léxico inglés isabelino

7/27/2019 Léxico Inglés Isabelino

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/lexico-ingles-isabelino 1/15

Características del léxico presente

en el inglés isabelino.

Chinger Zapata y Yolber Márquez

UPEL-Barquisimeto / CUFT2013



Objetivo de la investigación:

- Describir, desde el punto de vista lexicográfico y lexicológico, las

características léxicas del inglés isabelino percibidas en los sonetos

de Shakespeare.



Fuentes lexicográficas en línea:

- Merriam-Webster Dictionary [MWD] (http://www.merriam-webster.com/ )

- Merriam-Webster Learner’s Dictionary [MWLD] (http://www.learnersdictionary.com/ )

- Oxford Dictionaries [OD] (http://oxforddictionaries.com/)

Fuentes lexicográficas impresas:

- Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English [LDOCE] (New Edition 2009)

- Merriam-Webster’sAdvanced Learner’s English Dictionary [MWALED] (2008)

Fuentes electrónicas:

- Corpus of Contemporary American English(http://corpus.byu.edu/coca/x.asp?w=1138&h=640)

- British National Corpus (http://corpus.byu.edu/bnc/x.asp?w=1138&h=640)

Fuentes documentales:

- Duncan-Jones. K. (ed.). (1997). Shakespeare’s Sonnets. The Arden Shakespeare, Italy.

- Mowat, B. & Werstine, P. (eds.). (2004). Shakespeare’s Sonnets. The Folger Shakespeare

Library. USA.

http://www.merriam-webster.com/

http://www.learnersdictionary.com/

http://oxforddictionaries.com/

http://corpus.byu.edu/coca/x.asp?w=1138&h=640

http://corpus.byu.edu/bnc/x.asp?w=1138&h=640
















































STRUMPETED /ˈstrʌmpətɪd / adj / old-fash / as an adjective, it means defamatory. It refers to a

woman whose maiden honor has been defamed. Duncan-Jones (1997) suggests “chastity

calumniated by being accused of whoredom,” (p. 242). E.g. And maiden virtue rudelystrumpeted ,… [S66; L: 6 / FS66: 1; TFSs: 1] / Observations: [MWALED: + / MWLD: + /

MWD: + / LDOCEAL: + / OD: +]. This word is described as a noun in all lexicographical

sources. It is labeled old-fashioned + offensive in the MWLD; archaic or humorous in the OD;

and old-fashioned in the LDOCEAL. There are two important aspects to highlight. First, we

conclude that the word should be indeed labeled here as old-fashioned. This is how most

lexicographical sources describe it. On top of that, a search in the COCA and the BNC confirms

this characteristic by showing a low frequency of occurrence nowadays: 61 hits in the first and

14 in the second. The second aspect to mention is that the word is described as a noun, but in

the SSs it is used as a past participle adjective. This is probably due to Mabillard’s (op. cit.)

statement of Shakespeare’s creativity with the English language of assigning words functions

they do not normally have.



Resultados

Total de palabras: 344Unidades univerbales: 316 / Unidades pluriverbales: 17

Prefijos: 6

Sufijos: 92

Infijos: 6Contracciones: 98

Verbo TO BE: 9



De las unidades univerbales y pluriverbalesACCESSARY /əkˈsɛs(ə)ri/ n / count / sing / archaic spell ing of accessory / 2 law someone who gives assistance to the

perpetrator of a crime without taking part in it (OD). E.g. That I an accessary needs must be ( … ) [S35; L: 13 / FS: 1 /

TFSs: 1] / Observations: [MWALED: - / MWLD: - / MWD: - / LDOCEAL: - / OD: +]. Duncan-Jones (1997: 180)suggests accessary is a synonym of accomplice in the SSs context. This sub-lemma in the OD matches the meaning in

S35. Although all lexicographical sources (printed or online) include the sub-lemma provided before, the only

lexicographical online source which includes the word accessary as a spelling variant of accessory is the OD. The

documentary sources, the COCA and the BNC, also include the lemma accessary. However, the frequency is very low. In

the COCA accessary appears 2 times out of 450 million words. One meaning matches the one described in OD; the other

refers to a proper name in astronomy. The BNC includes the word 1 time out of 100 million words. Its meaning matches

the OD. The word in question is not common in the author’s literary writings. A search in Farrow’s (1992) online data base

from the University of Sidney that includes 42 other Shakespearean works in 4 different genres (tragedy, comedy, history,and poetry), shows only 5 hits for accessary including the one in the sonnets. The low frequency rate of accessary in

Shakespeare’s works clearly indicates this word was already very restricted and unusual in English during the Elizabethan

period. According to the data provided in the COCA and the BNC described above, this unusual condition remains the

same today. A search of this entry in several online, law dictionaries (Nolo.com / Law.com, Legal dictionary) shows no

results. The legal dictionary of duhaime.org even suggests: Sorry, the term accessary is misspelled or the definition does

not exist. Surprisingly, the OD does not label accessary as an archaic spelling of accessory. Considering all this

information, we can include accessary in the list of archaisms in this study. This is the reason why we have included theword accessary in this glossary.



UNSET /ʌnˈsɛt/ adj / arch / metap / Duncan-Jones (1997) explains that during the

Shakespeare’s time, the metaphor men are plants was a common one. So when a man

or woman was said to be unset, it really meant he/she was not married or did not have

any children. This is the idea the poet wants to convey. This metaphor explains lines

6: E.g. And many maiden gardens, yet unset ,… , [S16; L: 6 / FS16: 1; TFSs: 1] / andalso 7: With virtuous wish would bear you living flowers,…. In these two lines, the

young boy is a plant, his unborn children are his flowers, and unmarried and childless

women are the virgin gardens the young boy can put in his flowers. / Observations:

This meaning of unset does not exist anymore. In today’s English, unset is indeed an

adjective, but means “not set as a: not fixed in a setting: unmounted <unsetdiamonds>, b: not firmed or solidified <unset concrete>” (MWD); or “(of a jewel) not

yet placed in a setting: unmounted: ten unset sapphires” (OD). [MWALED: - /

MWLD: - / MWD: + / LDOCEAL: - / OD: +]. However, it does not seem to be of

common use. The low frequency in COCA (8 hits) and the BNC (3 hits) confirms it.

Based on these explanations and its meaning in the SSs, we label unset as an

archaism.



De los casos especiales

a) Afijos

- Prefijos: incertanty > uncertanty- Infijos: thee > you

- Sufijos: inflexión verbal de la tercera persona del singular en

presente simple. – eth para -ss, -ch, -d, -l, -t, and – n; -th para -o, e, s,

and – l. Ejem. addeth > ad d s / amazeth > amaz e s

b) Contracciones

- Sufijo arcaico – est para 2nd persona del singular en tiempo

presente/pasado. Ejem. thou feel’st > thou feelest



- Formas verbales en – ed. Ejem. blam’d > blamed

- Adjetivos en – ed. Ejem. bless’d > blessed

- Formas superlativas de adjetivos – est. Ejem. perfect’st > perfectest

- Adjetivos diversos. Ejem. murd’rous > murderous

- Formas verbales de pasado participio. Ejem. stol’n > stolen

- Formas nominales. Ejem. bett’ring > bettering = improvement

- Del artículo definido. Ejem. th’ > the

- Contracción donde se elimina a la letra -v. Ejem. o’ertake >

overtake

- Contracción donde se elimina una vocal diferente a – e. Ejem.

‘gainst > against

- Contracción donde se elimina una sílaba. Ejem. ‘cide > decide



c) Verbo TO BE

ART BE /ɑ:t/ - AE /ɑ:rt/ v c / arch 2 nd person sing present tense form of the verb to

be . Observations: In the context of the sonnets, it always appears conjugated with

thou. Ar t is the equivalent of are. Although most lexicographical sources include it

today: [MWALED: - / MWLDO: - / MWOD: + / LDOCEAL: + / ODO: +], it is

definitely not found in contemporary usage. The documentary sources such as the

COCA and the BNC support this claim. From the 56 hits of this word in the COCA,

only 17 refer to the archaic form of the verb to be. BNC shows 14 hits, from which

only 7 refer to the verb in question. The documents that include this word in both theCOCA and the BNC respectively are all academic literary papers for the study of

modern English literature or religious documents from the same period of time.

Regarding the context for the sonnets, art is in frank competition with the

contemporary form are . Although art registers 41 hits; that is, 28 hits less than its

counterpart are, the author uses it interchangeably with are. It appears from sonnet 1all the way through to sonnet 152. The competition is so fierce that the two forms

appear simultaneously in sonnets 22, 87, 147, and 152! E.g. But thou art twice

forsworn, to me love swearing; ( … ) [S152; L: 2] / E.g. For all my vows are oaths but

to misuse thee, ( … ) [S152; L: 7] As data shows, this form of to be was very popular

during Elizabethan English, at least, in Shakespeare’s works.



WERT BE /ɑ:t/ - AE /ɑ:rt/ v c / arch 2 nd person sing past tense form of the verb to be .

Observations: Just as art, wert is also conjugated exclusively with thou. It is the

equivalent of were. [MWALED: - / MWLDO: - / MWOD: + / LDOCEAL: + /

ODO: +] This form is less common in the sonnets. It registers only 3 hits: 1 in sonnet

1 and 2 in sonnet 82. This low frequency rate might be due to the fact that most

sonnets are written either in present tense or future. However, wert is actually as

frequent in Shakespeare’s works as art is. Farrow’s (1992) online data base for

Shakespeare’s works from the University of Sidney shows that wert appears 105 times

in 31 of the 53 works of Shakespeare; that is, wert is in at least 58% of his literary

production. This clearly indicates that this archaic past tense form is pretty common in

Elizabethan English. Important note: One form that is not used in the sonnets is thearchaic 1st person singular past tense form wast. Instead, Shakespeare prefers to use

its contemporary equivalent form was. Although this form is not used in the sonnets,

it is also common during the Elizabethan English period. Farrow (1992) shows wast

appears 74 times in 30 of the 53 Shakespearean works included in his database; a

significant number for both the number of works and the frequency of the word.

Pronouns Contemporary English Modern English

I Am Am

I Was Was / Wast

You Are Are / Art

You Were Were / Wert



Reflexiones finales

- Incorporación de corpora en el estudio y descripción del léxico.

- Variedad y diversidad de fuentes (diccionarios en línea e impresos,

libros, sitios en red) que provean a los trabajos de lexicografía un

valor adicional y promuevan la confiabilidad en los resultados.- Descripciones que vayan más allá de la pura definición o de la

clasificación de elementos que puedan considerarse actuales o no.



¡Gracias!



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