led street lights: field and laboratory evaluation results

DistrictofColumbia

LEDSTREETLIGHTS:FIELDANDLABORATORYEVALUATION

RESULTS

FinalReport

District Department of Transportation 55 M Street, SE, 6th Floor Washington, DC 20003

April 2012

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DISTRICTOFCOLUMBIADEPARTMENTOFTRANSPORTATION

LEDSTREETLIGHTEVALUATION

TableofContents

List of Figures ......................................................................................................................... iv

List of Tables ........................................................................................................................... x

Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 1

Project Objective ............................................................................................................................. 1

Methods........................................................................................................................................... 1

Specification Development ......................................................................................................... 1

System Submittal......................................................................................................................... 3

Laboratory Evaluation ................................................................................................................. 4

Field Evaluation .......................................................................................................................... 7

Measurement Procedure .......................................................................................................... 7

Test Locations.......................................................................................................................... 9

Results ........................................................................................................................................... 13

Laboratory Evaluation ............................................................................................................... 14

Vertical Illuminance .............................................................................................................. 14

Horizontal Illuminance .......................................................................................................... 15

Comparison to Predicted Vertical Illuminance ..................................................................... 19

Light Trespass........................................................................................................................ 22

Field Evaluation ........................................................................................................................ 28

Conclusions ................................................................................................................................... 34

References ..................................................................................................................................... 35

Appendix A – LED Fixture Minimum Requirements .................................................................. 36

Appendix B – Laboratory Results ................................................................................................. 40

Vertical Illuminance .................................................................................................................. 40

CobraHead ............................................................................................................................. 40

Teardrop................................................................................................................................. 46

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Upright ................................................................................................................................... 48

Horizontal Illuminance .............................................................................................................. 51

Cobrahead .............................................................................................................................. 51

Teardrop................................................................................................................................. 57

Upright ................................................................................................................................... 59

Ratios of Actual and Predicted illuminance .............................................................................. 62

Cobrahead .............................................................................................................................. 62

Teardrop................................................................................................................................. 68

Upright ................................................................................................................................... 70

Scatterplots of Actual illuminance and Predicted illuminance ................................................. 72

Light Trespass Laboratory Data ................................................................................................ 82

Cobrahead .............................................................................................................................. 82

Teardrop................................................................................................................................. 93

Upright ................................................................................................................................... 98

Appendix B – Field Evaluation Charts ....................................................................................... 103

Appendix C – Luminaire Pictures ............................................................................................... 119

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ListofFigures

Figure 1. Luminaire laboratory burning-in ..................................................................................... 5 Figure 2: Laboratory evaluation grid .............................................................................................. 5 Figure 3. Overhead view of evaluation grid ................................................................................... 6 Figure 4. Vertical illuminance meter on cart .................................................................................. 7 Figure 5. RLMMS Components Mounted On and Inside a Vehicle .............................................. 9 Figure 6. Cobrahead Field Evaluation Area - Commodore Joshua Barney (ArcMap10) ............. 10 Figure 7. Teardrop Field Evaluation Area – Overlook Drive (ArcMap10) .................................. 11 Figure 8. Upright Field Evaluation Area - 1st Street (Google Map – Street View) ...................... 12 Figure 9. GE Cobrahead Grid - Vertical Illuminance ................................................................... 14 Figure 10. GE - Predicted vs. Measured Illuminance Ratio - Vertical ......................................... 19 Figure 11. GE Cobrahead - Predicted vs. Measured Illuminance Correlation – Vertical ............ 20 Figure 12. GE Cobrahead - Predicted vs. Measured Illuminance Correlation – Horizontal ........ 21 Figure 13. GE Cobrahead - Light Trespass - House Side ............................................................. 23 Figure 14. GE Cobrahead - Light Trespass - Street Side .............................................................. 23 Figure 15. GE – HPS/LED – NW Curb lane ................................................................................ 32 Figure 16. GE – HPS/LED – NW Center lane.............................................................................. 32 Figure 17. GE – HPS/LED – SE Center lane................................................................................ 33 Figure 18. GE – HPS/LED – SE Curb lane .................................................................................. 33 Figure 19. GE Cobrahead Grid - Vertical Illuminance ................................................................. 40 Figure 20. Beta Cobrahead Grid - Vertical Illuminance ............................................................... 40 Figure 21. Lighting Science Cobrahead Grid - Vertical Illuminance ........................................... 41 Figure 22. Elumen Cobrahead Grid - Vertical Illuminance .......................................................... 41 Figure 23. Leotek Cobrahead Grid – Vertical Illuminance .......................................................... 42 Figure 24. Philips Cobrahead C7951 Grid - Vertical Illuminance ............................................... 42 Figure 25. Philips Cobrahead 270W Grid - Vertical Illuminance ................................................ 43 Figure 26. Philips Cobrahead 135W Grid - Vertical Illuminance ................................................ 43 Figure 27. Relume Cobrahead Grid - Vertical Illuminance .......................................................... 44 Figure 28. Holophane Cobrahead Grid - Vertical Illuminance ..................................................... 44 Figure 29. 250W HPS Cobrahead Grid - Vertical Illuminance .................................................... 45 Figure 30. 400W HPS Cobrahead Grid – Vertical Illuminance ................................................... 45 Figure 31. Philips Teardrop Grid - Vertical Illuminance .............................................................. 46 Figure 32. Holophane Teardrop Grid - Vertical Illuminance ....................................................... 46 Figure 33. Spring City Teardrop Grid - Vertical Illuminance ...................................................... 47 Figure 34. 250W HPS Teardrop Grid - Vertical Illuminance ....................................................... 47 Figure 35. 400W HPS Teardrop Grid - Vertical Illuminance ....................................................... 48 Figure 36. Philips Upright Grid - Vertical Illuminance ................................................................ 48 Figure 37. Holophane Upright Grid - Vertical Illuminance ......................................................... 49 Figure 38. Spring City Upright - Vertical Illuminance ................................................................. 49

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Figure 39. 250W HPS Upright - Vertical Illuminance ................................................................. 50 Figure 40. 400W HPS Upright - Vertical Illuminance ................................................................. 50 Figure 41. GE Cobrahead Grid - Horizontal Illuminance ............................................................. 51 Figure 42. Beta Cobrahead Grid - Horizontal Illuminance ........................................................... 51 Figure 43. Lighting Science Cobrahead Grid - Horizontal Illuminance ....................................... 52 Figure 44. Elumen Cobrahead Grid - Horizontal Illuminance ..................................................... 52 Figure 45. Leotek Cobrahead Grid - Horizontal Illuminance ....................................................... 53 Figure 46. Philips Cobrahead C7951 Grid - Horizontal Illuminance ........................................... 53 Figure 47. Philips 270W Grid - Horizontal Illuminance .............................................................. 54 Figure 48. Philips Cobrahead 135W Grid - Horizontal Illuminance ............................................ 54 Figure 49. Relume Cobrahead Grid - Horizontal Illuminance ..................................................... 55 Figure 50. Holophane Cobrahead Grid - Horizontal Illuminance ................................................ 55 Figure 51. 250W HPS Cobrahead Grid - Horizontal Illuminance ................................................ 56 Figure 52. 400W HPS Cobrahead Grid - Horizontal Illuminance ................................................ 56 Figure 53. Philips Teardrop Grid - Horizontal Illuminance ......................................................... 57 Figure 54. Holophane Teardrop Grid - Horizontal Illuminance ................................................... 57 Figure 55. Spring City Teardrop Grid - Horizontal Illuminance .................................................. 58 Figure 56. 250W HPS Teardrop Grid - Horizontal Illuminance .................................................. 58 Figure 57. 400W HPS Teardrop Grid - Horizontal Illuminance .................................................. 59 Figure 58. Philips Upright Grid - Horizontal Illuminance ............................................................ 59 Figure 59. Holophane Upright Grid - Horizontal Illuminance ..................................................... 60 Figure 60. Spring City Upright Grid - Horizontal Illuminance .................................................... 60 Figure 61. 250W HPS Upright Grid - Horizontal Illuminance ..................................................... 61 Figure 62. 400W HPS Upright Grid - Horizontal Illuminance ..................................................... 61 Figure 63. GE - Predicted vs. Measured Illuminance Ratio - Vertical ......................................... 62 Figure 64. GE - Predicted vs. Measured Illuminance Ratio – Horizontal .................................... 62 Figure 65. Beta - Predicted vs. Measured Illuminance Ratio – Vertical ...................................... 63 Figure 66. Beta - Predicted vs. Measured Illuminance Ratio – Horizontal .................................. 63 Figure 67. Elumen - Predicted vs. Measured Illuminance Ratio – Vertical ................................. 64 Figure 68. Elumen - Predicted vs. Measured Illuminance Ratio – Horizontal ............................. 64 Figure 69. Leotek - Predicted vs. Measured Illuminance Ratio – Vertical ................................... 65 Figure 70. Leotek - Predicted vs. Measured Illuminance Ratio – Horizontal .............................. 65 Figure 71. Philips Cobrahead C7951 - Predicted vs. Measured Illuminance Ratio – Vertical ..... 66 Figure 72. Philips Cobrahead C7951 - Predicted vs. Measured Illuminance Ratio – Horizontal 66 Figure 73. Relume Cobrahead - Predicted vs. Measured Illuminance Ratio – Vertical ............... 67 Figure 74. Relume Cobrahead - Predicted vs. Measured Illuminance Ratio – Horizontal ........... 67 Figure 75. Philips Teardrop - Predicted vs. Measured Illuminance Ratio – Vertical ................... 68 Figure 76. Philips Teardrop - Predicted vs. Measured Illuminance Ratio – Horizontal ............... 68 Figure 77. Spring City Teardrop - Predicted vs. Measured Illuminance Ratio – Vertical ........... 69 Figure 78. Spring City Teardrop - Predicted vs. Measured Illuminance Ratio – Horizontal ....... 69

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Figure 79. Philips Upright - Predicted vs. Measured Illuminance Ratio – Vertical ..................... 70 Figure 80. Philips Upright - Predicted vs. Measured Illuminance Ratio – Horizontal ................. 70 Figure 81. Spring City Upright - Predicted vs. Measured Illuminance Ratio – Vertical .............. 71 Figure 82. Spring City Upright - Predicted vs. Measured Illuminance Ratio – Horizontal ......... 71 Figure 83. GE Cobrahead - Predicted vs. Measured Illuminance Correlation – Vertical ............ 72 Figure 84. GE Cobrahead - Predicted vs. Measured Illuminance Correlation – Horizontal ........ 72 Figure 85. Beta Cobrahead - Predicted vs. Measured Illuminance Correlation – Vertical .......... 73 Figure 86. Beta Cobrahead - Predicted vs. Measured Illuminance Correlation - Horizontal ....... 73 Figure 87. Elumen Cobrahead - Predicted vs. Measured Illuminance Correlation – Vertical ..... 74 Figure 88. Elumen Cobrahead - Predicted vs. Measured Illuminance Correlation – Horizontal . 74 Figure 89. Leotek Cobrahead - Predicted vs. Measured Illuminance Correlation – Vertical ....... 75 Figure 90. Leotek Cobrahead - Predicted vs. Measured Illuminance Correlation – Horizontal .. 75 Figure 91. Philips Cobrahead C7951 - Predicted vs. Measured Illuminance Correlation – Vertical....................................................................................................................................................... 76 Figure 92. Philips Cobrahead C7951 - Predicted vs. Measured Illuminance Correlation – Horizontal ..................................................................................................................................... 76 Figure 93. Relume Cobrahead - Predicted vs. Measured Illuminance Correlation – Vertical ..... 77 Figure 94. Relume Cobrahead - Predicted vs. Measured Illuminance Correlation – Horizontal . 77 Figure 95. Philips Teardrop - Predicted vs. Measured Illuminance Correlation – Vertical ......... 78 Figure 96. Philips Teardrop - Predicted vs. Measured Illuminance Correlation – Horizontal ..... 78 Figure 97. Spring City Teardrop - Predicted vs. Measured Illuminance Correlation – Vertical .. 79 Figure 98. Spring City Teardrop - Predicted vs. Measured Illuminance Correlation – Horizontal....................................................................................................................................................... 79 Figure 99. Philips Upright - Predicted vs. Measured Illuminance Correlation – Vertical ............ 80 Figure 100. Philips Upright - Predicted vs. Measured Illuminance Correlation – Horizontal ..... 80 Figure 101. Spring City Upright - Predicted vs. Measured Illuminance Correlation – Vertical .. 81 Figure 102. Spring City Upright - Predicted vs. Measured Illuminance Correlation – Horizontal....................................................................................................................................................... 81 Figure 103. Beta Cobrahead - Light Trespass - House Side ......................................................... 82 Figure 104. Beta Cobrahead - Light Trespass - Street Side .......................................................... 82 Figure 105. Lighting Science Cobrahead - Light Trespass - House Side ..................................... 83 Figure 106. Lighting Science Cobrahead - Light Trespass - Street Side ...................................... 83 Figure 107. Elumen Cobrahead - Light Trespass - House Side .................................................... 84 Figure 108. Elumen Cobrahead - Light Trespass - Street Side ..................................................... 84 Figure 109. Leotek Cobrahead - Light Trespass - House Side ..................................................... 85 Figure 110. Leotek Cobrahead - Light Trespass - Street Side ...................................................... 85 Figure 111. Philips Cobrahead C7951 - Light Trespass - House Side ......................................... 86 Figure 112. Philips Cobrahead C7951 - Light Trespass - Street Side .......................................... 86 Figure 113. Philips Cobrahead 270W RVM - Light Trespass - House Side ................................ 87 Figure 114. Philips Cobrahead 270W RVM - Light Trespass - Street Side ................................. 87

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Figure 115. Philips Cobrahead 135W RVS - Light Trespass - House Side ................................. 88 Figure 116. Philips Cobrahead 135W RVS - Light Trespass - Street Side .................................. 88 Figure 117. Relume Cobrahead - Light Trespass - House Side .................................................... 89 Figure 118. Relume Cobrahead - Light Trespass - Street Side ..................................................... 89 Figure 119. Holophane Cobrahead - Light Trespass - House Side............................................... 90 Figure 120. Holophane Cobrahead - Light Trespass - Street Side ............................................... 90 Figure 121. 250W HPS Cobrahead - Light Trespass - House Side .............................................. 91 Figure 122. 250W HPS Cobrahead - Light Trespass - Street Side ............................................... 91 Figure 123. 400W HPS Cobrahead - Light Trespass - House Side .............................................. 92 Figure 124. 400W HPS Cobrahead - Light Trespass - Street Side ............................................... 92 Figure 125. Philips Teardrop - Light Trespass - House Side ........................................................ 93 Figure 126. Philips Teardrop - Light Trespass - Street Side ......................................................... 93 Figure 127. Holophane Teardrop - Light Trespass - House Side ................................................. 94 Figure 128. Holophane Teardrop - Light Trespass - Street Side .................................................. 94 Figure 129. Spring City Teardrop - Light Trespass - House Side ................................................ 95 Figure 130. Spring City Teardrop - Light Trespass - Street Side ................................................. 95 Figure 131. 250W HPS Teardrop - Light Trespass - House Side ................................................. 96 Figure 132. 250W HPS Teardrop - Light Trespass - Street Side.................................................. 96 Figure 133. 400W HPS Teardrop - Light Trespass - House Side ................................................. 97 Figure 134. 400W HPS Teardrop - Light Trespass - Street Side.................................................. 97 Figure 135. Philips Upright - Light Trespass - House Side .......................................................... 98 Figure 136. Philips Upright - Light Trespass - Street Side ........................................................... 98 Figure 137. Holophane Upright - Light Trespass - House Side ................................................... 99 Figure 138. Holophane Upright - Light Trespass - Street Side .................................................... 99 Figure 139. Spring City Upright - Light Trespass - House Side ................................................ 100 Figure 140. Spring City Upright - Light Trespass - Street Side ................................................. 100 Figure 141. 250W HPS Upright - Light Trespass - House Side ................................................. 101 Figure 142. 250W HPS Upright - Light Trespass - Street Side .................................................. 101 Figure 143. 400W HPS Upright - Light Trespass - House Side ................................................. 102 Figure 144. 400W HPS Upright - Light Trespass - Street Side .................................................. 102 Figure 145. Beta - HPS/LED - NW Center Lane........................................................................ 103 Figure 146. Beta - HPS/LED - NW Curb Lane .......................................................................... 103 Figure 147. Beta - HPS/LED - SE Center Lane .......................................................................... 104 Figure 148. Beta - HPS/LED - SE Curb Lane ............................................................................ 104 Figure 149. Holophane - HPS/LED - NW Center Lane ............................................................. 105 Figure 150. Holophane - HPS/LED - NW Curb Lane ................................................................ 105 Figure 151. Holophane - HPS/LED - SE Center Lane ............................................................... 106 Figure 152. Holophane - HPS/LED - SE Curb Lane .................................................................. 106 Figure 153. Leotek - HPS/LED - NW Center Lane .................................................................... 107 Figure 154. Leotek - HPS/LED - NW Curb Lane ...................................................................... 107

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Figure 155. Leotek - HPS/LED - SE Center Lane ...................................................................... 108 Figure 156. Leotek - HPS/LED - SE Curb Lane ........................................................................ 108 Figure 157. Lighting Science - HPS/LED - NW Center Lane .................................................... 109 Figure 158. Lighting Science - HPS/LED - SE Center Lane ...................................................... 109 Figure 159. Philips C7951 - HPS/LED - NW Center Lane ........................................................ 110 Figure 160. Philips C7951 - HPS/LED - SE Center Lane .......................................................... 110 Figure 161. Philips Cobrahead 135W - RVS - N Center Lane ................................................... 111 Figure 162. Philips Cobrahead 135W - RVS - S Center Lane .................................................... 111 Figure 163. Relume Cobrahead - HPS/LED - NW Center Lane ................................................ 112 Figure 164. Relume Cobrahead - HPS/LED - SE Center Lane .................................................. 112 Figure 165. Philips Teardrop - HPS/LED ................................................................................... 113 Figure 166. Spring City Teardrop - HPS/LED ........................................................................... 113 Figure 167. Philips Upright - HPS/LED - N Center/Inside Lane ............................................... 114 Figure 168. Philips Upright - HPS/LED - N Outside Lane ........................................................ 114 Figure 169. Philips Upright - HPS/LED - S Bike Lane .............................................................. 115 Figure 170. Philips Upright - HPS/LED - S Center/Inside Lane ................................................ 115 Figure 171. Philips Upright - HPS/LED - S Outside Lane ......................................................... 116 Figure 172. Spring City Upright - HPS/LED - N Center/Inside Lane ........................................ 116 Figure 173. Spring City Upright - HPS/LED - N Outside Lane ................................................. 117 Figure 174. Spring City Upright - HPS/LED - S Bike Lane ...................................................... 117 Figure 175. Spring City Upright - HPS/LED - S Center/Inside Lane ........................................ 118 Figure 176. Spring City Upright - HPS/LED - S Outside Lane.................................................. 118 Figure 177. Beta Cobrahead ....................................................................................................... 119 Figure 178. Philips Cobrahead - C7951 ...................................................................................... 120 Figure 179 - Philips Cobrahead - C7951 - Installed, Daytime ................................................... 120 Figure 180 - Philips Cobrahead - C7951 - Installed, Nighttime ................................................. 121 Figure 181. Philips Cobrahead - 135W80LED - RVS ................................................................ 121 Figure 182 - Philips Cobrahead - 135W80LED -RVS - Installed, Daytime .............................. 122 Figure 183 - Philips Cobrahad - 135W80LED - RVS - Installed, Nighttime ............................. 123 Figure 184. Philips Cobrahead - 270W160LED - RVM ............................................................ 123 Figure 185 - Philips Cobrahead - 270W160LED - RVM - Installed, Daytime .......................... 124 Figure 186 - Philips 270W160LED - RVM - Installed, Nighttime ............................................ 124 Figure 187. Elumen Cobrahead .................................................................................................. 125 Figure 188. GE Cobrahead ......................................................................................................... 125 Figure 189. Lighting Science Cobrahead .................................................................................... 126 Figure 190 - Lighting Science Cobrahead - Installed, Daytime ................................................. 126 Figure 191 - Lighting Science Cobrahead - Installed, Nighttime ............................................... 127 Figure 192. Relume Cobrahead .................................................................................................. 127 Figure 193. Holophane Cobrahead ............................................................................................. 128 Figure 194. Leotek Cobrahead .................................................................................................... 128

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Figure 195 - Leotek Cobrahead - Installed, Daytime ................................................................. 129 Figure 196 - Leotek Cobrahead - Installed, Nighttime ............................................................... 129 Figure 197. Holophane Teardrop ................................................................................................ 130 Figure 198. Spring City Teardrop ............................................................................................... 130 Figure 199. Philips Teardrop ...................................................................................................... 131 Figure 200. Philips Upright......................................................................................................... 132 Figure 201. Holophane Upright .................................................................................................. 133 Figure 202. Spring City Upright ................................................................................................. 133 Figure 203 - Standard HPS Cobrahead - 400W .......................................................................... 134 Figure 204 - Standard HPS Cobrahead 250W ............................................................................ 134 Figure 205 - LED Fixture on 28' Mounting Pole ........................................................................ 135

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ListofTables

Table 1. Lighting Requirements of DDOT ..................................................................................... 2 Table 2. Illuminance Conversion .................................................................................................... 3 Table 3. Evaluated Luminaires ....................................................................................................... 4 Table 4. Field Evaluation Dates and Locations .............................................................................. 8 Table 5. Summary - Cobrahead Style ........................................................................................... 13 Table 6. Summary - Teardrop and Upright Styles ........................................................................ 13 Table 7. Summary of Lab Cobrahead Illuminance ....................................................................... 16 Table 8. Summary of Lab Teardrop Illuminance .......................................................................... 17 Table 9. Summary of Lab Upright Illuminance ............................................................................ 18 Table 10. Summary of Slope and Correlation for Measured and Predicted Values. .................... 22 Table 11. IES Light Trespass Limitations .................................................................................... 22 Table 12. Summary of Lab and Field Cobrahead Light Trespass ................................................ 25 Table 13. Summary of Lab and Field Teardrop Light Trespass ................................................... 26 Table 14. Summary of Lab and Field Upright Light Trespass ..................................................... 27 Table 15. GE Cobrahead - Field Evaluation Results .................................................................... 28 Table 16. Beta Cobrahead - Field Evaluation Results .................................................................. 28 Table 17. Lighting Science Cobrahead - Field Evaluation Results .............................................. 29 Table 18. Leotek Cobrahead - Field Evaluation Results .............................................................. 29 Table 19. Philips Cobrahead C7951 - Field Evaluation Results ................................................... 29 Table 20. Relume Cobrahead - Field Evaluation Results ............................................................. 30 Table 21. Holophane Cobrahead - Field Evaluation Results ........................................................ 30 Table 22. Philips Teardrop - Field Evaluation Results ................................................................. 30 Table 23. Spring City Teardrop - Field Evaluation Results .......................................................... 31 Table 24. Philips Upright - Field Evaluation Results ................................................................... 31 Table 25. Spring City Upright - Field Evaluation Results ............................................................ 31

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LEDSTREETLIGHTFIXTURES‐FIELDANDLABORATORYRESULTSREPORT

Introduction

This report describes the results of the field and laboratory evaluation of sample LED street lighting fixtures procured by Science Applications International Corporation (SAIC) and the Virginia Tech Transportation Institute (VTTI) under contract to the Washington DC Department of Transportation (DDOT). The results of this report will inform DDOT’s decision to incorporate one or more LED fixtures into its catalogue of standard fixtures.

ProjectObjective

This project consisted of the evaluation of a variety of luminaire solutions suitable for roadway use in the District of Columbia. These lighting systems were tested both in a laboratory setting and in test-bed locations in Washington, DC. The object of the project is to provide the data required for the selection of the appropriate luminaire by the District Department of Transportation (DDOT).

Methods

The SAIC/VTTI Team assisted DDOT with the development of a set of minimum requirements for the replacement luminaires. The SAIC/VTTI Team distributed these minimum requirements to luminaire manufacturers and distributors. Interested parties shipped 5 units of luminaires to be evaluated, three to DDOT and two to VTTI. The SAIC/VTTI Team tested and evaluated sample luminaires’ power consumption, light output, and spectral performance in a laboratory environment. After laboratory testing, the luminaires were sent to DDOT to be installed with the other three provided systems. After installation, the SAIC/VTTI Team evaluated the sample luminaires’ performance in test-bed locations in Washington, DC. For comparison purposes, the SAIC/VTTI Team also performed laboratory and field evaluations of DDOT’s standard high-pressure sodium fixtures.

SpecificationDevelopment

Based upon current DDOT lighting specifications, the SAIC/VTTI Team helped DDOT develop minimum requirements for the LED fixtures. This document (included as Appendix A – LED Fixture Minimum Requirements) describes the system luminance, power consumption, and compatibility requirements LED fixtures must satisfy to be considered for use in the District Lighting System.

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The luminaires were also evaluated based upon the DC Department of Transportation Design and Engineering Manual Chapter 41. Table 1, below shows the District’s requirements for street lighting, highlighted with the classification under comparison.

Table 1. Lighting Requirements of DDOT

These requirements relate closely to the IES RP-8 requirements of roadways of similar type for high pedestrian conflict areas. The cobra head style will be considered in the “Collector” classification. The teardrop style will be considered in the “Arterial” classification and the upright style will be in the “Local” classification. The foot-candle values of the specification are converted below to the lux values recorded in the field. As the DDOT requirements are in foot candles and the evaluations by VTTI are in lux, the values were converted using a factor of 10.76 lux per foot-candle. These conversions are shown in Table 2.

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Table 2. Illuminance Conversion

Luminaire Type

Foot‐candles Lux Uniformity Ratio

Upright 0.8 8.6 6:1

Cobrahead 1.1 11.8 4:1

Teardrop 1.6 17.26 3:1

SystemSubmittal

In all, 10 cobra-head type systems, 3 Teardrop and 3 Upright systems were received for evaluation. Table 3 shows the received luminaire in each category (the 250 Watt HPS and the 400 Watt HPS listing are the standard luminaires currently used by DDOT).

Per Appendix A, vendors also provided IES intensity distribution files for the LED luminaires. Not all were received and these are highlighted in the table. Similarly, while all luminaires were tested at VTTI, not all of the systems were installed by DDOT. DDOT elected not to install some luminaires due to installation difficulties, appearance, or other limiting factors.

Table 3, below, details the manufacturer and model of the fixtures submitted for evaluation. The table also shows whether an IES file was received, whether the fixture was installed by the field, and if the fixture was evaluated in the VTTI laboratory.

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Table 3. Evaluated Luminaires

LaboratoryEvaluation

The SAIC/VTTI Team performed a laboratory evaluation of the luminaires to compare actual luminaire performance with manufacturer claims. The process entailed mounting each luminaire in the VTTI test facility for a “burning-in” time of approx. 100 hours (Figure 1). Next, luminaires were individually mounted in the outdoor environment at the VTTI test facility (Figure 2). Here, the output of the luminaire was measured in terms of horizontal and vertical illuminance along a grid of test locations beneath and to the side of the luminaire.

The SAIC/VTTI Team did not receive IES files for the Holophane cobra head, upright, and teardrop fixtures. DDOT elected not to install the Elumen cobra head luminaire, and the holophane teardrop and upright luminaires.

Manufacturer Type ModelIES file

received

Installed

by DDOT

Tested

at VTTI

Beta Cobra Head BXUL0203D‐UC Yes Yes Yes

Elumen Cobra Head SEG200NC3TMR5A Yes No Yes

GE Cobra Head ERMC0C343A2GRAY Yes Yes Yes

Holophane Cobra Head LEDG120534KASGL2R No Yes Yes

Leotek Cobra Head GCA2‐120E‐MV‐NW‐2‐GY‐700 Yes Yes Yes

Lighting Science Cobra Head DBR10004 No Yes Yes

Philips Cobra Head C7951‐I3NA5RNAN Yes Yes Yes

Philips Cobra Head 270W160LED4K Yes* Yes Yes

Philips Cobra Head 135W80LED4K Yes* Yes Yes

Relume Cobra Head VUE 400, 110‐277V, AC 60Hz Yes Yes Yes

250W HPS Cobra Head DDOT luminaire N/A N/A Yes

400W HPS Cobra Head DDOT luminaire N/A N/A Yes

Holophane Teardrop ESLT1505KASBR No No Yes

Philips Teardrop C7950‐AKL3NA5NN Yes Yes Yes

Spring City Teardrop Columbia LED Yes Yes Yes

250W HPS Teardrop DDOT luminaire N/A N/A Yes

400W HPS Teardrop DDOT luminaire N/A N/A Yes

Holophane Upright WFL1055KASBL3BH No No Yes

Philips Upright C7949‐A5NA5RNAN Yes Yes Yes

Spring City Upright Washington LED‐ 18902 Yes Yes Yes

250W HPS Upright DDOT luminaire N/A N/A Yes

400W HPS Upright DDOT luminaire N/A N/A Yes

* ‐ fi le received, but not processed at time of

reporting

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Figure 1. Luminaire laboratory burning-in

Figure 2: Laboratory evaluation grid

The luminaire pole stands on a level surface offset in the measurement grid (the luminaire noted as “L” in the overhead grid view of Figure 3). The pole is fitted with an attachment bracket for luminaires and the bracket can be adjusted based on the type of luminaire. Cobra head and teardrop style luminaires were mounted at a height of 30ft. Upright luminaires were mounted at

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a height of 14ft. The measurement grid extends 6 meters behind, 13 meters in front of, and 20 meters to each side of the luminaire. This configuration allowed the SAIC/VTTI Team to evaluate the light not directed at the roadway, (the “house-side” of the luminaire) as well as the light output to the roadway-side (the “street-side”, of the luminaire). The SAIC/VTTI Team performed both horizontal and vertical illuminance measurements on a one meter spacing in the test grid using Minolta T-10 illuminance meters. The SAIC/VTTI Team recorded data manually at each point along the grid.

Figure 3. Overhead view of evaluation grid

The SAIC/VTTI Team took horizontal measurements with an illuminance meter on the pavement, facing up, at each location on the 20x40 meter grid. The team took vertical measurements using an illuminance meter affixed to a mobile cart, mounted 1.5 meters from ground level (Figure 4). For the vertical measurements the meter was aimed along the roadway direction with the meter facing the luminaire. This means that in the top half of the grid the meter was aimed parallel to the grid facing the bottom half of the grid and in the bottom of the grid, the meter was reversed and faced towards to top of grid parallel to the grid.

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1 2 3 4 5 64 310 9 8 7 6 513 12 11 1 02

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The SAIC/VTTI Team took additional vertical measurements along each edge of the grid with the meter aimed into the grid to estimate light trespass.

Figure 4. Vertical illuminance meter on cart

The SAIC/VTTI Team compared these illuminance measurements to the expected illuminance developed from the manufacturers’ specifications and IES intensity distribution files. The SAIC/VTTI Team used the AGI32 lighting design software to develop the expected values.

The SAIC/VTTI Team also measured the electrical power usage and the spectral power distribution of the sample luminaires. The team used a Yokogowa WT 110 power meter to measure electrical power usage. The SAIC/VTTI Team measured spectral power distribution using an Ocean Optics S4000 spectraradiometer with a Teflon integrating sphere acceptance optic.

FieldEvaluation

MeasurementProcedure

The SAIC/VTTI Team conducted a before and after evaluation of street lights and their illuminance at three different Washington, DC locations. Table 4 details the dates of the evaluation, the location of the evaluation, and the types of luminaires at each location.

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Table 4. Field Evaluation Dates and Locations

Date of Evaluation Location Luminaire Type

June 8, 2011 Commodore Joshua Barney Overlook 1st St.

Cobrahead HPS Teardrop HPS Upright HPS

October 25, 2011 Commodore Joshua Barney Overlook 1st St.

Cobrahead LED Teardrop LED Upright LED

November 1, 2011 Commodore Joshua Barney Cobrahead LED (Continued)

On June 8, 2011, the SAIC/VTTI Team made the initial evaluations of the three testing locations using the VTTI Roadway Lighting Mobile Measuring System (RLMMS). Each location had its own type of luminaire fixture and every fixture across all locations was High Pressure Sodium (HPS). The SAIC/VTTI Team measured illuminance by driving the routes of each location several times with the data collection equipment. The SAIC/VTTI Team drove each lane and every possible turn for each lane (if the location contained multiple lanes and multiple turn options). The results of this initial evaluation provided the baseline data for the system evaluation.

On October 25, 2011 and November 1, 2011, the SAIC/VTTI Team followed the same protocol for the LED luminaires. At DDOT’s decision, some sample luminaires were not installed in the field. Due to the number of cobra head LED luminaires to be tested, the SAIC team returned on November 1 to complete the testing at Commodore Joshua Barney Road.

The VTTI RLMMS device includes illuminance meters, GPS, and luminance and color cameras to accurately evaluate roadway lighting. The RLMMS “spider instrument”, which includes four light meters and a GPS system, is mounted on the roof of an SUV. The luminance and color cameras record data from within the vehicle.

The RLMMS hardware is connected to the data collection system and controlled by a specialized software program created in LabVIEW™. The entire hardware suite is synchronized through the software program with data collection rates set at 20Hz. Video image capture rates are typically set at 3.75 frames per second (fps). The final output file used during the analysis contains a synchronization stamp, GPS information (e.g., latitude and longitude), button presses, individual images from each of the cameras inside the vehicle, the illuminance meter data from each of the Minolta T-10s, the vehicle information, and a spectrum file. The data collection system consists of three computers linked with an Ethernet network. Each color and luminance camera has a dedicated computer to ensure proper data collection and is triggered by the master data collection system which captures all of the other data. The system has also undergone successful reliability and repeatability tests (Gibbons et al., 2010).

9

Figure 5, below, shows the hardware mounted on a vehicle. The illuminance and GPS receiver can be seen on the vehicle roof and the cameras and illuminance meters are visible inside the windshield.

Figure 5. RLMMS Components Mounted On and Inside a Vehicle

The SAIC/VTTI Team assessed potential light trespass and lighting distribution of the using a measuring wheel and handheld Minolta illuminance meter. The team measured illuminance six feet behind the fixture pole and halfway between each different luminaire type and the next luminaire in each direction. Measurements were taken at five feet high, facing the roadway to assess the lighting distribution for each luminaire type. The SAIC/VTTI Team used luminaires between like-typed light sources for these measurements to prevent light trespass from different luminaire type to interfere with the measurements of one. Luminaires were often staggered on the roadway and a luminaire on the opposite side of the roadway was considered as the next luminaire in the sequence. The SAIC/VTTI Team also took illuminance readings on the opposite side of the road, six feet from the roadway, directly across from the luminaire.

TestLocations

“Commodore Joshua Barney” is a two lane roadway with no turns or intersections. Luminaires were spaced 156 feet apart. The luminaires were mounted 30 feet high. The layout is shown in Figure 6.

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13

Results

Table 5 and Table 6 summarize the findings of both the field and laboratory evaluations based upon DDOT’s minimum requirements. Average illuminance readings are a summary of the multiple lanes of the roadway that were evaluated in the field measurements. The luminaires meeting or surpassing the requirements of DDOT are highlighted in green. Luminaires that did not meet DDOT’s minimum requirements are highlighted in red.

Table 5. Summary - Cobrahead Style

Table 6. Summary - Teardrop and Upright Styles

Beta GE Holophane LeotekLighting

Science

Phi l ips

(C7951)

Phi l ips

(270W)

Phi l ips

(135W)Relume

High

Pressure

Sodium

(250W)

Average I l luminance (lux) 5.90 19.66 22.99 30.37 34.04 18.92 40.96 19.05 19.82 32.60

Average I l luminance (fc) 0.55 1.83 2.14 2.82 3.16 1.76 3.80 1.77 1.84 3.03

Max I l luminance (lux) 14.48 83.50 90.05 122.55 123.41 61.05 69.89 71.42 79.11 197.13

Max I l luminance (fc) 1.34 7.76 8.37 11.38 11.47 5.67 6.49 6.63 7.35 18.31

Average:Max 0.41 0.24 0.26 0.25 0.28 0.31 0.59 0.27 0.25 0.17

Min I l luminance (lux) 0.52 1.07 1.40 8.18 1.26 2.10 18.63 5.69 1.52 0.76

Min I l luminance (fc) 0.05 0.10 0.13 0.76 0.12 0.19 1.73 0.53 0.14 0.07

Average:Min 11.29 18.33 16.42 3.71 27.07 9.02 2.20 3.35 13.06 42.75

Actua l Wattage Measured 50.60 145.20 192.90 271.80 284.10 132.60 266.00 131.00 282.50 322.10

Cobrahead

Phi l ipsSpring City

(Columbia)

High

Pressure

Sodium

(250W)

Phi l ipsSpring City

(Washington)

High

Pressure

Sodium

(150W)

Average I l luminance (lux) 4.90 4.96 15.57 18.52 11.44 11.30

Average I l luminance (fc) 0.45 0.46 1.45 1.72 1.06 1.05

Max I l luminance (lux) 7.44 7.88 33.41 49.06 49.94 27.34

Max I l luminance (fc) 0.69 0.73 3.10 4.56 4.64 2.54

Average:Max 0.66 0.63 0.47 0.38 0.23 0.41

Min I l luminance (lux) 2.41 2.75 3.57 5.06 2.53 5.80

Min I l luminance (fc) 0.22 0.26 0.33 0.47 0.24 0.54

Average:Min 2.04 1.81 4.37 3.66 4.52 1.95

Actual Wattage Measured 130.60 156.60 324.20 130.80 100.60 N/A

Teardrop Upright

Meets requirementDoes not meet requirement

More spe

Labora

Vertical

The SAICFigure 9

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14

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15

HorizontalIlluminance

The SAIC/VTTI Team also measured illuminance at the ground level (horizontal illuminance) at the VTTI Laboratory. This measurement gives an indication of the distribution of the light actually reaching the ground. This shows the level of uniformity of the luminaire’s output. This data provides the information required to assess the overall lighting of the roadway brightness of the road surface.

Table 7, Table 8 and Table 9 provide a summary of the illuminance measures within the each luminaire’s grid. Charts for each of the evaluated luminaires are included in Appendix B – Laboratory Results.

16

Table 7. Summary of Lab Cobrahead Illuminance

HS SS HS SS HS SS HS SS HS SS HS SS HS SS HS SS HS SS HS SS HS SS HS SS

Average Vertical Grid

Illuminance (lux) 6.52 12.07 2.82 4.44 4.75 13.92 5.49 15.75 11.15 21.99 13.65 25.36 6.76 10.75 11.76 23.13 7.20 11.62 9.56 15.67 16.91 16.04 34.54 32.90


Illuminance (fc) 0.61 1.12 0.26 0.41 0.44 1.29 0.51 1.46 1.04 2.04 1.27 2.36 0.63 1.00 1.09 2.15 0.67 1.08 0.89 1.46 1.57 1.49 3.21 3.06

Average Horizontal Grid

Illuminance (lux) 4.37 12.02 2.34 3.73 4.42 10.56 5.02 14.77 10.86 21.26 16.98 25.32 7.37 10.35 12.28 21.43 7.62 10.89 8.54 12.41 17.88 16.29 36.70 33.15


Illuminance (fc) 0.41 1.12 0.22 0.35 0.41 0.98 0.47 1.37 1.01 1.97 1.58 2.35 0.68 0.96 1.14 1.99 0.71 1.01 0.79 1.15 1.66 1.51 3.41 3.08

Max Grid Vertical Illuminance

(lux)

Max Grid Vertical Illuminance

(fc)

Min Grid Vertical Illuminance

(lux)


(fc)

Max Grid Horizontal

Illuminance (lux)

Max Grid Horizontal

Illuminance (fc)

Min Grid Horizontal

Illuminance (lux)

Min Grid Horizontal

Illuminance (fc)

0.87 1.35 0.75 2.56 2.05 2.72

0.66 1.95 3.86 7.63 6.75 3.36 6.55 3.47 4.42 5.39 11.25

2.54 0.96 2.77 3.64 4.27 8.87 2.14

77.20

3.95

121.10

0.25

250W HPS 400W HPS

37.70

1.67

58.00

0.19

3.50 7.17

0.370.16

0.13

0.46

0.07 0.24

37.4 47.6

0.090.040.16

1.14 1.88 0.53

0.06 0.04 0.06 0.09 0.12 0.08 0.08

0.050.170.110.060.060.010.04

4.54

0.6 0.38 0.66 1.01 1.26 0.83

27.3 10.31 29.81 39.2 46 95.5 23.03

0.39 0.98

48.9 7.06 20.96 41.55 82.1 72.7 36.2 70.5

0.07 0.65 0.67

Lighting Science Philips (C7951) Philips (270W) Philips (135W) Relume

46.9 24.08 34.4

1.69

4.36 2.24 3.20

GE Beta Elumen Holophane Leotek

17

Table 8. Summary of Lab Teardrop Illuminance

HS SS HS SS HS SS HS SS HS SS


Illuminance (lux) 6.68 10.03 10.73 9.99 3.94 14.52 19.66 23.56 30.28 33.36


Illuminance (fc) 0.62 0.93 1.00 0.93 0.37 1.35 1.83 2.19 2.81 3.10Average Horizontal Grid

Illuminance (lux) 6.57 9.44 8.29 9.39 2.01 7.24 18.08 19.48 27.86 28.66Average Horizontal Grid

Illuminance (fc) 0.61 0.88 0.77 0.87 0.19 0.67 1.68 1.81 2.59 2.66Max Grid Vertical Illuminance

(lux)Max Grid Vertical Illuminance

(fc)


(lux)


(fc)

Max Grid Horizontal

Illuminance (lux)

Max Grid Horizontal

Illuminance (fc)

Min Grid Horizontal

Illuminance (lux)

Min Grid Horizontal

Illuminance (fc)

2.21 3.16 4.24 5.53 6.61

0.07

2.71

0.07

0.02

1.91

<0.01

0.02

1.76

0.03

0.19

6.60

0.25

0.27

9.41

0.45

2.90

101.30

4.86

59.50 71.10

250W HPS 400W HPS

0.79 0.03 0.34

0.72 0.17 0.26

29.16 20.58 18.97

Philips Teardrop Holophane Teardrop Spring City Teardrop

23.8 34 45.6

2.70

2.05

71.00

18

Table 9. Summary of Lab Upright Illuminance

Note: HS = House-Side, SS = Street-Side



Illuminance (lux) 15.34 10.79 12.16 8.04 5.96 5.14 19.13 14.17 32.82 23.26


Illuminance (fc) 1.43 1.00 1.13 0.75 0.55 0.48 1.78 1.32 3.05 2.16


Illuminance (lux) 7.78 7.22 8.36 6.53 4.49 3.94 9.53 7.94 17.06 12.66


Illuminance (fc) 0.72 0.67 0.78 0.61 0.42 0.37 0.89 0.74 1.59 1.18

Max Grid Vertical

Illuminance (lux)

Max Grid Vertical

Illuminance (fc)

Min Grid Vertical

Illuminance (lux)

Min Grid Vertical

Illuminance (fc)

Max Grid Horizontal

Illuminance (lux)

Max Grid Horizontal

Illuminance (fc)

Min Grid Horizontal

Illuminance (lux)

Min Grid Horizontal

Illuminance (fc)

5.37

0.15

3.11

0.11

9.30

0.22

4.71

0.15

4.18

0.08

2.01

0.03

5.28

0.02

2.95

0.01

3.55

0.03

2.36

0.02

100.10

2.40

50.70

1.60

57.80

1.60

33.50

250W HPS 400W HPS

21.64 31.7 25.41

0.36 0.12 0.25

45 56.8 38.2

0.81 0.2 0.29

Philips Upright Holophane Upright Spring City Upright

1.20

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19

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20

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21

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22

Table 10. Summary of Slope and Correlation for Measured and Predicted Values.

Vertical Horizontal

Slope Correlation Slope Correlation

Cobrahead Beta 0.694 0.7276 0.9561 0.86

Elumen 0.7587 0.876 1.09 0.7416

Leotek 0.6159 0.6073 0.898 0.9765

Philips C7951 0.6807 0.8525 0.906 0.984

Relume 0.6715 0.7043 1073 0.8445

Teardrop Philips 0.6645 0.6473 0.9055 0.9773

Spring City 0.6558 0.5791 0.9249 0.4573

Upright Philips 0.6879 0.8817 1.016 0.8928

Spring City 0.6808 0.8512 1.0322 0.9765

LightTrespass

The level of light trespassing beyond the for light that is directed or “spilled” into areas where light is not intended to reach (such as into residential homes or commercial locations). The Illuminating Engineering Society roadway to the house-side of the luminaire was also evaluated. This level is considered due to the concern recommends (IES TM-11-00) the following limitations on light trespass (Table 11).

Table 11. IES Light Trespass Limitations

Environmental Zone Pre-Curfew Limitations* Post-Curfew Limitations* E1 1.0 (0.10) 0.0 (0.00) E2 3.0 (0.30 1.0 (0.10) E3 8.0 (0.80) 3.0 (0.30) E4 15.0 (1.50) 6.0 (0.60)

* Lux (footcandles)

Environmental Zone 3 is described as generally “urban residential areas” which corresponds to the test-bed locations for the cobra head and teardrop style luminaires. Environmental Zone 4 is described as “dense urban areas” which corresponds to the test-bed location for the upright style luminaires. Each luminaire was evaluated in the laboratory setting for this factor on both the house-side of the luminaire and what would be considered beyond the intended reach of the luminaire on the street-side of the luminaire. Figure 13 and Figure 14 show an example of the light trespass measured in the laboratory setting.

Table 12laborator

Fi

Fi

, Table 13 anry and field s

igure 13. GE

igure 14. GE

nd Table 14 setting.

E Cobrahea

E Cobrahea

provide a su

23

ad - Light T

ad - Light T

ummary of l

Trespass - H

Trespass - St

light trespass

House Side

treet Side

s as evaluateed in both th

Luminaire Luminaire

Luminaire

e

24

The SAIC/VTTI Team also calculated the ratio of the average light trespass to the average illuminance on the roadway and the ratio of the maximum light trespass to the average illuminance on the roadway. This factor provides an indication of the effectiveness of the luminaire to provide data where it is used (on the roadway) versus the amount of light that travels outside of the roadway.

25

Table 12. Summary of Lab and Field Cobrahead Light Trespass

HS SS HS SS HS SS HS SS HS SS HS SS HS SS HS SS HS SS HS SS HS SS HS SS

Average Lab‐Measured Light

Trespass (lux) 3.29 6.91 1.93 2.31 2.71 8.54 2.94 6.83 4.25 8.93 12.62 10.05 3.52 2.08 6.05 13.19 3.43 3.58 4.75 8.14 13.68 8.79 26.19 19.21


Trespass (fc) 0.31 0.64 0.18 0.21 0.25 0.79 0.27 0.63 0.39 0.83 1.17 0.93 0.33 0.19 0.56 1.23 0.32 0.33 0.44 0.76 1.27 0.82 2.43 1.78

Max (lux) 5.08 8.74 3.62 4.66 5.42 12.52 5.19 10.93 8.43 13.64 36.39 21.14 7.04 3.08 12.29 16.27 6.94 5.50 8.52 12.44 32.28 13.79 67.82 29.80

Max (fc) 0.47 0.81 0.34 0.43 0.50 1.16 0.48 1.02 0.78 1.27 3.38 1.96 0.65 0.29 1.14 1.51 0.64 0.51 0.79 1.16 3.00 1.28 6.30 2.77

Min (lux) 1.34 3.31 0.36 0.51 0.76 4.67 1.07 2.96 1.31 3.40 1.08 1.63 0.71 1.28 1.50 8.93 0.87 2.32 2.28 5.21 2.34 5.24 4.00 11.10

Min (fc) 0.12 0.31 0.03 0.05 0.07 0.43 0.10 0.27 0.12 0.32 0.10 0.15 0.07 0.12 0.14 0.83 0.08 0.22 0.21 0.48 0.22 0.49 0.37 1.03

Ratio of Average Lab‐

Measured Light Trespass :

Field Evaluation Roadway

Illuminance 0.17 0.35 0.33 0.39 N/A N/A 0.13 0.30 0.18 0.29 0.37 0.30 0.19 0.11 0.15 0.32 0.18 0.19 0.24 0.41 0.42 0.27 N/A N/A

Ratio of Max Light Trespass :


Illuminance 0.26 0.44 0.61 0.79 N/A N/A 0.23 0.48 0.37 0.45 1.07 0.62 0.37 0.16 0.30 0.40 0.36 0.29 0.43 0.63 0.99 0.42 N/A N/A

Average Light Trespass in

Field (lux) 2.89 7.83 1.95 4.61 N/A N/A 4.30 7.18 9.46 8.52 11.77 44.80 5.92 4.15 N/A N/A 6.36 18.09 9.24 9.54 20.64 19.65 N/A N/A


Field (fc) 0.27 0.73 0.18 0.43 N/A N/A 0.40 0.67 0.88 0.79 1.09 4.16 0.55 0.39 N/A N/A 0.59 1.68 0.86 0.89 1.92 1.83 N/A N/A

Meets pre‐curfew and post‐curfew limit

Lighting ScienceGE Beta Elumen Holophane Leotek 250W HPS 400W HPSPhilips (C7951) Philips (270W) Philips (135W) Relume

Does NOT meet pre‐curfew and post‐curfew limit

Meets pre‐curfew, does NOT meet post‐curfew limit

26

Table 13. Summary of Lab and Field Teardrop Light Trespass


Average Lab‐Measured

Light Trespass (lux) 3.11 4.38 6.03 3.92 1.97 5.74 11.58 18.00 16.54 23.89

Average Lab‐Measured

Light Trespass (fc) 0.29 0.41 0.56 0.36 0.18 0.53 1.08 1.67 1.54 2.22

Max (lux) 6.21 5.18 12.46 11.77 3.54 10.14 25.83 32.55 36.02 44.62

Max (fc) 0.58 0.48 1.16 1.09 0.33 0.94 2.40 3.02 3.35 4.15

Min (lux) 0.97 1.92 0.37 0.10 0.73 1.70 2.35 4.66 2.82 6.74

Min (fc) 0.09 0.18 0.03 0.01 0.07 0.16 0.22 0.43 0.26 0.63

Ratio of Average Lab‐

Measured Light Trespass :


Illuminance 0.64 0.89 N/A N/A 0.40 1.16 0.74 1.16 N/A N/A

Ratio of Max Light

Trespass : Field Evaluation

Roadway Illuminance 1.27 1.06 N/A N/A 0.71 2.04 1.66 2.09 N/A N/A


Field (lux) 3.65 13.36 N/A N/A 1.05 1.94 3.92 16.34 N/A N/A


Field (fc) 0.34 1.24 N/A N/A 0.10 0.18 0.36 1.52 N/A N/A




250W HPS 400W HPSPhilips Teardrop Holophane Teardrop Spring City Teardrop

27

Table 14. Summary of Lab and Field Upright Light Trespass



Trespass (lux) 15.12 2.91 11.01 0.80 2.87 1.46 15.17 8.08 26.15 12.88


Trespass (fc) 1.41 0.27 1.02 0.07 0.27 0.14 1.41 0.75 2.43 1.20

Max (lux) 40.24 5.62 39.36 1.56 9.60 2.72 44.65 14.57 74.96 22.40

Max (fc) 3.74 0.52 3.66 0.15 0.89 0.25 4.15 1.35 6.96 2.08

Min (lux) 0.49 0.50 0.25 0.09 0.25 0.30 1.57 2.44 2.58 3.04

Min (fc) 0.05 0.05 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.15 0.23 0.24 0.28Ratio of Average Lab‐Measured

Light Trespass : Field Evaluation

Roadway Illuminance 0.82 0.16 N/A N/A 0.25 0.13 N/A N/A N/A N/A

Ratio of Max Light Trespass : Field

Evaluation Roadway Illuminance 2.17 0.30 N/A N/A 0.84 0.24 N/A N/A N/A N/AAverage Light Trespass in Field

(lux) 15.58 7.36 N/A N/A 12.00 3.55 N/A N/A N/A N/A

Average Light Trespass in Field (fc) 1.45 0.68 N/A N/A 1.11 0.33 N/A N/A N/A N/A




250W HPS 400W HPSPhilips Upright Holophane Upright Spring City Upright

28

FieldEvaluation

The SAIC/VTTI Team also recorded field measurements for DDOT’s current HPS luminaires. These luminaires were then replaced with SSL luminaires under consideration. Each SSL luminaire can then be directly compared to a HPS luminaire previously mounted at the same location. The SAIC/VTTI Team acquired the Philips 135W80LED-RVS and 270W160LED-RVM cobra head luminaires later than the other luminaires - these luminaires were mounted near the 1st Street, SE test-bed. It should be noted that some portions of the road were not evaluated due to the presence of parked vehicles (such as curb lane portions of Commodore Joshua Barney).

Summary of comparisons between the illuminance of both the HPS condition and the LED condition at identical locations are presented in Table 15 through Table 25. It can be seen that most of the replacement systems underperform their HPS counterpart. It is interesting to note that the uniformity of the SSL sources is typically better than that of the HPS luminaires. Using the Beta luminaire, although the overall lighting level is much lower than the HPS, the uniformity ratio reduces from as high as 33.55 to 9.16 for the same area. This indicates that while the lighting level is lower, the overall area is much more uniform than with the HPS system.

All field comparisons of HPS and LED cobrahead fixtures are based on the 400W HPS fixtures installed at the Commodore Joshua Barney field evaluation area.

Table 15. GE Cobrahead - Field Evaluation Results

Table 16. Beta Cobrahead - Field Evaluation Results

HPS LED HPS LED HPS LED HPS LED

Average Illuminance (lux) 35.82 21.44 37.49 22.32 40.94 22.15 36.17 12.74

Average Illuminance (fc) 3.33 1.99 3.48 2.07 3.80 2.06 3.36 1.18

Min (lux) 3.38 2.59 3.45 2.71 3.67 2.99 2.20 1.07

Min (fc) 0.31 0.24 0.32 0.25 0.34 0.28 0.20 0.10

Max (lux) 156.87 81.28 126.44 83.50 162.91 82.75 197.13 63.91

Max (fc) 14.57 7.55 11.75 7.76 15.13 7.69 18.31 5.94

Average:Min 10.59 8.27 10.87 8.24 11.15 7.42 16.42 11.88

Average:Max 0.23 0.26 0.30 0.27 0.25 0.27 0.18 0.20

GE areaSE Bound CurbSideLane SE Bound CenterLane NW Bound CenterLane NW Bound CurbSideLane




Min (lux) 3.30 1.13 3.15 1.57 1.61 0.78 1.14 0.52

Min (fc) 0.31 0.11 0.29 0.15 0.15 0.07 0.11 0.05

Max (lux) 148.91 14.48 114.02 13.56 145.03 13.14 180.46 12.67

Max (fc) 13.83 1.34 10.59 1.26 13.47 1.22 16.77 1.18

Average:Min 7.96 4.62 10.86 4.36 25.20 8.70 33.55 9.16

Average:Max 0.18 0.36 0.30 0.50 0.28 0.51 0.21 0.38

SE Bound CenterLaneSE Bound CurbSideLane NW Bound CenterLane NW Bound CurbSideLane

Beta Cobrahead area

Average Illu

Average Illu

Min (lux)

Min (fc)

Max (lux)

Max (fc)

Average:Min

Average:Ma

Table

T

Tabl

Ave

Ave

Min

Min

Max

Max

Ave

Ave

H

minance (lux)

minance (fc)

n

x

SE Bound Curb

17. Lightin

Table 18. Le

e 19. Philip

erage Illuminanc

erage Illuminanc

n (lux)

n (fc)

x (lux)

x (fc)

erage:Min

erage:Max

SE

L

HPS LED

32.19

2.99

1.85

0.17

159.27

14.80

17.40

0.20

bSideLane

g Science C

otek Cobra

s Cobrahea

HPS

ce (lux)

ce (fc)

1

Bound CenterLa

ighting Scie

HPS

26.41 3

2.45

8.77

0.81

106.55 12

9.90 1

3.01 1

0.25

SE Bo

Le

29

Cobrahead -

ahead - Field

ad C7951 - F

LED

39.54 32

3.67 3

2.79 1

0.26 0

165.52 123

15.38 11

14.17 26

0.24 0

ane

ence Cobrah

LED

36.00 35.8

3.34 3.3

3.20 10.9

0.30 1.0

26.44 113.9

11.75 10.5

11.26 3.2

0.28 0.3

ound CenterLane

eotek area

Field Evalu

d Evaluation

Field Evalua

HPS

2.99 39.95

3.06 3.7

1.26 3.20

0.12 0.30

3.41 145.45

1.47 13.5

6.24 12.48

0.27 0.27

NW Bound

head area

HPS L

88 36.35

33 3.38

93 3.00

02 0.28

96 162.91

59 15.13

28 12.11

31 0.22

NW Bound C

uation Resu

n Results

ation Result

LED

5 35.08

1 3.26

0 1.28

0 0.12

5 92.23

1 8.57

8 27.46

7 0.38

d CenterLane

LED HP

36.47

3.39

11.62

1.08

122.55

11.38

3.14

0.30

CenterLane NW

ults

ts

S LED

25.86

2.40

0.76

0.07

197.13

18.31

33.91

0.13

W Bound CurbSid

22.70

2.11

8.18

0.76

94.03

8.74

2.78

0.24

deLane

30

Table 20. Relume Cobrahead - Field Evaluation Results

Table 21. Holophane Cobrahead - Field Evaluation Results

Table 22. Philips Teardrop - Field Evaluation Results

HPS LED HPS LED

Average Illuminance (lux) 20.84 20.94 23.42 18.70

Average Illuminance (fc) 1.94 1.95 2.18 1.74

Min (lux) 1.42 3.81 1.27 1.52

Min (fc) 0.13 0.35 0.12 0.14

Max (lux) 157.47 79.11 145.08 72.75

Max (fc) 14.63 7.35 13.48 6.76

Average:Min 14.73 5.50 18.48 12.33

Average:Max 0.13 0.26 0.16 0.26

SE Bound CenterLane NW Bound CenterLane

Relume Cobrahead area




Min (lux) 1.65 1.62 1.73 1.72 1.15 2.39 0.76 1.40

Min (fc) 0.15 0.15 0.16 0.16 0.11 0.22 0.07 0.13

Max (lux) 162.67 85.85 121.38 85.09 117.75 90.05 150.64 45.15

Max (fc) 15.11 7.98 11.28 7.91 10.94 8.37 14.00 4.19

Average:Min 18.40 15.95 20.78 14.97 27.96 11.48 37.05 9.24

Average:Max 0.19 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.27 0.30 0.19 0.29

SE Bound CurbSideLane SE Bound CenterLane NW Bound CenterLane NW Bound CurbSideLane

Holophane Cobrahead area

HPS LED

Average Illuminance (lux) 15.57 4.90

Average Illuminance (fc) 1.45 0.45

Min (lux) 3.57 2.41

Min (fc) 0.33 0.22

Max (lux) 33.41 7.44

Max (fc) 3.10 0.69

Average:Min 4.37 2.04

Average:Max 0.47 0.66

Philips Teardrop areaS Bound Lane

31

Table 23. Spring City Teardrop - Field Evaluation Results

Table 24. Philips Upright - Field Evaluation Results

Table 25. Spring City Upright - Field Evaluation Results

Charts showing these same comparisons are also included in Appendix B – Field Evaluation Charts. Examples for one of the luminaires across multiple roadway lanes are Figure 15, Figure 16, Figure 17, and Figure 18.

HPS LED

Average Illuminance (lux) 15.38 4.96

Average Illuminance (fc) 1.43 0.46

Min (lux) 2.94 2.75

Min (fc) 0.27 0.26

Max (lux) 37.80 7.88

Max (fc) 3.51 0.73

Average:Min 5.23 1.81

Average:Max 0.41 0.63

S Bound Lane

Spring City Columbia Teardrop area

HPS LED HPS LED HPS LED HPS LED HPS LED HPS LED

Average Illuminance (lux) 14.20 26.62 8.78 16.34 8.01 7.72 10.89 13.53 14.62 22.26 N/A 24.65

Average Illuminance (fc) 1.32 2.47 0.82 1.52 0.74 0.72 1.01 1.26 1.36 2.07 N/A 2.29

Min (lux) 5.81 5.06 6.27 5.80 6.34 5.96 6.10 6.15 5.80 6.07 N/A 6.05

Min (fc) 0.54 0.47 0.58 0.54 0.59 0.55 0.57 0.57 0.54 0.56 N/A 0.56

Max (lux) 27.34 48.58 12.60 27.03 10.34 9.56 12.98 23.99 22.75 43.08 N/A 49.06

Max (fc) 2.54 4.51 1.17 2.51 0.96 0.89 1.21 2.23 2.11 4.00 N/A 4.56

Average:Min 2.45 5.26 1.40 2.82 1.26 1.30 1.79 2.20 2.52 3.67 N/A 4.07

Average:Max 0.52 0.55 0.70 0.60 0.78 0.81 0.84 0.56 0.64 0.52 N/A 0.50

N Bound BikeLane

Philips Upright areaS Bound BikeLane S Bound OutsideLane S Bound CenterLane N Bound CenterLane N Bound OutsideLane

HPS LED HPS LED HPS LED HPS LED HPS LED HPS LED

Average Illuminance (lux) 10.42 11.26 7.50 5.86 7.88 5.26 12.40 10.07 9.30 14.68 N/A 21.54

Average Illuminance (fc) 0.97 1.05 0.70 0.54 0.73 0.49 1.15 0.94 0.86 1.36 N/A 2.00

Min (lux) 4.07 2.53 4.40 2.63 4.97 2.96 5.82 3.80 5.63 4.12 N/A 4.43

Min (fc) 0.38 0.24 0.41 0.24 0.46 0.27 0.54 0.35 0.52 0.38 N/A 0.41

Max (lux) 28.69 35.75 11.69 14.07 12.23 9.51 21.28 17.97 36.45 30.05 N/A 49.94

Max (fc) 2.67 3.32 1.09 1.31 1.14 0.88 1.98 1.67 3.39 2.79 N/A 4.64

Average:Min 2.56 4.45 1.71 2.23 1.59 1.78 2.13 2.65 1.65 3.56 N/A 4.86

Average:Max 0.36 0.32 0.64 0.42 0.64 0.55 0.58 0.56 0.26 0.49 N/A 0.43

N Bound BikeLane

Spring City Washington areaS Bound BikeLane S Bound OutsideLane S Bound CenterLane N Bound CenterLane N Bound OutsideLane

32

Figure 15. GE – HPS/LED – NW Curb lane

Figure 16. GE – HPS/LED – NW Center lane

33

Figure 17. GE – HPS/LED – SE Center lane

Figure 18. GE – HPS/LED – SE Curb lane

These charts indicate the longitudinal variation of each of the light sources as compared to the HPS original.

34

Conclusions

This document provides an indication of the performance of replacement SSL luminaire systems as compared to the incumbent HPS systems. The luminaires were compared on a variety of metrics both in the field and in the laboratory. While no specific recommendations are made, this data can provide guidance to DDOT for their luminaire decision.

A summary of luminaires that met DDOT requirements is in Table 26.

Table 26. Summary of Luminaires Meeting Requirements

Field

Average illuminance

Field Uniformity

Light Trespass

Cobrahead

Beta Elumen N/A N/A GE Holophane Leotek Lighting Science Philips (C7951) Philips (270W-RVM) Philips (135W-RVS) Relume 250W HPS 400W HPS N/A N/A

Teardrop

Holophane N/A N/A Philips Spring City 250W HPS 400W HPS

Upright

Holophane N/A N/A Philips Spring City 250W HPS N/A N/A 400W HPS N/A N/A

A few items were noted from the measurement results:

Regarding the cobra head luminaires, of the 9 luminaires that were installed for both the laboratory portion and the field test portion, all but the Beta luminaire met the DDOT requirement for illuminance. In terms of uniformity, however, the Leotek and Philips

35

270W and 135W were the only of LED cobra head luminaires that met the DDOT requirement.

Regarding the teardrop luminaires, of the 2 luminaires that were installed for both the laboratory portion and the field test portion, neither of the provided luminaires met DDOT’s requirements for illuminance.

Regarding the upright luminaires, of the 2 luminaires that were installed for both the laboratory portion and the field test portion, both of the provided luminaires met the DDOT requirement of illuminance and uniformity.

Luminaires evaluated in the laboratory, but excluded from field evaluation were excluded either due to not meeting DDOT specifications or other decisions made by DDOT (such as aesthetic appeal or aspects of installation).

The field evaluations showed that the LED luminaires typically underperformed the HPS but typically had more uniformity in the lighted area than the HPS systems.

References

Gibbons, R.B., Meyer, J. and Edwards, C. (2010). “Development of a Mobile Measurement System for Roadway Lighting.

DC Department of Transportation Design and Engineering Manual. http://dcra.dc.gov/DC/DDOT/Publication%20Files/Projects%20and%20Planning/Standards%20and%20Guidelines/publication_design_and_engineering_ch41__ddot.pdf

Light Trespass: Research, Results and Recommendations. IES TM-11-00

36

AppendixA–LEDFixtureMinimumRequirements

Government of the District of Columbia

Department of Transportation

Minimum Eligibility Requirements Testing and Evaluation of LED Replacements for Cobra Head, Teardrop, and Upright Fixtures

Luminaire Requirements:

Correlated Color Temperature (CCT)

Luminaire Nominal CCT(°K) shall be between minimum 4000°K ‐ 5000°K

Color Rendering Index (CRI) Luminaire shall have a minimum CRI of 70.

Off State Power Consumption The power draw of the luminaire including PE devices must be zero watts when in the off state.

On State Power Consumption The luminaire must use at least 40% less energy compared to its commercially available 400W High Pressure Sodium counterpart.

Warranty

Luminaire must have a minimum five (5) Year warranty due to any failure. The Warranty shall provide for the repair or replacement of defective electrical parts including but not limited to the light source and power supplies/driver for a minimum of eight (8) years. Shipping shall be included.

Weight Luminaire shall not weigh more than 45lbs

Operating Environment Luminaire shall be able to operate normally in temperatures from ‐40°F to 120°F

Cooling System

Shall not consist of any fan, pump or liquids and must be resistant to debris buildup.

Dimensions (Approx.) Luminaire shall not be larger than approximately 30” long x 16” wide x 6” tall.

Housing Shall be primarily constructed of metal.Finish shall be grey/black in color, powder coated and resists rust. Driver must be internally mounted and replaceable. Captive screws are needed on any components that require maintenance after installation. No parts shall be constructed of polycarbonate unless it is UV stabilized (Lens Discoloration shall be considered a failure under warranty). The Luminaire must have a self leveling mechanism. The Luminaire shall be filtered against entry of insects, rain, dust, and other offending foreign matter.

37

Mounting arm connection Luminaire shall mount on 1‐1/4 to 2 arm and shall have not more than an 8 inch long nor less than a 5 inch horizontal insertion length on the 2 inch bracket arms and shall be adequately equipped with clamping and leveling devices or a similar mechanism to allow proper clamping and positioning of the luminaire on the bracket arms. The clamping mechanism bolts shall not pass through the housing. Clamping with only two bolts is not acceptable. The clamp must be able to accept a 1 1/4 to 2 inch pipe bracket without having to rearrange the clamp.

PE Cell Receptacle Shall have a 3‐prong twist locking ANSI C136.10 photocell receptacle. Photocell adapter must be built into the housing and be directionally adjusted without the use of tools.

LED Module /Array Requirements:

Lumen Depreciation of LED Light Source

Must comply with IESNA LM‐80LED module shall deliver at least 70% of initial lumens, when installed for a minimum of 50,000 hours.

Light Distribution (Cobrahead) The LED module should be suitable for the following scenario: Mounting Height: 30’ Pole spacing: 120’ Road width: 40’ (3 Lanes) Staggered pole placement configuration Roadway Type: Commercial / Freeway Must meet the requirements of the DC Department of Transportation, Design and Engineering Manual

Light Distribution (Teardrop) The LED Module should be suitable for the following scenario: Mounting Height: 30’ Pole spacing: 120’ Road width: 35’ (2 lanes + shoulders) Single‐sided pole placement configuration Roadway Type: Commercial / Freeway Must meet the requirements of the DC Department of Transportation, Design and Engineering Manual

Light Distribution (Upright) The LED Module should be suitable for the following scenario Mounting height: 14’ Pole spacing: 50’ Road width: 68’ (5 lane) Staggered placement configuration Roadway Type: Intermediate Mixed use Must meet the requirements of the DC Department of Transportation, Design and Engineering Manual

BUG Ratings The luminaire should comply to a BUG rating as (According to IES 2011‐LM‐15 Annendum A): Cobra Head Fixtures: B2, U0, G2 Teardrop Fixtures: B2, U1, G3 Upright Fixtures: B2, U2, G3

38

Power Supply/Driver Requirements:

Power Factor Shall have a power factor not less than 90%

Operating Voltage 120‐240 volts

Operating Temperature Shall operate between ‐40°F and 120°F

Frequency Output operating frequency must be ≥ 120 Hz and input operating frequency of 60 Hz

Interference Shall meet FCC 47 CFR Part 15/18

Noise Shall have a class A sound rating

Startup Must be instant restart

Roadway Application Minimum Requirements:

Minimum Light Output Shall have a minimum of 3500 lumens

Minimum Luminaire Efficacy 70 lm/W

Delivery Requirements:

Must be able to exceed 1500 units per month

File\TestRequirements:

IES File Absolute photometric testing data in IES LM‐63 electronic file format.

LM‐79 Test Provide Independent Testing according to IES LM‐79 that provides efficacy, output, color, and photometric distribution of your product. An Integrating Sphere Test will be required to provide color information. A Goniophotometer test by itself is not adequate.

Lifetime Provide written explanation of how L70 Lifetime of Product is determined using the LM‐80 and In‐situ temperature tests referenced below.

LM‐80 Test Provide LED Package Manufacturer IES LM‐80 Test Report with results showing relative (%) light output over time at 55°C, 85°Cand X°C (a third temperature at the manufacturer’s choice).

In‐Situ Temperature Test Provide test report indicating the Temperature of the hottest LED In‐Situ in ANSI/UL 1598‐04 (hardwired) or ANSI/UL 153‐05 (corded) environments. This temperature measurement will be used with LM‐80 data to validate lumen maintenance and useful life of product. Note that this temperature measurement should be specially requested by the manufacturer as they are getting their UL testing.

UL Provide copy of UL certification

Other Requirements:

39

Scotopic Light contributions will not be considered at this time

A Full Specification Sheet must be submitted. Warranty information must be included.

The Luminaire must be commercially available. Prototypes will be permitted.

The fixture must not contain any moving parts or fans.

The driver must be located inside the housing, but should be easily accessible.

Note:

These requirements must be met before the District will accept the product for testing and evaluation.

Appen

Vertica

CobraHe

dixB–La

alIllumina

ead

F

F

aboratory

ance

Figure 19. G

Figure 20. Be

yResults

GE Cobrahe

eta Cobrah

40

ead Grid - V

ead Grid - V

Vertical Illu

Vertical Illu

uminance

uminance

Luminaire

Luminaire

Figure 2

Fig

21. Lighting

gure 22. Elu

g Science C

umen Cobra

41

obrahead G

ahead Grid -

Grid - Vertic

- Vertical Il

cal Illumina

lluminance

Luminaire

Luminaire

ance

Fig

Figure

gure 23. Leo

e 24. Philips

otek Cobrah

s Cobrahead

42

head Grid –

d C7951 Gr

– Vertical Il

rid - Vertica

lluminance

al Illuminan

Luminaire

Luminaire

nce

Figur

Figur

e 25. Philips

e 26. Philips

s Cobrahea

s Cobrahea

43

ad 270W Gr

ad 135W Gr

rid - Vertica

rid - Vertica

al Illuminan

al Illuminan

Luminaire

Luminaire

nce

nce

Fig

Figu

gure 27. Rel

re 28. Holop

lume Cobra

phane Cobr

44

ahead Grid -

rahead Grid

- Vertical Il

d - Vertical

lluminance

Illuminanc

Luminair

Lumina

ce

re

aire

Figu

Figur

re 29. 250W

re 30. 400W

W HPS Cobr

W HPS Cobr

45

rahead Grid

rahead Grid

d - Vertical

d – Vertical

Illuminanc

l Illuminanc

Luminaire

Luminaire

ce

ce

e

Teardroop

Fi

Figu

igure 31. Ph

ure 32. Holo

hilips Teard

ophane Tea

46

drop Grid -

rdrop Grid

Vertical Illu

d - Vertical I

uminance

Illuminance

Luminaire

Luminaire

e

Figu

Figu

ure 33. Sprin

ure 34. 250W

ng City Tea

W HPS Tea

47

ardrop Grid

rdrop Grid

d - Vertical I

d - Vertical I

Illuminance

Illuminance

Luminaire

Luminaire

e

e

e

Upright

Figu

t

F

ure 35. 400W

Figure 36. P

W HPS Tea

Philips Uprig

48

rdrop Grid

ght Grid - V

d - Vertical I

Vertical Illu

Illuminance

uminance

Luminaire

Lumina

e

aire

Fig

F

gure 37. Hol

Figure 38. S

lophane Up

Spring City

49

right Grid -

Upright - V

- Vertical Il

Vertical Illum

lluminance

minance

Luminaire

Luminaire

e

F

F

Figure 39. 2

Figure 40. 4

250W HPS U

400W HPS U

50

Upright - V

Upright - V

Vertical Illum

Vertical Illum

minance

minance

Luminaire

Luminaire

e

Horizon

Cobrahe

ntalIllumi

ead

Fi

Fig

inance

gure 41. GE

gure 42. Bet

E Cobrahea

ta Cobrahea

51

ad Grid - Ho

ad Grid - H

orizontal Ill

Horizontal Il

luminance

lluminance

Luminaire

Luminair

e

re

Figure 43

Figu

3. Lighting

ure 44. Elum

Science Cob

men Cobrah

52

brahead Gr

head Grid - H

rid - Horizo

Horizontal

ontal Illumin

Illuminanc

Luminaire

Luminaire

nance

e

Figu

Figure 4

ure 45. Leot

46. Philips C

tek Cobrahe

Cobrahead

53

ead Grid - H

C7951 Grid

Horizontal I

d - Horizon

Illuminance

tal Illumina

Luminaire

Luminaire

e

ance

e

F

Figure

Figure 47. Ph

48. Philips

hilips 270W

Cobrahead

54

W Grid - Hor

135W Grid

rizontal Illu

d - Horizont

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uminance

tal Illumina

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ance

e

Figu

Figure

ure 49. Relu

e 50. Holoph

me Cobrah

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55

head Grid - H

ahead Grid

Horizontal

- Horizonta

Illuminanc

al Illuminan

Luminaire

Luminaire

e

nce

Figure

Figure

e 51. 250W

e 52. 400W

HPS Cobra

HPS Cobra

56

ahead Grid

ahead Grid

- Horizonta

- Horizonta

al Illuminan

al Illuminan

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nce

nce

aire

re

Teardroop

Fig

Figur

gure 53. Phil

re 54. Holop

lips Teardr

phane Teard

57

op Grid - H

drop Grid -

Horizontal Il

- Horizontal

lluminance

l Illuminanc

Luminai

Luminair

ce

ire

re

Figur

Figur

re 55. Spring

re 56. 250W

g City Tear

W HPS Teard

58

drop Grid -

drop Grid -

- Horizonta

- Horizontal

al Illuminan

l Illuminanc

Luminaire

Luminaire

nce

ce

e

Upright

Figur

t

Fig

re 57. 400W

gure 58. Ph

W HPS Teard

hilips Uprigh

59

drop Grid -

ht Grid - Ho

- Horizontal

orizontal Ill

l Illuminanc

luminance

Luminaire

Luminaire

ce

Figu

Figu

ure 59. Holo

re 60. Sprin

ophane Upri

ng City Upr

60

ight Grid - H

right Grid -

Horizontal

Horizontal

Illuminanc

Illuminanc

Luminaire

Lumin

e

ce

naire

Figu

Figu

ure 61. 250W

ure 62. 400W

W HPS Upri

W HPS Upri

61

ight Grid - H

ight Grid - H

Horizontal

Horizontal

Illuminanc

Illuminanc

Lumina

Luminair

e

e

aire

re

Ratioso

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ofActuala

ead

Figure 6

Figure 64

andPredic

63. GE - Pre

4. GE - Pred

ctedillum

edicted vs. M

dicted vs. M

62

inance

Measured Il

easured Illu

Lum

lluminance

uminance R

minaire

Ratio - Ver

Ratio – Hori

Luminaire

rtical

izontal

Figure 65

Figure 66.

5. Beta - Pre

. Beta - Pred

edicted vs. M

dicted vs. M

63

Measured I

Measured Ill

Illuminance

luminance R

e Ratio – Ve

Ratio – Hor

Luminaire

Luminaire

rtical

izontal

F

Figure 67.

Figure 68. E

Elumen - P

Elumen - Pr

Predicted vs

redicted vs.

64

s. Measured

Measured I

d Illuminanc

Illuminance

ce Ratio – V

e Ratio – Ho

Luminaire

Lumina

Vertical

orizontal

aire

Figure 69.

Figure 70. L

. Leotek - P

Leotek - Pre

redicted vs.

edicted vs. M

65

. Measured

Measured Il

Illuminanc

lluminance

ce Ratio – V

Ratio – Ho

Luminaire

Luminaire

Vertical

orizontal

Figure 7

Figu

71. Philips C

ure 72. Phili

Cobrahead C

ips Cobrahe

C7951 - Pre

ead C7951 -H

66

edicted vs. M

- Predicted Horizontal

Measured Il

vs. Measur

lluminance

ed Illumina

Luminaire

Lumina

Ratio – Ver

ance Ratio –

aire

rtical

–

Figur

Figure

re 73. Relum

e 74. Relum

me Cobrahe

e Cobrahea

ead - Predic

ad - Predicte

67

cted vs. Mea

ed vs. Meas

asured Illum

ured Illumi

minance Rat

inance Ratio

Lum

L

tio – Vertica

o – Horizon

minaire

Luminaire

al

ntal

Teardro

Figu

Figur

op

ure 75. Phili

re 76. Philip

ips Teardro

ps Teardrop

op - Predicte

p - Predicted

68

ed vs. Meas

d vs. Measu

sured Illumi

ured Illumin

inance Rati

nance Ratio

Luminaire

Luminair

io – Vertical

– Horizont

re

l

tal

Figure

Figure 7

e 77. Spring

78. Spring C

g City Teard

City Teardr

drop - Predi

rop - Predic

69

icted vs. Me

ted vs. Mea

easured Illu

asured Illum

uminance Ra

minance Rat

L

Luminaire

atio – Verti

tio – Horizo

Luminaire

ical

ontal

Upright

Fig

Figu

t

gure 79. Phi

ure 80. Phili

lips Uprigh

ps Upright

ht - Predicte

- Predicted

70

d vs. Measu

vs. Measur

ured Illumin

red Illumina

nance Ratio

ance Ratio –

L

Lu

o – Vertical

– Horizonta

Luminaire

uminaire

al

Figur

Figure

re 81. Spring

82. Spring

g City Upri

City Uprigh

ght - Predic

ht - Predict

71

cted vs. Mea

ed vs. Meas

asured Illum

sured Illum

minance Ra

inance Rati

L

L

atio – Vertic

io – Horizon

Luminaire

Luminaire

cal

ntal

Scatter

Figure

Figure

plotsofAc

e 83. GE Co

84. GE Cob

ctualillum

obrahead - P

brahead - Pr

minancean

Predicted vs

redicted vs.

72

ndPredict

s. Measured

Measured

tedillumin

d Illuminan

Illuminance

nance

nce Correlat

e Correlatio

tion – Vertic

on – Horizo

cal

ontal

Figure

Figure 8

e 85. Beta C

86. Beta Cob

obrahead -

brahead - P

Predicted v

Predicted vs

73

vs. Measure

s. Measured

ed Illuminan

d Illuminanc

nce Correla

ce Correlati

ation – Verti

ion - Horizo

ical

ontal

Figure 8

Figu

87. Elumen C

ure 88. Elum

Cobrahead

men Cobrah

- Predicted

head - PrediH

74

d vs. Measur

icted vs. MeHorizontal

red Illumina

easured Illu

ance Correl

uminance Co

lation – Ver

orrelation –

rtical

–

Figure 8

Fig

89. Leotek C

ure 90. Leo

Cobrahead

tek Cobrah

- Predicted

head - PrediH

75

vs. Measur

cted vs. MeHorizontal

red Illumina

easured Illum

ance Correl

minance Co

lation – Ver

orrelation –

rtical

–

Figure

Figure

91. Philips

92. Philips

Cobrahead

Cobrahead

d C7951 - PrV

d C7951 - PrH

76

redicted vs. Vertical

redicted vs. Horizontal

Measured I

Measured I

Illuminance

Illuminance

e Correlatio

e Correlatio

on –

on –

Figure 9

Figu

93. Relume C

ure 94. Relu

Cobrahead

ume Cobrah

- Predicted

head - PrediH

77

d vs. Measur

icted vs. MeHorizontal

red Illumina

easured Illu

ance Correl

uminance Co

lation – Ver

orrelation –

rtical

–

Figure

Figure 9

95. Philips

96. Philips T

Teardrop -

Teardrop - P

Predicted v

Predicted vs

78

vs. Measure

s. Measured

ed Illuminan

d Illuminanc

nce Correla

ce Correlati

ation – Vert

ion – Horizo

tical

ontal

Figur

Figur

re 97. Sprin

re 98. Sprin

ng City Tear

ng City Tear

rdrop - PredV

rdrop - PredH

79

dicted vs. MVertical

dicted vs. MHorizontal

Measured Ill

Measured Ill

luminance C

luminance C

Correlation

Correlation

–

–

Figure

Figure 1

e 99. Philips

100. Philips

s Upright - P

Upright - P

Predicted v

Predicted vs

80

s. Measured

. Measured

d Illuminan

d Illuminanc

nce Correlat

ce Correlati

tion – Verti

ion – Horizo

cal

ontal

Figu

Figu

re 101. Spri

re 102. Spri

ing City Up

ing City Up

pright - PredV

pright - PredH

81

dicted vs. MVertical

dicted vs. MHorizontal

Measured Illu

Measured Illu

uminance C

uminance C

Correlation

Correlation

–

–

LightTr

Cobrahe

respassLa

ead

Fig

Fig

aboratory

gure 103. Be

gure 104. Be

yData

eta Cobrahe

eta Cobrahe

82

ead - Light T

ead - Light

Trespass - H

Trespass - S

House Side

Street Side

LLuminaire

Luminaire

Figure 10

Figure 10

05. Lighting

06. Lighting

g Science Co

g Science Co

83

obrahead - L

obrahead -

Light Tresp

Light Tresp

pass - House

pass - Street

e Side

t Side

Luminaire

Luminaire

Figu

Figu

re 107. Elum

ure 108. Elum

men Cobrah

men Cobra

84

head - Ligh

head - Ligh

ht Trespass -

ht Trespass

- House Sid

- Street Sid

de

e

Luminaire

Luminaire

Figu

Figu

ure 109. Leo

ure 110. Leo

otek Cobrah

otek Cobrah

85

head - Light

head - Light

t Trespass -

t Trespass -

- House Side

- Street Side

e

e

Luminaire

Luminaire

Figure 1

Figure

111. Philips

112. Philips

s Cobrahead

s Cobrahead

86

d C7951 - L

d C7951 - L

Light Trespa

Light Trespa

ass - House

ass - Street S

Side

Side

Luminaire

Luminaire

Figure 113

Figure 114

3. Philips Co

4. Philips Co

obrahead 27

obrahead 27

87

70W RVM -

70W RVM

- Light Tres

- Light Tre

spass - Hou

espass - Stre

use Side

eet Side

Luminaire

Luminaire

Figure 115

Figure 116

5. Philips C

6. Philips C

obrahead 1

Cobrahead 1

88

35W RVS -

135W RVS -

- Light Tres

- Light Tres

spass - Hous

spass - Stree

se Side

et Side

Luminaire

Luminaire

Figu

Figu

ure 117. Relu

ure 118. Relu

ume Cobrah

ume Cobrah

89

head - Ligh

head - Ligh

ht Trespass -

ht Trespass -

- House Sid

- Street Sid

de

e

Luminaire

Luminaire

Figure

Figure

e 119. Holop

e 120. Holop

phane Cobr

phane Cobr

90

rahead - Lig

rahead - Lig

ght Trespass

ght Trespas

s - House Si

s - Street Si

ide

ide

Luminaire

Luminaire

Figure

Figure

e 121. 250W

e 122. 250W

W HPS Cobr

W HPS Cobr

91

rahead - Lig

rahead - Lig

ght Trespas

ght Trespas

s - House Si

ss - Street Si

ide

ide

Luminaire

Luminaire

Figure

Figure

e 123. 400W

e 124. 400W

W HPS Cobr

W HPS Cobr

92

rahead - Lig

rahead - Lig

ght Trespas

ght Trespas

s - House Si

ss - Street Si

ide

ide

Luminaire

Luminaire

Teardroop

Fig

Fig

ure 125. Ph

gure 126. Ph

hilips Teardr

hilips Teard

93

rop - Light

rop - Light

Trespass -

Trespass -

House Side

Street Side

Luminaire

Luminaire

Figur

Figur

re 127. Holo

re 128. Holo

ophane Tear

ophane Tear

94

rdrop - Ligh

rdrop - Ligh

ht Trespass

ht Trespass

- House Sid

s - Street Sid

de

de

Luminaire

Luminaire

Figur

Figur

e 129. Sprin

re 130. Sprin

ng City Tea

ng City Tea

95

rdrop - Lig

ardrop - Lig

ht Trespass

ght Trespass

s - House Si

s - Street Sid

ide

de

Luminaire

Luminaire

Figur

Figur

re 131. 250W

re 132. 250W

W HPS Tear

W HPS Tear

96

rdrop - Ligh

rdrop - Ligh

ht Trespass

ht Trespass

s - House Sid

s - Street Sid

de

de

Luminaire

Luminaire

Figur

Figur

re 133. 400W

re 134. 400W

W HPS Tear

W HPS Tear

97

rdrop - Ligh

rdrop - Ligh

ht Trespass

ht Trespass

s - House Sid

s - Street Sid

de

de

Luminaire

Luminaire

Uprightt

Fig

Fig

gure 135. Ph

gure 136. Ph

hilips Uprig

hilips Uprig

98

ght - Light T

ght - Light T

Trespass - H

Trespass - S

House Side

Street Side

Luminaire

Luminaire

Figu

Figu

ure 137. Hol

ure 138. Hol

ophane Upr

lophane Upr

99

right - Ligh

right - Ligh

ht Trespass -

ht Trespass -

- House Sid

- Street Sid

de

e

Luminaire

Luminaire

Figur

Figu

re 139. Spri

re 140. Spri

ing City Up

ing City Up

100

right - Ligh

pright - Ligh

ht Trespass

ht Trespass

- House Sid

- Street Sid

de

de

Luminaire

Luminaire

Figu

Figu

ure 141. 250W

ure 142. 250W

W HPS Upr

W HPS Upr

101

right - Ligh

right - Ligh

ht Trespass -

ht Trespass -

- House Sid

- Street Sid

de

e

Luminaire

Luminaire

Figu

Figu

ure 143. 400W

ure 144. 400W

W HPS Upr

W HPS Upr

102

right - Ligh

right - Ligh

ht Trespass -

ht Trespass -

- House Sid

- Street Sid

de

e

Luminaire

Luminaire

103

AppendixB–FieldEvaluationCharts

BetaCobrahead

Figure 145. Beta - HPS/LED - NW Center Lane

Figure 146. Beta - HPS/LED - NW Curb Lane

104

Figure 147. Beta - HPS/LED - SE Center Lane

Figure 148. Beta - HPS/LED - SE Curb Lane

105

HolophaneCobrahead

Figure 149. Holophane - HPS/LED - NW Center Lane

Figure 150. Holophane - HPS/LED - NW Curb Lane

106

Figure 151. Holophane - HPS/LED - SE Center Lane

Figure 152. Holophane - HPS/LED - SE Curb Lane

107

LeotekCobrahead

Figure 153. Leotek - HPS/LED - NW Center Lane

Figure 154. Leotek - HPS/LED - NW Curb Lane

108

Figure 155. Leotek - HPS/LED - SE Center Lane

Figure 156. Leotek - HPS/LED - SE Curb Lane

109

LightingScienceCobrahead

Figure 157. Lighting Science - HPS/LED - NW Center Lane

Figure 158. Lighting Science - HPS/LED - SE Center Lane

110

PhilipsCobrahead–C7951

Figure 159. Philips C7951 - HPS/LED - NW Center Lane

Figure 160. Philips C7951 - HPS/LED - SE Center Lane

111

PhilipsCobrahead135W80LED–RVS

Figure 161. Philips Cobrahead 135W - RVS - N Center Lane

Figure 162. Philips Cobrahead 135W - RVS - S Center Lane

112

RelumeCobrahead

Figure 163. Relume Cobrahead - HPS/LED - NW Center Lane

Figure 164. Relume Cobrahead - HPS/LED - SE Center Lane

113

PhilipsTeardrop

Figure 165. Philips Teardrop - HPS/LED

SpringCityTeardrop

Figure 166. Spring City Teardrop - HPS/LED

114

PhilipsUpright

Figure 167. Philips Upright - HPS/LED - N Center/Inside Lane

Figure 168. Philips Upright - HPS/LED - N Outside Lane

115

Figure 169. Philips Upright - HPS/LED - S Bike Lane

Figure 170. Philips Upright - HPS/LED - S Center/Inside Lane

116

Figure 171. Philips Upright - HPS/LED - S Outside Lane

SpringCityUpright

Figure 172. Spring City Upright - HPS/LED - N Center/Inside Lane

117

Figure 173. Spring City Upright - HPS/LED - N Outside Lane

Figure 174. Spring City Upright - HPS/LED - S Bike Lane

118

Figure 175. Spring City Upright - HPS/LED - S Center/Inside Lane

Figure 176. Spring City Upright - HPS/LED - S Outside Lane

119

AppendixC–LuminairePictures

Figure 177. Beta Cobrahead

120

Figure 178. Philips Cobrahead - C7951

Figure 179 - Philips Cobrahead - C7951 - Installed, Daytime

121

Figure 180 - Philips Cobrahead - C7951 - Installed, Nighttime

Figure 181. Philips Cobrahead - 135W80LED - RVS

122

Figure 182 - Philips Cobrahead - 135W80LED -RVS - Installed, Daytime

123

Figure 183 - Philips Cobrahad - 135W80LED - RVS - Installed, Nighttime

Figure 184. Philips Cobrahead - 270W160LED - RVM

124

Figure 185 - Philips Cobrahead - 270W160LED - RVM - Installed, Daytime

Figure 186 - Philips 270W160LED - RVM - Installed, Nighttime

125

Figure 187. Elumen Cobrahead

Figure 188. GE Cobrahead

126

Figure 189. Lighting Science Cobrahead

Figure 190 - Lighting Science Cobrahead - Installed, Daytime

127

Figure 191 - Lighting Science Cobrahead - Installed, Nighttime

Figure 192. Relume Cobrahead

128

Figure 193. Holophane Cobrahead

Figure 194. Leotek Cobrahead

129

Figure 195 - Leotek Cobrahead - Installed, Daytime

Figure 196 - Leotek Cobrahead - Installed, Nighttime

130

Figure 197. Holophane Teardrop

Figure 198. Spring City Teardrop

131

Figure 199. Philips Teardrop

132

Figure 200. Philips Upright

133

Figure 201. Holophane Upright

Figure 202. Spring City Upright

134

Figure 203 - Standard HPS Cobrahead - 400W

Figure 204 - Standard HPS Cobrahead 250W

135

Figure 205 - LED Fixture on 28' Mounting Pole

led street lights: field and laboratory evaluation results

Documents

laboratory evaluation

field evaluation

vertical illuminance

appendix b laboratory

horizontal illuminance

floor washington

ivlist of tables

project objective