law of indies

Planning History January 2007

GEOG 553 Urban and Regional Planning

Law of the Indies1573

Established by King Philip of Spain. Described rules for layout of colonial settlement cities.



Law of the Indies1573

Established by King Philip of Spain. Described rules for layout of colonial settlement cities.

First piece of planning legislation in New World

by Philip II of Spain in 1573

Spain was first nation to systematically establish settlements in N. America

began with Santa Fe in 1609

A codification of existing practices

Choose a good site

drinking water, timber, etc.

Grid layouts specified de facto

specified 2 major cross streets

square corners

Buildings were to be uniform for the sake of beauty of the town

Plaza important to concept

public buildings located around plaza

Church as a focal point

4 principal streets leading from plaza to gates

Housing located in grid pattern in outer area

Was fortified as last line of defense

Green belt surrounded walls of town

for recreation and grazing

not to be farmed or built upon (growth control)

any undesireable (smelly) activity would be located beyond green

If too large a population, start a new town

Don't let natives see construction

for security reasons



Philadelphia, Penns Plan 1682



Williamsburg, Virginia 1733.



Savannah, Georgia 1733



Land Ordinance

of 1785

Established Township and Range system of land subdivision.



Land Ordinance

of 1785

Law passed by Congress that allowed for sales of land in the Northwest Territory and set up standards for land sale that became precedents. Among them was the idea of selling mile-square

sections of land.



1790LEnfants plan for Washington, D.C.

.



1892 view of mall

.



1856

Central Park designed by Frederick Law Olmsted

Won a competition for design in 1858 with partner Calvert Vaux.



1856


Used Olmsteds common design features: winding paths, scenic views and large open areas for people to relax in. Vaux provided architectural vision.



1856


Provided essential open space for deinsity of NYC grid streets. 1/2 mile wide by 2-1/2 miles long



Riverside, Illinois 1868

Planned by Frederick Law Olmsted. Built along railroad line into downtown Chicago. Planned with layout to fit with nature. Recreation and scenic space available to every resident. Became a prototype of the suburban ideal.



1893 Columbian Exposition, Chicago

The White City

Beginning of the City Beautiful movement.

Designed by Daniel Burnham

and Frederick Law Olmsted.



City Beautiful Movement



Chicago 1892



Baroque Planning

Place de la Concorde,

Paris



1909 Burnham Plan for Chicago

Burnham hired by Chicago businessmen to create a plan to beautify city and attract

more business and tourism.




First regional plan in the U.S.

Represents the beginning of modern urban and regional

planning.




First regional plan in the U.S.



1901McMillan plan for Washington, D.C.

.



McMillan plan for Washington, D.C.

.



St. Louis Worlds Fair

1904



Chicago 1892



St. Louis Fair



Michigan Central Railroad Station,

Detroit



1890Jacob Riis,How the Other Half Lives

His photos made the nation aware of social problems of slums in New York City resulting from immigration and speculation.

The motive was redemption of the

tenement classes.



1867

First Tenement House Law in NYC

The countrys first building code. Mandated: -- Ventilation for bedrooms -- Toilets instead of privies -- No living in basements



1880s

Sanitary survey planning movement

Inventory of disease conditions in New York City. First use of comprehensive planning. Recommendations:

Ventilation of houses Public water supply Close privies and cesspools Elevate floors with air space

Pave the streets



1901

Tenement House New Law

Improved on previous ordinances. Instituted: -- Building inspections -- Air and light shafts for

ventilation -- Limited lot coverage to

70 percent -- Created a planning dept.



The growth of cities

Push/pull concept

Immigration from Europe




Push/pull concept


Cities pushing outward

Transportation systems

Get away from noxious uses




Push/pull concept


Cities pushing outward

Transportation systems

Get away from noxious uses

Cities pushing upward

Iron and steel construction

Elevator



City Efficient Movement

Standard City Planning Enabling Act (1928) concept of a comprehensive zoning code

You wouldn't have a stove in the parlor, or a piano in the kitchen.



History of zoning



1909National Conferenceon City Planning(NCCP)

Established the first planning

association.



Ideal City Concepts



1898Ebenezer Howard To-Morrow: A Peaceful Path of Real Reform



1898Ebenezer Howard Three magnets



1898Ebenezer Howard Garden City



1898Ebenezer Howard Letchworth and Welwyn



Frank Lloyd Wrights Broadacre City concept1930s

Based on Jeffersonian ideal of every family owning at least one acre. When every man, woman and child may be born to put his feet on his own acres and every unborn child finds his acre waiting for him when he is bornthen democracy will have been realized. Wright



1935Frank Lloyd Wrights Broadacre City concept

Jeffersonian ideal of land ownership. Every family has one acre of land as a self-sufficient

homestead.



1935Frank Lloyd Wrights Broadacre City concept

Jeffersonian ideal of land ownership. Every family has one acre of land as

a self-sufficient homestead.



Le Corbusiers Radiant City concept1920-30s

On the day when contemporary society, at present so sick, has become properly aware that only architecture and city planning can provide the exact prescription for its ills, then the time will have come for the great machine to be put in motion and begin its functions.



Le Corbusiers Radiant City concept1930s



Le Corbusiers ideas applied to the Smith Housing project in New York City

1948



Depression 1930s

National Planning Board established by FDR, 1933encouraged long-range, coordinated federal planning

Civil Works Administration (CWA), 1933provided jobs for the unemployed

Public Works Administration, 1933comprehensive federal public works projects

Workers Progress Administration, 1935 provided more jobs during depression



Transportation



Country Club Plaza Kansas City1922

First automobile related

suburban shopping center.



Federal Aid Highway Act of 1956

Created Interstate Highway system linking all state capitals and cities

over 50,000.



Highway Act of 1956

Creates and funds the Interstate Highway

program.



ISTEA Intermodal SurfaceTransportation Efficiency Act1991

Allocated Transportation Fund money for other than new construction, including: - More for maintenance, especially bridges - Safety

- Enhancements, including: historic preservation, Rails To Trails,

highway beautification



Housing



Housing Act of 1934

Created Federal Housing Administration (FHA) to stimulate construction

with lower financing costs.



Levittown, NY 1947

Very successful first post-war New Town.



Housing Act of 1949

Feds created Redevelopment agencies to encourage private sector housing. Established Urban Renewal Program to create sites ready for development.



Pruitt-Igoe housing projectSt. Louis 1956



Pruitt-Igoe housing projectSt. Louis 1972



Why did suburbs grow so fast?

1. Federal highway

construction programs

2. National prosperity after the war

3. Federal mortgage insurance programs encouraged new home ownership



Housing and Community Development Act(HCD Act) 1974

Response to abuses of Urban Renewal programs.

Gave decision-making for federal money to local level governments through

revenue sharing.



Housing and Community Development Act(HCD Act) 1974

Response to abuses of Urban Renewal programs.

Gave decision-making for federal money to local level governments through

revenue sharing.

Section 8 Housing Program (Part of HCD Act)

Rent subsidy program residents find their own housing and feds contribute towards its cost. Based on qualifying for housing voucher.

Support also given to developers who build

affordable housing.



Historic Preservation



1921Vieux Carre, New Orleans

Exists on the site of the original French settlement

in New Orleans



1921Vieux Carre, New Orleans

First historic preservation

commission in U.S.



1931Charleston, S.C.

First historic district

ordinance in U.S.



National Trust for Historic Preservation 1949

A private organization funded by Congress to encourage historic preservation. The most prominent national preservation organization.



ISTEA Intermodal SurfaceTransportation Efficiency Act1991

Allocated Transportation Fund money for other than new construction, including: - More for maintenance, especially bridges - Safety

- Enhancements, including: historic preservation, Rails To Trails,

highway beautification

TEA-21Transportation Equity Act1998

Continued funding for programs, with some reallocation to certain

states.



Advocacy (Equity) Planning Movement



Saul Alinsky

Radical community organizer who manipulated the democratic system for social justice. Provided the prototype for many later 1960s activists.

Wrote Rules for Radicals, a manifesto for community

organizers.



Jane Jacobs The Death and Life of Great American Cities 1961

Arguably the most influential book ever written of city planning. Recognized importance and vitality of older urban neighborhoods that were systematically being destroyed under Urban Renewal programs.

Eyes on the street



Neighborhood Design Center

Baltimore



Neighborhood Design Center

Baltimore Assisting communities create safe, beautiful, and useful parks, playgrounds, and community open spaces. In 2000 2003, NDC and our community partners raised $900,000 to rebuild 9 unsafe playgrounds in Baltimore City.



Environmental Planning



Design With NatureIan McCarg1967

Defined importance of environmental planning. Laid out principles of GIS analysis techniques before computers, using mapping overlays.

an investigation into a design with nature: the place of nature in mans

world



Urbanism



Edge Cities



Edge Cities

Tysons Corner, Virginia



Edge Cities

Comparison of size of Tysons Corner toWashington, D.C.



New Urbanists

Andres Duany and

Elizabeth Plater-Zyberk



Seaside, Florida

First significant New

Urbanist plan.

law of indies

Documents

regional planninglaw

regional planningwilliamsburg

regional planningphiladelphia

regional planningsavannah

regional planningriverside

miles long planning

piece of planning legislation

frederick law olmstedwon