
URT, (2002)The Forest Act
URT, (2002)Village Land Act Cap 114 R.E
URT, (2003) Construction Industry Policy URT, (2003) The Occupation Health and Safety Act
URT, (2003)The Energy Policy
URT, (2004) Employment and Labor Relations Act No. 6 URT, (2004) Environnemental Management Act, EMA Cap. 191
URT, (2004)National Economic Empowerment Policy
URT, (2005) National Strategy for Growth and Poverty Reduction
URT, (2005) Tanzania Development Vision 2025
URT, (2005) The Environment Impact Assessment & Audit Regulations G.N. No. 349 URT, (2005) The environmental impact Assessment and Audit Regulations
URT, (2005) The Rural Energy Act URT, (2005)The Rural Energy Act
URT, (2007)National Land Use Planning Act
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URT, (2007)National Land Use Planning Commission Act No. 2 URT, (2008) The Electricity Act
URT, (2008) The HIV and AIDS (Prevention and Control) Act
URT, (2009) The Standards Act, No. 2/09)
URT, (2009)The Water Supply and Sanitation Act No. 12
URT, (2009)Water Resources Management Act URT, 2012, Environnemental & Social Management Framework
World Bank Safeguard Policy on Environment
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APPENDICES
Appendix 1: Review letter from NEMC for the proposed Lugarawa SHPP
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Appendix 2 Discharge measurements of Madope River at the intake about 10M upstream
DISTANCE (m)
SOUNDED DEPTH (m)
REVISED DEPTH OF OBSV. (m)
REVOLUTION (m)
TIME (s)
REVS/TIME VELOCITY AT A POINT (m/sec.)
MEAN VELOCITY (m/s)
AREA IN SECTION (m2)
DISCHARGE IN SECTION (m3/s)
DISCHARGE ACCUMULATION (m3/s)
0 0
WATERS EDGE AT RIGHT BANK 10:47HRS
0.149 0.01 0.0014 0.0014
0.20 0.10 0.060 21 50
0.224
0.317 0.024 0.076 0.009
0.40 0.14 0.114 39 50
0.409
0.414 0.043 0.017 0.026
0.60 0.29 0.174 40 50
0.419
0.367 0.049 0.0179 0.0439
0.80 0.20 0.120 30 50
0.315
0.326 0.043 0.014 0.0579
1.00 0.23 0.138 32 50
0.336
0.383 0.046 0.0176 0.0755
1.20 0.23 0.138 41 50
0.429
0.424 0.046 0.0195 0.095
1.40 0.23 0.138 40 50
0.419
0.456 0.051 0.0232 0.1182
1.60 0.28 0.168 47 50
0.492
0.503 0.051 0.0256 0.1438
1.80 0.23 0.138 49 50
0.513
0.524 0.046 0.0241 0.1679
2.00 0.23 0.138 51 50
0.534
0.451 0.099 0.446 0.6139
2.30 0.43 0.258 35 50
0.367
0.336 0.07 0.024 0.6162
2.50 0.27 0.162 29 50
0.305
0.227 0.060 0.0136 0.6298
2.80 0.13 0.078 13 50
0.149
0.099 0.0195 0.0019 0.654
3.10 0 0 WATERS EGDE AT LEFT BANK 11:13HRS
C/METER NO.170989
Q 0.654m3/s
Propeller no.4 186218 A 0.658m2
IF N <0.40, v = 0.4370n +0.036 AND IF N < 4.80, v = 0.5190n + 0.003 MV 0.994m/s
SPAN 3.10m
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Appendix 3: Water quality results of Madope River.
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Appendix 4: Certificate of Incorporation
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Appendix 5: Stakeholders consulted during ESIA Study
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Appendix 6: Minutes for the meetings of twenty villages during EIA Study
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Appendix 7: Contract agreement on land release with the owners at the upstream of Madope
River
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Appendix 8: Provisional grants of water permit for the proposed Lugarawa SHPP
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Appendix 9: Letter from TANESCO regarding the proposed project.
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Appendix 10: Certificate of occupancy
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Appendix 11: Minutes among the villages’ meeting about the proposed Lugarawa SHPP.
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Appendix 12Site layout plan and engineering drawings of the proposed project
12.1 Site layout plan for intake – culvert – future pondage area.
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12.2 Site layout plan for penstock and powerhouse
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12.3 Detailed plan of Intake
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12.4 Forebay plan
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12.5 Detailed plan for powerhouse
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Appendix 13Power transmission lines (Source: Lugarawa Small Hydro Electric Power Engineering Design, 2015)
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Appendix 14: Pictorial representation of the project area
Source of water for domestic purposes at the
project area.
One of the nurseries established by ACRA
CCS in each village for environmental
compensation
Existing structures at the intake site. Soil Erosion which prevails at the upstream
of the intake site.