looking forward: the bc economy at a crossroads

8/9/2019 Looking Forward: The BC Economy at a Crossroads

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Lkig Fw:The BC eConomy aT a Crossroads


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a mg f Cl J

Bitish Clumbia is blssd with abundant natual capital, stng, vibant cmmunitis

and a spctacula nvinmnt. W wll-psitind t tak advantag f th cnmicpptunitis th nw, gn cnmy will bing.

Hwv, u cnmy is als undging fundamntal stuctual changs. Th glbal

cssin has catd instability and unctainty. Th a gwing cncns abut u

scial cnditin. And abv all this lms th challng f climat chang.

Hw d w build a stng, vibant and gn cnmy that cats jbs and gnats

th walth t pvid a high standad f living and quality scial pgams f all Bitish

Clumbians?

Our Province, Our Future is an initiativ Im lading t bgin a discussin abut hw w

hanss th idas and talnt f Bitish Clumbians t build a plan f th futu, divnby th valus that mak f lng-tm cnmic stability: pspity, pptunity, quity,

inclusin, sustainability.

This discussin pap is th bginning f that cnvsatin.

Authd by Dug McAthu, Pfss f Public Plicy at Simn Fas Univsity, th

pap ffs a thughtful analysis f B.C.s cnmic stngths and waknsss, as wll

as pptunitis. Th auth pss sm imptant qustins t stimulat discussin

and dialgu.

I invit yu t jin in th cnvsatin. Visit u wbsit, ourprovinceourfuture.bc.ca,

wh yu will nd m infmatin abut Our Province, Our Future, and links t a

numb f thught-pvking aticls. I als ncuag yu t sha yu thughts,

idas and actins, pst a pap f yu wn, cntibut t th discussin fum.

Lts kp th dialgu ging. By wking tgth w will nd slutins and u

cmmn gund.

Tgth, w can nw Bitish Clumbias pmis f a btt tmw.

CAroLe JAMeSLad, Nw Dmcat ofcial oppsitin


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Authors Note: The ndings, views and comments contained in this paper are solely those

of the author, and he alone is responsible for any errors or omissions.


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Lkig Fw:The BC eConomy aT a Crossroads

Dug McAthuPfss f Public Plicy, Simn Fas Univsity

A backgund discussin pap cmmissindby th Lad f th Bitish Clumbia

Nw Dmcat ofcial oppsitin

23 April 2010


6/44

Lkig Fw: The BC eConomy aT a Crossroads

Itcti

Bitish Clumbias cnmy is ging thugh a

maj tansitin. This is pat f a lag tnd in

th industial wld twad m svics and

lss manufactuing. But B.C. is als uniqu in a

numb f ways.

This pap is abut th B.C. cnmy in

tansitin. It agus that valu catin is

th singl mst imptant cnsidatin in

assssing B.C.s cnmic tansitin. Valu and

walth catin a nt nly imptant t th

pivat sct; thy must als b th fcus f

gvnmnt in stting plicy t guid and assist

th tansitin.Th pap xpls vaius dimnsins f th

valu catin qustin, idntis cnstaints t

alizing maximum valu catin, and pints t

pssibl issus that shuld b addssd.

Gvt i t c

Th cnmy is in ssnc th aangmnts

thugh which matial gds a pducd

and distibutd, and thugh which incm and

walth a gnatd and shad. Whil th is

a lag dg f slf managmnt in a makt

cnmy, th undlying stuctu and sults

a, t a cnsidabl dg, inuncd by

gvnmnt plicy. Many imptant inuncs

n th natu and dictin f any cnmy

cm fm gvnmnt.

Gvnmnt plicy is divn by idas f what

is gd and what is dsid. Ths idas a

td in valus. As a cnsqunc, valus playan imptant pat in dtmining th natu and

dictin f any cnmy. Indd, valu catin

can nly b fully undstd within th cntxt

f valus.

Th has bn livly dbat v th last

30 yas abut th mst ffctiv intatin

f gvnmnt plicy if walth catin is t b

maximizd. This dbat has had cnsidabl

inunc v gvnmnt cnmic plicy

thughut th wld, including in BitishClumbia.

In many ways this dbat gaind mmntum

fm widly undstd failus f cnmic

plicy duing th 1970s. At that tim, much

was pmisd fm gvnmnts basd n an

assumptin that th cnmy wuld sustain

th high ats f gwth and stability f th

1950s and 1960s. Whn this pvd wng and

stagatin st in thughut th wld, thinks

and plitical lads undstandably sachdf altnativs. Ths incasingly mphasizd

f tad, dgulatin f makts, incasd

incntivs f pivat walth catin and

capital accumulatin thugh tax ductins and

subsidis, and a ducd l f gvnmnt.


7/44


ovall this appach t plicy mphasizd

makt-intd valus and a blif that pivat

intsts shuld b ncuagd t nd full

xpssin thugh ducd gvnmnt.

rcntly sm plicy analysts hav dbatd

whth th is a nd t cgniz th

valus and plicy gals that tanscnd idas

mbddd in th cnvntinal viw f makts.

Gwing inquality, th dclin f ual aas,

nvinmntal cncns and th cssin

hav fulld intst in ths qustins. It is

suggstd that matial pductin and capital

accumulatin a imptant and addss nimptant aspct f scitys nds, but a just

n f a numb f lgitimat gals infmd by

scitys valus.

oths includ gals infmd by fainss

and scial justic, sustainability f th natual

nvinmnt, and maningful paticipatin in

all aspcts f plitical, scial and cnmic

lif. Ths gals includ, but a nt limitd t

jbs, pptunity basd n substantiv quality,

fulllmnt thugh individual and cmmunitydvlpmnt, inclusin f minitis, gnd

quality and quality gvnmnt svics.

Ths wh ask ths qustins a nt

ncssaily hstil t pivat makts. Th vast

majity cgniz th nmus walth-catin

ptntial gnatd by th ntpis and

ntpnuial ngy f th pivat sct. But

thy d ask whth th mdn cnmy can

mt u bad nds withut gvnmnt and

civil scity playing thi pat in advancing thcnmic intsts f citizns.

Accding t th latt viw, pat f

gvnmnts l is t fam and guid

cnmic activity cnsistnt with scitys

valus and ths gals. Gvnmnt must b

an activ patn with th ky institutins.

Smat gvnmnt is ndd in d t

aliz pspity whil valuing th lag

scial and cnmic utcms that cntibut

t a high quality f lif f all and th lng-

tm sustainability f human lif and natual

systms. Th imptant qustins a abut hw

gvnmnt shuld play that l, and abut

hw t achiv th apppiat balanc amng

gvnmnt, civil scity and th pivat sct.

Th cssin f 2008 was f many an

unxpctd dvlpmnt. It has -fcusd

attntin n th nd f gvnmnt andgvnmnt plicy. It is fcing us t xamin

many assumptins and idas. Th way fwad

will b difcult. rcvy is undway, but

many unctaintis main. Walth catin,

sustainability and quality f pptunity

will b f gat imptanc, if th is t b a

maningful cvy and if th futu cnmy is

t sv human, scial and sustainability valus.

Th st stp in mving fwad is t tak

stck. That is what this pap is ally abut.Valu catin mphasizs sustaining,

cumulativ valu alizd fm pducing pivat

and public gds and svics, cnsving th

natual nvinmnt and natual capital, and

fully alizing human ptntial. It is thus just as

much abut cnsvatin and lifting ppl ut

f pvty as it is abut gds pductin. It

als fcuss n th futu as wll as th psnt,

sinc a naw sht-tm mphasis invaiably

lads t sht-tm gain at th xpns flng-tm lss, which is incnsistnt with

sustainability. Cnsquntly it is als abut

walth catin, sinc walth is simply an

xpssin f valu catd by dcisins tday

summd v th psnt and th futu.


8/44


emplymnt tnds a a gd masu f hw

th industy stuctu f th cnmy is and

has bn changing. Th fllwing chats us

mplymnt data t illustat sm f th mst

imptant changs v th lng and immdiat

tms.

Chat 1 sts ut ttal mplymnt in B.C.

sinc 1987. ovall, th pid 1987-1997 was

n f lativly stng jb gwth, as was th

pid 2005-2008.

Chart 1: total employment in B.C.,

1987-009

Th fllwing chats st ut th changs in

mplymnt that hav bn ccuing in slctd

scts.

Chart : Forestry employment

(000s), 1987-009

It itibti i t Biti Clbi c

Chart : manuFaCturing employment

(000s), 1987-009

Chart : ConstruCtion employment

(000s), 1987-009

2,500,000

2,000,000

1,500,000

1,000,000

500,000

0

40

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

400

200

0

300

200

100

0

Suc: B.C. Stats. ibid.

Suc: B.C. Stats. British Columbia Employment by

Detailed Industries, Annual Averages.




9/44


Chart : oil and gas extraCtion

employment (000s), 001-009

Chart 6: government employment

(000s), 1987-009

Chart 7: health and soCial serviCes

employment (000s), 1987-009

Chart 8: all serviCes employment

(000s), 1987-009

5

0

200

100

0

300

200

100

0

2,000

0

Th chats lagly spak f thmslvs.

Fm this and th data, it is bvius that

th B.C. cnmy has bn ging thugh

quit a pfund shift v th past dcad.

F instanc, fsty and manufactuing hav

dclind, whil th gwth in jbs has bn

lag in th cnstuctin and halth svics

industis. Natual gas jbs hav incasd

althugh thy hav bn small and supisingly

unstabl.

Ptntial pblms a vidnt. Halth

svics jbs a lagly dpndnt n

gvnmnt nancing. Cnstuctin jbs tndt b sht tm and cyclical, and a als

highly dpndnt upn gvnmnt nancing.

Th lng-tm sustainability f cnstuctin

is thus unctain. Natual gas, whil gwing,

is nt a signicant vall jb catin sct,

accunting f 2,500 t 3,500 jbs v th last

v yas. Gains in natual gas hav mad a

much bigg cntibutin t gvnmnt and

cpat vnus than t jbs. Th challng

will b t achiv a futu balanc in jb catinthat maximizs vall valu catin in th B.C.

cnmy.






10/44

Lkig Fw: The BC eConomy aT a Crossroads6

A cntinuing thm f this pap is that th B.C.

cnmy is in maj tansitin. Sm f this

tansitin is simila t th mdn dvlpd

cnmis xpincing a lativ dclin in

manufactuing and incas in svics jbs. Th

challng f such cnmis is t maintain high

standads f living by nsuing th mix f nw

jbs includs sufcint lng-lasting high valu

jbs t nsu lng-tm valu catin.

Th B.C. cnmy has sm uniqu fatus

t its tansitin as it is cuntly playing ut.

In paticula, th nwabl sucs and

pcssing scts and manufactuing athatnd.

All pvincs hav bn xpincing sm

lativ shift fm high valu gds t lw

valu svics. Th challng is t aliz an

apppiat mix f activitis as svics incas

in imptanc. Th a numus high valu

industis that can hlp sustain th vall valu

mix in th cnmy. It is imptant t nsu

that sufcint industis pducing high valu

gds and svics a catd and/ gw tcmpnsat f lsss in dclining industis.

taBle 1: net eConomiC value per joB,

seleCted seCtors (millions, 00

Constant dollars), 007

High Tch $119,398

Wd Pducts 104,049

Timb Havsting 93,621

Manufactuing 77,236

Tuism 51,153

Cnstuctin 45,632

rtail 35,824

Fd and Accmmdatin 25,860

Suc: B.C. Stats. B.C. GDP by Industry NAICS Aggregations.

acivig vl wlt-ctig titi

Th pblm is nt just n f anings fm

mplymnt; it is als a pblm f tuns t

invstmnt. Th a tw pats t th valu

catin quatin anings fm mplymnt

and tun n capital. Tgth ths cnstitut

th valu gnatd in a sct.

Th nt cnmic valu, labu, capital and

th incm catd p jb in slctd scts

f th B.C. cnmy in 2007 (in cnstant 2002

dllas) is shwn in Tabl 1.


11/44

Lkig Fw: The BC eConomy aT a Crossroads 7

Th implicatins f th cnmic tansitin

a f sm imptanc. F an cnmy in

tansitin such as Bitish Clumbias, a sufcint

mix f high valu-addd gwth is ndd

t ffst th invitabl gwth f lw valu

scts and activitis. each fsty-latd

jb in 2007 catd v $100,000 f nt

valu in th B.C. cnmy, and th avag

manufactuing jb catd $77,236. Tuism

jbs catd abut dubl th valu f jbs in

fd and accmmdatin svics, and thus a

lativly valuabl jbs. Manufactuing jbs d

vn btt. rtail, fd and accmmdatinsvics catd fm n-quat t n-thid

that f fsty jbs, and fm n-thid t half

that f th avag manufactuing jbs. High-

tch jbs n th th hand th majity f

which a in high-tch svics nt supisingly

actually add nt valu cmpad t fsty and

manufactuing.

Th a f cus numus cnsidatins

that must b takn int accunt whn pusuing

maximum vall valu catin. Th numbs

in th pcding tabl tll an imptant pat

f th sty but by n mans th whl f th

sty. Maximizing mplymnt is imptant,

and quis that th b a mix f scts with

diffnt valu-catin ptntial, dtmind

in pat by lativ pduct dmands. Nn-

makt cmpnnts f valu must b als b

cnsidd. In th cas f natual sucs,

cnsvatin and dpltin bth hav valus that

ant includd in th valus st ut in th tabl.And th a things such as glbal waming

which can b and a valu dstying, and thus

must b cnsidd whn xamining th impact

f activity in vaius scts. A numb f ths

and th matts will b cnsidd in th

fllwing sctins.


12/44


hig-tc ti

Tw scts f cnsidabl intst in B.C.

a high-tch and tuism. Ths a nt

taditinally dnd scts, and it is nly

lativly cntly that th numbs hav bn

availabl t tack th pfmanc f ths

tw scts. Thy a f paticula intst in

B.C. as th pvinc maks th tansitin t

nw and xpanding scts, sinc bth hav

bn idntid as gwth scts abl t mak

a signicant cntibutin t jbs and walth

catin in th futu.

TaBLe 2: TourIsm and hIGh-TeCh

empLoymenT (000s), 000-008

Ya Tuism High-Tch

2000 102.4 67.1

2001 109.9 71.6

2002 110.1 67.1

2003 112.2 66.0

2004 115.1 68.0

2005 118.5 71.2

2006 123.4 77.5

2007 129.5 81.1

2008 131.0 .a.

Suc: B.C. Stats. B.C. Tourism and High Technology GDP

and Employment.

Ths scts cmbind hav xpincd a

lativly gd gwth at sinc th mid-2000s.

Tgth thy nw pvid m than 200,000

jbs, making up abut 10 p cnt f th labu

fc. This is a signicant pptin f th

vall labu fc and ach, in its wn way,

psnts imptant pssibilitis f th futu.

High-tch jbs a high-wag, high valu-

addd jbs that can hlp ffst th sin f

high-valu jbs in fsty and manufactuing.

Th ability t captu ths jbs will b

imptant if B.C. is t avid a dift int lw-valu

pductin.on avag, high-tch jbs add as much

m walth t th B.C. cnmy as fsty jbs

hav in th past. Hwv high-tch jb gwth

has bn vaiabl and smwhat sluggish.

Tuism is a signicant cmpnnt f th

pivat sct svic cnmy that has had

signicant gwth. Whil tuism jbs a

smwhat diffnt fm high-tch jbs, it

may supis many t nd that tuism jbs n

avag a lativly high-valu jbs, addingv dubl th valu f th avag tail

svics and accmmdatin and fd svics

jb. Tuism is thus f cnsidabl imptanc,

nt nly in cating nw jbs but in tms f th

cntibutin t valu catin.


13/44


taBle : Cultural industries employment (000s), 00-007

Cultual industis a an imptant suc f

valu catin in th B.C. cnmy, gnating

cls t 200,000 jbs. This is m than twic

th numb in high-tch and cnsidably m

than in tuism. Ths a xtmly imptant

t th jb pfmanc f th cnmy. ovall,

jb gains hav bn disappinting duing th

pid, and als quit vaiabl.

Many f th jbs in cultual industis a

Clt cltl iti

lld by ppl with high lvls f taining and

ducatin and high lvls f cativity. Cultual

sct jbs a gnally high valu, knwldg-

basd jbs. Thy cntibut t th vall scial

capital ssntial t sustainabl dvlpmnt. It

is f cncn that th has bn vy littl jb

gwth sinc 2000 in this sct, and that jb

lsss sinc 2007 a almst ctain t b quit

substantial givn th tw mst cnt budgts.

Ya Inf/ Publishing Mvi Bad- Tlcm. Ats & Pfming HitagCultu casting ent. Ats Inst.

2002 56.8 11.3 10.2 4.0 26.0 49.2 20.7 2.5

2003 51.4 14.2 11.0 3.4 17.1 57.3 17.6 4.0

2004 57.2 15.1 11.0 4.4 20.3 57.6 21.8 2.4

2005 56.0 15.6 9.3 3.7 18.4 56.1 19.6 3.5

2006 56.1 15.0 12.2 4.3 17.6 57.0 19.4 2.3

2007 61.0 15.3 14.7 3.0 21.2 56.8 19.4 3.1

Suc: Statistics Canada. Special Request for NVS, Employment in Cultural Industries.

The last few decades have belonged to a certain

kind of person with a certain kind of mind. But

the keys to the kingdom are changing hands. The

future belongs to a very different kind of person

with a very different kind of mind creators and

empathizers, pattern recognizers and meaning

makers. These people artists, inventors,

designers, storytellers, caregivers, consolers, big

picture thinkers will now reap societys richest

rewards and share its greatest joys.

Dan Pink, A Whole New Mind


14/44


Wg ig

Uniqu amng th pvincs, th has bn a

dclin in avag anings in B.C. v th past

fw yas. This is a wying tnd bcaus f

th imptanc f high-wag, high-knwldg,

and high valu-addd jbs in maintaining living

standads, gvnmnt vnus and svics.

Data fm th yas 2000 and 2005, th last

yas f which cnsus sults a availabl, tll

a sty f a pvinc in sm difculty cmpad

t th st f th cunty. Btwn 2000 and

2005, full-tim mdian anings in B.C. dclind

(aft adjustmnt f inatin). Th nly th

pvinc having a dclin was Qubc, wh th

dp was insignicant lss than n-thid f n

p cnt. Th changs in mdian anings f full

tim ppl in B.C. by ccupatin a pvidd in

Tabl 4. Cmpaativ gus f B.C., Albta and

Canada a cntaind in Tabl 5.

Slctd occupatin (B.C.) 2005 2000 % Chag

Halth Ca Assistants $ 35,660 $ 37,977 -6.1 %

Tchnical Wks 23,983 28,044 -14.5 %

rsuc Wks 29,735 33,764 -11.9 %

Manufactuing 32,065 33,586 -4.5 %

Fd & Bvag 17,178 20,122 -14.6 %

Sni Managmnt 79,977 77,372 +3.4 %

Businss Pfssinals 54,488 52,360 +4.1 %

All occupatins B.C. 42,230 43,715 -3.4 %

taBle : Full time median earnings (00 Constant dollars), 000 and 00

Suc: Statistics Canada. Earnings and Incomes of Canadians Over the Past Quarter Century, 2006 Census.


15/44


2005 2000 % Chag

All occupatins AB $ 43,964 $ 40,782 +7.8 %

All occupatins BC 42,230 43,715 -3.4 %

All occupatins Canada 41,407 40,443 +2.4 %

taBle : Full time median earnings, all oCCupations, B.C., alBerta and Canada

(Constant 00 dollars), 000 and 00

Suc: Statistics Canada. ibid.

on cnsqunc f th shift in th cnmy

has bn th abv indicatd pssu n

al anings. Dclining al anings, bth in

actual and cmpaativ tms, a a ctin

f th ffcts f th tansitin. BC is falling

bhind, bth v tim and cmpad t th

pvincs. This cntibuts, in tun, t a shift in

th distibutin f incm. Th vall pptin

f familis living in pvty has incasd

whil nly a small numb a njying gat

pspity. Whil wads t pfssins, sni

manags and invsts in th B.C. cnmy

hav bn incasing, th has bn ngativ

pssu n dinay wags du t th intnal

stuctual shifts.

B.C. facs a singula challng. Th anings

gaps indicatd abv a lativly lag givnth pting pid. Th ptd vall gap

in B.C.s plac in Canada can b avtd by

gnating m lng-tm jbs in altnat

high-wag, high valu-addd scts. This,

alng with vall pductivity gains, is ndd

t maintain th wag and anings stuctu that

has pvaild histically. This is claly a high

piity f B.C. v th nxt fw yas.


16/44


Th at f gwth f al GDP has bn lativly

vaiabl, as can b sn fm th tabl blw.

Suc: BC Pgss Bad. Benchmarks Report.

If BC is t impv its lativ psitin in

tms f GDP, it will b ncssay t, amng

th things, plac a gat mphasis n valu

catin.

Gdp i Biti Clbi t t f C

Chart 9: real gdp oF provinCes

per Capita (00 Constant

dollars), 008taBle 6: per Cent real gdp growth, B.C.

(Constant 00 dollars), 198-009

Ya % Ya % Ya %

1983 0.6 1992 2.6 2001 0.6

1984 0.8 1993 4.5 2002 3.6

1985 6.9 1994 2.8 2003 2.3

1986 0.2 1995 2.4 2004 3.6

1987 6.2 1996 2.5 2005 4.7

1988 5.8 1997 3.2 2006 4.21989 3.3 1998 1.3 2007 2.9

1990 1.4 1999 3.2 2008 0.0

1991 0.2 2000 4.6 2009 -2.7

Suc: B.C. Stats. B.C. GDP at Market Prices.

Pat f th xplanatin f lw al anings

is lw gss dmstic pduct (GDP) n a

cmpaativ basis. GDP p capita is wll blw

th btt pfming cnmis in Canada.

GDP is a masu f th dlla valu f incmsand walth, and thus f th mntay valu f

gds and svics, catd within th cnmy

duing a paticula ya. As can b sn fm

Chat 9, a cnsidabl gap xists btwn

B.C.s tw nast wstn nighbus as wll

as with ontai, whs cnmy has bn itslf

stuggling v th past fw yas.


17/44


Th unmplymnt at in B.C. achd histic

highs in th lat 1980s and aly 1990s and thn

pgssivly dclind thughut th 1990s.

Aft incasing again in th aly 2000s, it again

bgan a dclin in 2003 that lvlld ff in 2007

bf shaply incasing in 2009.

Yuth unmplymnt, cuntly at

appximatly 13 p cnt, is a paticula

cncn.

A valu-maximizing cnmy must cat

sufcint jbs t duc unmplymnt as

much as pssibl. Th ability t st th

unmplymnt at t such a lvl is a majchallng in an cnmy in tansitin.

ult lb kt

Suc: BC Stats. Labour Force Activity for British

Columbia and Canada - Annual Averages.

16%

14%

12%

10%

8%

6%

4%

2%

0%

Chart 10: B.C. unemployment rates,

1976-009


18/44


In d t fully appciat th dictin

f th B.C. cnmy, it is imptant t pay

spcial attntin t th sucs scts.

Th B.C. cnmy is, as with all cnmis, a

pduct f its histy, its ppl and its natual

ndwmnts. Land and sucs w f a vy

lng tim th pimay suc f pspity f

many and th suc f gat ichs f sm.

Th shy, nw in sius if nt fatal dclin,

was at n tim at th c f th B.C. cnmy.

Fsty, always a suc f cnsidabl walth

catin, bcam by th thid quat f th last

cntuy th singl mst imptant cntibut t

B.C.s ascndancy within th Canadian cnmy.

Mining was always a cnsidabl but lss

suc f walth and mplymnt.

All f that has changd. Th nwabl

sucs scts f B.C. a in dclin du t

unsustainabl managmnt and th plicy

and industy failus. Natual gas, and t a

lss xtnt mining, a displacing nwabl

sucs in imptanc. Th changing psitin

f sucs in th pvincial cnmy is

dscibd in th fllwing tabls:

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

Fsty $3,185 $3,272 $2,919 $2,584 $2,344 $2,713 $2,487 $2,841 $2,809 $2,641

Fishing,Hunting 201 138 130 140 104 134 133 142 138 131and Tapping

oil and Gas 1,080 803 1,239 3,380 4,161 2,826 4,825 5,160 7,300 6,330

Mining 1,289 1,143 1,007 1,051 1,227 1,233 a a 3,258 3,765

Wd Pducts 3,634 3,189 4,459 4,225 3,623 3,979 3,465 4,910 4,194 3,765

Pap 1,599 1,374 1,723 2,517 1,727 1,453 1,233 1,575 1,678 1,792

taBle 7: resourCes seCtors net value oF produCtion ($millions, Current), 1997-006

Suc: B.C. Stats. B.C. GDP by Industry NAICS Aggregations.

rc i t Biti Clbi c


19/44


2007 2008 2009

Fsty $2,456 $2,059 $1,441

oil & Gas 6,320 6,580 4,500

Mining 3,686 3,577 2,503

Wd Pducts 3,528 2,888 2,021

Pap 1,785 1,598 1,199

Suc: B.C. Stats. B.C. GDP by Industry NAICS Aggregations

and Auths estimats.

Th dclin in imptant pats f th sucs

scts is a matt f cnsidabl cncn. Th

shift fm th wd-basd scts t th gas

and minals scts vidnt fm th statistics

has ptntial implicatins in tms f walth

catin, jbs, sustainability and ginaldvlpmnt.

As cntly as th lat 1990s, fsty

cntibutd dictly and indictly t v 35 p

cnt f th annual incm and walth gnatin

in B.C. It is nw a shadw f what it was thn.

Th impact n jbs and pivat walth catin is

unpcdntd in B.C.s histy. Fsty-latd

vnus t th B.C. gvnmnt in th fm

f stumpag and vaius taxs a lss than

n-fth f what thy w in th 1990s. Timbhavsting jbs a in f fall t abut n-

thid thi numb in th mid-1990s. Mills hav

clsd all acss th pvinc and m clsus

a xpctd v th nxt tw t th yas.

Pin btls hav dvastatd th fsts f th

Inti, whil v-havsting has laid wast

th castal and Vancuv Island fsts. Th

Sftwd Lumb Agmnt with th Unitd

Stats, sticting and pnalizing th xpt

f sftwd lumb, has mad an alady bad

situatin ws. Fsty is bing subjct t th

lagst jb cuts in any sct in th 2010 B.C.

budgt.

Th a limitd pspcts f impvd

cnditins in fsty. Th is a dvlping

intst in th utilizatin f fst sidu b

in th pductin f lcticity. Nw pspctsin China and a husing cvy in th Unitd

Stats a als pssibl sucs f impvmnt,

but nith is likly t bing damatic chang

in th na futu. Valu-addd wd pducts

manufactuing has always bn a gal, but it

mains lusiv. Th cntinuing challng in

fsty is t nd nw valu-addd pptunitis

as th tansitin pcds.

taBle 8: resourCes seCtors

estimated net value oF produCtion($millions, Current), 007-009


20/44


Sustainability will b a ncssay gal f all

futu cnmic dvlpmnt. This will qui

that all valu-cating activity b assssd

in tms f nvinmntal and th latd

impacts. Th is cnsidabl m f cncn

abut th xtnt that an cnmy vly-

dpndnt n cnstuctin, mining and natual

gas accds with gd sustainability gals. Th

actual valu catd n a full accunting basis

may b much lss than that xpssd by th

cunt mthd f pting.

Gn ngy is als cgnizd as imptant

t a futu high-valu cnmy. Again hwv,th is cnsidabl cncn that many f th

pivat hyd dvlpmnts in th pvinc

hav signicant nvinmntal impacts nt

bing accuntd f, and that thi succss is

als dpndnt n valu-dstying tim-f-

ya spcic lw-valu xpts that will qui

subsidizatin fm hyd uss. If ths cncns

a valid, many f ths pjcts will nt mt

th standad f high-valu catin.

Cabn missins a, f cus, a gatcncn. Scity facs a mnumntal challng

in ducing gnhus gas missins. Th is

widspad agmnt n th nd f damatic

masus t addss this pblm. Givn th

magnitud f th masus quid, qustins

ais as t th fm that gnhus gas plicis

must tak and what such plicis will man f

th vlving cnmy.

Th tansitin in th B.C. cnmy will

ncssaily hav t includ within it a tansitin

t ducd cabn dpndncy and adaptatins

in spns t glbal waming. Glbal waming

is and will cntinu t b valu dstying, and

thus undmins valu catin. With th pin

btl kill, B.C.has alady xpincd n f

th singl lagst dstuctins f valu in th

wld as a sult f glbal waming. oths a

ccuing in a lss damatic way. B.C. must jin

in an aggssiv and cdinatd wld-wid

shift away fm cabn dpndncy if such

affcts a t at last b amliatd. effctivgulatin and nw tchnlgis applid t

slightly m than a dzn maj industial

high-cabn mitts, tugh stictins n

intnal cmbustin missins in th tanspt

scts, and a much m aggssiv pusuit f

cnsvatin in spac hating wuld g a lng

way twad alting B.C.s cabn dpndncy.

oth plicis can als cntibut.

Mst ag that pat f th slutin

must b t shift th B.C. cnmy t a muchgn bas. This is ndd nt nly

t duc gnhus gass, but als t

cmpt with cnmis in eup and Asia

wh, as aly adpts, thatn t mv

wll ahad in th tansitin t a m ngy

fcint cnmy. This mans nt nly gat

fcincis in th cnsumptin f ngy, but

als maj invstmnts in th pductin f

nw tchnlgis that will mak damatic gains

pssibl.

stibilit t g c


21/44


Tw things in paticula a happning in

eup and China: th apid dvlpmnt and

pductin f nw tchnlgis, and th apid

installatin f ths nw tchnlgis in gds

and svics pductin. Many natins and

juisdictins a pusuing industial statgis

that will gnat apid gwth in th pductin

f gn tchnlgis. T dat, th has bn

nly limitd pgss in B.C. Th main fcus has

bn n subsidis f pivat lctical ngy

f xpt, which will d littl t ncuag

adaptatin in industial pductin within

th B.C. cnmy itslf. Th dvlpmntand pductin f gn tchnlgis that

will gnat fundamntal industial shifts in

B.C. quis immdiat suppt. It is difcult

t btain liabl data n th cunt siz f

cnmic activity latd t ths tchnlgis.

Th B.C. gvnmnt pts that B.C.s clan

tchnlgy sct includs v 250 cmpanis

mplying abut 3,700 ppl.1 This is an

xtmly lw numb and it is nt cla what

is includd vn what th suc f thnumb is.

In pat, th pac f gn tchnlgy

pductin cts th nd t addss th

scnd statgy namd abv th nancing

f invstmnts that suppt th dvlpmnt

and adptin f gn tchnlgis. Mst

juisdictins a dvting signicant sucs

t funding sach and dvlpmnt and t

adpting th nw tchnlgis. B.C. is bhind in

this gad, aising th qustin f hw m canb dn.

Many mdn cnmis cunt n diving

cnsidabl stngth and divsicatin thugh

dvlping th gn tchnlgy scts. Th

is a al isk th aly adpts will dminat

ths imptant, high valu pats f th cnmy

f th futu, laving th latcms at a al

disadvantag. Dcisins nd t b mad sn

as t B.C.s cmmitmnt t paticipatin in thspptunitis, if w a nt t b lft bhind.

Whil nw lgislatin is pmisd, it is uncla

hw this will addss th tw fundamntal nds

fncd abv.


22/44


Fig giclt

B.C. has a lag makt f fd pducts and a

ich land bas. Fam pductin mplys abut

35,000 ppl, almst tw p cnt f th

labu fc. Fd pcssing mplys anth

25,000 ppl. Bth hav bn lativly

stagnant in tms f jb gwth. A substantial

ptin f famland is ptctd f agicultual

us in th Agicultual Land rsv (ALr).

Mst studis and pts ag that B.C.

has cnsidabl ptntial but undpfms

badly in alizing its ptntial fm famland

and agicultu. Th ptctd land bas

has bn dd by industial and uban

dvlpmnt, and many a cncnd abut

futh incusins. Th is als cncn abut

th sin f th pductivity f th land within

th ALr. A cnt pt stats it wll, saying

th ppndanc f ALr lands na ubanizd

aas hav bn puchasd at valus ds f

magnitud high (aching $100,000 p ac

m) than justid by any fm f cnvntinal

agicultu utilizatin. Thus ALr land is claly

bing puchasd by ntitis, xpssly t hld f

spculativ invstmnt pups, fully xpcting

th ALr t bak dwn in th na futu

oth ALr dsignatd hldings a utilizd f

lw-intnsity agicultu and pduc lw-valu

p ac cps such as Chistmas ts hss.

Ths tw facts signicantly undmin u

ffts t actualiz ginal fd scuity and t

maintain agicultu sct cnmic vitality. 2

Th is cnsidabl ptntial f valu

catin in th fam and fd cnmy. Much f

this ptntial can b alizd thugh svingth lcal and ginal cnmy. Th alizatin

f B.C.s full ptntial in faming and fd

pductin will qui that th issus abv b

discussd and addssd.


23/44


Bitish Clumbia has lng lkd t xpts

t dvlp and sustain its cnmy. Whil

fst pducts makts hav bn paticulaly

badly hit v th past cupl f yas, B.C.s

xpt pfmanc has bn sluggish f a

numb f yas. Th fllwing tabl tacs th

xpt pattns f slctd pvincs sinc

2005. As can b sn, Manitba, Saskatchwan

and Albta all hav had substantial gwth

in xpts v th pid, whil B.C. has

changd hadly at all. BC is als ighth in

pvincial ankings in tms f intnatinal

and intpvincial xpts. Th failu f B.C.

xpts t kp pac suggsts a ptntial that

t a pspus futu, givn th imptanc f

xpts t cnmic succss.

taBle 9: exports By provinCe ($millions, Current), 00-008

YeAr On MB Sk AB BC

2005 229,796 12,821 17,102 88,345 48,658

2006 228,019 14,027 17,934 89,992 49,487

2007 227,760 16,311 20,357 92,323 49,649

2008 216,401 16,179 28,284 116,580 49,942

Suc: B.C. Stats. Interprovincial and International Trade.

ext f t Biti Clbi c


24/44


In a 2006 pt, th B.C. Pgss Bad

dpld th pvincs mdic pductivity

pfmanc, sixth in Canada f al GDP p

hu wkd.

A latd fact is B.C.s lativly wak

xpt sct. In 2004, B.C. pstd ighth ank

amng th pvincs f xpts f gds andsvics p capita. 3

Suc: BC Stats. ibid.

Th things a ndd t signicantly

impv pductivity: invstmnt in nw

high-valu tchnlgis, impvd xpt

pfmanc and a vsal f th shift t lw-

valu pductin. Lw pductivity tanslats

int lw-valu pductin. Incasd pductivity

is ssntial t cating a valu-maximizingcnmy.

T ctivit cllg

Pductivity is widly cgnizd as imptant t

maintaining standads f living and th vall

wll bing f th ppulatin. B.C. has a sius

pductivity pblm. on a cmpaativ basis,

pductivity is blw Albta, ontai, and th

Canadian avag. B.C.s lativ pductivity, as

wll as abslut pductivity, fll btwn 2005

and 2008. Th fllwing chat illustats B.C.s

lativ psitin cmpad t Albta, ontai

and Canada vall.

Chart 11: produCtivity trends (00

Constant dollars per hour worked),1999-007

Suc: B.C. Stats. Provincial Comparisons of Various

Performance Indicators.

$50 -

45 -

40 -

35 -

30 -

25 -

1999 2001 2003 2005 2007

can

bc

ab

on

A cntinuing shift t lw-valu pductin,

th wak xpt pfmanc and und-

invstmnt in sach and dvlpmnt and

high valu-addd tchnlgy hav sultd in

lativly p pductivity gains.

Th fllwing chat illustats B.C.s

substandad pfmanc in sach and

dvlpmnt. rsach and dvlpmnt

xpnditus a wll blw ontai and th st

f th cunty, althugh this is n aa wh

B.C. utpfms Albta.

Chart 1: Comparative researChand development expenditures

as perCentage oF gdp, 1998-007

2.5% -

2.1% -

1.7% -

1.3% -

0.9% -

0.5% -

1998 2000 2002 2004 2006

can

bc

ab

on


25/44


Bi clt

on fa assciatd with th dclin f fsty

and its sub-scts is th lss f th mst

imptant businss clust. Clusts a

ggaphic cncntatins f intcnnctd

pcsss, manufactus, supplis and

sach institutins ntwkd cnmically

thugh cnmic assciatins and

dpndncis aund a paticula c sct.

A 1999 study by B.C. Stats suggstd that

that th fsty clust accuntd f abut

n-thid f B.C.s walth gnating activity.

Tday that clust has vitually impldd. Sm

cnmists such as Paul Kugman agu thatclusts a ssntial t succss in th mdn

glbal cnmy. Clusts uniquly incas

pductivity, which cmpanis nd t cmpt

natinally and glbally. An imptant plicy

qustin is whth th dclin f th fsty

clust is fatal, and what B.C. nds t d t

stablish altnat clusts in th fac f th

dclin in fsty.

on appant clust that has dn wll is

that latd t th lm industy. Gvnmntplicy, skilld wks and lcal supplis and

facilitis hav cafully nutud this clust. It is

imptant t cntinu th suppt f this sct

and phaps t lk t it f lssns land, if

th sustaining clusts a t b catd.

T ivicti itiv

Many f th tnds discussd in th pvius

sctins a a suc f al cncn. It is wll

undstd that mdn industial cnmis

can nly psp by fsting v high valu-

cating scts. Th challng is t gt th ight

valu mix f scts and activitis in d t

tain its psitin lativ t th st f Canada

and th wld.

Unftunatly, gvnmnt xacbatd

th situatin in th p-cssin pid by

-nfcing a cnstuctin bubbl thugh

unpcdntd infastuctu spnding. This

was paticulaly dtimntal t th ftuns fmanufactuing and high-tch by inating intnal

csts f labu, matials and quipmnt. At th

sam tim, husing cnstuctin, natual gas,

and cnsumptin spnding ccupid a much

lag plac in th cnmy. ovall th cnmy

bcam lss divs and m cncntatd v

th last fw yas.

Divsicatin acts as a kind f insuanc

against ptntial instability and a pssibl

pmannt dwntun in cncntatd activitis.It als pvids th basis f a m divs

pusuit f pptunitis t assist th tansitin

s as t maintain a high-wag, high valu-addd

cnmy.

Divsicatin dictd at stngthning

valu-addd activity culd g a lng way t

addssing many f th pblms aising fm

stuctual chang whil stabilizing th cnmy

t ptct against th ngativ impacts f

pusuing nawly-dnd gwth pptunitis.Divsicatin f th B.C. cnmy is an

impativ if lng-tm sustainability is t b

alizd.


26/44


Icli vl cti ll bi

Th small businss sct is xtmly

imptant in th B.C. cnmy. A ttal f 391,300

businsss w pating in Bitish Clumbia

in 2008. of ths, 384,300, 98 p cnt,

w small businsss. Fifty-v p cnt w

patd and staffd by wn pats with

n paid staff. Th numb f small businsss in

B.C. dclind by 0.1 p cnt btwn 2007 and

2008.

Small businss accunts f 46 p cnt f

mplymnt in B.C., fllwd by lag businss

at 36 p cnt and th public sct at 18

p cnt. B.C. lads is na th tp amngth pvincs with spct t small businss

mplymnt (including slf-mplymnt),

gwth f small businsss and valu gnatd

by th small businss sct. 4

Th lagst tw cncns f small businss

pats in B.C., as ptd in a Mach suvy

by th Canadian Fdatin f Indpndnt

Businss, a th stat f th vall cnmy

and accss t wking capital nancing. 5

Ths will bth b f maj imptanc if thiscitical pat f th businss cmmunity is t

cntibut its full ptntial t th B.C. cnmy.

A stng, vibant small businss sct will b

citical t bth th cvy and t lng-tm

valu catin in th cnmy. It will b citical

t nsu th cdit cisis ds nt sult in a

cntinuing pblm in nancing small businss.

Icli vl cti t tw ci

on f th distubing dvlpmnts in th B.C.

cnmy has bn th shap divid that has

dvlpd btwn th lag uban aas and

th ual and m mt aas f th pvinc.

In gnal, th fm includs mtplitan

Vancuv and th Fas Vally, Victia and th

Lw Island, and th okanagan gins.

Th ual and mt aas tnd t sha

a numb f chaactistics (althugh th

nthast gin diffs in signicant ways):

High sucs dpndncy.

High unmplymnt.

Lw avag anings and incms.

Lw ppulatin dnsity.

Dclining ppulatin.

out migatin f yung ppl.

Dclining plitical inunc.

Dclining gvnmnt and cmmunity

svics.

Mill clsus.

Vulnabl ppty tax bass.

High pptin f small cmmunitis.

Lw invstmnt n a p capita basis.

Signicant Fist Natin ppulatins.


27/44


Unmplymnt ats a paticulaly high in

th ual aas f th pvinc. It is in ths aas

that th mst sius and difcult mplymnt

catin issus must b addssd. Th

unmplymnt ats in th Caib gin f

th yas 1995-2009 a st ut in th fllwing

chat.

Chart 1: CariBoo region

unemployment rate, 199-009

Suc: BC Stats. Labour Force and Related Rates.

Incms a als gnally lw in th ual

gins.

Chart 1: average employment

inCome, BC health regions, 00

Ngativ anings diffntials in ual

gins cmpad t th BC avag f $34,978

w lag in mst gins in 2005. It is als

likly that th diffntials hav incasd aft

2005, as th fsty sct in paticula has

dclind.

ovall, th ual cmmunitis a dnd

by challnging cnmic pspcts and dp

cncns abut th cnmic and scial

cnditins f th futu. rual unmplymnt

is high, and invstmnt in ual aas is

lagging. Mst cmmunitis a cnsidd

by th sidnts t b gd placs t liv andais familis, but th is dp cncn abut

whth this will b sustainabl f futu

gnatins.

Suvy data and ancdtal vidnc suppts

th viw that th sidnts f many ual

cmmunitis fl gvnmnt cas lss and lss

abut thi wll bing. Th is a gwing sns

f maginalizatin and islatin. Th is als

cncn abut th viability and sustainability f

cmmunitis. Many ppl hp f and wantgvnmnt t dvt attntin t th pblms

bf it is t lat. Th assts and capacity a

th t cat valu, but it must b nabld

thugh ffctiv plicy.

16%

14%

12%

10%

8%

6%

4%

2%

0%

$40,000 -

35,000 -

30,000 -

25,000 -

20,000 -

15,000 -

10,000 -

5,000 -

0 -

20,426

20,

688

21,298

22,337

28,359

33,831

34,163

bc avg. $34,978

1 Central Vancouver Island

2 Kootenay/Boundary

3 Okanagan

4 Thompson/Cariboo/Shuswap

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

5 Northern Interior

6 Northern SunshineCoast/Garibaldi

7 Northeast

Suc: BC Stats. Social-Economic Proles. Health Service

Delivery Areas.


28/44


Unmplymnt ats and incm gaps a sv

f abiginal ppl, wh a dispptinatly

sidnt in ual aas. Th fllwing tabls

cntain cmpaativ ats f unmplymnt

and mdian incms in 2005 f th ttal B.C.

ppulatin, th n-sv ppulatin in B.C.

vall, and th ats f v Caib svs.

Pvincially and in th Caib, Fist Natins

unmplymnt ats a at last fu tims

gat than ths f th gnal ppulatin.

Icli vl cti t itc f bigil l

taBle 10: unemployment rates, 00

Ggaphical Aa Unmplymnt rat

Bitish Clumbia 6.0 %

Bitish Clumbia 25.0 %All rsvs

Caib rsv #1 29.2 %

Caib rsv #2 25.0 %

Caib rsv #3 28.6 %

Caib rsv #4 14.3 %

Caib rsv #5 32.4 %

Suc: Statistics Canada. Special Interest Proles, 2006

Census.

Avag incms f abiginal ppl

a substantially blw ths f th gnal

ppulatin. This is illustatd again fm th B.C.

n-sv Fist Natins ppulatin and fm

xampls fm th Caib gin, wh mdian

sv anings a lss than half f th mdian

anings f th B.C. wking-ag ppulatin.

Abiginal ppl, and abiginal yuth in

paticula, mak up a substantial pat f th

mplyabl wk fc in B.C. As such, thy a

a maj asst in tms f futu dvlpmnt

and walth catin. It will b ssntial t

impv th dg t which abiginal ppl

a includd in th activ cnmy. Th situatin

must b addssd in th uban as wll as th

ual aas.

Thughut th pvinc and in th ual

aas in paticula, th unslvd issu f land

titl and suc intsts f Fist Natins

ppl mains an imptant matt t b

slvd. Th failu t ach agmnts

with Fist Natins acts as a lag dtnt

t invstmnt, paticulaly n what a nwdsignatd as cwn lands. Th has bn

limitd pgss in taty making, but much

m is ndd.


29/44


rslving th Fist Natins lands and

sucs qustins will las immns

amunts f badly ndd walth and jb

catin all acss th pvinc. And th bnts

f cnciliatin xtnd wll bynd invstmnt

and dvlpmnt. Ctainty f titl will impv

th vall scial and cnmic nvinmnt,

impv th managmnt f land and sucs,

and ncuag an vall accmmdatin

btwn abiginal ppl and th st f th

ppl f B.C.

Cnict and unctainty hav t lng

bn an ndmic pat f th latinship. Th

cnditins a nw ight f al pgss t

chang all f that, thugh agmnts that

sult in a full patnship btwn Fist Natins,

gvnmnt, and industy. Th gains in tms

f valu catin wuld b vy lag. A cnt

pt stimats $10 billin f valu-addd, and

sm studis suggst th numb culd b much

high. 6

At th sam tim that cnciliatin is

pusud with Fist Natins, much m mustb dn t capitaliz upn th cntibutin

f uban abiginal ppl. A cnt pt

by th envinics Institut shws th uban

abiginal ppulatin in B.C. is lag, cmmittd

t uban lif, and psitiv abut its plac in B.C.

scity. 7 Much m can b dn t nsu full

inclusin f this imptant cmpnnt f th

B.C. ppulatin. This t wuld sult in a lag

incas in valu catin in th B.C. cnmy.

taBle 11: median inComes, 00

Ggaphical Aa Mdian Incm

Bitish Clumbia $28,327

Bitish Clumbia 15,293All rsvs

Caib rsv #1 10,292

Caib rsv #2 10,292

Caib rsv #3 14,240

Caib rsv #4 15,008

Caib rsv #5 11,680

Suc: Statistics Canada. Ibid.


30/44


Icli vl cti ig vt

Bitish Clumbia has a pvty pblm. Tabl

12 sts ut cmpaativ pcntags f ths

blw th lw-incm cut-ff, which is cmmnly

usd t dn pvty, f B.C., Albta and

Canada. As can b sn, B.C. lags Albta and

th Canadian avag. Th gap btwn Albta

and B.C. has bcm pgssivly lag. Whil

data a nt yt availabl, pvty ats hav

almst ctainly incasd aft 2007 as a sult

f th cssin.

Pgss in ducing pvty cntibuts

cnsidably t valu catin in that lw

lvls f pvty a accmpanid by impvdlabu fc paticipatin and gat

mplymnt succss. Invstmnts in pvty

ductin amng familis hav paticulaly high

pay-ffs. Th lw th pvty ats a f

childn, th m succssful thy a as adults

in tms f wk and anings. Singl-pant

familis hadd by wmn hav a paticulaly

high incidnc f pvty and thus shuld b th

subjct f spcial cnsidatin.

taBle 1: perCent Below low inCome

Cut-oFF, B.C., alBerta and Canada(aFter tax), 000-007

Ya Canada AB BC

2000 12.5 % 11. %1 15.1 %

2001 11.2 % 10.0 % 14.1 %

2002 11.6 % 9.4 % 6.0 %

2003 11.6 % 10.7 % 15.4 %

2004 11.4 % 10.6 % 14.1 %

2005 10.8 % 8.5 % 13.0 %

2006 10.5 % 7.0 % 13.0 %

2007 9.2 % 6.1 % 11.1 %

Suc: Statistics Canada. Cansim Table 202-0802.


31/44


32/44


eql tit vl cti

A valu-cating cnmy will pvid

pptunitis t all f its ppl cnsistnt with

thi abilitis and ptntial. T many small

businsss a stuggling. Unmplymnt and

sub-pa incms a t high amng ual,

abiginal and immigant ppulatins. Incm

inquality is gwing in B.C. as is th incidnc

f family pvty.

Pvty cntibuts t th xclusin f

ppl fm accss t th avnus ndd t b

pnd in d f thm t bcm pductiv

mmbs f scity. An qual pptunity

scity is n in which th is a cmmitmnt tqualizing bth pptunitis and capabilitis

t accss pptunitis. Gvnmnt has a

spnsibility t nsu that is th cas. Th pay-

ff is that ach and vy psn can and will add

maximum valu t scitys cnmic activity.

Incm assistanc, spnding n ducatin

and taining, and th pvisin f gvnmnt

svics t hlp ppl vcm bais t

cnmic paticipatin, a valu-cating in

cnmic tms and nd t b pat f anysuccssful tansitin.

a kill wk fc

Th unmplymnt at is nt th nly cncn

with spct t th labu makt. Anth is

nsuing futu labu dmand is mt by th

ncssay supply f labu with th ight skills

and taining.

Th cllg and univsity systms in B.C.

hav pfmd vy wll in ppaing ppl f

futu pptunitis in B.C., as can b sn fm

th fllwing chat. B.C. utpfms Albta,

ontai and Canada vall in th pcntag f

ppl ag 19 t 24 with a cllg univsity

dg, diplma cticat.

Chart 1: share oF 19- year-olds

without degree, CertiFiCate, or

diploma, 000-009

Suc: B.C. Stats. Provincial Comparisons of Various

Performance Indicators.

18% -

16% -

14% -

12% -

10% -

8% -

6% -

2000 2002 2004 2006 2008

can

bc

ab

on


33/44


B.C. has als dn quit wll in tms f

univsity gaduatin, as can b sn in th

fllwing chat.

Chart 16: share oF population

years and over with a degree,

000-009

Hwv sm cncn has bn xpssd

that if th is a asnabl cvy fm th

cssin, th culd b signicant shtags flabu by 2015 in ctain high-skill ccupatins.

Th tansitin t spcic high-valu scts

culd vy wll b impdd bcaus th a

nt sufcint skilld and ducatd candidats

f th jbs ssntial t th tansitin. Th

pblm, if th is n, will b n f jb

matching ath than th vall lvls f

ducatin and taining. Whth this happns

dpnds almst xclusivly n whth th

taining systm ppas nugh ppl f th

jbs that will b quid.

A failu t ppa ptntial wks f

high-valu jbs can siusly impd valu

catin. A maningful taining plan f th pst-

cssin cnmy is ncssay if th B.C. labu

fc is t b ppad f th dmands f th

nxt dcad.

svig bt

B.C. is uniqu in anth imptant spct.

Sm f th buyancy in th B.C. cnmy has

bn fulld by a much lw at f savings,

and thus high cnsumptin xpnditus,

cmpad t th st f th cunty. Indd

citizns in B.C. hav bn nt bws whil

th st f Canada has had a psitiv savings

at, vn duing th difcult cnt yas

lading int th cssin.

Suc: B.C. Stats, ibid.

2000 2002 2004 2006 2008

can

bc

ab

on

30% -

28% -

26% -

24% -

22% -

20% -

18% -

16% -

14% -

2007 2008

% f Incm

Bitish Clumbia -5.9 % -3.4 %

Canada 2.5 % 3.7 %

Suc: B.C. Stats. Personal Income and Savings Rate, 2007 and2008.

taBle 1: savings rates as perCentage

oF inCome, British ColumBia and

Canada, 007 and 008

Th fact that B.C. sidnts hav bn

spnding m than thy hav bn taking in as

incm has addd t th xpansinay impact

f cnstuctin, infastuctu and natual gas

v cnt yas. Ngativ savings ats f a

pvinc a cunty as a whl a smwhat

unusual, althugh th Unitd Stats had a

histy f ngativ savings in th yas lading

up t th cssin.


34/44


Vl cti -kt vl

It is imptant t nt nt all valu catin

invlvs makt valus. In many cass, makts

d nt cctly aticulat imptant valus f

ppl and scity. This is th asn f many f

th public gds that gvnmnt pvids.

Makts cannt d nt fcintly ganiz

th pvisin f ads, wat and sw, plicing,

many halth svics, dfnc, schling, and

many th gds and svics f gat valu.

Makts als fail t xpss th full csts f

nvinmntal damag and th full valu f

public sucs, taditinal havsts and

natual systms. Makt valus als ftn fail

t fully xpss th valu f scial svics

and f cmmunity activity. Th spnsibility

f cgnizing and aticulating nn-makt

valus falls pimaily n gvnmnt. It is als a

signicant spnsibility f civil scity.

Gvnmnt spnding dcisins n gds

and svics shuld thus als b abut valu

catin and maximizing valu. Gvnmnts

must s that th is an apppiat mixf activity in this gad. Sm agu that

gvnmnt spnding is t lag and ngativly

affcts valu catin. Such agumnts a

lagly pmis divn, dductiv and impssibl

t pv n way anth. Hwv, it is

imptant that thy b acknwldgd in th

cntxt f valu-catin statgis.

In pat, th ngativ savings can b xplaind

by th apid incass in hus pics, cating

what is knwn as a walth affct n spnding.

ov th lng tm ngativ saving ats a

nt sustainabl, sinc thy a nly pssibl

thugh v-incasing dbt lads. Th is a

widspad xpctatin that a cctin is du

in dbt accumulatin, in which cas th affct f

spnding n gwth will b ducd. This culd

assist in nancing th invstmnts ndd f a

valu-cating tansitin, but it will als duc

th stimulating affct f high cnsumptin

xpnditus.


35/44


Gvt c

A matt f cnsidabl cncn in th futu

is that f th sustainability f th xisting scal

famwk. Gvnmnt spnding has almst

dubld v th last 10 yas by an amunt

almst qual t th whl f th incas

in spnding v th st 125 yas f th

pvincs histy.

opating and capital spnding in 2000-2001

was abut $24.3 billin, whil in 2010-2011 it

will b abut $46 billin an incas f 90 p

cnt. If this is t b sustaind, bust cnmic

gwth and stng gvnmnt vnus will

bth b quid. Th gvnmnts assumptinthat th cunt lag dcit is tmpay and

that th pvinc can gw its way back t scal

balanc is by n mans ctain. Cncns ais

abut whth B.C. can simply gw its way ut

f dcit and dbt, and whth gvnmnt

vnus will b sufcint t mt gvnmnt

bligatins in th futu. If this is nt th cas,

thn B.C. will in fact hav t wstl with a

stuctual dcit that culd cnfnt th pvinc

with had chics in tms f its cunt businssmdl.

It is gnally assumd B.C.s dbt is

managabl. Hwv, th is sm caus f

cncn. Lik many cpatins and individuals

tday, B.C. has bcm highly lvagd. Th

ttal pvincial dbt will hav gwn fm $35

billin in 2008 t $55.9 billin in 2012, an

incas f 45.5 p cnt. of this, $36.7 billin

will b tax supptd. 10 Th has als bn

a lag incas in th fm f nw nancingaangmnts in th fm f public-pivat

patnships (P3s) that, whil impsing lng-

tm paymnt bligatins n th gvnmnt

sct, d nt hav t b ptd as dbt. Ths

bligatins gw fm a ngligibl amunt a

littl m than v yas ag t m than

$55 billin in 2009,11 and a xpctd t b

in xcss f $70 billin by 2012. Whil ths

bligatins hav bn lagly ignd in pts

f th gvnmnts nancing, th sult is that

ttal nancing paymnt bligatins in th

gvnmnt sct will appach $130 billin

by 2012. Whil many ms and individuals in

th pivat sct a mving apidly t duc

lvagd xpsu f this kind, th is n plan

t d s in th B.C. gvnmnt sct. Accding

t gvnmnt statmnts th intntin is taggssivly incas th amunt f xtnal

nancing, paticulaly by stuctuing dbt

thugh P3s.

Th a many qustins t b askd

abut th tax systm. Th intductin f th

hamnizd sals tax (HST) will sult in a shift

f a ptin f th tax budn fm businss

inputs t cnsum puchass, sulting in an

incas in individual taxatin. Qustins ais

abut th affcts n cnsumptin spnding, andn th invstmnt impacts, sct impacts and

distibutin impacts f this chang.


36/44


Mdn tax systms, in d t b fai, a

dsignd t b pgssiv. Chat 17 illustats

th distibutin f avag cmmunity taxs

paid p psn as incm taxs as a pcntag

f avag cmmunity incm in B.C. in 2007.

Th lw scatt lin is th p cnt f incm

takn as pvincial tax acss cmmunitis,

th upp scatt lin is th p cnt f incm

takn as ttal fdal and pvincial tax, and

th diffnc is p cnt f incm takn as

fdal tax, by cmmunity avag incm.

Fm this chat, n can s that th fdal

tax incass fm 11 p cnt f incm in lw-incm cmmunitis t 25 p cnt f incm in

high-incm cmmunitis, whil th pvincial

incass fm a lw f abut 3.5 p cnt t a

high f abut svn p cnt.

Chart 17: inCome tax paid as

perCentage oF per Capita Community

inCome, total and provinCial,

B.C. Communities, 007

In th cas f th fdal incm tax, th

sha f incm takn as tax iss m quickly

as incms incass, cmpad t th pvincial

tax. Thus, th fdal incm tax is signicantly

m pgssiv than th pvincial incm tax.

Th qustin aiss as t why, and whth th

pvincial tax shuld m clsly match th

fdal systm in tms f pgssivity.

Tansfs within th fdatin a

imptant in Canada, and f paticula intst

t B.C. In th gins, a lw-than-avag

cntibutin t fdal vnus is assciatd

with pptinally high fdal gvnmntspnding. In cntast, Bitish Clumbia bth

cntibuts lss t and civs lss fm th

fdal gvnmnts cffs than its sha f th

ppulatin. In 2001, th pvincs sha f th

Canadian ppulatin was 13 p cnt. Individuals

and cpatins gnatd 12 p cnt f ttal

fdal vnus, whil 11 p cnt f fdal

spnding wnt t B.C.12

Th cyclical natu f th B.C. cnmy has

als bcm vidnt with th vnts f cntyas. Sm sucs-dpndnt juisdictins

pn t fqunt cycls and nn-sustainabl

bms in vnu hav dvlpd spcial ainy

day gvnmnt savings funds availabl

t mitigat th impact f suddn dwntuns.

Givn th suddn and disuptiv gvnmnt

cuts f th past fw mnths in spns t lag

dps in vnus, th advisability f th B.C.

gvnmnt ding th sam is a matt f sm

plicy intst.

30% -

25% -

20% -

15% -

10% -

5% -

0% -

low med high

Upp Scatt Fd. and Pv. Tax P Capita

Lw Scatt Pv. Tax P Capita

Suc: B.C. Stats. B.C. Taxation Statistics.

Per CAPITA CoMMUNITY INCoMe


37/44


T t-ci cv

Th 2008-2009 cssin hit th B.C. cnmy

had. Th lagst singl ya dp in th valu

f walth and cnsumptin gnatd in th

cnmy ccud in 2009. Th sam is tu

f mplymnt and wag incm. Jb lsss

hav bn paticulaly dvastating in fsty

and sucs, manufactuing and pcssing,

cnstuctin and th fd svics industis.

In many spcts th cssin sultd

fm plicy failu. It is nt, as sm claim, a

blankt cndmnatin f pivat capital and

pivat makts. Dgulatin f nancial

makts and th blind pusuit f pivat gainby sm sultd in th catin and tading

f invstmnt instumnts that inxably

undmind th asst bas f banks and th

nancial institutins. Gd and pptunism

an ampant as sht-tm pivat advantag in

sm quats cnsumd capital makts. Th

sult was nt nly a cdit cllaps and th

wst invstmnt and cdit cisis in gnatins,

but als an almst univsal cgnitin that

gvnmnt is n ncssay ingdint inth succss f th makt cnmy n an

n-ging basis.

Th ncuaging thing is that ppl and

gvnmnts a laning fm xpinc that

gvnmnt and th pivat sct a bth

ncssay. W can nw s that nw uls, nw

standads, and nw institutins will b ndd.

And gvnmnt will nv again b abl t

cdibly dny that it ds nt hav a psitiv l

in th succss f th cnmy. But gvnmnt

will nd t b cla abut its gals and its l.

Cncn abut th cvy is dminatd by

fu imptant challngs:

1 establishing th ndd amunt f

invstmnt t st mplymnt andwalth catin,

2 ensuing that high-valu, high-wag scts

a sufcintly supptd thugh plicy in

d t nsu a succssful valu-cating

tansitin v th lng-tm,

3 Achiving gat divsicatin t

duc dpndnc n th limitd divs

f th lagly uban bm f th p-

cssin pid sidntial cnstuctin,

gvnmnt-nancd infastuctu, and

natual gas, and

4 rsting gvnmnt scal cnditins.


38/44


This is nt t dnigat th lw valu-cating scts. Thy a f citical imptanc

t vall mplymnt. But th challng is t

gt th ight mix in d t main cmptitiv

with th st f Canada and th wld.

Unlss sufcint numbs f nw jbs a in

sustainabl, high-valu, high-wag scts th

lng-tm pspity f th pvinc cannt b

assud. Th ight mix is ndd, and t achiv

that mix th is a cla impativ t maximiz

high-valu jbs. Futh, th fa that th pst-cssin cvy culd b a jblss cvy

aiss futh cncns abut ability t cat

ndd valu.

F a tim in th mid-2000s, aspcts f th

tansitin w, t sm dg, maskd. Th

fsty sct was supptd by th sht-

tm havst f th pin btl infctd stands.

Futh, lmnts f appant pspity

appad f a sht tim bf th nslaught

f th cssin in 2008 as a sult f bms

in cnstuctin f husing and gvnmnt-

nancd infastuctu pjcts, cnsumptin

spnding, and natual gas pductin.

Ths faily nawly dnd bms, what might b calld bmlts, hav tndd

t mask many undlying challngs that pint

t ptntial lng-tm pblms. Futh,

cncntatd bmlts such as ths mak

th cnmy highly vulnabl t changs in

a small numb f cnmic divs, which

a at a high isk f nt bing sustainabl v

th lng tm. Thus, with sm matial pat

f th gwth in th middl f th last dcad

attibutabl t bubbls in cnsumptin, husing,gvnmnt-nancd infastuctu and natual

gas, th is a dang th cnmy is nt nly n

a nn-sustainabl path, but that it has bcm

highly vulnabl t changs in a small numb

f cnmic divs.

Th challng is t nsu th lng-tm

tansitin maximizs sustainabl valu catin.

Th nxt fw yas will dtmin whth B.C.

is abl t mak a succssful tansitin t nw

valu-cating industis and nw sucs f

walth that will sustain it in its histic psitin

as a high-valu, high-wag cnmy within th

Canadian cntxt.


39/44


Bitish Clumbia is in many ways wll-placd t

manag th tansitin in th cnmy fd t

in this pap. Th pvinc has many stngths

and assts upn which t build. Ths a

imptant cnsidatins whn lking fwad

and whn mapping ut a plan f th futu.

Bitish Clumbia has a lng histy f

cnmic pspity and succssful cnmic

dvlpmnt. It has bn, with a fw xcptins,

a hav-pvinc within Cnfdatin, and

has wlcmd ppl fm thughut th

wld. And it njys many cnmic advantags,

including: A lativ abundanc f natual sucs.

rnwabl sucs, including wat,

fsty, wildlif, and th vaius aspcts f

th natual nvinmnt hav lng pvidd

B.C. with a cmpaativ advantag. Managd

wll, ths can b a suc f walth and

wll bing f citizns f gnatins t

cm. Nn-nwabl sucs a and

will cntinu t b imptant. Th challng

will b t nsu that thi managmnt iscnsistnt with sustainability pincipls.

A favuabl climat and wll-dvlpd

amnitis, making B.C. a natual daw t

in-migatin fm th pats f Canada

and th xtnal wld, paticulaly China

and Suth Asia. This in-migatin has nt

nly bught an infusin f highly skilld

and cativ ppl. It has als bught

with it a signicant and cntinuing inw f

invstmnt capital. This has bn paticulaly

imptant f invstmnt in sidntial

cnstuctin; it has als cntibutd

signicantly t businss invstmnt. Capital

tansfs fm utsid cntibut dictly tth walth f th pvinc in numus ways.

A lag and succssful immigant ppulatin

that has mad a lag and lasting impact n

its cnmic, scial and plitical lif. B.C. is a

wld-cgnizd succss sty in building a

multi-cultual scity that has dawn havily

n th capital, skills and ngy f ppl

fm bynd its bds wh hav sught and

fund a nw and succssful lif h.

A wll-ducatd and highly-skilld labu

fc. Th pvinc is wll placd t suppt

high-valu, high-tch, high-wag, and

knwldg-basd industis with a wll-

ducatd wk fc. Ths industis will b

ky if B.C. is t maintain a cmptitiv and

succssful cnmy.

rlativly lw-cst accss t th lag and

gwing Asian, and paticulaly th Chins,

makt. Th distanc btwn B.C. and China

by wat is sht than it is f eup and

th pats f Nth Amica. This pvids

B.C. with an imptant cmptitiv advantag

in th mging and apidly dvlping

mging makts.

stgt titi witi t c


40/44


A signicant ndwmnt f gd famland

capabl f pducing f th B.C. makt.

Th Agicultual Land rsv has ptctd

against th lss f famland cmmn t

th juisdictins. Lcally-pducd fd

is bing cgnizd as v m imptant

as tansptatin bcms m cstly

and as pfncs shift twad fsh, lcal

pducts.

A lativly wll-dvlpd and xtnsiv

systm f scial suppt and dvlpmnt

svics. Halth ca and ducatin svics

a fcint in tms f cmpaabl taxpay

csts, and ntwithstanding cnt spnding

staints, cntinu t b imptant assts.

Municipal svics a gnally gd and

infastuctu is f lativly high quality.

Vigus and mpwd abiginal ppl,

including Fist Natins ppl, in pssssin

f bust taditinal ights, including land,

nwabl sucs and cultu. With a

ppulatin f abut 170,000, th abiginal

ppl f B.C. a xtmly imptant in

tms f human sucs, dvlpmntal

capacity, and walth catin. effctiv

patnships in cnjunctin with histic -

cnciliatin masus hav th ptntial t

suppt th dvlpmnt f abiginal lands,

sucs, gvnmnts and institutins and

t captu uniqu and valuabl pptunitis

in cmmunitis all acss B.C. and in

paticula in mt and ual cmmunitis.

Th ptntial t achiv a lw-cabn

missins cnmy lativly quickly.

Cmptitiv cnmis v th cming

dcads will b ths that mak a fast

tansitin t a lw-cabn stat. Th lag

pptin f lcticity gnatd by B.C.

Hyd fm lag-scal public hyd nsus

lcticity is bth clan and affdabl. Th

cntinud ability f B.C. Hyd t supply

clan ngy can nsu clan, lw-cst

lcticity will b availabl lng int th

futu withut cstly subsidis. Ca nds

t b takn t nsu nw gvnmnt-supptd pivat hyd f xpt will nt

v tim qui v-incasing subsidis,

high lcticity pics and v gat

lianc n dity ngy t ll th sasnal

gaps that cannt b svd by ths facilitis.

A stng public svic. This is imptant

in any mdn cnmy tday, and its

imptanc will b vn gat in an

cnmy facing a difcult tansitin. ov its

histy, B.C. has dvlpd and maintainda high-quality public svic, a stng cd

in plicy innvatin and a histy f fcint

svic dlivy. Th public svic in B.C.

at th fdal, pvincial, ginal and lcal

lvls is pfssinal, incuptibl, and

public intst intd. Bitish Clumbians

valu gd gvnmnt cmmittd t

fcincy, fainss, pagmatism, nn-

patisanship, indpndnc fm spcial

intsts, uls-basd appachs, andhnsty. Ths valus a imptant t

dvlpmnt and walth catin.


41/44


Numus qustins ais fm th pcding

viw f th B.C. cnmy. Sm, althugh

by n mans all, f th qustins that nd

addssing includ:

1. T cllg f g gvt

Is cnmic plicy bing divn by valid

assumptins and blifs?

What is th likly scal situatin v th

nxt th t v yas?

Is B.C. ncunting a stuctual dcit?

Will taxs hav t b aisd spndingducd t balanc th budgt? Hw quickly

shuld th budgt b balancd?

Has gvnmnt cntibutd t a cyclical

bubbl v th past fw yas, t th

dtimnt f lng-tm adjustmnts?

Hav gvnmnt xpnditus thmslvs

bn a suc f instability in th cnmy?

Shuld B.C. dvlp a gvnmnt ainy

day savings fund t stabiliz th w f

gvnmnt spnding?

Is th cunt tax systm fai? Is tax fm

ndd? T achiv fainss? T achiv a

balancd budgt?

2. sift i t c

Is th cunt dictin f th cnmy

sufcintly dictd at valu catin?

Is th cunt dictin f th cnmy

sustainabl? What is th signicanc f th dwnwad

tnd in fsty and fsty pducts as

liabl walth and jb gnats distibutd

widly thughut th pvinc?

Hw can th tansitin away fm cabn

dpndncy b achivd?

Is th high dpndnc n cnstuctin and

infastuctu sustainabl?

What can b dn t gnat a shift twad

high valu-addd pductin?

What a th causs and facts cntibuting

t th cnmic cisis in vitually all f th

ual cmmunitis in B.C.? What can b dn?

3. ecic ttgi

What can w lan fm th fact that thfst and salmn sucs w havstd

n a nn-sustainabl basis f gnatins

and that thy likly can nv again pvid

th basis f pspity as thy nc did?

Can B.C. cmpt in th wld cnmy as

a high-wag, high valu-addd, knwldg-

basd cnmy? If s, hw is that t b

achivd? Hw can pductivity b impvd?

Hw can xpts b incasd?

What a th nw scts that plicy shuld

suppt?

Hw can cultual industis b supptd and

stngthnd?

What is ndd t build gn cnmy

scts? Hw much can ths cntibut t

divsicatin?

Is it pssibl f th B.C. gvnmnt t hlp

cngu th cnmy in th fac f th

dp stuctual changs at wk?

T bic cllg ig t igt qti


42/44


4. Fit nti bigil l

What can b dn t acclat sttlmnts

with Fist Natins?

What is ndd t nsu that abiginal

yuth civ ducatin and taining t

paticipat fully in th cnmy?

Hw can gat abiginal paticipatin

in invstmnts and wnship b mad a

ality?

5. divicti

What l shuld divsicatin play in B.C.sdvlpmnt and what appach shuld b

takn t ncuag divsicatin?

What scts shuld civ piity in

futu plicy and planning? Shuld an

industial statgy and a dvlpmnt plan

b dvlpd? Hw? What shuld it cntain?

What shuld b th l f gvnmnt?

Wh will th ndd invstmnt capital

cm fm and hw can it b ncuagd?

What can b dn t stimulat and

ncuag invstmnts and gwth dvtd

t lcal, nn-mbil capital such as faming,

taditinal sucs, amnitis, th natual

nvinmnt, and ths that pvid B.C.

with a natual advantag? Hw can ths

scts b ncuagd?

6. ext xt vlt

Hw much mphasis shuld b placd

n Asian tad? What plicis shuld b

pusud?

Hw can invstmnts in xpt industis b

ncuagd?

7. plti, iigti t

lb fc

What will b th impact f ppulatin

changs n th B.C. cnmy? of th

dclining pptin f yung ppl?of th incasing pptin f th ldly?

Will th b a dvlping shtag f highly-

skilld nw ntants t th labu fc in th

futu? Will this cnstain th cnmy?

If s what shuld b dn t addss it?

What cntibutin will immigants mak t

th B.C. cnmy v th cming dcads?

What is th likly impact f th cnt

StatsCan pjctins shwing an incasing

lativ siz f th immigant ppulatin in

B.C.?

What can b dn t sustain th in-migatin

f ppl with skills and sucs?

Hw can pvty ductin b addssd?


43/44


e t

1 Bitish Clumbia. Your BC Government:

Technology and Innovation.

http://www.gv.bc.ca/yubc/high_tch/

ht_cnmy.html

2 Patick Cndn and Knt Mullinix.

Agriculture on the Edge. Accssd at www.

kwantln.ca/__shad/assts/agicultu-

n-th-dg12901.pdf

3 Bitish Clumbia Pgss Bad. Boosting

Incomes, Confronting Demographic

Change: B.C.s Productivity Imperative.

Accssd at www.bcpgssbad.cm/achivs/aTB07Pductivity.html

4 BC Stats. Small Business Prole, 2009.

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data/bus_stat/busind/sm_bus.asp

5 Canadian Fdatin f Indpndnt

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Barometer. Accssd at http://www.cb-

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201003.pdf.

6 BC Taty Cmmissin. Treaties Will Boost

BC Economy by Over $10 Billion. Accssd

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indx-ng.cfm?CFID=3621895&CFToKeN=

33703151

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and Regions, 2001-2017.

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10 Bitish Clumbia. Budget 2010.

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B.C..ca/2010/

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Accounts for the Fiscal Year Ended March

31, 2009. Accssd at http://www.n.gv.

bc.ca/oCG/pa/08_09/Pa08_09.htm

12 B.C. Stats. Business Indicators, August

2004. Accssd at http://www.bcstats.gv.

bc.ca/pubs/p_bi.asp


44/44

dt c

Bitish Clumbia Pgss Bad.

Benchmark Report. Accssd at http://www.

bcpgssbad.cm/2009rpt/CT1.html

B.C. Stats. British Columbia Employment by

Detailed Industries, Annual Averages. Accssd

at http://www.B.C.stats.gv.B.C..ca/data/lss/

labu.asp

BC Stats, BC GDP at Market Prices. Accssd at

http://www.bcstats.gv.bc.ca/data/bus_stat/

bca/bcgdp.asp

B.C. Stats. B.C. GDP by Industry NAICSAggregations. Accssd at http://www.B.C.stats.

gv.B.C..ca/data/bus_stat/B.C.a/B.C.eACu.

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incm.asp

B.C. Stats. B.C. Tourism and High Technology

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satacct.asp

BC Stats. Labour Force and Related Rates.

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lss/labu.asp#LFS

BC Stats. Labour Force Activity for British

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DATA/lss/labu.asp

BC Stats. Interprovincial and International Trade.

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bus_stat/tad.asp

B.C. Stats. Personal Income and Savings Rate,

2007 and 2008. Accssd at http://www.bcstats.

gv.bc.ca/data/bus_stat/bca/

incm.asp

BC Stats. Provincial Comparisons of Various

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PvCmp.asp

BC Stats. Social-Economic Proles Health

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bcstats.gv.bc.ca/data/sp/hsda/hs_main.asp

Statistics Canada. Cansim Table 202-0802.

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cl/lc-cl?lang=ng&catn=13-018-

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X2006001&lang=ng

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bslc/lc-cl/lc-cl?lang=ng&catn=97-563-

X2006001

looking forward: the bc economy at a crossroads

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