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Level 3 Anatomy and Physiology for ExerciseAssessment WorkbookName of learner:

Email address:

I confirm this is all my own work.

Signature: Date:

IMPORTANT: YOU MUST COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING DETAILS BEFORE RETURNING THIS WORKBOOK TO LIFETIME

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PERSONAL TRAINER ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY WORKBOOK

ContentsSection 1 An introduction to your

Practical Assessment Paperwork page 3

Section 2 Circulatory System page 4

Section 3 The Musculoskeletal System page 10

Section 4 Postural and Core Stability page 23

Section 5 The Nervous System page 29

Section 6 The Endocrine System page 34

Section 7 Energy Systems page 37

Section 9 Appendix page 42

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LEVEL 3 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY FOR EXERCISE

An introduction to your Assessment Paperwork

This assessment workbook assesses the following unit:

Level 3 Anatomy and Physiology for Exercise

What to do with this paperwork? You must answer ALL of the questions in full. If a question asks you to describe or explain something then detail will be required, if you are asked to list or summarise a briefer answer will do.

YOU MUST ACHIEVE 100% ON ALL QUESTIONS TO PASS

What do I do when I have completed this workbook?Once you have completed the workbook please refer to your Welcome Pack for details on how to submit it. If you are doing an apprenticeship your Regional Trainer will explain to you what you need to do next.

What happens if I refer?If you answer any of the questions incorrectly you will receive feedback from your assessor. You will need to re-attempt these questions and submit them again for marking. You can re-attempt the questions as many times as you require.

CertificationYou will receive your certificates for your qualification once all of your assessments have been completed, passed and checked by our Internal Quality Assurers. After checking it is possible that our Internal Quality Assurers may come back and request that you submit more evidence towards an assessment before you can be certificated.

Complaints and appealsIf you are doing an apprenticeship please refer to your Induction Workbook. If not you will find this information in your Welcome Pack.

Support with your assessmentThere are a number of options available should you need to ask questions regarding your assessment. If you are doing an apprenticeship your Regional Trainer can help you. If attending a course your tutor will be happy to assist. After the course our Learner Services team can help with general questions but if you have a specific query about any of the more technical aspects they will refer you to one of our tutor team. If preparing for your assessment please contact us with as much notice as possible to ensure we can help with your query. Learner Services can be contacted at:

Email: [email protected]

Phone: 0117 314 2804

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Section 2 The Circulatory System1. Fill in the labels below to identify the location of the valves in the heart:

2. Explain the function of each of these valves in the heart:

AC 1.1

AC 1.1

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3. Describe what is meant by the term coronary circulation:

4. Why does the heart require a constant supply of blood?

5. Explain the effect that atherosclerosis has on the structure of arteries:

6. How do the structural changes you have identified above affect the functioning of blood vessels?

AC 1.2

AC 1.2

AC 1.3

AC 1.3

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7a. Complete the table below to show the short-term and long-term effects of exercise in healthy adults for both systolic and diastolic blood pressure:

Blood pressure Short-term effects Long-term effects Systolic pressure

Diastolic pressure

7b. Explain why the short-term changes in systolic pressure that you have identified occur:

7c. Explain in more detail the long-term changes to blood pressure that you have identified:

AC 1.4

AC 1.4

AC 1.4

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8. What are the ACSM guidelines for the following categories of blood pressure:

8a. Normal

8b. Hypertension

8c. Identify two health risks associated with high blood pressure:

AC 1.6

AC 1.6

AC 1.6

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9a. Explain what is meant by the valsalva effect?

9b. When might your clients be most at risk of the valsalva effect?

9c. Explain two implications of this:

AC 1.4

AC 1.4

AC 1.4

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10. Explain three cardiovascular benefits and three risks of endurance training or aerobic exercise:

a. Benefits:

b. Risks:

AC 1.5

AC 1.5

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Section 3 The Musculoskeletal System11. Explain in more the detail the following structures that together make up individual muscle fibres:

a. Nucleus:

b. Mitochondria:

c. Myofibrils:

d. Cell walls:

AC 2.1

AC 2.1

AC 2.1

AC 2.1

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Section 3 The Musculoskeletal System

12a. Define the sliding filament theory:

12b. What is the role of sarcoplasmic reticulum in the sliding filament theory, and what is the purpose of this role?

13. Describe how myofilaments work together to bring about muscle contraction:

14. What type of muscle fibres would respond best to endurance training?

AC 2.2/2.1

AC 2.1/2.2

AC 2.1/2.2

AC 2.3

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15. Describe three effects that endurance training has on muscle fibres and explain why this increases aerobic capacity:

16. What effect do the following types of training have on the size of muscle fibres?

a. Endurance:

b. Hypertrophy:

c. Strength:

17. What type of muscle fibres would respond best to strength training and explain why?

AC 2.3

AC 2.3

AC 2.3

AC 2.3

AC 2.3

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AC 2.518a. Fill in the labels below to identify the muscles in the anterior of the body:

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18b. Fill in the labels below to identify the muscles in the posterior of the body: AC 2.5

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19. Explain how muscle attachments bring about movement:

20. Identify the muscle, origin and insertion, and joint actions possible in each of the following diagrams.

• Muscle:

• Origin:

• Insertion:

• Joint actions:

• Muscle:

• Origin:

• Insertion:

• Joint actions:

AC 2.4

AC 2.4

b.

a.

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• Muscle:

• Origin:

• Insertion:

• Joint actions:

• Muscle:

• Origin:

• Insertion:

• Joint actions:

• Muscle:

• Origin:

• Insertion:

• Joint actions:

• Muscle:

• Origin:

• Insertion:

• Joint actions:

c.

d.

e.

f.

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• Muscle:

• Origin:

• Insertion:

• Joint actions:

• Muscle:

• Origin:

• Insertion:

• Joint actions:

• Muscle:

• Origin:

• Insertion:

• Joint actions:

g.

h.

i.

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21. Complete the table below to identify which muscles cross the following joints:

Shoulder joint Knee joint

22. Identify two exercises that occur in each of the following planes and explain what joint actions are taking place:

a. Sagittal:

b. Frontal:

AC 2.4

AC 2.6/2.7

AC 2.6/2.7

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c. Transverse:

AC 2.6/2.7

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PERSONAL TRAINER ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY WORKBOOK23

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Exer

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AC 2

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24. Complete the table to describe the characteristics of the joints:

Injury risk Range of movement Joint actions possible

Shoulder

Knee

Cervical vertebrae

25. Label the diagram below to show the structures within the pelvic girdle

AC 2.8/2.9

AC 2.10

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26. Describe the role of the following ligaments at the pelvic girdle:

a. Inguinal and sacroiliac ligaments:

b. Sacrotuberus:

27. Identify the muscles that act across the sacroiliac joint and describe the role they have in ‘force closure’:

AC 2.10

AC 2.10

AC 2.10

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Section 4 Postural and Core Stability28a. Describe the structure of the two longitudinal ligaments of the spine?

28b. What is their function?

29a. What three ligaments join adjacent vertebrae to one another?

29b. What is their function?

AC 3.1

AC 3.1

AC 3.1

AC 3.1

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30a. Which muscles make up the inner unit?

30b. Describe the role of the inner unit:

31. Describe the changes in the inner and outer unit muscles when the core is not functioning effectively to stabilise the spine:

32. Explain the effects of high levels of abdominal fat on posture and movement efficiency:

AC 3.1

AC 3.1

AC 3.2

AC 3.3/3.4

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33. Identify the postural deviations below and explain one potential problem associated with each:

34. What core conditioning exercises would you include in the programme of a client who was new to exercise? Explain why?

AC 3.3/3.4

AC 3.5

Postural deviation:

Postural deviation:

Postural problem:

Postural problem:

a.

b.

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35. What are the implications of the following?

a. A client with high blood pressure performing the plank:

b. A client with osteoporosis performing sit ups:

36. How can you ensure that clients do not perform inappropriate core conditioning?

AC 3.5

AC 3.5

AC 3.5

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37. Complete the table below to explain the following for each type of stretch given:

• What it involves?• When you would use it and why?• What are the associated risks?

Type of stretch

What does it involve? When and why would you use it?

What are the risks?

Static (active and passive)*

Dynamic

PNF

*describe active and passive separately

38a. What sensory receptor is used in the stretch reflex?

38b. Explain its role:

AC 3.6

AC 4.6

AC 4.6

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AC 4.7

39a. Explain what is meant by reciprocal inhibition?

39b. Explain when you would make use of this reflex with your clients:

AC 4.7

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Section 5 The Nervous System40. Describe the difference between the roles of the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system:

41. Complete the table below to identify the two functional divisions of the peripheral nervous system and their roles:

Division of peripheral nervous system

Role

42. Describe the role of the following in the nervous system:

a. Efferent nerves:

AC 4.1

AC 4.1

AC 4.2/4/3/4.6

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b. Proprioceptors:

c. Afferent nerves:

d. Baroreceptors :

43. Label the structures of a neuron: AC 4.2/4.3

AC 4.2/4/3/4.6

AC 4.2/4/3/4.6

AC 4.2/4/3/4.6

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AC 4.2/4.3

AC 4.2/4.3

AC 4.2/4.3

AC 4.2/4.3

44. Describe the role each of the following structures have in transmitting a nervous impulse:

a. Dendrites:

b. Axon:

c. Myelin sheath:

d. Axon terminals:

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e. Neurotransmitters:

45. Explain the role of a motor unit:

46. In your own words, explain the following principles:

a. The size principle:

b. The all or none principle:

AC 4.5

AC 4.5

AC 4.4

AC 4.3/4.2

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47. Explain how the number of muscle fibres innervated by a motor neuron impacts on the type of movement created:

48. Explain what adaptations have taken place to bring about the following benefits:

a. Improvement in balance and coordination:

b. Improvements in strength, particularly the initial gains seen with resistance training:

c. Improvements in power:

AC 4.5

AC 4.8/4.9

AC 4.8/4.9

AC 4.8/4.9

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Section 6 The Endocrine System49. Describe how the function of the endocrine system differs from that of the nervous system:

50. Identify three processes that are controlled by the endocrine system:

51. Identify the major gland or organ found in each of the following locations:

a. The lower abdomen/pelvic area:

b. In front of the trachea:

AC 5.1

AC 5.1

AC 5.2

AC 5.2

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Section 6 The Endocrine System

c. Upper part of abdomen in front of the spine:

d. The brain:

e. Above the kidneys:

f. Outside the body in the scrotum:

AC 5.2

AC 5.2

AC 5.2

AC 5.2

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52. Complete the table to explain one function of each of the hormones:

Hormone Function

Growth hormone

Thyroid hormone

Corticosteroids

Catecholamines

(adrenaline and noradrenaline)

Insulin

Glucagon

AC 5.3

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Section 7 Energy Systems53. Which energy system will be predominantly used during the following types of exercise:

a. Near maximal intensity exercise:

b. Low to moderate intensity exercise:

c. High intensity exercise:

54. How long can each of the three energy systems fuel exercise for?

AC 6.1

AC 6.1

AC 6.1

AC 6.1

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55. How does the type of exercise performed dictate what energy system is used?

56. Identify the by-products of each energy system and any effect they have on exercise:

57. What effect does long slow distance training have on the use of fat and carbohydrate as energy substrates?

58. Lactate intervals increase the storage of which energy substrate?

AC 6.1

AC 6.2

AC 6.3

AC 6.3

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59. What type of intervals will have the greatest effect on increasing creatine phosphate and ATP stores?

60. What effect do aerobic intervals have on fuel utilisation?

61. What factors will dictate the effect Fartlek training has on fuel utilisation?

AC 6.3

AC 6.3

AC 6.3

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Anatomy and Physiology for Exercise: Assessment decision and feedback What did you do very well?

What could you improve / might you want to consider in future?

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What additional work is required from you in order to pass?

I am happy with the feedback I have received and am aware of what (if anything) I have left to do to complete the assessment for this unit. I have a clear understanding of my strengths and areas for development.

Learner’s signature Date

I can confirm that the result given to the learner is based on a true reflection of the delivery I observed and has been assessed for validity, authenticity, currency and sufficiency.

Assessor’s signature Date

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Section 8 Appendix

Learning Outcome The learner will:

Assessment Criterion The learner can:

1. Understand the heart and circulatory system and its relation to exercise and health

1.1 Explain the function of the heart valves

1.2 Describe coronary circulation

1.3 Explain the effect of disease processes on the structure and function of blood vessels

1.4 Explain the short and long term effects of exercise on blood pressure, including the valsalva effect

1.5 Explain the cardiovascular benefits and risks of endurance/aerobic training

1.6 Define blood pressure classifications and associated health risks

2. Understand the musculoskeletal system and its relation to exercise

2.1 Explain the cellular structure of muscle fibres

2.2 Describe the sliding filament theory

2.3 Explain the effects of different types of exercises on muscle fibre type

2.4 Identify and locate the muscle attachment sites for the major muscles of the body

2.5 Name, locate and explain the function of skeletal muscle involved in physical activity

2.6 Identify the anatomical axis and planes with regard to joint actions and different exercises

2.7 Explain the joint actions brought about by specific muscle group contractions

2.8 Describe joints/joint structure with regard to range of motion/movement and injury risk

2.9 Describe joint movement potential and joint actions

2.10 Describe the structure of the pelvic girdle and associated muscles and ligaments

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3. Understand postural and core stability

3.1 Describe the structure and function of the stabilising ligaments and muscles of the spine

3.2 Describe local muscle changes that can take place due to insufficient stabilisation

3.3 Explain the potential effects of abdominal adiposity and poor posture on movement efficiency

3.4 Explain the potential problems that can occur as a result of postural deviations

3.5 Explain the impact of core stabilisation exercise and the potential for injury/aggravation of problems

3.6 Explain the benefits, risks and applications of the following types of stretching:

• static (passive and active)• dynamic• proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation

4. Understand the nervous system and its relation to exercise

4.1 Describe the specific roles of:

• the central nervous system (CNS)• the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) including somatic and

autonomic systems

4.2 Describe nervous control and transmission of a nervous impulse

4.3 Describe the structure and function of a neuron

4.4 Explain the role of a motor unit

4.5 Explain the process of motor unit recruitment and the significance of a motor unit’s size and number of muscle fibres

4.6 Explain the function of muscle proprioceptors and the stretch reflex

4.7 Explain reciprocal inhibition and its relevance to exercise

4.8 Explain the neuromuscular adaptations associated with exercise/training

4.9 Explain the benefits of improved neuromuscular coordination/efficiency to exercise performance

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5. Understand the endocrine system and its relation to exercise and health

5.1 Describe the functions of the endocrine system

5.2 Identify the major glands in the endocrine system

5.3 Explain the function of hormones including:

• growth hormone• thyroid hormones• corticosteroids• catecholamines• insulin• glucagon

6. Understand energy systems and their relation to exercise

6.1 Identify the contribution of energy according to:

• duration of exercise/activity being performed• type of exercise/activity being performed• intensity of exercise/activity being performed

6.2 Identify the by-products of the three energy systems and their significance in muscle fatigue

6.3 Describe the effect of endurance training/advanced training methods on the use of fuel for exercise

Lifetime Clifton HeightsTriangle WestBristolBS8 1EJ

e: [email protected] w: www.lifetimetraining.co.ukLT

M-3

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