living marine resource governance in the wider caribbean robin mahon centre for resource management...
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LIVING MARINE RESOURCE GOVERNANCE IN THE WIDER
CARIBBEAN
Robin MahonCentre for Resource Management and Environmental Studies
University of the West Indies, Cave Hill, Barbados
UNU-FTP/CRFM/UWI Stock Assessment CourseAugust – September 2010
University of the West Indies, Cave Hill, Barbados
OvertureCaribbean context for LMR governance is very
complex
Putting appropriate arrangements in place will not be a straightforward matter of transferring an approach from some other region
In regional LMR governance we must invent our own way
– Look at approaches that are new
– Be prepared to try them
– Be prepared to learn and adapt as we go
Large Marine Ecosystems of the world
Caribbean
Gulf of MexicoSE US Continental shelf
North Brazil shelf
The Wider Caribbean Region – Context
The region is geographically and politically highly diverse and complex
Geopolitical– 26 countries
– 44 state entities
Cultural – ethnicity, language
Size
– smallest to largest
Development – poorest to most wealthy
Hypothetical EEZs
Issues of large scale and complexity in the Wider Caribbean
Lots of technical work has been done
Has had little impact on governance
Many local efforts at management
Uncoordinated and disconnected at regional level
Duplication of effort
4
Geopolitical components of LME complexity
Number of countries
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Caribb
ean S
ea
Med
iterra
nean
Guin
ea C
urre
nt
Arabi
an S
ea
North
Sea
Baltic
Sea
South
Chin
a Sea
Red S
ea
Bay o
f Ben
gal
Canar
y Cur
rent
Agulha
s Cur
rent
Black
Sea
Celtic
-Bisc
ay S
helf
North
Bra
zil S
helf
East C
hina
Sea
Gulf
of M
exico
Bengu
ela C
urre
nt
Somali
Coa
stal C
urre
nt
Sulu-
Celebe
s Sea
Yellow
Sea
Humbo
ldt C
urre
nt
Indo
nesia
n Sea
Nu
mb
er o
f co
un
trie
s
Caribbean Sea
77
Geopolitical components of LME complexity
Maritime boundaries
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 5 10 15 20 25
Number of countries
Nu
mb
er
of
bo
un
da
rie
sCaribbean Sea
Geopolitical components of LME complexity
Number of Small Island Developing States (SIDS)
02468
10121416
No
rth
Sea
Bal
tic S
eaS
outh
Chi
na S
eaR
ed
Sea
Ca
nary
Cur
rent
Bla
ck S
eaC
elti
c-B
isca
y S
hel
fE
ast
Chi
na S
eaG
ulf
of M
exic
oB
engu
ela
Cur
rent
Som
ali C
oast
al C
urre
ntS
ulu-
Cel
ebe
s S
ea
Yel
low
Sea
Hu
mb
oldt
Cur
rent
Indo
nes
ian
Sea
Bay
of
Be
ngal
Agu
lha
s C
urre
ntM
edite
rran
ean
Gui
nea
Cur
rent
Ara
bia
n S
eaN
ort
h B
razi
l Sh
elf
Ca
ribbe
an S
ea
Caribbean Sea
Natural resource scale
99
ShrimpsFlyingfish
Large pelagics
●
Reef fishes
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●●
● ●
●
●
●
●
●
●
● ●
●
●
●
●
●
●
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1010
WECAFC ICCAT
CARICOM
Cuba
Guatemala
Colombia
Costa Rica
Mexico
Honduras
Nicaragua
Panama
Belize
JamaicaGuyana
BahamasTrinidad & Tobago
OECS
*Anguilla****
*Netherlands Antilles
*Montserrat****
Antigua & Barbuda
Dominica
Grenada
St. Kitts & Nevis
St. Lucia
St. Vincent & Grenadines
*British Virgin I.****
Dominican Republic
Haiti Suriname
*Aruba
*Cayman I.*Turks & Caicos I.
Barbados
CARIFORUM
ACS
USA Brazil Japan
WECAFC LAC
*USVI**
*Martinique****Guadeloupe***
Venezuela
*French Guiana***
*Puerto Rico**
*** in ICCAT as French Departments
* Associate States of ACS
Canada
France
Spain
Portugal
Morocco
USSR
Korea
Uruguay
Ghana
Senegal
Ivory Coast
Angola
Gabon
Benin
Cape Verde
Sao Tome & Principe
South Africa
Bolivia
El Salvador
Ecuador
Peru
OLDE-PESCA
OSPESCA
**in ICCAT as USA
Belize
**** in ICCAT as UK
Institutional Scale Overlapping and nested fisheries related organisations
What do we mean by governance?
“Governance is the whole of public as well as private interactions taken to solve societal problems and create societal opportunities. It includes the formulation and application of principles guiding those interactions and care for institutions that enable them.”
Bavinck et al 2005
What have other regions done?
For fisheries – Classical approach is a Regional Fisheries Management Organisation (RFMO) with a mandate to assess and manage fisheries
For integrated ecosystem management covering both exploited and non-exploited resources – Few relevant precedents
What’s different about Caribbean fisheries?
Primarily many small to medium-scale fisheries that do not generate cash revenues to support a regional management organization.
No large commercial revenue earning fishery to fund RFMO as in:
West Central Pacific Commission (tunas) SE Atlantic (SEAFO)(orange roughy) NW atlantic (NAFO) (groundfish)
So …. What may be the way forward in the Caribbean?
What’s different about Caribbean fisheries?
We propose that a networking approach that makes the best use of existing organisations?
DATA AND INFORM-ATION
ANALYSIS AND ADVICE
REVIEW AND EVALUATION
IMPLEMENT-ATION
DECISION MAKING
We believe this can be approached through a governance framework using the conventional
policy cycle -- Like this one.
A networking approach that makes the best use of existing organisations?
Local
National
Global
Regional
Building a multi-level policy-cycle based governance framework
Diversity
Complete
Linked laterally
Linked vertically
DATA AND INFORM-ATION
ANALYSIS AND ADVICE
REVIEW AND EVALUATION
IMPLEMENT-ATION
DECISION MAKING
The LME governance framework
Long-term goal
fully-functional policy cycles at all appropriate levels with
the appropriate vertical and lateral linkages.
Framework building
Can be approached incrementally with interventions
Specifically targeted at:
Establishing or completing policy cycles
Building or enhancing linkages
Building the CLME Governance Framework“Learning by doing”
CLME and CSI - Monitoring and reporting for fisheries
UNGA – CSDCOFI?
ACS – CSI/CSC
WECAFC?CARICOM/CRFM?SICA/OSPESCA?OECS/ESDU?
OECS?WECAFC FFWG?
CRFM?
OSPESCA?WECAFC WG?
Lobster cycle
Pelagics cycle
Flyingfish cycle
Regional/subregional fisheries policy cycle
Global marine policy cycle
Caribbean Sea regional policy cycle
Global
Regional
National
Local
FISHERIES SUB-FRAMEWORK
A wide variety of technical entities with expertise in relevant areas
ACS Caribbean Sea Commission reviews advice provided in response to specific requests to appropriate agencies
ACS Council
Primarily national and local agencies
Caribbean Sea Commission and technical agencies
ACS policy cycle for living marine resources
DATA AND INFORM-ATION
ANALYSISAND
ADVICE
REVIEW AND
EVALUATION
IMPLEMENT-ATION
DECISION MAKING
CSI - Monitoring and reporting
UNGA – CSDCOFI?
ACS– CSI/CSC
There will be a sub-framework for
each of several sectors topical
areas
Global marine policy cycle
Caribbean Sea regional policy cycle
Global
Regional
National
Local
Tourism
Trans-portation
Land-based
pollution
FisheriesBiodiv-ersity
CLME and CSI - Monitoring and reporting
UNGA – CSDCOFI?
ACS– CSI/CSC
Global marine policy cycle
Caribbean Sea regional policy cycle
Global
Regional
National
Local
Tourism
Trans-portation
Land-based
pollution
FisheriesBiodiv-ersity
Dialogue on types of indicators that would be of interest in regular monitoring and useful in shaping policy.
Specific requests for information and advice.
Feedback on information provided
Dialogue on types of indicators that would be of interest in regular monitoring and useful in shaping policy.
Regular reports on agreed indicators.
Responses to specific requests
ACS and partners have been pursuing the CSI since 1998
Mainly through promotion of the UN Resolution ‘Towards the sustainable development of the Caribbean Sea for present and future generations’ at the UN General Assembly.First adopted in 1999 (Res 54.225)Reported upon, revised and readopted in 2000, 2002,
2004, 2006, 2008 (Res 55.203, Res 61.197, 63.214))Upcoming report in 2010
Caribbean Sea Initiative (CSI)
In the resolution the UNGA:
‘Recognizes that the Caribbean Sea is an area of unique biodiversity and a highly fragile ecosystem that requires relevant regional and international development partners to work together to develop and implement regional initiatives to promote the sustainable conservation and management of coastal and marine resources, including, inter alia, the consideration of the concept of the Caribbean Sea as a special area in the context of sustainable development, including its designation as such without prejudice to relevant international law’.
Caribbean Sea Initiative (CSI)
The UNGA resolution also: Takes note of the efforts of the Caribbean States and the work undertaken
by the CSC of the ACS... Welcomes the plan of action adopted by the CSC... Recognizes the efforts of Caribbean countries to create conditions leading
to sustainable development ... Calls upon the UN system and the international community to assist [...]
Caribbean countries and their regional organizations [...] to ensure the protection of the Caribbean Sea...
Calls upon the international community, the UN system and the multilateral financial institutions, and invites the GEF [...] to support [...] activities of the Caribbean States towards [...] the sustainable management of coastal and marine resources;
Urges the UN system and the international community to continue to provide aid and assistance to the countries of the Caribbean region [for] disaster prevention, preparedness, mitigation, management, relief and recovery
Caribbean Sea Initiative (CSI)
As part of the CSI the CSC was established in 2008 to promote and oversee the sustainable use of the Caribbean Sea.The Commission shall comprise: National delegations of Members and Associate MembersThe Secretary General of the Association Organisations
The Economic Commission of Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) The Caribbean Community (CARICOM) The Latin American Economic System (CELA) The Central American Integration System (SICA) The Permanent Secretariat for the General Agreement on Central American
Economic Integration (SIECA) The Caribbean Tourism Organisation (CTO)
Three experts appointed by the Secretary General in consultation with Members and Associate Members
Operating Statute and Rules of Procedure of the CSC, January 2009
Caribbean Sea Commission (CSC)
The Caribbean Sea Commission comprises:The Caribbean Sea Commission comprises: A Bureau comprising the Chair, the two Vice-chairs, and the A Bureau comprising the Chair, the two Vice-chairs, and the
Secretariat;Secretariat; A Legal Sub-Commission;A Legal Sub-Commission; A Scientific and Technical Sub-Commission;A Scientific and Technical Sub-Commission; A Governance, Public Information and Outreach Sub-Commission;A Governance, Public Information and Outreach Sub-Commission; A Budget CommitteeA Budget Committee
Caribbean Sea Commission Caribbean Sea Commission (CSC)(CSC)
Scientific and Technical Subcommission Scientific and Technical Subcommission Cochairs Cochairs Centre for Resource Management and Environmental Studies, Centre for Resource Management and Environmental Studies,
University of the West Indies, Barbados and University of the West Indies, Barbados and Centro de Investigaciones Marinas, Universidad de la Habana, Centro de Investigaciones Marinas, Universidad de la Habana,
Cuba;Cuba; Governance, Outreach and Public Information Governance, Outreach and Public Information
Subcommission cochairs Subcommission cochairs CARICOMCARICOM SICASICA
Legal Subcommission cochairsLegal Subcommission cochairs Mr. Oscar Monge Castro, Attorney-at-Law, Costa Rica Mr. Oscar Monge Castro, Attorney-at-Law, Costa Rica Mr Derrick Oderson Attorney-at-Law, Barbados.Mr Derrick Oderson Attorney-at-Law, Barbados.
CSC SubcommissionsCSC Subcommissions
The Sub-Commissions will support the mandate of the The Sub-Commissions will support the mandate of the CSC by:CSC by:
Clarifying information that the CSC needs to meet its mandate to Clarifying information that the CSC needs to meet its mandate to provide advice to the ACS council;provide advice to the ACS council;
Identifying individuals, organizations or projects that can provide Identifying individuals, organizations or projects that can provide the expertise and information needed;the expertise and information needed;
Coordinating the acquisition, review and synthesis of the Coordinating the acquisition, review and synthesis of the information needed;information needed;
Formulating or overseeing the formulation of draft advisory Formulating or overseeing the formulation of draft advisory documents for consideration by the CSC;documents for consideration by the CSC;
Obtaining and providing clarification as requested by the CSC on Obtaining and providing clarification as requested by the CSC on any submitted draft advisory documents in a timely manner.any submitted draft advisory documents in a timely manner.
CSC SubcommissionsCSC Subcommissions
CSC adopted the LME Governance Framework as its working model for regional ocean governance arrangements
CSC will focus first on living marine resources which are the basis for livelihoods in fisheries, tourism and domestic recreation, as well as providing many other ecosystem services
Based on partnership with CLME Project with focus on transboundary living marine resources in the Wider Caribbean Region
CSC role in regional ocean governance
This contribution has been developed through:
The MarGov ProjectMarine Resource Governance in the Eastern Caribbean (MarGov Project)
A Project at CERMES supported by the International Development Research Centre (IDRC, Canada
And
The PROGOVNET Project‘Strengthening Principled Ocean Governance Networks -
Transferring Lessons from the Caribbean to the Wider Ocean Governance Community’
A joint project of Dalhousie University, the International Ocean Institute, Canada and CERMES, UWISupported by
The Nippon Foundation
Thanks