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ThBupuReEnf (LP Sitan pro ass aninc the LNnelea sto PleThe lear repAcc http as con che Mem The gen not bulless con with accless be proexp the TE Euro 2102 Che H R is 13 th issue lletin (LLB) blication of t port on Ri forcement on PG) and Lique es. The Good extensive operties of L sociated with d handling. idents on fixe e lessons may G transported xt issue of th rned from i orage. ase note: e accident de rned are reco orts submitt ident Reporti ps://emars.jrc. well as other sists of ov mical accide mber States a e cases select nerated a num all of whic letin. The bu sons learned sider of mos h the limitatio ident are ofte sons learned deduced f vided. The au perts who pro descriptions MAH ECHNOLOGY INN Directorate E - S opean Commiss 27 Ispra (VA) Ita emical The Euro ope Bul HBull NOVATION IN SEC Space, Security an pean Commissio Research Centr 7 Ispra (VA) Ita //ec.europa.eu/jr of the Lesson accompan the JRC’s Goo isk Managem Liquefied Petr efied Natural Practice Repo description LNG and typ LNG productio This issue f d sites althoug y also be ap d on land and e LLB will cov ncidents invo escriptions an nstructed fro ed to the E ng System .ec.europa.eu r open sourc ver 1000 r nts contribu nd OECD Cou ted for this b mber of lesso ch are detail ulletin highlig d that the t interest for on that full de en not availab are based on from the d uthors thank t vided advice of the cases s HBulle NOVATION IN SE Space, Security an ion Joint Resea aly https://ec.eu l Acci e aim of the b opean Major erators and letin each ye etin CURITY UNIT nd Migration on re aly rc/ ns Learned nies the od Practice ment and roleum Gas Gas (LNG) ort provides of the pical risks on, storage focuses on gh some of plicable to d sea. The ver lessons olving LPG nd lessons m accident EU’s Major ces. EMARS reports of ted by EU untries. ulletin also ns learned, ed in this ghts those e authors this topic, etails of the ble and the n what can description the country to improve selected. etin ECURITY UNIT nd Migration arch Centre uropa.eu/jrc/ Less dent Learn liquef bulletin is to Accident Rep government ear. Each iss Case 1 Figure 1. On side. Compr Refrigerant Debris frassociated damages facilities, outer shtank, a si units, plu sons L Preve ning fro fied na provide insig porting Syste t regulators. ue of the Bu – Cryogenic ne of the twin adsressor building in tower top-left. (PH om adsorber d piping cau to the surrincluding pen ell of the LN gnificant num s the plant coLearne ention om incid atural g ghts on lesso m (eMARS) an . JRC produc ulletin focuse c damage fro orbers lying on itcenter-back. HMSA, 2016) D20A and thsed extensivounding plan etration of thNG- 1 storage ber of proces mmunication ed Bul n & P dents i gas (LNG ons learned f nd other acci ces at least es on a partic om leak at L D s e e t e e s lletin Prepar nvolvin G) on fi from acciden dent sources one CAPP L cular theme LNG liquefac Numbe Decembe JRC 11 No. 1 redne ng ixed sit nt reported in s for both ind Lessons Lea . ction facility er 13 er 2018 3921 1 3 ess tes n the ustry arned y Copyright © European Union, 2018

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is 13th issue lletin (LLB) blication of tport on  Riforcement on PG) and Liquees. The Good extensive operties of Lsociated with d handling. idents on fixe

e lessons mayG transportedxt issue of thrned from i

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ase note: 

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well as othersists of ovmical accidember States a

e cases selectnerated a num all of whicletin. The busons learnedsider of mos

h the limitatioident are oftesons learned

deduced fvided. The au

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MAHECHNOLOGY INN

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HBullNOVATION IN SECSpace, Security anpean CommissioResearch Centr7 Ispra (VA) Ita//ec.europa.eu/jr

of the Lesson accompanthe JRC’s Gooisk ManagemLiquefied Petr

efied Natural Practice Repo

description LNG and typLNG productioThis issue f

d sites althougy also be ap

d on land ande LLB will covncidents invo

escriptions annstructed froed to the Eng System

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r open sourcver 1000 rnts contribund OECD Cou

ted for this bmber of lessoch are detailulletin highligd that thet interest for

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HBulleNOVATION IN SESpace, Security anion Joint Reseaaly https://ec.eu

l  Acci

e aim of the bopean Major erators and letin each ye

etin CURITY UNIT nd Migration on re aly rc/

ns Learned nies the od Practice ment and roleum Gas Gas (LNG)

ort provides of the

pical risks on, storage focuses on gh some of plicable to d sea. The ver lessons olving LPG

nd lessons m accident EU’s Major

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untries.

ulletin also ns learned, ed in this ghts those e authors this topic,

etails of the ble and the n what can description the country to improve selected.

etin ECURITY UNIT nd Migration arch Centre uropa.eu/jrc/

Less

dentLearnliquef

bulletin is to Accident Repgovernmentear. Each iss

Case 1

 

Figure 1. Onside. ComprRefrigerant t

Debris froassociateddamages facilities, outer shetank, a siunits, plu

sons L

Prevening frofied naprovide insigporting Systet regulators.ue of the Bu

– Cryogenic

ne of the twin adsoressor building in tower top-left. (PH

om adsorber d piping cau

to the surroincluding penell of the LNgnificant nums the plant com

Learne

entionom incidatural gghts on lessom (eMARS) an. JRC produculletin focuse

c damage fro

orbers lying on its center-back. HMSA, 2016)

D20A and thesed extensiveounding planetration of the

NG- 1 storageber of procesmmunication

ed Bul

n  &  Pdents igas (LNGons learned fnd other accices at least es on a partic

om leak at L

D

s

e e t e e s

lletin 

PreparnvolvinG) on fifrom accidendent sources one CAPP Lcular theme

LNG liquefac

NumbeDecembe

JRC 11

No. 1

redneng ixed sitnt reported ins for both indLessons Lea.

ction facility

er 13 er 20183921

13  

ess 

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arned

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The astore naturavapori

e 2. Aerial view tae insulation leakagrol room lower left

he start-up ontributed to eater combinas-air mixturelowed condi

emperature accur. The

modified so ttarted after ressure and n

he purge amployees did o assure succurge and pacdditional purollowing the mproved. Theiping and puossible dead-

he low toughail in a brittreating the poxploded equigh velocity uter shell oenetrated thetorage tank was also severe

elocated.

Department igation Repong Plant, rdous Materia//www.phmsa

se 2 – Exploation for nat

ence of Even

ccident occuliquefied nat

al gas liquefasation unit in

aken shortly after tge from the penett. (PHMSA, 2016)

sequence the event. T

ned with the e in the systeitions to ex

and pressure start-up prothat the procthe system

normal flow ha

and pack p not provide cessful and rck operationsrge points aincident, pro

e purge procurge points wlegs.

hness of the atle manner otential for seipment geneprojectiles. f the LNG-1e inner shelwould have rely damaged

of Transort – LiquefiePlymouth,

als Safety Adma.dot.gov

sion and firetural gas du

nts

rred in a petural-gas (LNaction unit, ancluding vapo

the failure. Fires strated outer LNG-

in the writThe start-up o

rapid pressuem from 53 pxist that we range for a

ocedure wascess heater had been

ad been estab

procedure uta sufficient a

repeatable res may have aat or near ocedures weress was mod

with the view

adsorber metcausing fragerious dominrated debris The debris storage tall. Rupture released. Thand after the

sportation. ed Natural GWashington.

ministration.

e‐ball in a pering a routin

eak shaving sNG). The statan LNG storaorisers, compr

still burning. 1 storage tank.

tten proceduof the salt baurization of tpsig to 685 pere within tauto-ignition s subsequenwould only brought up blished.

tilised by tamount of detsults. Previo

at times utilizthe adsorbe

re clarified adified to incluw to remove

tal allowed it gmentation ao impacts. T that acted penetrated t

ank and nea of the LNGe control roo incident, it w

2016. FailuGas (LNG) Pe

Pipeline a

eak shavingne exercise

station used tion includedge and an Lressor and a

ure ath the sig the to

ntly be to

the tail ous zed ers. and ude

all

to and The

as the arly G-1 om was

ure eak and

 

to d a NG

w82thveeqanthofbusiThevvacoemorva1.w OfivstC shopdosmacclLNthbuap

Im

Thannonavabafokndovaar

Thknarexva

Setoscrereexofcaorprshsu

eM

ater bath. Du2 barg to 8 vahe transmissioerify the avquipment hadnd LNG was uhe storage taf a large steeurners. The angle local fanhe LNG pasvaporating anaporiser was ontrol (HIC) vmergency shur remotely. Balves and a r.5 m above tere the ones

n December ve of the 8 vtand-by condi vaporisers ahift engineer pen the mainown accordinmall amountsccelerate the osed when tNG from onehere was an eurns to thpproximately

mportant find

he LNG jet ocnd venting whot make sureatural gas waporiser burnack and igniollowing the nown, due toown exerciseaporisers resurea to cause a

he process wanown that, forea there wasxplosion if ignaporiser burn

everal incideno a failure cenarios that esults from eleased wouldxplosion. LNGf protection aused by equr poor safetressure reliefhut-off valvesuch as buildin

MARS Date of

uring peak deaporisers fromon line at 72ailability of

d to be brougused to cool nks and vapol water tank,

air supply for n via ductworksed through nd warming u controlled valve from tut-down (ESDBetween thesrelief valve. The ground lenormally used

5, an availabivaporisers hation. Two ope

and another twas present

n valve. Vapong to the ns of LNG and cooling) andhe pumps we

e of the openxplosion andeir hands 40m x 25 m.

dings and les

ccurred becahen the pume that the va

was drawn inner and was iiting the gascooling dow

o an inadequae involving ulted in the pan explosion w

as not adequaollowing the s the presencnited. Also, thers.

nts have occuto sufficient begin with an optimisti

d not be suffG sites should

to prevent iuipment failurty managemf systems, gas, can be cong distances a

f accident: 12

emands, LNG m which the g2 barg. As a

the site toht to a 1-houdown pipes aorisers. Each the water be the burners k (up to 24”, o tubes insidup to 20°C. Tby a motorhe control r) valve could

se valves theThe drain valvevel. The lowed.

ility exercise ad to be broerators were wtwo on E an to start-up torisers A, B ormal procedlow level dra

d vaporisers Eere started, rn drain valve fire-ball. Twoand face.

.

ssons learne

use the drainp was startedalves were clto one of thgnited by a ps that was p

wn exercise. ate process a

the releasepresence of swhen ignited.

ately analysedcooling dowce of sufficiehe air intake w

rred in the patly evaluate a vapour rec assumptioficient to caud generally usignition of nres, process ent. Active s sensors, ala

ombined withand isolation

2/05/1989

was pumpedgas was injectroutine exerc

o export gar stand-by coand pumps bvaporiser coing heated by was coming or 61 cm, diade the waterThe LNG inletised hand-inoom. An add be operated

ere were fouves were 0.5 er level drain

was carried ought to a "1working on Ad F vaporisethe LNG pumand C were dure (admiss

ain valves opeE and F wereresulting in as. 30 secondo operators reThe fire-ba

ed

n lines were od. The operatlosed. The rehe air intakepilot flame, fpresent in thEven if it w

analysis, the of LNG fsufficient gas.

d because it wn procedure,

ent gas to cawas too close

ast at LNG sitpotential a

lease. Sometn that the

use a serious se appropriatenatural gas vdesign weakmeasures suarms and aut passive memechanisms.

d up to ted into cise, to as, the ondition between nsisted y 6 gas from a

ameter). r bath, t to the dicated ditional locally r drain m and

n valves

out and - hour"

A, B and rs. The

mps and cooled

sion of ened to e being a jet of ds later eceived ll was

opened ors did eleased es to a flashing he area was not cooling rom 5

s in the

was not in the

ause an e to the

tes due ccident imes it vapour fire or e layers vapours nesses, uch as tomatic asures,

Due topotenthigh hastanda

The JRCdebateindustrmateriamake tsuch aand Cosignific

six werthe imp

PropeThree iwith sedid not

AwarTanks over caincidenthat ththe car

AwarThe presite, pomonths

           1 This commo

EquFailNatFail

Despite ad

o the substantiial risk associaazard substancrds have reduc

C conducted a surrounding Lrial accident reals and could nthis incident ves those for secove Point, Marycant factor in t

re largely due tportance of gas

er functioninincidents assocerious impacts t ignite), and an

eness of cryand pipes expapacity. In addnts. Equipmente freezing effe

rbon steel oute

eness of othesence of natuoor welding cas (Bintulu, Mala

                      collection of only cited in fe

1

TestingMaintenanceProduction proStartup

Figure 2:   LNG

uipment failureure in maintenantechure in constructio

Figure 1:  Prim

N = 36 

dvances in t

ial growth in tated with LNG ce. However, oced risks within

review of exisLNG accident riecorded was a not withstand tery unlikely todcondary containyland, USA, 19he 2003 catast

to degradations detection for

ng of pressuciated with presin two cases, in explosion tha

yogenic impaosed to extremdition, cryogen damage from

ects of an LNG r tank wall. It w

her hazardoral gas and oth

aused an exploaysia, 2003).

                      incidents canneasibility studi

Che

115

17

10

2

ocess

G incidents stud

67

7

111

Fnce system U

Ron

mary causes of L

technology a

the LNG markeproduction, haopinions range the land-based

ting literature sk. The JRC fotank collapse

the extreme cryay. Subsequennment (Clevela79), and to sotrophe at an ol

of loading and controlling rele

ure relief sysssure relief sysncluding 25,00at caused €10 m

acts (See Figme temperaturenic burning fro releases are a leak in Camerwas suspected

us substancher hydrocarboosion in the reg

      not be consideies, and throug

emical A

10

UnknownStorageLoading and

died by type of 

13

Failure of pressurUnknownRollover

LNG incidents st

and standar

et in recent yeandling and sto from very posd sites of LNG i

on LNG accideound documentin Cleveland, Oyogenic conditnt accidents arend, OH, 1944 ame extent, LNGlder facility in S

d unloading eqeases.

stems stem failure see00 litres releasemillion dollars

gure 3) es may degradeom LNG releasealso a high conron Parrish, LA that 11 similar

ces present ons also createsgeneration proc

ered exhaustivgh its own res

ccident

d unloading

N = 36

activity

re relief system

tudied

rds, LNG con

ars, there haveorage. Across itive to decidedindustries in th

ents on land-batation of 36 incOH (USA) in 19tions. It is widee also considerand Canvey IslaG rollover (La SSkikda, Algeria

available to

It can be argthe risk of rworkers werpartly by resmodern masignificantlyaccidents frosuggest that

Despite advand adequatechnology dependent ofunctioning incorporatesThe JRC stushown in Figthan otherscomparison the issues d

Good maiOf seven mfailure to foan LNG expl1985 causedamage (Pinan inferior re

Loading aTen inciden

quipment. Of th

emed to stem ied in Baltimoreproperty dama

e more quicklyes have killed ncern. As recen, USA, created r incidents had

on the site, s risks associatcess of a lique

ve. JRC found earch, an addi

Preventntinues to re

e been numerothese studies, dly mixed in re

he last two deca

ased sites to uncidents associa944 that killedely believed thared less likely band, UK, 1965)Spezia, Italy, 1

a, that killed 27conclude that l

gued that chanrecurrence of ore killed duringsidual natural gaintenances p

y in a comparaom ignition of t this is a probl

ances in safetyate control is

and standardon the proper

safety manas a full undersudy of past ingure 1. No pas to be the s of activities aetailed below.

intenance paintenance incllow safe manalosion due to p

ed serious injunson, Alabama,eplacement pa

nd unloadints since 1977

hese, two were

n part from inae, MD USA, in 1age in Loon-Plag

y and even morand injured pe

ntly as March 2 numerous 300 occurred at th

including (ned with substa

efaction and pu

information oitional 16 repo

ion & Prequire proac

ous feasibility experts have gegard to whethades.

nderstand how ated with LNG s 128 people. Tat substantial cby many expert), building code971). Althoug

7 people and inlater generation

nges in standarother historic sg maintenancegas left in the practices may able situation residual gas valem that has be

y knowledge, Lonly partially

ds. A large design and ex

agement systestanding of scncidents identifarticular type osource of an nd types of inc

ractices  idents, all but agement procepoor welding anuries to 4 emp USA). Anotherrt (Askew, Alge

ng are attributed near misses at

adequate proce992 (that fortu

ge, France, in 2

re so if workineople in a num2018, it was re0 2700 mm crae site since 200

non‐liquefiednces other than

urification unit,

n 20 incidentsorts of incident

eparednctive risk ma

studies that ingenerally agree

her improved te

w they might prsince 19441. PrThe tank was cchanges in LNGts due to improes (Montreal, Qgh poor maintenjured 74, not n sites could av

rds and technocenarios. Mos

e of an LNG tatank (Staten Is have reducetoday, there a

apours occurrineen solved.

NG remains a hachieved throportion of c

ecution of safeem, and a renarios and thfied a number

of process activincident (see cidents highlig

one appears tdures during mnd insufficient ployees and €r equipment faeria, 1977).

to loading ant refuelling cen

edures, unately 2017.

g at or mber of eported acks in 08.

d) natural gan LNG in an LN, shutting dow

s between 194ts mostly occu

ness

Fig. 3 

5

11

anagement

nclude informaed that LNG reechnologies an

rovide evidencerior to 2010, thconstructed of G equipment stovements in staQuebec, Canadaenance was proenough informvoid this incide

ology have not st notably, in 1ank from a firesland, NY, USA)ed worker eare still far tong in the recent

high hazard suugh improvem

control measuety proceduresrisk assessmeheir potential ir of causal facvity seems morFigure 2). A

ghts the import

to be largely dmaintenance. safety manage€1 million in pailure was attrib

d unloading, ontres in 2017, s

as NG facility. In on the entire un

44 and 2004 turring after 20

Cryoimp

Impacts of incident

ation on mains a d safety

e for the he worst inferior andards

andards, a, 1972, obably a

mation is ent.

lowered 973, 40

e fuelled ). While xposure

oo many t past to

ubstance ments in

res are , a well-nt that mpacts. ctors as re prone A cross-tance of

due to a Notably, ement in property buted to

of which showing

one such nit for 7

that are 10.

Serious impacts including cryogenic

genic pacts

ts studied

C

Seque

In a rComptriggecomproccursreacheeveninescalathe gdetectGas enearbydroppof hupersonstationwith aTogeththat tautomimplemmanua

Figure

with th

Impor

The letype cdamagresulticonnefittingpoorlyfinding

Thofthan

It fitmanpr

Case 3 –Leakre

ence of even

refueling statressed Naturred at the sressed naturas when the les a trigger png. The leak ation by trigggas pocket ting gas and scaped againy company ed and saw amidity in then alerted the n. Upon arriva security peher the statiothe station

matic valves. Hmented a seally operated

3: Scenarios for

e arm or hose (JRC

Risks, 20

rtant finding

eak was due tconnection age seems to ing from repction through supplier als

y executed. Tgs and recom

he original cof repetitive hermal expannd extreme ch

was recommtted with anti

modified to ennd locking reventive mai

k at refuellineconditionin

nts 

ion liquefied ral Gas refustart of the pal gas (CNG) evel of gas soint after refu is detected

gering the shwas evaporaallowed the

n. In the meaheard the n

a cloud formie air when t fire departm

val, firefighterrimeter and on manager awas safe an

Half an hour lecond layer valves.

a leak from an LN

C Handbook of Sc

017. https://mine

gs and lesson

o the breakagat the high-p

have been cpeated thermh which the so stated tha

The investigatmmendations:

oupling did nstress on thsion and conhanges in tem

mended that -vibration pansure enhancof equipmenntenance.

ng station dung process 

natural gas eling or LCpiston pumpcircuit. This

stored in theueling severa by a senso

hutdown of thated, the spump to res

antime, an emnoise from tng (due to ththe gas was ment and on-crs set up an blocked acce

and the fire nd secure, cater, maintenof security

NG loading and un

cenarios for Asses

erva.jrc.ec.europa

ns learned

ge of a damapressure LNGcaused by memal loads imcryogenic fluat the initialion resulted

not adequatehe pump co

ntraction causmperature.

the connectrts and proceced verificationt fittings d

uring LNG 

fuel (Liquid NG), a leak to supply tautomatic st

e CNG cylindel vehicles in tr that prevenhe pump. Onensor stopp

sume operatiomployee fromthe fitting thhe condensati

released). Tcall staff at texclusion zo

ess to the sibrigade verificlosing all tnance personnby closing t

nloading associate

ssing Major Accide

a.eu)

aged break-awG-C pump. Techanical stremposed on tuid passes. T assembly win the followi

ly take accouonnection frosed by repeat

tion should edures would on of tightneduring mont

to is

the art ers the nts nce ped on.

m a hat ion his the one te. ied the nel the

ed

ent

way The ess the The was ing

unt om ted

be be ess hly

Mphit firincousap

Cash

Se

Othtathcothouteidapof HoreandoTawtoefmde ThstmPHviitsS-spsi Up10taofalth

Since therebeen allowthat the pmodified automatic to restart t

Moreover, employee, the gas reautomatic different n

oreover, LNhenomenon f is necessaryre departmen

ncidents at thoncluded thatsers, on-call ppropriate res

ase 4  – Emhell from LN

equence of e

n 2 January 2he annulus (iank walls) of The outer tank ontainment arhe carbon steuter tank waemperature ofdentifiable crapproximately f time.

owever, the cemained unknny other taocumented 1ank S-103 andhen using th

op of the innffect"). The o

may have also esigned and o

he Incident otorage tanks

million cubic HMSA was noa NRC Reports investigatio101 had also

pace, and wates along the

pon discovery03, commencank, and loweff gas systemlowed to osc

he thermal co

e had been a wed to restarrogrammableso that the

restart, requthe installatio

without th the fire servlease. Thus, alarm via umbers for fa

NG refueling for many locay to update tnts to ensure hese locationt there should

staff and fsponse to sim

brittlementNG leak at liq

events 

018, workers.e., the spacTank S-103, w wall and the rea surroundieel outer tanall to a temf -32°C and tacks. These c 300 to 2700

cause of the nown. No extanks. The 1 past upsetsd surmised the bottom fill er tank into perator indic occurred on operated in th

ccurred in Tathat each hmetres) equ

otified of the t No. 120259n into the re

o experiencedas actively lea base of the t

y of the Incideced taking a vred the press

m. The level illate betweenndition neede

leak, the purt. Hence, it e logic controre could beiring human

on.

e interventioice would not it was propomobile pho

aster interven

sites are alities. This intraining and effective eme

ns. For this rd be increasefire departme

milar incidents

 and  crackiquefaction f

s discovered ace between twhich eventua pooling of LNing the tank. k resulted in

mperature farthe formationcracks propag0mm in length

release of LNternal crackinoperator in

s (dating fromhat under cert line, LNG mithe annular ated that thi Tank S-101, he same mann

ank S-103, onhave 3.4 billiivalent capacrelease of LN

95, but only alease did PHM

d releases of Laking naturaltank.

ent, the operavast portion osure in the tan of LNG in tn 300mm to ed for the inn

mp should no was recomm

oller (PLC) shoe no possibiintervention

on of the t have knownosed to estabone text (SMntion.

a relativelyncident showprocedures oergency resporeason, it waed awareness ents regardins.

ng of  tank acility 

a release of LNhe inner andally caused crNG in the sec Exposure of the cooling r below its n of four sepagated to a lenh in a short a

NG into the ang was obsernvestigation m 2008 to 20tain flow condight splash ovspace ("geyss geyser-type as both tankner.

ne of the five on cubic fee

city (Bcfe) foNG from Tankfter PHMSA inMSA learn thaLNG into its a gas vapours

ator isolated Tof the LNG frnk annulus anthe inner tan1 metre to mner nickel ste

ot have mended ould be ility of on site

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