life cycle assessment in forestry - formec · life cycle assessment in forestry what is lca? life...

Life Cycle Assessment in Forestry


52nd International Symposium on Forestry Mechanization42nd edition of the Council on Forest Engineering06 - 10 October 2019, Sopron | Forchtenstein (Hungary | Austria)

Martin KÜHMAIER1, Christian KANZIAN1, Iris KRAL1, Gerhard PIRINGER2

1University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU)2University of Applied Sciences Burgenland


Why is it relevant to talk about LCA?

How do we supply societies needs without harming the environment or future generations’ ability to meet their needs?

We have many options to meet our demands

How to choose the “best” option?

11k2.wordpress.com


What is LCA?

Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is a tool to assess the potential environmental impacts of products, systems, or services at all stages in their life cycle [ISO 14001:2004].

www.kyoceradocumentsolutions.comPiringer 2016


History of LCA

1969

1972

www.nuffoodsspectrum.in

1979

LCAFirst LCA-Journal

1991 1996

First ISO Standard

1997

UNEP/SETAC Life Cycle Initiative

2003

www.theguardian.com

thelcacentre.com


History of LCA in forestry

Pulp andpaperindustryinitiative

First LCA studies

1993

COST LCA offorestproducts

2001

0102030405060708090

100

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

2018

Publ

icat

ions

per

yea

r

Year

Integration of forestryprocesses in Ecoinvent

2013

Fuelwoodinitiates a boom in LCA studies

2006

1993


20 years of LCA in forestry

Klein et al. (2015)

28 studies:22 different peer-reviewed studies,four original reports and two databases


20 years of LCA in forestry

Klein et al. (2015)


ISO standard 14040 (methodology)

Interpretation

Impact Assessment

Inventory Analysis

Goal and Scope Definition

Venditti et al. 2009


Life cycle inventory

All relevant stages of the life of a product needs to be included

- Raw Materials/Energy Needs- Manufacturing- Transportation, Storage & Distribution- Use, reuse, and maintenance - Recycle & Waste Management

Venditti et al. 2009


Impact Assessment – Global Warming Potential

coolaustralia.org

Lifetime (years) GWP (100 years)Carbon dioxide CO2 30–95 1Methane CH4 12 28Nitrous oxide N20 121 265CFC-12 CCl2F2 100 10 200HCFC-22 CHClF2 12 1 760Tetrafluoromethane CF4 50 000 6 630Hexafluoroethane C2F6 10 000 11 100Sulfur hexafluoride SF6 3 200 23 500Nitrogen trifluoride NF3 500 16 100

EEA

IPCC


Databases and software

openlca.org


Forest machines – fuel consumption & emissions

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Num

ber o

f obs

erva

tions

Fuel consumption Fuel consumption & emissions Emissions Argnani 2019

355 observations from 158 studies


Harvester – fuel consumption

Argnani 2019


Case Study – Chain SawFuel consumption

Klugmann (2006). Laufzeiten und Kosten der Motorsäge in der Holzernte. Report Nr. 39/2006

Fuel

con

sum

ptio

n(l/

m³)

DBH (cm)

Tree speciesSoftwood

Hardwood

163 observations


Case Study – Chain SawFuel consumption & emissions

Data loggerSingle boardcomputer & WLAN

FlowmeterRev-counterHall effect sensor

Temperature sensor


Husqvarna 372XPHusqvarna 550XPG

Partial currentGas analyzer

Measurement Speed


Exhaust pipe modul


Emissions measured Carbon monoxide (CO), NDIR Carbon dioxide (CO2), NDIR Nitric oxide (NO), IR Nitrogen dioxide (NO2), NDUV Oxygen (O2), paramagnetic

Gas analysis equipment




Fuel

con

sum

ptio

n(g

/h)

Beach

Tree speciesSpruce

Chain saw


Two-thirds of the emissions for the harvesting process

CO2 emissions amount to 0.03% of the stored CO2

Manufacturing process is not relevant Galovits 2019

Case Study – Chain SawGlobal warming potential

67%

33%

0%0,000

0,020

0,040

0,060

0,080

0,100

0,120

0,140

0,160

0,180

0,200

Felling and processingwith chain saw

Supply of fuel Production of chain saw

kg C

O2

equ

m-3


Case study – Cable ForwarderInput & Output

0.2 m³ Piece volume14 m³ Load volume271 m Extraction distance

12.4 m³/h Productivity

Extracting with cable forwarder

1 hour

Diesel9.927 kg

Forwarder6.43 * 10-5

Lubricants0.354 kg

Transfer (trailer)19.5 tkm

Transfer (own machine)

0.02 h

Timber12.4 m³

Nitrogen oxidesNMVOC, non-methane volatile organic compounds, unspecified originPAH, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbonsParticulates, < 2.5 umParticulates, > 10 umParticulates, > 2.5 um, and < 10umSeleniumZinc

AmmoniaBenzo(a)pyreneCadmiumCarbon dioxide, fossilCarbon monoxide, fossilCopperDinitrogen monoxideDioxins, measured as 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxinMethane, fossilNickel


Case study – Cable ForwarderGlobal warming potential

64%

12% 9% 13%3%

0,00

0,50

1,00

1,50

2,00

2,50

3,00

Extraction withcable yarder

Production ofcable yarder

Transfer cableyarder

Supply of diesel Supply oflubricants and oil

kg C

O2

equ

m-3

Two-thirds of the emissions for extraction process

CO2 emissions amount to 0.4% of the CO2 stored the wood stored

Potential savings


Case study - Forest roadsGlobal warming potential

64%; 6,99

59%; 5,66

4%; 0,42

15%; 1,41

35%; 3,78

21%; 2,01

0,00 2,00 4,00 6,00 8,00 10,00 12,00

Tannleiten

Kofljoch

kg CO2 equ m-3

Planning and supervision Tree felling EarthworksDrainage Embankment stabilisation Maintenance

Kofljoch Tannleiten

Length [m] 690 660

Timber [m³] 1,900 1,700

Excavator[hours]

242 209

Culverts [n] 14 0

Mansory [m] 25 0

Graveltransport [tkm]

15,000 45,000

Machinetransport [tkm]

1,200 4,140


Comparison of harvesting systems in steepterrain

Wanzenböck 2019

8,02

3,94 3,94

8,026,85

0,350,70

0,702,58

2,58

0,0

3,0

6,0

9,0

12,0

Chain saw -Cable yarder CTL

Chain saw -Cable forwarder

CTL

Cable harvester- Cable

forwarder CTL

Cable harvester- Cable yarder

CTL

Chain saw -Cable yarder -Processor WT

kg C

O2

equ

m-3

Extracting Extracting & Processing Felling Felling & Processing


Wanzenböck 2019

Comparison of harvesting systems in steepterrain – Scenario analysis

0

5

10

15

20

D 60 m D 180 m D 540 m

kg C

O2

equ

m-3

Chain saw - Cable yarder CTL Chain saw - Cable forwarder CTLCable harvester - Cable forwarder CTL Cable harvester - Cable yarder CTLChain saw - Cable yarder - Processor WT


Global warming potential for timber supply in Austria

GWP = 26.2 kg CO2 pro m³


New Technologies:Chain saw: Fuel vs Battery

Austria (Europe) could save up to 800 t CO2 equ (16,000 t CO2 equ ) per year with a complete switch to chain saw battery technologies.

Huber & Nemestothy 2019

0

0,05

0,1

0,15

0,2

0,25

0,3

Felling Felling & Delimbing Felling, Delimbing &Cross-cutting

Cross-cutting

kg C

O2

equ

m-3

Fuel mix Battery


A general reduction of 5% in fuel consumption in timber harvesting and transport in Austria (Europe) would reduce the global warming potential by approx. 20,000 t CO2 equ (400,000 t CO2 equ ).

New Technologies:Reduction of fuel consumption

2,50

2,60

2,70

2,80

2,90

3,00

3,10

3,20

3,30

3,40

BAU Reduction 2 % Reduction 5 % Reduction 10 % Reduction 20 %

kg C

O2

equ

m-3


Assuming that the use of biodiesel can reduce emissions by 40% in timber harvesting and by 16% in road transport, this would mean an annual saving of 45,000 t CO2 equ (900,000 t CO2 equ) for harvesting in Austria (Europe) and an additional 57,000 t CO2 equ (1,140,000 t CO2 equ) timber transport.

Klvac & Skoupy 2009 Ecoinvent 2019

New Technologies:Change from diesel to biodiesel

0,00

5,00

10,00

15,00

20,00

25,00

30,00

35,00

Harvester Forwarder Truck

kg C

O2

equ

m-3

Diesel Bio diesel


An increase of the rail share to 30% would bring an annual saving in Austria of 16,800 t CO2 equ. With a railway share of 50%, it would even be 84,000 t CO2 equ.

BAUEcoinvent 2019

Schmitz 2018

New Technologies:Change of modal split

27,0 26,1 25,2 24,3 23,4 22,6 21,7 20,8 19,9 19,1 18,2 17,3 16,4 15,5 14,7 13,8

0,0

5,0

10,0

15,0

20,0

25,0

30,0

100Truck 0Railway

95Truck

05Railway

90Truck

10Railway

85Truck

15Railway

80Truck

20Railway

75Truck

25Railway

70Truck

30Railway

65Truck

35Railway

60Truck

40Railway

55Truck

45Railway

50Truck

50Railway

45Truck

55Railway

40Truck

60Railway

35Truck

65Railway

30Truck

70Railway

25Truck

75Railway

kg C

O2

equ

m-3


Baumvolumen [m³] 0,64

Stückvolumen [m³] 0,32

Stückanzahl [n] 1,84

BHD [cm] 45,97

Baumhöhe [m] 29,67

Beastungsprozent [%] 47,87

Rückedistanz [m] 142

Neigung der Rückedistanz [%] 58,5

Ladedistanz [m] 71

Zuzugsdistanz [m] 29,84

Fuhrenvolumen [m³] 14

Transportdistanz Rundholz, mit LKW [km] 50

Transportdistanz Rundholz, mit Bahn [km] 200

Transportdistanz Hackgut [km] 108

Code ProzessProduktivität

[m³/PSH15]CC [kg CO2

equ/PSH15]CC [kg CO2

equ/m³]

3.1 Fällen, mit Motorsäge, AT 7,93 2,68 0,343.1.N Fällen, mit Akku-Motorsäge, AT 6,73 0,52 0,00

3.2 Fällen und Entasten, mit Motorsäge, AT 3,37 1,56 0,003.2.N Fällen und Entasten, mit Akku-Motorsäge, AT 2,86 0,31 0,00

3.3 Fällen, Entasten und Trennschnitt, mit Motorsäge, AT 2,30 0,71 0,003.3.N Fällen, Entasten und Trennschnitt, mit Akku-Motorsäge, AT 1,95 0,27 0,00

TILCA - Systemrechner 1.0- Ökobilanzierung neuer Technologien bei der Holzbereitstellung vom Waldort bis zum Werk -

Objective: To calculate the global warming potential for selected supply chains

Selection by check box

Implmentation of productivity models

- stand data

- location data

Decision support:LCA of timber supply chains

Code ProzessProduktivität

[m³/PSH15]CC [kg CO2

equ/PSH15]CC [kg CO2

equ/m³]

3.1 Fällen, mit Motorsäge, AT 7,93 2,68 0,343.1.N Fällen, mit Akku-Motorsäge, AT 6,73 0,52 0,00

3.2 Fällen und Entasten, mit Motorsäge, AT 3,37 1,56 0,003.2.N Fällen und Entasten, mit Akku-Motorsäge, AT 2,86 0,31 0,00

3.3 Fällen, Entasten und Trennschnitt, mit Motorsäge, AT 2,30 0,71 0,003.3.N Fällen, Entasten und Trennschnitt, mit Akku-Motorsäge, AT 1,95 0,27 0,00

3.4 Fällen, Entasten und Trennschnitt, mit Harvester, AT 31,92 91,83 0,003.4.N2 Fällen, Entasten, Entrinden und Trennschnitt, mit Harvester, AT 17,71 91,83 0,00

3.5 Fällen, Entasten und Trennschnitt, mit Seilharvester, AT 23,59 73,81 0,00

3.6 Rücken, Rundholz, mit Traktor und Krananhänger, bis Forststraße, AT 6,37 15,48 0,003.7 Rücken, Schlagabraum, mit Traktor und Krananhänger, bis Forststraße, AT 10,20 15,48 0,003.8 Rücken, Rundholz, mit Schlepper, bis Forststraße, AT 4,31 34,09 0,003.9 Rücken, Bäume, mit Schlepper, bis Forststraße, AT 4,31 34,09 0,00

3.10 Rücken, Bäume, mit Traktor und Seilwinde, bis Forststraße, AT 9,21 11,90 0,003.11 Rücken, Rundholz, mit Traktor und Seilwinde, bis Forststraße, AT 9,21 11,90 0,003.12 Rücken, Bäume, mit Seilgerät, bis Forststraße und Aufarbeiten, Bäume, mit integriertem Prozessor, AT 8,41 48,50 5,773.13 Rücken, Rundholz, mit Sappel, bis Forststraße, AT 3,00 0,00 0,003.14 Rücken, Rundholz, mit Forwarder, bis Forststraße, AT 74,07 49,71 0,003.15 Rücken, Schlagabraum, mit Forwarder, bis Forststraße, AT 7,50 49,71 0,003.16 Rücken, Rundholz, mit Seilforwarder, bis Forststraße, AT 14,96 45,78 0,003.17 Rücken, Rundholz, mit Seilgerät, bis Forststraße, AT 8,34 43,35 0,00

3.18 Trennschnitt, mit Motorsäge, AT 11,90 2,68 0,003.18.N Trennschnitt, mit Akku-Motorsäge, AT 10,10 0,52 0,00

3.19 Entasten und Trennschnitt, mit Bagger-Prozessor, AT 13,00 71,89 0,00

3.20 Hacken, Energieholz, mit LKW und Aufbau-Hacker, AT 26,83 172,25 0,00

4.1 Transport, Rundholz, mit Traktor und Anhänger, AT 0,004.2 Transport, Rundholz, mit Rundholz-LKW, AT 8,424.3 Transport, Rundholz, mit Bahn, AT 8,284.4 Transport, Hackgut, mit Traktor und Anhänger, AT 0,004.5 Transport, Hackgut, mit Schüttgut-LKW, AT 0,00

Summe 22,81


Conclusion & Outlook

General overview of LCA in timber supply

Comparison of best practice examples worldwide

- New technologies

- Improvement of operational procedures

Including LCA in machine development and harvesting planning

Considering technical, economic and social requirementsKoller GmbH 2019


Than

kyo

u!

The project „Life-cycle-assessment of new technologies of timber supply from the forest to the plant” was funded by:

Austrian Federal Ministry for Sustainability and Tourism

Austrian Federal Forests

Forstbetrieb Franz Mayr-Melnhof-Saurau

life cycle assessment in forestry - formec · life cycle assessment in forestry what is lca? life...

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