Life Span and the Environment

College of Public and Community Service

University of Massachusetts at Boston

©2011 William Holmes

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Imitation Learning rules—syntax,

semantics, pragmatics Using fast mapping Developing phonology Having receptive language Learning expressive

language

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Bilingual development Acquiring second language Adjusting to second culture Continued use of primary

language Continued development of

secondary language

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Hi! Allo!

Instruction in both languages Interpreter role for family

members Language subcultures Language problems

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Holla! Yo!

Encouraging development Controlling development Reassuring development Influencing shame and self-

doubt Providing reciprocal interaction Providing context for

interpreting

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Parent age, personality, life stage influences

Child age, health, gender, responsiveness

Family context—other adults, other children, socioeconomic status, culture, neighborhood

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Authoritarian—withdrawal, hostility, unachieving, low competence

Authoritative—independent, friendly, achieving, competent

Permissive—impulsive, low self-reliance, immature, aggressive, poor boundaries, low competence

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Role modeling, imitation, and value setting

Caregiving Helping/rivalry Warning and instruction Interpreting Providing sibling underworld

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Parenting disruption—conflict, blaming economic stress, less caregiving

Attachment disruption Aggression and depression in children Colored by cognitive immaturity Separation anxiety and abandonment

fears

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Changing roles and responsibilities

Decreased fathering More latchkey children More use of Au Pairs,

Nannies, and baby sitting

More use of day care

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More behavior problems More independence Need to maintain

cognitive stimulation Need to maintain

nurturing and attachment

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Physical awareness Looking glass self Naming Likes and dislikes Temperament

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Activities Relationships Role in family Role in society Autobiographical

narrative

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Biology Social learning Cognitive identification Gender schemas Psychoanalytic issues

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Parental socialization Sibling socialization Peer influence Media influence Social control influences

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Unoccupied play Solitary plan Onlooker play Parallel play Associative play Cooperative play

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Cognitive development Emotional development Role practicing Role alternatives Wishful thinking

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Stress reduction Self-esteem building Social interaction

development Outlet for emotions Strategy

development

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