lit review flats

8/13/2019 Lit Review Flats

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MULTISTOREY

HOUSING


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CONTENTS:

TERMINOLOGY 2

SITE ACCESS 3

SITE AMENITY 4

VISUAL PRIVACY.. 4

SITE ANALYSIS 5

BUILDING AMENITY 6

BUILDING CONFIGURATION.. 7

APARTMENT TYPOLOGY. 9

APARTMENT BUILDDING TYPOLOGY.. 13

SPATIAL HEIRACHY.. 16

LAYOUT OF UNIT.. 18

HVAC SYSTEMS 22

FIREFIGHTING 25

GARBAGE DISPOSAL SYSTEMS 29

STAIRCASE, ELEVATORS.. 30

SECURITY, PUBLIC HEALTH 31

STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS 32

BIBLIOGRAPHY 34


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TERMINOLOGY:

Detached home: A house built on its own land and surrounded by a garden.

Semi-detached home: Two houses attached to each other and surrounded by a garden on three sides.

Terraced houses: Several houses attached to each other with a small front section and a larger back garden, and usually

located in suburban environments.

Townhouse: Several houses attached to each other with a small back garden, usually located in urban environments.

Loft apartments: An apartment created from the conversion of former industrial spaces. Loft apartments are known for

their large adaptable open spaces and large floor to ceiling height.

Two level apartments: A home over two levels with an internal stairway, which is stacked together with other

apartments in an apartment building.

Single level apartments: A home which is stacked together with other apartments in an apartment building.

Penthouse: A house on a roof top which generally has a roof deck, if not a roof garden


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SITE PLANNING:

SITE ACCESS

Building entry: one main entrance or multiple entrances for separate access to apartments? Depends on whether

ground floor is a retail or amenities floor.

Service vehicle access? It will be near the service loading and unloading and staff lockers and restrooms

Design entries and associated circulation space of an adequate size to

allow movement of furniture between public and private spaces.

Parking: In case of parking in basement we will have to provide a separate

entrance and exit for cars also? Location will depend upon road position.

Integrating ventilation grills or screening devices of car park openings into the

facade design and landscape design.

Pedestrian Access:Separate and clearly distinguish between pedestrian access ways and vehicle access ways. Providebarrier free access to at least 20 percent of dwellings in the development.

Vehicle Access: Ensure adequate separation distances between vehicular entries and street intersections.

Minimum roads Narrow roads (Generally limit the width of driveways to a maximum of six meters) Car park entry and access from secondary streets and lanes Screen garbage collection, loading and servicing areas visually away from the street

SITE AMENITY:

Safety:

- Visibility between entrances, foyers and the street- providing direct entry to ground level apartments from the street rather than through a common foyer

Casual surveillance by:

- orienting living areas with views over public or communal open spaces, where possible

Parking option where parking is

located above ground floor behind

retail and amenities.


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using bay windows and balconies, which protrude beyond the main facade and

enable a wider angle of vision to the street

- using corner windows, which provide oblique views of the street- Providing casual views of common internal areas, such as lobbies and

foyers, hallways, recreation areas and car parks.

Minimize opportunities for concealment by:

- avoiding blind or dark alcoves near lifts and stairwells, at the entrance andwithin indoor car parks, along corridors and walkways

Visual Privacy:

Design building layouts to minimize direct overlooking of rooms and private open

spaces adjacent to apartments by:

- separating communal open space, common areas and access routesthrough the development from the windows of rooms, particularly

habitable rooms

- changing the level between ground floor apartments with theirassociated private open space, and the public domain or communal open

space.

Use detailed site and building design elements to increase privacy without

compromising access to light and air. Design detailing may include:

- offset windows of apartments in new development and adjacentdevelopment windows

- Recessed balconies and/or vertical fins between- Utilize pergolas or shading devises to limit overlooking of lower

apartments or private open space.

A balance has to be made between Surveillance and Visual Privacy.

Windows, balconies and front doo

address the street, provide

surveillance and make both the str

and the apartment building more

secure during the day and at night

Locating circulation cores at the re-entrant

(internal) corners of buildings can improve

separation and privacy between apartments. Re-entrant corner balconies are best used as a

secondary outlook for an apartment.


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SITE ANALYSIS:

Orientation: Plan the site to optimize solar access by:

- positioning and orienting buildings to maximize north facing walls (within 30 degrees east and 20 degrees west of

north) where possible

- providing adequate building separation within the development and to adjacent buildings

Select building types or layouts which respond to the streetscape while optimizing solar access. Where streets are to be

edged and defined by buildings, design solutions include:

- align buildings to the street on east-west streets

- use courtyards, L-shaped configurations and increased setbacks to northern (side) boundaries on north-south streets.

Optimize solar access to living spaces and associated private open spaces by orienting them to the north.

Detail building elements to modify environmental conditions, as required, to maximize sun access in winter and sun

shading in summer.

Zoning and Site elements:


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Open spaces:

The minimum recommended area of private open space for each apartment at ground level or similar space on a

structure, such as on a podium or car park, is 25m2; the minimum preferred dimension in one direction is 4 metres (12

feet approx.)

BUILDING AMENITY:

Acoustic Privacy: Acoustic privacy is a measure of sound insulation between apartments and between external and

internal spaces. Designing for acoustic privacy relates to the location and separation of buildings within a development

and the arrangement of apartments and internal spaces within apartments.

Arrange apartments within a development to minimize noise transition

between flats by:

- locating busy, noisy areas next to each other and quieter areas next to

other quiet areas, for example, living rooms with living rooms, bedrooms

with bedrooms

- using storage or circulation zones within an apartment to buffer noise

from adjacent apartments,mechanical services or corridors and lobby areas

- minimizing the amount of party (shared) walls with other apartments.

Design the internal apartment layout to separate noisier spaces from

quieter spaces by:

- grouping uses within an apartment-bedrooms with bedrooms and service

areas like kitchen, bathroom, laundry together.

Resolve conflicts between noise, outlook and views by using design measures

including:

- Double glazing

- Operable screened balconies

- Continuous walls to ground level courtyards where they do not conflict with

streetscape or other amenity requirements.

This typical apartment floor plan locates

living spaces away from noise sources, su

as the lift and stairs. Quiet bedrooms are

also located separate from main living

areas.

bedrooms

Living, dining, kitchen


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Natural Ventilation:

Grouping rooms with similar usage together, for example, keeping living spaces together and sleeping spaces together.

This allows the apartment to be compartmentalized for efficient summer cooling or winter heating.

Building depths, which support natural ventilation typically, range from 10 to 18 meters.

Sixty percent (60%) of residential units should be naturally cross ventilated.

Twenty five percent (25%) of kitchens within a development should have access to natural ventilation.

BUILDING CONFIGURATION:

Ground Floor Apartments: Optimize the number of ground floor apartments with separate entries and consider

requiring an appropriate percentage of accessible units. This relates to the desired streetscape and topography of the

site. Provide ground floor apartments with access to private open space, preferably as a terrace or garden.

Corner apartments can achieve

effective natural ventilation.

Good cross ventilation can be achieved

with cross over apartments, maisonette

apartments and semi-basement car parks.

Natural ventilation in this corner apartment is

drawn through windows having differentorientation. This layout works well in upper

floor apartments.

This optimal layout allows air flow directly

from one side of the apartment to the other.


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APARTMENT TYPOLOGIES/ CLASSIFICATION OF APARTMENTS:

Type of Mix of these types will be decided by the local area requirements and bylaws of the site.


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CORNER ASPECT: Suitable for

tower form

SINGLE ASPECT:

MIX OF SINGLE, CORNER AND

DUAL ASPECT


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ROOM DEPTH AND CEILING HEIGHT STANDARDS:

Dual aspect apartments with a maximum total depth of 24 m

Single aspect apartments with a maximum depth of 10 m from a window

Dual Aspect apartments are not compatible

with double loaded corridors.

There should be enough space between two

dual aspect apartments to enter sunlight.

A MIXTURE OF SINGLE,CORNER AND DUAL ASPECT WILL BE USED.

SINGLE ASPECT CAN BE USED FOR ONE BEDROOM APARTMENT AND CORNER ASPECT CAN BE USED IN TWO OR

THREE BEDROOM APARTMENTS


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WIND PROTECTION:

C


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COMPARISON OF APARTMENT BUILDING TYPOLOGIES:

EXTERIOR CORRIDOR

INTERIOR CORRIDOR


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MULTIPLE EXTERIOR ACCESSES

MULTIPLE INTERIOR ACCESSES


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TOWER

DIMENSIONS OF SITE WILL HELP US DECIDE THE CONFIGURATION OF BUILDING


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SPATIAL HIERARCHY:

Transition between public space and private space is through semi-private zones. Sub-division and zoning of communal

space is,

Public Semi-Public Private Semi-Private

PUBLIC SPACE: A social space that is open and accessible to all, regardless of gender, race, ethnicity, age or socio-

economic level. These spaces have no boundaries and restriction on entrance of public. Streets, including pavements are

general public spaces.

SEMI-PUBLIC SPACE: It is a private space accessible to general public. Here, it can be defined as a space open to the

public but has a certain private character in it. It can be a local small park, an open courtyard or any similar space. It is

accessible to everyone, is to be used primarily by the surrounding residents.

Semi-public spaces are communal spaces which provide residents to get together neutrally and know each other. They

are the reason of contact between residents.

Security of such spaces is an issue, but can be done by residents and people who use them. it can be done either

through the presence and observation of local residents (self-organization) or organizations who deal with spaces.


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SEMI-PRIVATE SPACES: A semi private space is a space that is accessed and controlled by residents and associated

people. For example, communal staircase in a residential building. These are not private because these are shared but

not accessible to outsiders.

PRIVATE SPACES: In case of a multi-unit housing complex, territory of an individual unit is a private space, where access

is only limited by the residents or the concerned people. This area is completely distinguished from the above

mentioned public and semi-public spaces.

COMMUNAL AND PRIVATE OPEN SPACES:

The job of buildings is to improve human

relations: architecture must ease them, not make

them worse

-Ralph Erskine

The provision of adequate and a well-designed

communal and private open space for each

apartment is crucial and in particular, usable

outdoor space for families is preferable with a

safer living environment. It is essential to clearly

distinguish between the public, semi-public,

private and semi-private spaces.

COMMUNAL OPEN SPACES: Communal open spaces are

provided within the landscaped courtyards of blocks. The height

and orientation of adjoining blocks should permit sufficient

sunlight to reach such spaces throughout the year. Roof

gardens are satisfactory alternatives with fully considered

climatic and safety factors.

PRIVATE OPEN SPACES:

Private open space can be provided in the form of rear gardens,

patios (ground floor) or balconies (upper level). It can be in the

form of landscaped areas. Private Open Space at ground floor

level need s some boundaries for privacy and security, these boundaries can be real barriers or perceived barriers like

level differences, hedges, textures and variations etc.


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LAYOUT OF APPARTMENTS:

The internal layout of an apartment establishes:

Spatial arrangement of rooms

Circulation between the rooms

Degree of privacy for each room

In addition it directly impacts the quality of residential amenity ,such as access to daylight and natural ventilation

,acoustics and visual privacy and private open spaces.

LAYOUT OF FLATS:

Studio apartment One bedroom cross through apartment Loft apartment One bedroom single aspect apartment Two bedroom apartment Three bedroom apartment

APARTMENT TYPE AREA AREA IN METER SQUARE

STUDIO INTERNAL 38.5

EXTERNAL 6

1 BEDROOM CROSS THROUGH INTERNAL 50

EXTERNAL 8

1 BED ROOM LOFT INTERNAL 62

EXTERNAL 9.4

1 BEDROOM SINGLE ASPECT INTERNAL 63.4

EXTERNAL 10

2 BEDROOM CORNER INTERNAL 80

EXTERNAL 11

2 BEDROOM CROSS THROUGH INTERNAL 89

EXTERNAL 21

2 BEDROOM CROSS OVER INTERNAL 90

EXTERNAL 16

2 BEDROOM CORNER INTERNAL 121

EXTERNAL 33

3 BEDROOM INTERNAL 124

EXTERNAL 24


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1 BEDROOM 2 BEDROOM

MASIONETTE APARTMENT/LOFT

DESIGN OF FLAT UNITS:

General:

the principle of good entrance and approach should not be overshadowed by consideration of aspect ,as it is rarely

possible to allow perfect adjustment in all directions. Planning principles

must be exploited to full.

Grouping of rooms:

The question of aspect of individual rooms is invariably a problem; the ideal

seldom being possible.an effort should be made to group all services, thus

facilitating a concentration of drainage and plumbing which are relatively

expensive items.

The main units of accommodation are:


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Living room :Living room should be near the entrance of the flat.

Should become approach to the rooms.

It is not desirable to pass bedrooms and bathrooms to reach living rooms.

Bedroom and bath rooms: Room sizes minimum and recommended:

A flat for 2 single

person should

have a 2 single bedroom of recommended 9 meter square, minimum 8 meter square each.

Main bed room:

Master bed room should not be less than 12 meter square.

Double bed rooms:

10 to 11 meter square is reasonable

Single bed room:

Single bed room should not be less than 8 meter square. 6.5 meter is considered absolute minimum.

Bathroom and bathroom accommodation should be cut off from the living room.

Should form a distinct unit.

Service:


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The service between kitchen and dining room should not cross the main corridor or hall .

Entrance hall:

The principle rooms in the flat must be grouped round the entrance hall Immediately inside the front door.

No entrance halls are in low rental types and small flats

Low rental types or small flats:

The low rental type of flats are built in large blocks and build on invariably central corridor system.

Maximum flats are served by central core (lifts and stairs).

Room by room commentary on room area standards:

Washrooms: 1 wc for 1 to 3 person dwelling2 wc for 5 persons dwelling

Linen storage: 1 to 3 person dwelling 0.4 meter cube4 or more person dwelling 0.6 meter cube

Kitchen: 1 to 2 person dwelling 1.7 meter cube3 or more person dwelling 2.3 meter cube

SPACE HEATING:

Internal temperature should be maintained to 21 degree centigrade if external temperature is minus 1 degree.

ELECTRIC SOCKETS:

Kitchen 4

Dinning 1

Living area 3

Bedroom 2

Bed sitting room in family dwelling 3

COMPARRISON OF DIFFERENT LAYOUTS OF APPARTMENTS:

STUDIO APARTMENTS: The studio apartments are suitable for

bachelors as they have no privacy issues.

Everything is accommodated in a single space.

Good usage of single space

Less material utilization.


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MAISONETTE APARTMENTS:

Less in square meters or floor area

Has double heighted living.

CORNER APPARTMENTS:

Maximum ventilation and day light is achieved

Number of rooms depends upon therequirements of the users and the number of

family members.

DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS OF APARTMENTS:

ACCOMODATION OF A VARIETY OF FURNITUREARRANGEMENTS, PROVIDING FOR A RANGE OF ACTIVITIES AND PRIVACY LEVELS BETWWEN DIFFERENT SPACES

WITHIN THE APPARTMENT.

UTILIZING FLEXIBLE ROOM SIZES CIRCULATION THROUGH STAIRS AND CORRIDORS SHOUL D DESIGNED EFFECIENTLY SO THAT FLOOR SPACES ARE

INCREASED.

PROVIDING PRIVATE OPEN SPACES IN THE FORM OF BALCONIES AND TERRACES. LOCATING MAIN LIVING ADJECENT TO THE OPEN SPACE. PLACING THE KITCHEN AND BATHS TOWARD THE EXTERNAL FACE OF THE BUILDING THERE BY MAXIMISES THE

NUMBER OF ROOMS.

KITCHEN SHOULD BE PLACED AS SUCH SO THAT IT DOES NOT COME IN THE MAIN CIRCULATION PATTERN OFTHE APARTMENT.

HVAC SYSTEMS:

There are many different types of HVAC systems that can be chosen for a residential development, and many different

reasons for choosing them.

Systems breakdown into two major categories:

Centralized Systems De-centralized Systems

Centralized systems feed the heating and cooling for the entire building from one centrally located mechanical area.

They are mostly used in mid to high-rise buildings, which are structures with 5-7+ floors. These systems are more

expensive to install and are usually more sophisticated to operate and maintain. A major drawback of centralized

systems is that usage cannot readily be individually metered; therefore, the energy costs must be included in any rental

or condo fee calculation.

Decentralized systems provide separate heating and cooling equipment for each unit, are less expensive to install

initially, and are more appropriate for low to mid-rise buildingsthose that have 6 floors or less. The maintenance of


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these systems is relatively simple, but because there is a system for every unit, service calls can be frequent occurrences

These systems also tend to have a shorter life span than centralized systems. A great benefit of all decentralized systems

is that they can be individually metered at the unit, whether gas-fired or run by electricity.

The decentralized systems tend to be less sophisticated and significantly less costly to install initially thancentralized systems.

They also tend to have a shorter life span than the centralized systems, so long term maintenance andreplacement costs should be considered in the overall analysis.

Types of Centralized Systems:

There are three types

four-pipe vertical stacked fan coil unit, two-pipe vertical stacked fan coil units vertical stacked water source heat pumps

Four-pipe vertical stacked fan coil system:

carries the highest initial cost generally provides the highest degree of comfort control for the resident. It requires a mechanical room located in a penthouse or the ground floor. One of greatest advantages of this system is that it allows the unit occupant to switch from heating to cooling at

will. Because the system runs n four pipes.

One item that must be addressed is that the major components of this system will require skilled maintenancestaff on call to operate and maintain them.

The major components include

a boiler chiller cooling tower pumps.

Hot and chilled water are distributed from the mechanical room to fan coils located inside the living units.

Two-pipe vertical fan coil system: This system is similar to the four-pipe system described above, except there are only

two pipes to deliver EITHERhot OR chilled water.

Requires a room but in a smaller scale because of the use of two pipes. The advantage is the cost, that is less as compared to four pipe system. Less flexible and less efficient, provide less comfort to the users.

Water source heat pump system: One of the most popular type of centralized system for mid-high rise residential

buildings.

Offers Flexibility


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Simultaneously cooling and heating Low cost as compared to four pipe systems.

Types Decentralized Systems:

Decentralized HVAC systems are a common choice for low-rise residential buildings, especially when first cost is a factor.

fan coil units with integral pump; gas fired furnace with an air conditioning coil (a-coil) and remote condenser self-contained packaged heat and A/C through the wall.

Conclusion: For the High rise residential apartments of 5-7 storey, Central

System with either two pipe coil system or water system can be used.

AIR-CONDITIONING:

Most large multistory buildings use highly centralized airconditioning equipment. The roof and basement are the usual

choice for these central station systems.

The basement has the advantage of easy utility connections, noiseisolation, not being valuable rental area and the fact that structural

loads are not a problem.

The roof is the ideal location for fresh air intakes and heatrejection to the atmosphere. Cooling tower can placed

there.

To avoid the large vertical ducts, separate air handlingunits can be placed on each floor and only water circulates

vertically. This saves much energy because moving air

great distances requires much power.

Types Of Systems:

All-Air system Central Plant system Air water system Induction system


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Fan coil system

Conclusion: Fan-coil units are most appropriate for air conditioning buildings with small zones (eg. Apartments,condominiums, motels, hotels, hospitals and schools).

FIREFIGHTING:

A High-Rise building may be defined as any building above the reach of ladders. It can also be a building that lacks

practicable exterior access to the upper floors for fire operations, and or that which the fire service and each Incident

Commander must depend upon the building's systems and components for fire suppression and smoke removal.

In the earliest High-Rise structures built in the early 1900s a single stairway often provided the only means of egress

from the interior.

High-Rise Evolution:

It was after World War II, when developers, architects and construction firms began to protest that the fire protection

requirements were increasing the cost of construction beyond that which was reasonable and affordable. The concept

of compartmentalization was now being revolutionized into the open space design.

In high-rise buildings built primarily of steel the columns at the core are connected to the columns at the exterior walls

of the building by steel girders. These long girders eliminate the need for intermediate columns. This design concept

allows for a completely unobstructed floor space providing an individual tenant or building owner versatility of floor

layout that best meets their needs.

In case of high rise building, the following provision shall be made for safety of buildings from fire :-

At least one stair-case shall be provided as a fire staircase as defined in the National


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Building Code. Provided that this shall not be applicable if any two sides of a staircase are kept totally open toexternal open air space.

Water Supply: Underground tank of the capacity of one lakh liters and two lakh liters for the buildings situatedwithin the municipal limit and outside of the municipal limit respectively be invariably provided in all the high

rise buildings. Water in the normal use tank should come only through the overflow of fire tank so provided.

The internal fire hydrants shall be installed as provided. An external fire hydrant shall be provided within the confines of the site of the building and shall be connected

with Municipal Water mains not less than 4" in diameter. In addition fire hydrant shall be connected with

Booster Pump from the static supply maintained on site.

Separate electric circuits for lift installation. Lighting of passages corridors and stairs and for internal fire hydrantsystem shall be provided.

Every building having a height of more than 25 m shall be provided with diesel generators which can be utilizedin case of failure of the electricity.

There should be Provision of dry-powder fire extinguisher to the extent of two on each floor with a capacity of 5kg in all the high rise buildings.

Stack effect: A natural phenomena associated with High Rise buildings is called "stack effect". Which is best described as

the vertical natural air movement through the arteries of the building caused by differences in temperatures and

densities between the atmospheres both inside and outside the building.

Stack effect is responsible for the wide distribution of smoke and toxic gases in a High-Rise building fire. The magnitude

of stack effect is a function of:

Building height

Air tightness of exterior walls

Air leakage between floors

Temperature difference between inside air and outside air

atriums :

Atriums are also subject to the Stack effect. They would be subject to smoke contamination from spaces that adjoin the

large open space. The controls to vent the space may not be automatic. They may be controlled remotely or operated

manually by dispatching members to the roof area of the atrium to open vent hatches.

VERTICAL ARTERIES:

Vertical arteries include the shafts built for stairwells, elevators, utilities and the air handling systems. They may be built

of reinforced

concrete,


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concrete block or tile gypsum board.

Stairwells

Generally stairwells in High-Rise buildings are usually built into the core and may be supplemented with additional

stairwells on the outer perimeter of the structure. Stairwells and exits in High-Rise buildings are not designed to handle

the total occupant load simultaneously.

There are two different stair design types commonly used in High-Rise buildings. They are referred to as "return type"

and "scissor type".

Return Stairs

These stairs used in the majority of High-Rise buildings are similar to stairs found in conventional structures. In return

type stairs, entry to, and exit from the stairwell is made at the same relative location on each floor level.

Scissor Stairs

These types of stairs consist

of two separate sets of stairs,

which cross each other within

a common shaft. In this type


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of stair arrangement, the stair access point for each set of stairs in the shaft is at opposite locations on adjacent floors

Access Stairs

Sometimes referred to as convenience or tenant stairs, they are not considered a means of egress. Usually added as a

convenience for an individual tenant who may occupy many floors and use of the exit stairwell with the fireproof self-

closing doors or use of elevators becomes time consuming. These open stairs provide quick assent or descent between

floors.

Utility shafts

They include chase ways for electric conduit, plumbing and communication lines. They are shafts for the supply and

return of conditioned air in the HVAC system. During construction they may be open for the height of the building prior

to fire stopping or pouring of concrete once all conduits lines and plumbing are in place. Fires originating in electric

equipment are common to the fire service.

Elevator shafts

These shafts also provide an avenue for the extension of fire and smoke. These shafts are subject to the natura

phenomena of stack effect, which creates a draft of air towards the shaft. This draft will draw smoke and heat to the

upper reaches of the shaft when subject to positive stack.

MECHANICAL VENTILATION:s

As apartments are often relatively small spaces, its important to make sure you have provided adequate ventilation for

health and comfort. The recommended ventilation rate for an entire dwelling is between 0.5 ACH and 1.5 ACH

HIGH RISE GARBAGE DISPOSAL SYSTEMS :

Considerable care and consideration needs to be given to designing a waste management system for high-rise buildings.

Different options can be considered for this which are as follow:

Option 1: provide room for interim storage of garbage and recyclable on each floor in an interim storage area. A

caretaker takes garbage and recyclables from the interim storage area to a communal storage area.

Pros:

Simple and easy to use Encourages recycling through collocation of garbage

Cons:

Requires regular transfer of garbage and recycling from the interim storage area to the communal storage area. Residents may clutter the interim storage area with bulky unwanted items that then need to be removed by a

caretaker or cleaning staff.


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This system requires a degree of on-going management in transferring bins to and from the collection point oncollection day, keeping the interim storage areas and central garbage room clean etc.

Recycling bins could be contaminated if there is inadequate disposal capacity provided for garbage in eachinterim storage area

Residents transporting recycling down main lifts and stairwells if there is no service lift in the building couldaffect amenity.

Option 2: install a chute system for garbage that leads to a central garbage room at the bottom of the building. The

chute can empty into a bulk bin. However, there may also be a requirement for the chute to empty into a compactor.

Room for interim storage of recyclables is provided in an interim storage area (which also houses the garbage chute inlet

hopper) on each floor.

Pros:

Simple and easy to use Encourages recycling through collocation of garbage Monitor contamination No need to manually carry bags and bins to up and downstairs.

Cons: Requires the regular transfer of recycling and bulky waste items (unsuitable for disposal in the chute) from the

interim storage area to the communal storage area.

Residents may clutter the interim storage area with bulky unwanted items that then need to be removed by acaretaker or cleaning staff.

Chutes are not suitable to transfer recyclables or bulky items, therefore two means of transferring materials ineach development are required (the chute and manual methods).

Recycling bins could be contaminated if bulky items or other items that cannot fit down chutes are placed in therecycling stream.

Regular maintenance, including cleaning and unblocking chutes is likely to be required. Regular inspection of thewaste room into which waste discharges is also required to ensure bins do not become overfull.

Where chutes discharge into a compaction unit, the compacted waste bins can become very heavy and increaseoccupational health and safety risks. Compacted waste may also get jammed in the base of the bins making it

difficult to empty the contents.

ELEVATORS:

To function efficiently and to provide access for the elderly and disabled, modern offices and public buildings are

provided with suitably designed lift installations.

Design considerations:

Priority must be given to locating lifts centrally within a building to minimize horizontal travel distance. In large buildings it is usual to provide a group of lifts near the main entrance and single lifts at the ends of the

building.

The lift lobby must be wide enough to allow pedestrian traffic to circulate and pass through the lift area withoutcausing congestion.

Wherever possible the machine room should be sited above the lift shaft. This location minimises the length ofropes and optimizes efficiency.

The room should be ventilated, but the vent opening must not be over the equipment. Landing doors of lifts shall open to ventilated lobby & shall have a fire resistance of 1 hour. Lifts shall not be used as means of evacuation.

Standards:


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Minimum standard one lift per fourstorey.

Minimum walking distance to access alift 45 m due to 21 m vertical distance.

Minimum 1 lift capable of carryingminimum 8 persons weighing 545 kg.

Shall be provided for every high risebuilding.

Floor space and lift car capacity can beestimated at 0.2 m per person.

STAIRCASE:

Design Considerations:

Every high rise building has minimum 2 number of Staircases. Width of staircases varies from 1 m. to 2 m. For residential building width of staircases should be 1 m. Out of 2 staircases, 1 can be used as a fire escape staircase. Width of fire escape should be minimum 0.75 meter. Number of staircases shall be given as per the travel distances which are 22.5m. Emergency staircases should be given. Emergency staircase should be wide open to outside serving as the safe evacuation. We should have big windows on every floor of the staircase to avoid chimney effect in case of fire.

SECURITY SYSTEMS:

Types of Security alarms:

Intruder alarms Micro-switch and magnetic reed Radio sensor, pressure mat and taut wiring Acoustic, vibration and inertia detectors Ultrasonic and microwave detectors Active infra-red detector Passive infra-red detector Lightning protection systems

Intruder alarms:

Detects unauthorized entry into abuilding Alarm components are an alarm bell or siren activated through a programmer from switches or activators.

Power is from mains electricity with a battery back-up.


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Micro-switch and magnetic reed:

Reed switches and reed sensors find applications simple position sensing in doors Micro-switch a small component which is easily located in door or window openings. It is the same concept and

application as the automatic light switch used in a vehicle door recess, but it activates an alarm siren.

Radio sensor, pressure mat and taut wiring:

General commercial applications to detect the presence of a person Radio sensor these are surface mounted to windows and doors. They transmit a radio signal from an integral

battery power source. This signal is picked up by a central control unit or receiver, which activates the alarm

circuit.

Acoustic, vibration and inertia detectors:

They are used mainly for protection against intruders in commercial and industrial premises. A sound receiver comprises a microphone, amplifier and an output relay. Also included is a filter circuit which

can be tuned to respond to specific sound frequencies such as that produced by breaking glass.

Ultrasonic and microwave detectors:

the equipment is simply a sound emitter and a receiver containing a microphone and sound processor.Active infra-red detector:

These detectors are used as intrusion detectors by providing a path of radiation from the source to the sensor ina place where the path is likely to be interrupted by an intruder.

The system is based on a transmitter and receiver. The transmitter projects an invisible light beam at distancesup to 300 m on to a photo-electric cell receiver.

Passive infra-red detector:

Allow you to sense motion, almost always used to detect whether a human has moved in or out of the sensorsrange.

These detectors use highly sensitive ceramic infra-red receivers to recognise radiation from a moving body.Wall-mounted detector units focus the radiation through a lens which contains curved facets to concentrate the

radiation on to two sensors.

PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICES:

Problems:

Noise from the unclipped pipes, toilet cistern filling, toilet flushing or bath emptying etc. Warm water from cold taps Freezing pipes Affected water quality Leaking pipes Inconvenient access to own valves and pipes Interference by others

Solutions:

Incoming stop valve should be placed at low level. Temperature should be below 20C before it is delivered to the tap. Perfect insulation of pipes Use of plastic pipes generate less noise than metal pipes To minimize the impact of noise in pipes they should be routed through communal areas where the noise can

dissipate more easily.

Properly clipped pipes will prevent the pipe knocking. Pipes routes should be through communal areas like corridors and stairwells Personal spaces would be avoided. There must be a seal between the soil and the vent pipe and the storage cistern.


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STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS:

The structural system of a high-rise building must

resist both gravity and lateral loads, due to

phenomena such as wind and earthquake. As the

height of the building increases, the lateral loads

gradually dominate the structural design.

Four overall groupings of structural systems for

tall buildings may be identified as:

A. Bearing wall system

B. Core system

C. Frame system

D. Tube system.

Bearing wall:

A bearing wall structure is comprised of planar vertical elements, which form all or part of the exterior walls and in many

instances the interior walls as well. They resist both vertical and horizontal loads and are mainly made in concrete

Core system:

A core structure is comprised of load

bearing walls arranged in a closed formwhere the vertical transportation systems

are usually concentrated. This

arrangement allows flexibility in the use of

the building space outside the core. In the

figure, there is a central core from which

floors are either suspended or

cantilevered.

Frame structure:

Steel frames are combined with concrete

walls and cores, or with steel bracings and

horizontal trusses. A frame structure is

usually made of columns, beams and floor

slabs arranged to resist both horizontal

and vertical loads. The frame is perhaps

the most adaptable structural form with

e


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regard to material and shape, due to the many ways of combining structural elements in order to give adequate support

to the given loading.

Tube structure:

Classification of Structural Systems for Tall

Buildings:

Structural systems for tall buildings can be

divided into two broad categories. This

classification is based on the distribution of

the components of the primary lateral load-

resisting system over the building.

A. Interior Structures

B. Exterior Structures

Interior Structures:

A system is categorized as an interior structure when the

major part of the lateral load resisting system is located within the

interior of the building. The various types of lateral load-resisting

systems in the category of interior structures are:

1. Moment-resisting frames ( Rigid Frames)

2. Braced Hinged frames

3.Shear wall / Hinged frame

4. Shear wall ( or shear truss)

5. Outrigger structure

Exterior Structures:

If the major part of the lateral load-resisting system is located at

the building perimeter, a system is categorized as an exterior

structure. Exterior Structures can be classified as:

1.Tube


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Framed Tube Braced Tub Bundled Tube Tube in Tube

2.Diagrid

3.Space Truss Structures

4.Super Frames

5.Exo-skeleton


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BIBLIOGRAPHY:

Building Services Handbook.pdf

Design_Considerations_for_water_supplies_in_appartment_buildings_and_flats.pdf

fire_safety_high_rise_building.pdf, Building Services Handbook.pdf

http://www.triz-journal.com/archives/2001/04/a/index.htm,fire_safety_high_rise_building.pdf

Time saver building types

Residential Flat Code

Architects Handbook

Apartment Design Guidelines NZ

Metric Handbook

Defensible Space, Oscar Newman
http://www.triz-journal.com/archives/2001/04/a/index.htmhttp://www.triz-journal.com/archives/2001/04/a/index.htmhttp://www.triz-journal.com/archives/2001/04/a/index.htm

lit review flats

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