longman essay activator

Knowledge comes from learning. Wisdom comes from living KHC THC _____________________________________________________________________________________

NGUYN KHC THC Email: [email protected] DANANG 2015 Facebook: FACEBOOK.COM/KHACTHUCENGLISH 1

Advantages & Disadvantages

1. Writing about Advantages

- Advantage (c.n) The great advantage of digital cameras is that there is no film to process

The movement of the sea is predicable. This gives wave power a distinct

advantage over (=an obvious advantage compared to) win power

Despite a few problems with the design, the cars advantages clearly outweigh its

disadvantages

- Benefit (c.n) Modern technology has brought great benefits to mankind

- Merit (c.n) s xng ng, s xut sc >< the merits and the demerits of = the good and bad features of, see no great in ... = to do not think that it is a good.....

- Good point (c.n) about sth is that ....= plus point

- The good/ great/ best thing about: informal the beauty of sth is that ... -

2. Writing about Disadvantages.

- Disadvantage (c.n) The main disadvantage of this book is tis price

- Drawback (c.n): nhc im, im yu

- Downside (c.n) mt tri, mt tiu cc

- Bad point

-

Agreeing >< Disagreeing

1. Agree with sb or sth

- Agree (int/ tran.v) with sbs opinion: ng tnh vi quan im ca ai

- Share sbs view/ concern/ fear ... = to have the same opinion/ concern/ fear ...: c cng quan im ...

- Subscribe to a view/ theory ... = to agree with an opinion or idea.

- To be of the same opinion about sth/ as sb - Concur (v) with ng tnh, by t: formal = agree with (+ that)



- Sb is right/ sb makes a valid point: used when you agree with what sb says: Cox makes a valid point when he questions our ability to remain objective

2. To partly agree with sb/ sth

- Agree up to a point = to partly agree with sb/ sth: 1 phn

- Broadly agree with = to agree with most parts of sth: chung broadly speaking: ni chung

- There is some truth in: used when saying that you think that sth is partly true or right:

-

3. When a group of people agree

- Agreement (unc.n): there is general agreement that; there is widespread agreement on = most people agree about it; S + be + mostly in agreement about =

most of them agree about it; reach agreement = agree with each other.

- Consensus (sin, unc.n): s ng lng, s nht tr There was a growing consensus that the military government had to be replaced.

- Common ground: im chung, im tng ng

- Unanimous (adj) on sth: nht tr, ng lng; a unanimous decision

- Widely held view/ belief/ ....

- Widely/ generally accepted -

Aim or purpose

1. Ways of saying what the aim or purpose of sth is

- Aim to do sth = try to do achieve sth

- Set out to do sth: begin to do a job with a particular aim.

- in order to do

- be intended to do the dams were intended to control the flooding which affects the river in winter.

- Be supposed to do/ be meant to do: to be intended to have a particular result or

effect.

-

2. Words meaning aim/ purpose



- Aim (n)

- Purpose

- Object

- Target

- Goal

- Intention

- Mission

- The point

- Ends

Approximate/ Exact

1. Words meaning approximately

- Approximately

- About (less informal)

- Roughly

- In the region of

- Circa + year

- Or more 10 years/ 20% ... or more

-

2. Words meaning exactly

- Exactly

- To be exact

- Precisely

- Right in the middle of/ next to/ in front of

- Directly in front of/ behind/ under etc ..

Causes

1. To make sth to happen

- Make (sb/sth + Vbare inf)



- Cause (bad things formal > make)

- Lead to + N

- Result in + N

- Create

- Bring about

- Give rise to sth (a formal phrase)

- Generate

- Be responsible for

- Set off

- Trigger 2. Ways of saying sth is caused by another thing

- Be caused by

- Be the result of/ result from

- Arise from

- Stem from 3. To be one of things that cause sth to happen

- Play a part

- Be a factor

- Contribute to sth

- Influence (v)

- Cause (n)

- Factor

- Origins

- Source

- Root

Certainty & uncertainty

1. Ways of saying that you are certain about sth

- Certain (adj) formal > sure

- Sure (adj) not before N

- Convinced (adj) not before N

- Confident (adj) not before N

- Satisfied (adj) not before N

- Have no doubt/ be in no doubt



- Without (a) doubt

- There is no doubt that/ there is no denying/ disputing the fact that: (completely sure)

- Certainly/ undoubtedly

2. Ways of saying that you are not certain about sth

- Not certain/ uncertain (adj) not before N > not sure

It is by no means certain that she is right ( = it is not at all certain)

- Not sure/ unsure (adj) not before N

- Have doubts

- Be dubious about sth

Comparing & contrasting

1. What you say when comparing things or people

- Compared to/ with:

The average make male has a life expectancy of 77.6 years, compared with 75 in

1960

- By comparison/ in comparison

Wages are low in comparison with the US

- Next to/ beside (prep)

- As against/ as opposed to (conj)

- Unlike (prep)

- In/ by contrast

- In proportion to/ in relation to: the relationship of amount or size of sth People from Sweden pay the highest rates of tax in proportion to their incomes

- Relative (adj) the same type

2. To compare things or people

- Compare (tran.v)

- Make/ draw a comparison (draw > make)

- Draw an analogy:

- Draw a parallel



- Like sth/ sth to (ph.v)

- Contrast (v)

- Make/ draw a distinction between (draw > make)

Concluding

1. what you say when concluding your essay/ argument

- in conclusion/ to conclude

- to summarize/ to sum up

- sth can be summarized as follows

- the following conclusion(s) may be drawn

- the main conclusion to be drawn is that

-

2. saying again what your aims were at the conclusion of an essay

- the purpose/ aim of thi ... was to ...

- in this... I have tried/ attempted to ....

Decreasing

1. to decrease

- decrease

- go down

- decline

- drop/ fall

- plunge/ plummet

- halve

- diminish

- dwindle

2. to make sth decrease

- reduce

- lower > bring down



- cut

- halve

- relieve/ ease

- alleviate = make a problem less serious

3. A decrease

- Decrease (n)

- Reduction

- Cut

- Drop/ fall

- Decline

4. When sth stops decreasing

- Level off/ Out = stop decreasing and stay at the same level

- Bottom out = reach the lowest point

Disagreeing

1. To disagree with sb/ or with an opinion

- Disagree/ not agree

- Take issue with (a formal phrase)

- Dispute (v)

- Differ

- Be divided on/ split on

- Be mistaken (adj)

2. When people disagree about sth

- Disagreement (unc.n)

- Dispute (n)

- Controversy (n)

3. Causing disagreement



- Contentious (adj a formal word) hay gy g, hay ci nhau a Contentious issue/ topic/ subject

- Controversial (adj) a highly controversial topic - Divisive (adj) gy bt ng, chia r

Effects

1. Word meaning effect

- Effect (n) on

Building hundreds of new homes is likely to have an adverse effect on the

environment (a bad effect)

- Impact (n) on: refer big and permanent effect

- Influence (n) on

- Side effect (n): unwanted effect beside its good effects, especially, about drug and medical treatment

- Aftereffects (pl.n)

- Knock-on effect

- Repercussions (pl.n) the bad effects that happen later as a result of an event which continues to happen afterwards

- Implications (pl.r) the possible effects that sth is likely to have in the future.

2. To affect sth/ sb

- Affect: = to have an effect on sth/ sb

- Be bad for

- Be good for

- Impact (on) (v)

- Make a difference

- Influence (v)

Emphasizing

1. What you say when emphasizing that sth is important

- I would like to stress that



- It should be noted that (a formal phrase)

- It is worth bearing in mind that

- Crucial

- Vital/ essential

2. Ways of emphasizing one person or thing more than others

- Especially/ particularly (adv)

- In particular

- Notably

- Above all

- Most of all

- Most importantly/ most significantly

3. To emphasize sth

- Emphasize/ stress

- Highlight

- Underline/ underscore

- Draw attention to

- Point up

Explaining

1. What you say when you are explaining sth

- This means that/ which means that

- That is > ie

- Le/ i.e: explaining the meaning of the previous word. (id est)

- In other words/ to put in another way

- To put it simply

- Specially



2. Words meaning to explain sth

- Explain

- Give/ offer/ provide an explanation to explain sth

- Set out

- Go through

- Expand on

- Clarify

Giving example

1. What you say when giving example

- For example

- For instance

- Particularly/ in particular

- Be a good typical/ classics/ obvious ... example

- Be a case in point

- Take/ consider sth as an example/ for instance

- By way of illustration

- By shown by

- This is true of/ this was true of sth

2. What you say when there a lot of other examples of sth

- Such as

- Including

- To name but a few

- Etc/ et cateria

3. To give sth or sb as an example



- Give the example of sth/ give sth as example

- Cite

Giving exceptions

1. Ways of saying that sth/ sb is an exception

- Except (prep) (for)

- Apart from/ aside from

- Excluding/ not including (Excluding > not including)

- With the exception of/ with one exception

- But ( after nothing, no one, any, anything, anyone, all, everyone and everything) the only

- Other than (negative sentence)

- In a few cases/ in a small number of cases

2. Sb or sth that is not included

- Exception (n)

All societies, without exception, share the same characteristics (used when saying

that there are no exception)

Giving opinions

1. What you say when giving your opinion about sth

- In my opinion/ view

- I think that in this writers view/ opinion ... as sb has pointed out, .... - It seems to me that

- I believe that



2. Ways of saying what another persons opinion is

- sbs opinion/ view is that

- in sbs opinion/ view

- be of the opinion. Take the view that

- have/ hold an opinion

- for sb

- as far as sb is concerned

- from sbs point of view

3. to say what your opinion is about sth

- give/ express/ voice an opinion (express/ voice an opinion > give)

- make your views known (about sth)

Giving reasons

1. what you say when giving reasons for sth

- because the reason is/ the reason for this is that..... - why

- in order to > to

- for

- through

- as a result of

- due to/ owing to

2. words meaning reason

- reason



- explanation

- motive

- grounds

- argument

- rationale

- justification for

- basis

3. a reason that does not seem believable

- Pretext: c/ l do: as a pretext for, under the pretext of = using this as a reason People were sent to prison or labour camps on the flimsiest of pretexts (for reasons

that seem very unlikely and difficult to believe)

- Excuse (n) for People are tired of listening to the same old feasible excuses ( = excuses that seem

very weak and not believable)

Increasing

1. To increase

- Increase

- Rise/ go up (rise > go up), has increased = are up by

- Grow

- Double/ triple/ quadruple

- Expand

- Soar

- Escalate

2. To make sth increase

- Increase



- Raise > put up

- Double/ triple/ quadruple

- Expand

- Boost

- Extend

- Set up

- Add to

3. An increase

- Increase (the increase of .... in. ... ) Englands countryside is under threat from a massive increase (a very big

increase) traffic

- Growth

- Rise

- Build-up

- Surge

- Explosion

- Boom

4. When sth does not increase or stops increasing

- Remain constant > stay the same

- Peak/ reach a peak

- Level off/ out

Linking parts of a sentence

1. Words meaning and or also

- And

- Also

- Too/ as well



- In addition

- Furthermore > moreover

- Not to mention

2. Words meaning because

- because

- Due to/ owing to

- Through

- Thanks to

- Since/ as

- In view of

- Out of particular feeling/ quality

3. Words meaning but or although

- But

- Although

- However/ nevertheless

- Whereas/ while

- By contrast

- Yet

- In spite of/ despite

4. Words meaning if

- If

- Unless

- Whether or not

- Otherwise

- In case

- Assuming that

- As long as/ provided that



- On condition that

- In the event of/ that

5. Words meaning in order to

- In order to

- So (that)

- For

- With the aim of doing sth

- With a view to doing sth

6. Words meaning or

- Or

- Alternatively

- On the one/ other hand

7. Words meaning therefore

- Therefore > so

- Thus > therefore

- Hence formal

- As a result

- Consequently/ as a consequence > as a result

- For this/ these reasons

- With the result that

- This means that

- Thereby

- Accordingly

Listing & Ordering



1. What you say when ordering a group of things you want to mention

- Firstly/ first

- First of all

- Secondly/ second

- Thirdly/ third

- In the first/ second/ third place

- Then/ next

- In addition

- Furthermore/ moreover

- Lastly/ last but not least

- Finally

- One last/ final point

2. Ways of introducing a list of reasons, causes, points etc

- There are several/ there are a number of

- As follows

- The following

Making generalizations

1. Ways of saying that something is true about most people or things

- Most

- Mostly/ mainly/ < largely

- Predominantly

- Almost all/ nearly all/ virtually

- The majority

- In general

- Generally

- Generally speaking/ broadly speaking/ as a rule

- For the most part

- By and large/ in the main/ on the whole



2. To say that sth is true

- Generalize

- Generalization

Problems & solutions

1. Problems

- Problem

- Issue

- Challenge

- Difficulty

- Trouble

- Complication

- Setback

- Obstacle

- Pitfall

- Dilemma

- Vicious circle

2. Small problems

- Teething problem/ troubles

- Snag informal word

- Hitch informal word

3. Solutions



- Solution

- Answer

- Way out

- Cure (remedy, prescription and panacea used metaphorically)

- Quick fix informal word

- Magic bullet for

Quoting people

Ways of quoting what sb has said

- Say

- Write

- Point out as Sb points out/ notes/ states/ remarks note/ remark: formal - Observe

- State

- Argue

- Conclude

- Claim

- According to

- In the words of....

Referring

1. Referring to an earlier part of essay, report etc

- Above

- Previous

- Preceding

- Earlier



- As has been seen/ it has been seen that

- The former

- The latter

2. Referring to a later part of an essay, report etc

- Below

- The following

- As follows

- There follow

- Over page/ overleaf

- See over

- As we shall see

3. Referring to another piece of work

- See

- As sb says/ notes/ remarks/ points out

- Cf.

- Op. Cit. (opere citato)

- Ibid (ibidem)

- Ioc. Cit. (loco citato)

- Pp (pages)

Related/ Unrelated

1. Ways of saying that two things are related

- Related to/ connected



- Linked (adj)

- There is a connection/ link

- There is a correlation

- Inter-related/ interconnected

- Interdependent

- Associated

- Be bound up with

- Go together

2. Related to what is being discussed

- Relevant

- Pertinent

- Germane

- Have a bearing on

- To the point

3. Not related

- Not related/ not connected

- Unrelated/ unconnected

- There is no relation/ connection

- Separate

- Discrete

- Distinct

4. Not related to what you are discussing

- Irrelevant

- Have nothing to do with

- Have no bearing on

- Be beyond/ outside the scope of



Showing & Proving

1. To show that sth is true

- Show <

- Prove

- Demonstrate

- Sth can be seen that/ it (as) can be seen that

- Be evidence of

- Be symptomatic of

- Reveal

- Confirm

- Support/ back up

- Corroborate

- Validate

- Substantiate

2. To show sth is likely

- Suggest

- Indicate

- Imply

- There is some evidence hat

- Give the impression

- Lead to the conclusion that

3. To show that sth is untrue

- Disprove

- Contradict

- Refute



- Invalidate

- Demolish

Study & Research

1. To study sth in order to find out more about it

- Study (v)

- Do/ carry out do/ carry out an experiment

- Test

- Trial

3. A piece of writing by sb who is studying a subject

- Essay

- Paper

- Dissertation

- Thesis



4. The results of sbs research

- Results

- Findings

- Conclusion

Subjects & Topics

1. Ways of saying what the subject of sth is

- About

- On

- On the subject/ topic of

- Concerning/ regarding sth

- With regard to

- Deal with

- Be concerned with

- Focus on

- Tell the story of

2. Words meaning subject

- Subject

- Topic

- Theme

- Issue

- Question

- Matter (general) > issue/ question (specific)



l To indicate more information

Besides - Making an additional point; anyway

Furthermore

In addition

Moreover

Likewise

Indeed In truth In fact

Also

As well

Foremost - Ranking above all others; Preceding all others in spatial position

First, Second, Third, Finally

Firstly, Secondly, Thirdly

To make Intensification

indeed

to repeat

by all means

of course

Doubtedly

Certainly

without doubt

undoubtedly

in fact

surely

To indicate an example

For example

For instance

In particular

Particularly - Specifically or especially distinguished from others

Specifically

To illustrate

To demonstrate

To indicate a cause or reason



Since

Because

Because of

Due to

For

For the reason that

As

Inasmuch as - Since

Whereby - As a result of which, By which, "the means whereby we achieved our

goal"

To indicate a result or an effect

Accordingly - because of the reason given

Consequently

Hence

So

Therefore

Thus

Thusly - In the way indicated

Thence - From that fact or reason or as a result

Therefrom - From that circumstance or source

Thereof - Of or concerning this or that, From that circumstance or source

Corollary - A practical consequence that follows naturally, "blind jealousy is a

frequent corollary of passionate love"

To conclude

For the aforementioned reasons

For the aforementioned reasons, there is no doubt that

To sum up the foregoing,

Given these facts

In conclusion

In closing

To conclude

To express an opinion

In all due fairness

With good judgment, (one/we may)

To describe or make



vivid

portray

depict

exhibit

illustrate

expose

present

paint a portrait

limn - Trace the shape of, make a portrait of

delineate

represent

demonstrate

constitute - Form or compose

embodied - (adj) Expressed by

embody - (v) Represent or express in tangible form

embodiment

To prove

manifest - Provide evidence for; stand as proof of

attest - Provide evidence for

testify - Provide evidence for

certify - Provide evidence for

endorse, indorse - Give support or one's approval to

show - Establish the validity of something, as by an example, explanation or

experiment

establish

instance - (v) Clarify by giving an example of

exemplify - (v) Clarify by giving an example of

To compare or contrast

Whereas

In comparison

In contrast

However

Although

On the other hand

Likewise

Similarly

But

Yet

Withal - Despite anything to the contrary (usually following a concession)



Withal - Together with this

Nevertheless - Despite anything to the contrary

Nonetheless - Despite anything to the contrary

Notwithstanding - Despite anything to the contrary

Even so - Despite anything to the contrary

All the same - Despite anything to the contrary

To indicate time

After

Before

Currently

During

Eventually

Finally

First, Second, etc.

Formerly

Immediately

Initially

Lastly

Later

Meanwhile

Next

Once

Previously

Simultaneously

Soon

Subsequently

Subsequent - Following in time and order

Hitherto, Heretofore - Used in negative statement to describe a situation that has

existed up to this point or up to the present time, The sun hasnt rose hitherto. In due time

Henceforth

To indicate certainty

Truly

Sincerely

Genuinely

Surely

Rightfully

Absolutely

Indubitably



Certainly

Without doubt

Needless to say

To indicate doubt

Most likely

More likely

Possibly

Probably

Dubitable - Open to doubt or suspicion

Dubious - Distressed with uncertainty or doubt

To summarize

Overall

To summarize

In summary

To sum up

Paraphrased

Briefly

In brief

Summing up

To put it briefly

prcis - A sketchy summary, Make a summary (of)

synopsis - A sketchy summary

apercu - A short synopsis

To provide a condition

provision, proviso - A stipulated condition

stipulate - Specify as a condition or requirement in a contract

given

if

whether

whenever

when

while

To express positive words

magnificent



grandeur - The quality of being magnificent or splendid or grand, the quality of being

exalted in character or ideals or conduct

magnanimous - The quality of being exalted in character or ideals or conduct

fantastic

fantastical

phenomenal

wonderful

extraordinary

marvelous

superb

good

fine

great

avid - Emotionally desirable

avid ambition to succeed

excellent

spectacular

prodigious

grand

brilliant

glorious - Bringing great happiness and thankfulness

illustrious - Widely known and esteemed

notable - Worthy of notice

respected

impressive

splendid

splendiferous - Having great beauty and splendor

resplendent - Having great beauty and splendor, Richly and brilliantly colorful

flamboyant - Elaborately or excessively ornamented, Richly and brilliantly colorful

redoubtable - Having or worthy of pride

formidable - Extremely impressive in strength or excellence

prowess

superior

terrific

tremendous

wondrous - Extraordinarily good

wonderful

sublime - Inspiring awe, Lifted up or set high

flair - natural talent

knack - A special way of doing something

outshine - Attract more attention and praise than others

paramount - Having superior power and influence



predominant

preponderating

prevailing

To show intelligence

profound

shrewd hardheaded (practical experience and observation) intelligence astute

acumen - Shrewdness shown by keen insight

insightful

savvy - The cognitive condition of someone who understands

cognition - The psychological result of perception, learning and reasoning

genius

smart

sharp

keen

mastermind

Einstein - Someone who has exceptional intellectual ability and originality

work of art

fine art

maven - Someone who is dazzlingly skilled in any field

marvin - Someone who is dazzlingly skilled in any field

adept - Someone who is dazzlingly skilled in any field

whiz - Someone who is dazzlingly skilled in any field

wizard - Someone who is dazzlingly skilled in any field

To intensify

incredibly

exceedingly

toppingly - extremely well

extremely

extraordinarily

truly

really

very

utterly - Completely and without qualification; used informally as intensifiers, With

sublimity; in a sublime manner

absolutely

perfectly

sublimely

dramatically



sheer - (adj.) Complete and without restriction or qualification; sometimes used

informally as an intensifier; (adv.) Directly "he fell sheer into the water"

Said

enounced, enunciated - Speak, pronounce, or utter in a certain way

pronounced - Speak, pronounce, or utter in a certain way

articulated - Express or state clearly

vocalized - Express or state clearly

posited - Put firmly

stated

expressed

reported

alleged - Declared but not proved

averred - Report or maintain, To declare or affirm in a grave manner and formally as

true

affirmed, asserted

wrote

composed

indicted - Produce a literary work

penned - Produce a literary work

spelt - Indicate or signify

voiced, sounded - Give voice to

demean - Reduce in worth or character, usually verbally

Noted (said)

remarked

denoted - Be a sign or indication of, "Her smile denoted that she agreed"

observed

commented

mentioned

referred

announced

noticed

Precisely

explicitly

accurately

expressly

exactly

incisively



Numerous

innumerable

many

various

several

diverse

umpteen

umteen

myriad (noun and adj.)

Praise

extol - (v) Praise, glorify, or honor

exalt

glorify

laud

proclaim

revere

idolize

worship

venerate

Call Forth

evoke - Call forth (emotions, feelings, and responses)

arouse - Call forth (emotions, feelings, and responses)

elicit - Call forth (emotions, feelings, and responses)

enkindle - Call forth (emotions, feelings, and responses)

provoke - Call forth (emotions, feelings, and responses)

inflame - Arouse or excite feelings and passions

awake - Stop sleeping

conjure - Evoke or call forth, with or as if by magic

invoke - Evoke or call forth, with or as if by magic

summon - Gather or bring together

instill - deposit gradually

Argue

a. Along similar lines, [X] argues that ___.

b. There seems to be no compelling reason to argue that ___.



c. As a rebuttal to this point, it might be (convincingly) argued that ___.

d. There are [three] main arguments that can be advanced to support ___.

e. The underlying argument in favor of / against [X] is that ___.

f. [X]s argument in favor of / against [Y] runs as follows: ___.

Claim

a. In this [paper], I put forward the claim that ___.

b. [X] develops the claim that ___.

c. There is ample / growing support for the claim that ___.

d. [X]s findings lend support to the claim that ___.

e. Taking a middle-ground position, [X] claims that ___.

Data

a. The data gathered in the [pilot study] suggests / suggest that ___.

b. The data appears / appear to suggest that ___.

c. The data yielded by this [study] provides strong / convincing evidence that ___. (yielded

= generated)

d. A closer look at the data indicates that ___.

e. The data generated by [X] is / are reported in [table 1].

f. The aim of this [section] is to generalize beyond the data and ___.

In modern usage, data can also be treated as a mass / uncountable noun, like information.

Before you submit your work, check whether the institution youre writing for / on behalf of

prefers data + plural verb.

Debate

a. [X] has fostered debate on ___. (fostered = encouraged)

b. There has been an inconclusive debate about whether ___.

c. The question of whether ___ has caused much debate in [our profession] [over the years].

d. (Much of) the current debate revolves around ___.

Discussion

a. In this section / chapter, the discussion will point to ___.

b. The foregoing discussion implies that ___. (foregoing = that came before)



c. For the sake of discussion, I would like to argue that ___.

d. In this study, the question under discussion is ___.

e. In this paper, the discussion centers on ___.

f. [X] lies at the heart of the discussion on ___.

Evidence (Remember: Evidence is uncountable.)

a. The available evidence seems to suggest that ___ / point to ___.

b. On the basis of the evidence currently available, it seems fair to suggest that ___.

c. There is overwhelming evidence corroborating the notion that ___.(corroborating =

confirming)

d. Further evidence supporting / against [X] may lie in the findings of [Y], who ___.

e. These results provide confirmatory evidence that ___.

Ground

a. I will now summarize the ground covered in this [chapter] by ___.

b. On logical grounds, there is no compelling reason to argue that ___.

c. [X] takes a middle-ground position on [Y] and argues that ___.

d. On these grounds, we can argue that ___.

e. [X]s views are grounded on the assumption that ___.

Issue

a. This study is an attempt to address the issue of ___.

b. In the present study, the issue under scrutiny is ___.

c. The issue of whether ___ is clouded by the fact that ___. (clouded = made less clear)

d. To portray the issue in [X]s terms, ___.

e. Given the centrality of this issue to [my claim], I will now ___.

f. This [chapter] is concerned with the issue of [how/whether/what] ___.

Literature

a. [X] is prominent in the literature on [Y].

b. There is a rapidly growing literature on [X], which indicates that ___.

c. The literature shows no consensus on [X], which means that ___.

d. The (current) literature on [X] abounds with examples of ___.



Premise

a. The main theoretical premise behind [X] is that ___.

b. [X] and [Y] share an important premise: ___.

c. [X] is premised on the assumption that ___.

d. The basic premises of [X]s theory / argument are ___.

e. The arguments against [X]s premise rest on [four] assumptions: ___.

Research

a. This study draws on research conducted by ___.

b. Although there has been relatively little research on / into [X], ___.

c. In the last [X] years, [educational] research has provided ample support forthe assertion

that ___.

d. Current research appears / seems to validate the view that ___.

e. Research on / into ___ does not support the view that ___.

f. Further research in this area may include ___ and ___.

g. Evidence for [X] is borne out by research that shows ___.

h. There is insufficient research on / into ___ to draw any firm conclusions about / on ___.

View

a. The consensus view seems to be that ___.

b. [X] propounds the view that ___. (propound = put forward for consideration)

c. Current research (does not) appear(s) to validate such a view.

d. There have been dissenters to the view that ___. (dissenter = someone who disagrees)

e. The answer to [X] / The difference between [X] and [Y] is not as clear-cut as popular

views might suggest.

f. The view that _____ is (very much) in line with [common sense].

g. I am not alone in my view that ___.

h. [X] puts forward the view that ___.

i. [X]s views rest on the assumption that ___.

longman essay activator

Documents