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of the Lesson accompanthe JRC’s Gooisk ManagemLiquefied Petr
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description LNG and typLNG productioThis issue f
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Case 1
Figure 1. Onside. ComprRefrigerant t
Debris froassociateddamages facilities, outer shetank, a siunits, plu
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Learne
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sion and firetural gas du
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sportation. ed Natural GWashington.
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e‐ball in a pering a routin
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still burning. 1 storage tank.
tten proceduof the salt baurization of tpsig to 685 pere within tauto-ignition s subsequenwould only brought up blished.
tilised by tamount of detsults. Previo
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ater bath. Du2 barg to 8 vahe transmissioerify the avquipment hadnd LNG was uhe storage taf a large steeurners. The angle local fanhe LNG pasvaporating anaporiser was ontrol (HIC) vmergency shur remotely. Balves and a r.5 m above tere the ones
n December ve of the 8 vtand-by condi vaporisers ahift engineer pen the mainown accordinmall amountsccelerate the osed when tNG from onehere was an eurns to thpproximately
mportant find
he LNG jet ocnd venting whot make sureatural gas waporiser burnack and igniollowing the nown, due toown exerciseaporisers resurea to cause a
he process wanown that, forea there wasxplosion if ignaporiser burn
everal incideno a failure cenarios that esults from eleased wouldxplosion. LNGf protection aused by equr poor safetressure reliefhut-off valvesuch as buildin
MARS Date of
uring peak deaporisers fromon line at 72ailability of
d to be brougused to cool nks and vapol water tank,
air supply for n via ductworksed through nd warming u controlled valve from tut-down (ESDBetween thesrelief valve. The ground lenormally used
5, an availabivaporisers hation. Two ope
and another twas present
n valve. Vapong to the ns of LNG and cooling) andhe pumps we
e of the openxplosion andeir hands 40m x 25 m.
dings and les
ccurred becahen the pume that the va
was drawn inner and was iiting the gascooling dow
o an inadequae involving ulted in the pan explosion w
as not adequaollowing the s the presencnited. Also, thers.
nts have occuto sufficient begin with an optimisti
d not be suffG sites should
to prevent iuipment failurty managemf systems, gas, can be cong distances a
f accident: 12
emands, LNG m which the g2 barg. As a
the site toht to a 1-houdown pipes aorisers. Each the water be the burners k (up to 24”, o tubes insidup to 20°C. Tby a motorhe control r) valve could
se valves theThe drain valvevel. The lowed.
ility exercise ad to be broerators were wtwo on E an to start-up torisers A, B ormal procedlow level dra
d vaporisers Eere started, rn drain valve fire-ball. Twoand face.
.
ssons learne
use the drainp was startedalves were clto one of thgnited by a ps that was p
wn exercise. ate process a
the releasepresence of swhen ignited.
ately analysedcooling dowce of sufficiehe air intake w
rred in the patly evaluate a vapour rec assumptioficient to caud generally usignition of nres, process ent. Active s sensors, ala
ombined withand isolation
2/05/1989
was pumpedgas was injectroutine exerc
o export gar stand-by coand pumps bvaporiser coing heated by was coming or 61 cm, diade the waterThe LNG inletised hand-inoom. An add be operated
ere were fouves were 0.5 er level drain
was carried ought to a "1working on Ad F vaporisethe LNG pumand C were dure (admiss
ain valves opeE and F wereresulting in as. 30 secondo operators reThe fire-ba
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n lines were od. The operatlosed. The rehe air intakepilot flame, fpresent in thEven if it w
analysis, the of LNG fsufficient gas.
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ent gas to cawas too close
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rbon steel oute
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collection of only cited in fe
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Figure 2: LNG
uipment failureure in maintenantechure in constructio
Figure 1: Prim
N = 36
dvances in t
ial growth in tated with LNG ce. However, oced risks within
review of exisLNG accident riecorded was a not withstand tery unlikely todcondary containyland, USA, 19he 2003 catast
to degradations detection for
ng of pressuciated with presin two cases, in explosion tha
yogenic impaosed to extremdition, cryogen damage from
ects of an LNG r tank wall. It w
her hazardoral gas and oth
aused an exploaysia, 2003).
incidents canneasibility studi
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Fnce system U
Ron
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technology a
the LNG markeproduction, haopinions range the land-based
ting literature sk. The JRC fotank collapse
the extreme cryay. Subsequennment (Clevela79), and to sotrophe at an ol
of loading and controlling rele
ure relief sysssure relief sysncluding 25,00at caused €10 m
acts (See Figme temperaturenic burning fro releases are a leak in Camerwas suspected
us substancher hydrocarboosion in the reg
not be consideies, and throug
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LNG incidents st
and standar
et in recent yeandling and sto from very posd sites of LNG i
on LNG accideound documentin Cleveland, Oyogenic conditnt accidents arend, OH, 1944 ame extent, LNGlder facility in S
d unloading eqeases.
stems stem failure see00 litres releasemillion dollars
gure 3) es may degradeom LNG releasealso a high conron Parrish, LA that 11 similar
ces present ons also createsgeneration proc
ered exhaustivgh its own res
ccident
d unloading
N = 36
activity
re relief system
tudied
rds, LNG con
ars, there haveorage. Across itive to decidedindustries in th
ents on land-batation of 36 incOH (USA) in 19tions. It is widee also considerand Canvey IslaG rollover (La SSkikda, Algeria
available to
It can be argthe risk of rworkers werpartly by resmodern masignificantlyaccidents frosuggest that
Despite advand adequatechnology dependent ofunctioning incorporatesThe JRC stushown in Figthan otherscomparison the issues d
Good maiOf seven mfailure to foan LNG expl1985 causedamage (Pinan inferior re
Loading aTen inciden
quipment. Of th
emed to stem ied in Baltimoreproperty dama
e more quicklyes have killed ncern. As recen, USA, created r incidents had
on the site, s risks associatcess of a lique
ve. JRC found earch, an addi
Preventntinues to re
e been numerothese studies, dly mixed in re
he last two deca
ased sites to uncidents associa944 that killedely believed thared less likely band, UK, 1965)Spezia, Italy, 1
a, that killed 27conclude that l
gued that chanrecurrence of ore killed duringsidual natural gaintenances p
y in a comparaom ignition of t this is a probl
ances in safetyate control is
and standardon the proper
safety manas a full undersudy of past ingure 1. No pas to be the s of activities aetailed below.
intenance paintenance incllow safe manalosion due to p
ed serious injunson, Alabama,eplacement pa
nd unloadints since 1977
hese, two were
n part from inae, MD USA, in 1age in Loon-Plag
y and even morand injured pe
ntly as March 2 numerous 300 occurred at th
including (ned with substa
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information oitional 16 repo
ion & Prequire proac
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nderstand how ated with LNG s 128 people. Tat substantial cby many expert), building code971). Althoug
7 people and inlater generation
nges in standarother historic sg maintenancegas left in the practices may able situation residual gas valem that has be
y knowledge, Lonly partially
ds. A large design and ex
agement systestanding of scncidents identifarticular type osource of an nd types of inc
ractices idents, all but agement procepoor welding anuries to 4 emp USA). Anotherrt (Askew, Alge
ng are attributed near misses at
adequate proce992 (that fortu
ge, France, in 2
re so if workineople in a num2018, it was re0 2700 mm crae site since 200
non‐liquefiednces other than
urification unit,
n 20 incidentsorts of incident
eparednctive risk ma
studies that ingenerally agree
her improved te
w they might prsince 19441. PrThe tank was cchanges in LNGts due to improes (Montreal, Qgh poor maintenjured 74, not n sites could av
rds and technocenarios. Mos
e of an LNG tatank (Staten Is have reducetoday, there a
apours occurrineen solved.
NG remains a hachieved throportion of c
ecution of safeem, and a renarios and thfied a number
of process activincident (see cidents highlig
one appears tdures during mnd insufficient ployees and €r equipment faeria, 1977).
to loading ant refuelling cen
edures, unately 2017.
g at or mber of eported acks in 08.
d) natural gan LNG in an LN, shutting dow
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ness
Fig. 3
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nclude informaed that LNG reechnologies an
rovide evidencerior to 2010, thconstructed of G equipment stovements in staQuebec, Canadaenance was proenough informvoid this incide
ology have not st notably, in 1ank from a firesland, NY, USA)ed worker eare still far tong in the recent
high hazard suugh improvem
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ghts the import
to be largely dmaintenance. safety manage€1 million in pailure was attrib
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as NG facility. In on the entire un
44 and 2004 turring after 20
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NG loading and un
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million cubic HMSA was noa NRC Reports investigatio101 had also
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