locally advanced and metastatic basal cell carcinoma: medical oncology perspective
DESCRIPTION
Locally Advanced and Metastatic Basal Cell Carcinoma: Medical Oncology Perspective. Karl D. Lewis, MD Associate Professor of Medicine University of Colorado Denver Cutaneous Oncology Program. Basal Cell Carcinoma. Arise from the keratinocytes of the basal layer of the epidermis - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Karl D. Lewis, MDAssociate Professor of MedicineUniversity of Colorado DenverCutaneous Oncology Program
Locally Advanced and Metastatic Basal Cell Carcinoma: Medical Oncology Perspective
2
Basal Cell Carcinoma
• Arise from the keratinocytes of the basal layer of the epidermis
• Generally have a low metastatic potential
• However, can be locally aggressive with destruction of skin and surrounding structures
• Most common skin cancer in US– Imprecise because no cancer
registry– ACS in 2000: ~975,000 cases
3
BCC - risk factors
• UV light exposure–Sun exposure (habits) is
most important environmental factor (along with individuals phenotype)
4
BCC - risk factors
• Basal Cell Nevus Syndrome–Robert Gorlin (dentist) identified a syndrome in which multiple
abnormalities occur1.
–Autosomal dominant
–Prevalence varies from 1/57,000 to 1/256,000
–Patients can develop hundreds of BCCs - usually starting by age 35
–Histologic appearance does not differ from sporadic BCCs 1. Gorlin RJ. Nevoid basal-cell carcinoma syndrome. Medicine 1987;66:98-113.
5
Basal cell nevus syndrome
• Major Criteria–Multiple BCCs or one under 20
yrs–Odontogenic keratocysts–Palmar/plantar pits–Bilamellar calcification of the flax
cerebri–Bifid, fused or splayed ribs–Affected 1st degree relatives
• Minor Criteria–Macrocephaly–Congenital malformations (eg,
cleft lip)–Ovarian fibroma–Skeletal abnormalities–Medulloblastoma
6
palmer/plantar pitting
Bone cysts (mandible)
Bifid ribs
7
Basal Cell Nevus Syndrome (BCNS)
• Positional cloning and subsequent screening identified a spectrum of PTCH mutations in BCNS patients
• BCCs develop secondary to activation of target genes of Hh pathway in cells that have lost both normal copies of PTCH
8
Hedgehog Signaling Pathway
Basal cell nevus syndrome:Germline mutation in PTCHgene
The hedgehog pathway is active during embryonic development but dormant after birth
9
Sporadic BCCs
• Majority show allelic loss for chromosome 9q22 and inactivating mutations of PTCH
• Activating mutations of SMO in 10-20% sporadic BCCs
• Suggests abnormal Hh signaling involved in most (all?) BCCs - high levels of Hh target genes such as GLI1
10
Basal Cell CarcinomaTreatment
• Low risk lesions:–Cryosurgery–Electrodessication–Topical therapy: 5-FU or imiquimod
• High risk lesions:–Surgical excision–Mohs micrographic surgery–Radiation therapy (cure rates 85-95%)
11
Basal Cell CarcinomaTreatment
• Low risk lesions:–Cryosurgery–Electrodessication–Topical therapy: 5-FU or
imiquimod
• High risk lesions:–Surgical excision–Mohs micrographic
surgery–Radiation therapy (cure
rates 85-95%)
12
Medical Oncologist Role in Treatment of BCC
• Historically: little to none
• No clinical trials demonstrating chemotherapy benefit
• Chemotherapy responses on case-report basis only
• NCCN Guidelines: recommend clinical trials (Hhi) for metastatic BCC
13
Medical Oncologist Role in Treatment of BCC
• Metastatic BCC–First case of metastatic BCC reported in 18941
–Since then have been >300 cases reported
–Accurate incidence difficult to obtain: no good registry
–Estimated rates reported to be: 0.0028% to 0.55%2,3
• However, these data are old and based on single institutions or small subsets
• The lower incidence would translate to 1 in 35,000 patients (seems too high considering total number of patients reported in the literature)4,51. Beadles DF. Trans Pathol Soc 1894.
2. Paver K et al Australas J Dermatol 19733. Cade S et al 19404. Wadhera A et al Dermatol Online J 20065. Ganti AK et al Cancer Treat Rev 2011
14
Chemotherapy for BCC• Metastatic
–Numerous agents on case-report basis:• Cyclophosphamide, etoposide, 5-FU, MTX, bleomycin,
doxorubicin, cisplatin, carboplatin, paclitaxel–Cisplatin (alone or combination) likely most effective:
• 12 patients treated with platinum containing regimen1:– 5 CR (3 to 18 months)– 4 PR– 3 SD
1. Carneiro BA et al Cancer Invest, 2006
15
Chemotherapy for BCC
• Problems with case-reports:–No consistent treatment regimen
• Dose• Schedule• Timing of response
–Selection bias of patients• What prompted treatment vs no treatment• Much more likely to report responders than non-responders
–No standardization of response evaluation!!!!• Even though chemo responses seem encouraging it is not
known what the true response rate is.
16
BCC
• Since the HH pathway seems to be ubiquitously expressed in BCC, there may be a potential for targeted therapy.
17
Cyclopamine
Anomalous development due to disruption of Hedgehog signaling
Veratrum Californicum Cyclopic lamb
Enabled by the ingenuity of Lynn James, from the US Department of Agriculture, in investigating the curious case of an epidemic of cyclopic
lambs in Idaho, 1957
18
• Genentech: GDC-0449 (Vismodegib) Approved • Infinity: IPI-926 (Saridegib) Ph1• Novartis: LDE225 (Erismodegib) Ph2• AstraZeneca: AZD8542 Ph1• BMS: BMS-833923 (XL139) Ph1• Millennium: TAK-441 Ph1• Novartis: LEQ506 Ph1
Hedgehog inhibitors in the clinic
19
ERIVANCE BCC: Pivotal Phase 2 study in advanced BCC
• Locally advanced BCC:– Inoperable–Surgery inappropriate
• 1 cm • 2 recurrences after surgery and curative resection unlikely and/or
anticipated substantial morbidity and/or deformity from surgery
Metastatic BCC (RECIST-measurable)
Locally advanced BCC
REG
ISTR
ATIO
N
•Progression• Intolerable
toxicity•Withdrawal from
study
RECIST
Compositeendpoint
Vismodegib
19RECIST, Response Evaluation Criteria In Solid Tumors
20
ERIVANCE BCC: Study Objectives
• Primary endpoint: Objective response rate by independent review–Hypotheses tested:
• Overall response rate is significantly greater than 10% in patients with mBCC or 20% in patients with laBCC
• Secondary endpoints included:–Objective response rate by investigator–Progression-free survival–Duration of response–Absence of residual BCC in patients with laBCC
20
21
Vismodegib demonstrates a significant objective response rate in mBCC
mBCC(n = 33)
IRF (1°) INV (2°)
Responders, n (%)Stable disease, n (%)Progressive disease, n (%)Unevaluable/missing, n (%)
10 (30.3) 21 (63.6)
1 (3.0)1 (3.0)
15 (45.5) 15 (45.5)
2 (6.1)1 (3.0)
95% CI for objective response (15.6 – 48.2) (28.1 – 62.2)
p-value 0.0011
Median duration of response, months 7.6 12.9
21CI, confidence interval; IRF, independent review; INV, investigator reviewSekulic A et al. N Engl J Med. 2012;366:2171-2179.
22
Maximum decrease in tumor size by IRFMetastatic cohort
22
Cha
nge
in le
sion
dia
met
er (%
) Partial responseStable diseaseProgressive disease
-100
-50
0
50
100
Maximum decrease in size prior to IRF-determined disease progressionSekulic A et al. N Engl J Med. 2012;366:2171-2179.
23
Vismodegib demonstrates a significant objective response rate in laBCC
laBCC(n = 63)
IRF (1°) INV (2°)
Responders, n (%) Stable disease, n (%)Progressive disease, n (%)Unevaluable/missing, n (%)
27 (42.9) 24 (38.1)8 (12.7)4 (6.3)
38 (60.3) 15 (23.8)
6 (9.5)4 (6.3)
95% CI for objective response (30.5 – 56.0) (47.2 – 71.7)
p-value <0.0001
Median duration of response, months 7.6 7.6
23Sekulic A et al. N Engl J Med. 2012;366:2171-2179.
24
Maximum decrease in tumor size by IRFLocally advanced cohort
24
ResponseStable diseaseProgressive disease
-100
-50
0
50
100
Cha
nge
in le
sion
dia
met
er (%
)
Maximum decrease in size prior to IRF-determined disease progressionSekulic A et al. N Engl J Med. 2012;366:2171-2179.
25
Vismodegib in locally advanced BCC
Week 20
Week 16: no BCC on biopsy
Baseline Week 8
25Sekulic A et al. N Engl J Med. 2012;366:2171-2179.
26
Vismodegib in locally advanced BCCWeek 24
Week 24: residualBCC on biopsy
Baseline
26Sekulic A et al. N Engl J Med. 2012;366:2171-2179.
27
Week 32 Baseline
Week 24: no residual BCC on biopsy
Sekulic A, et al. Presented at EADO. 2011 (abstr CO14).
ERIVANCE* (SHH4476g) Phase II Vismodegib in Advanced BCC: Vismodegib in Locally Advanced BCC
28
Week 24
Week 24: no residual BCC on biopsy
Baseline Week 8
Sekulic A, et al. Presented at EADO. 2011 (abstr CO14).
ERIVANCE* (SHH4476g) Phase II Vismodegib in Advanced BCC: Vismodegib in Locally Advanced BCC
29
Most common adverse eventsAll treated patients (n=104)
MedDRA preferred term
All adverse events
(%)
Grade 1 mild
(%)
Grade 2 moderate
(%)Grade 3–4 severe
(%)
Muscle spasms 68 48 16 4
Alopecia 64 49 14 0
Dysgeusia 51 28 23 0
Weight decreased 46 27 14 5
Fatigue 36 27 5 4
Nausea 29 21 7 1
Decreased appetite 23 14 6 3
Diarrhea 22 16 5 1
29MedDRA, Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activities
Sekulic A et al. N Engl J Med. 2012;366:2171-2179.
30
ERIVANCE: 12 Month Update Efficacy Conclusions
• At the 12-month update both INV- and IRF-assessed ORRs remained similar to those reported at the primary analysis Four additional patients became responders
• Median DOR remained similar to the primary analysis
• For both the mBCC and laBCC cohorts, the median PFS per IRF assessment at the 12-month update was similar to that at the primary analysisAmong patients with laBCC the median PFS by INV was 1.6 months longer than the
median PFS at the primary analysis
• As of 28 November 2011, median OS was 24.1 months in the mBCC cohort and was not estimable in the laBCC cohort
• One-year survival rates at this 12-month update were similar to those at the primary analysis
Sekulic A, et al. Ann Oncol. 2012;23(Suppl 9):abstr 1112PD.
31
LDE225 800 mg PO daily
LDE225 200 mg PO daily
Treatment continues until:• Disease progression• Intolerable toxicity• Death• Study termination• Withdrawal of consent
Primary endpoint: ORRSecondary endpoint: TTR, DoR, PFS, OS, safety, PK profile, CRchEstimated completion: September 2014ORR = overall response rate; TTR = time to tumor response; DoR = duration of response; PFS = progression-free survival; OS = overall survival; PK= pharmacokinetic; CRch = complete histological clearance.
Available at: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01327053. Accessed October 11, 2012.
RANDOMIZE
2:1
BCC patients (N=156)• Locally advanced or metastatic disease• Not amendable to radiation therapy, surgery, or other local therapies
Stratification• Stage of disease• Histological subtype (for locally advanced disease)
Phase 2 BOLT Trial: Investigating Basal Cell Carcinoma Outcomes in
LDE225 (Erismodegib) Trial
31
32
Conclusions
• BCC is very common cancer that rarely becomes locally advanced or metastatic (but when it does it is a major problem!).
• Cisplatin containing chemotherapy regimens likely has activity: but no clinical trials to guide clinicians.
• HHi showing very encouraging activity in clinical trials.
• Further supports the concept of molecularly targeted therapies.