TYPOLOGY OF THE PARTS OF

SPEECH IN THE CONRASTED

LANGUAGES

LECTURE 3.

PLAN CLASSIFICATION OF THE PARTS OF

SPEECH

NOTIONALS:

THE NOUNTHE ADJECTIVETHE NUMERALTHE PRONOUNTHE VERBTHE ADVERB

«Гло́�кая ку́�здра ште́�ко́ бу́длану́�ла

бо́�кра и ку́рдя�чит бо́крёнка»

Л. В. Ще́рба

English

proper lexical meaning

and formal and

functional

characteristics cannot

be discriminated when

taken out of a word-group

or sentence (context)

Eg. “round”A round table.It’s your round.The yacht rounded the buoy.Round the corner came a car.Walking round to the shops.

Ukrainian

the lexical meaning

and morphological

characteristics are

always explicitly

displayed already

at language level

(out of context)

PART OF SPEECH

lexico-grammatical class of words

having

identical/similar semantic,

morphological and syntactic properties

NOTIONAL

PARTS OF SPEECH

FUNCTIONAL

PARTS OF SPEECH

Noun – іме́нник Adjective – прикме́тник Pronoun – займе́нник Numeral – числівник Verb – дієсло́во́ Adverb – прислівник Stative - сло́ва кате́го́рії стану́

Conjunction – спо́лу́чник Preposition –

прийме́нник Modals - мо́дальні сло́ва

та вирази Particle – часткa Exclamation - вигу́к

1. TYPOLOGICAL FEATURES OF THE NOUN

lexico-grammatical nature of substantivity or “thingness”

COMMON NOUNS

1. Concrete - doll2. Abstract - fear3. Collective - уряд4. Names of

materials –snow, gold

5. Class - bird, flower

PROPER NOUNS

1. Names, Nicknames of people, nationals: English, Михайло

2. Family names: Adams, Петлюра

3. Geographical names: Chicago, Alaska

4. Names of companies, newspapers, journals: Rolls-Royce, Times, „Всесвіт”

OTHER GRAMMATICALLY AND TYPOLOGICALLY RELEVANT GROUPS

Animate & inanimate nouns

(girl, cat, bell,

door)

Countable nouns & uncountable nouns

(pen, star, air, honesty)

THE CATEGORY OF NUMBER:ISOMORPHISMS

realized synthetically, i.e. through zero and marked inflexions

English

e.g. child – children, bushes, countries, cargoes, forget-me-nots.

Ukrainian

number inflexions are partly predetermined by the declensions group to which the nouns belong and partly by the gender of nouns and final consonant or vowel which can respectively be hard, soft or mixed

ALLOMORPHISMpertaining only to English the formation of plural number by way of sound

interchange.e.g. foot – feet, man – men, mouse -- mice A few simple life nouns have one and the same

form for singular and plurale.g. sheep, deer, swine There are some borrowed noun inflexions.e.g. Latin: -a/-ae: alga/algae -us/-i: terminus/termini -um/-a: curriculum/curricula Greek: -is/-es: analysis/analyses -on/-a: phenomenon/phenomena

DUAL NUMBER (ALLOMORPHIC) Pertaining only to Ukrainian often mixed up with the plural or replaced

by it

The nouns express dual number only in

connection with the numeral adjunct (two,

tree, four). This number is mostly indicated

by stress which differs, as a rule, from that

of the plural form. e.g. ′дуб – ду′би – чотири ′дуби се′ло – ′села – чотири се′лa

SINGULARIA TANTUM

semantic groups of mainly common nouns

- parts of the world : the North, the West, південь, захід

- names of materials: iron, snow, milk -denote plurality of substances and things

abstract notions have a singular expression of number

селянство, гілля, комарня, грошва, біднота, гарбузиння, садовина, вишняк, професура, проблематика

collective nouns: foliage, peasantry, furniture

abstract notions: knowledge, advice, business

PLURALIA TANTUM nouns belonging to the so-called summation pluralse.g. scissors, tongs, shorts, trousers, ножиці, щипці, шорти Nouns belonging to the semantic group of geographic

namese.g. Athens, the Netherlands, the Andes, Афіни, Нідерланди Nouns denoting remnants are only partly commone.g. remains, sweepings, недоїдки, вишкрібки

Not always coinciding are nouns denoting in English and Ukrainian some abstract

notions e.g. contents, savings, зміст, заощадження and names of games e.g. billiards, drafts, більярд, шахи. Some semantic classes of pluralia tantum nouns are more

numerous in Ukrainian than in English. Among them aree.g. проводи, фінанси, вершки, дрова, походеньки,

вечірниці, пересміхи, витребеньки, хвастощі, ревнощі, скупощі

THE CATEGORY OF CASE

English is disputable ??? 2 cases (Jespersen,

Yartseva) ??? 5, 6 (Nesfield) ??? no cases at all

(Vorontsova), since the –‘s sign she treated as a postpositive particle expressing possession

common and genitive cases (Quirk, Greenbaum)

Ukrainian 7 cases: NominativeGenitiveDativeAccusativeInstrumentalLocative Vocative

THE CATEGORY OF GENDER

UKRAINIAN

3 genders: masculine, feminine and neuter The morphological category of gender is

identified either through separate inflexions of the attribute or through the inflexion of the finite form of the verb that conjugates with a noun

e.g. Київський каштан цвів руда лисиця ходила його веселе життя проходило

THE CATEGORY OF GENDER

ENGLISH

Absence of the morphological category of gender

easy to be proved by the unchanged attributive adjuncts

e.g. the great emperor lived long the great heroine lived long the great desire lived long

CATEGORY OF GENDER IN ENGLISH IS PURELY LEXICAL !!!!

appositional pronouns and nouns to indicate sex of living beings

e.g. boy-friend / girl-friend, barman / barmaid, tom-cat / pussy cat, he-cat / she-cat suffixes –ist, -er/or, -ess, -inee.g. widower, emperor, actress

PERSONIFIED NOUNS MAY BE REFERRED TO DIFFERENT GENDERS:

HE strong fearful

animals: wolf, dog, tiger, lion, buffalo

Sun Devil, genius death, war

SHE weaker, timid or shy

animals : cat, fox, hare, nightingale

Moon, the Paradise, the Earth

Love, peace names of vessels (boats,

ships, cruisers) and vehicles (car, coach)

Countries (Ukraine, the USA, France, Italy)

THE CATEGORY OF DEFINITENESS AND INDEFINITENESS

DEFINITENESS Can be expressed by preposed and postposed

identifiers Article THE demonstrative pronouns THIS/THAT lexico-syntactic means (by an appositive noun or

a substantivised numeral, an adjective or any other adjunct)

e.g. the Tory government, King Henry V, the first Summit meeting, уряд торі, король Генріх П'ятий, готель "Колос", дівчина-парашутистка, перша зустріч у верхах, четвертий універсал уряду УНР

INDEFINITENESS

indefinite article a/an

indefinite pronouns any, some, etc

the numeral one indefinite article

plus an adjectival, participial or any other adjunct

e.g. “There's a marvellously good restaurant called L'Ocean about six or seven miles down the coast". (H.E. Bates)

indefinite pronouns якийсь (якась, якесь

indefinite numeral один (одна, одне)

indefinite pronouns якийсь/ якась, якесь + the adjuncts expressing the characteristic features of the person or object

E.g.: Якийсь Петренко там чекає на вас.

grammatical shifting of the indefinite noun into the final position of the sentence.

E.g. Двері відчинилися і до

класу увійшов вчитель.

2. TYPOLOGICAL FEATURES OF THE ADJECTIVE AS A PART OF SPEECH

The adjective as a part of speech is characterized in English and Ukrainian by its common implicit lexico-grammatical nature and common functions in the sentence

It expresses the quality of things or substaces.

ISOMORPHIC CLASSES OF ADJECTIVES:

Qualitative (якісні): cold, big, small, red, yellow, холодний, великий, etc. in both languages they undergo grading

Relative (відносні): golden, wooden, English, золотий, дерев’яний, англійський, etc.

Possessive and relative (присвійно-віносні): Byronian, Shakesperian, Шекспірівський, Шевченківський, etc.

Suppletive (суплетивні): good-better-best, little-less-least, гарний-кращий-найкращий

ALLOMORPHIC CLASSES OF ADJECTIVES:

in UKRAINIAN

Possessive (присвійні): мамин\

материн, батьків\татів, котиків,

вовчиків, лисиччина, etc.

their corresponding forms in English are genitive case forms: father’s, lion’s, frog’s

STRUCTURE OF ADJECTIVES

ENGLISH1. Base (simple) adjectives -

root words: big, small, clean, high, old, red, etc.

2. Derivative adjectives - formed with the help of suffixes: -al\ial -able\ible -ary\ory -an\ian ant\ent -ern -ful -ic\ical –ish -ive -less -ous –ow -y -ward

3. Compound adjectives are characterized in the contrasted languages by some structural or lexical allomorphisms

breast-high, ice-cold, four- storied, all-powerful

UKRAINIAN винен, згоден, зелен,

варт, жив, etc.

-н, -езн, -ськ, -зьк, -цьк, -ан, -ян, -ов, -ев, -льн, -ч,

-езн, -ач, -яч, -ущ, -ющ, -уват, -еньк, -есеньк, etc.

чотириповерховий,всемогутній

ALLOMORPHIC: diminutive and

augmentative suffixes: -еньк, -есеньк, -ісіньк, -

юсіньк, -езн, -енн, -ач, яч, -ущ, -юч

GRADING OF ADJECTIVESDEGREES: POSITIVE, THE COMPARATIVE, THE SUPERLATIVE

Synthetic formation

English By suffixes –er, -est

base adjectives

e.g. big-bigger-biggest

adjectives in –able, -er, -ow

e.g. clever-cleverer-the cleverest

two-syllable adjectives with

concluding stressed syllable

e.g. polite-politer-politest

Ukrainian

аffixes: -іш, -ш, -най, що́най-,

якнай-

e.g. сміливий-смливіший-

найсміливіший

adjectives that form their

comparative and superlative

degrees by means of the suffix –ш

undergo transformations in their

stem

e.g. Глибокий-глибший-

найглибший, дорогий-дорожчий-

найдорожчий

Analytical forms

English:e.g. interesting-

more\less interesting-

the most\least interesting

Ukrainian:e.g. набагато

важливіший, куди кращий

Suppletive forms

English:e.g. bad-worse-

worst

Ukrainian:e.g. поганий-

гірший-найгірший

NO GRADING

Adj. denoting a constant feature of the noun referent:

blind, deaf, nude, barefooted Adj. expressing the similarity of colour: lilac, lemon, cream Adj. denoting colour of hair or eyes: bay - карий, raven- black – вороний Adj. expressing the intensive property

with the help of suffixes or prefixes: bluish, reddish, синюватий, жовтуватий

3. THE NUMERAL AS A PART OF SPEECH The Numeral has implicit lexico-grammatical meaning

expressing quantity denotes a part of an object (one-third, two-fifths, одна

третя, дві п'ятих) order of some objects (the first, the tenth - перший,

десятий) Combinability of numerals: a) with nouns (four days, the first step; чотири дні,

перший крок); b) with pronouns (all three, some five or so; всі три,

якихось п'ятеро з них); с) with numerals (two from ten, one of the first, the second

of the ten; два від п'яти, один із перших, другий з-поміж п'яти);

d) with adverbs (the two below/ahead, двоє спереду); е) with the infinitive (the first to соте/to read; перша

співати, другий відповідати)

FUNCTIONS IN THE SENTENCE performs the same function as the noun

(cardinal numerals) and adjective (the ordinal numerals)

i.e. subject (Four are present) object (I like the second) attribute (It is my second trip) simple nominal predicate (cf. the two

there; їх десять там) adverbial modifier (they marched three

and three; вони йшли по три).

CLASSES OF NUMERALSIsomorphic/Common Classes

Allomorphic Classesonly Ukrainian

Cardinal Кількісні

Ordinal Порядкові

Fractional common/decimal Дробові

Indefinite Cardinal Неозначені

Collective Збірні

one, ten, thirty, one hundred and twenty-two; один, десять, тридцять, сто двадцять два

the first, the tenth, the fifteenth, перший, п'ятий, десятий, п'ятнадцятий

zero point one, one third, одна третя, три п'ятих, один цілий і дві третіх

кілька, декілька, кількадесят, кільканадцять, кільканадцятеро, кількасот, багато, багатьом, багатьма, небагато, багатенько, немало, чимало, скільки, стільки

двоє, двієчко, обоє, четверо, обидва/обидві четверо, двадцятеро, двадцять п'ятеро, двісті десятеро, кільканадцятеро

STRUCTURE

1) Simple (one, two, eleven; десять, десятеро, двійко, мало, багато)

2) Derivative !!!English only!!! (cf. thirteen, fourteen... nineteen, twenty, thirty, fifty... ninety)

3) Compound in English are all from twenty-one to ninety-nine In Ukrainian are numerals in -надцять (from одинадцять to

дев'ятнадцять), and in tens (from двадцять to дев'яносто) fractionals (півтора, півтораста) the indefinite cardinals (кількадесят, кільканадцять, кількасот,

стонадцять) ordinals derived from compound cardinals (одинадцятий,

дев'яностий) 4) Composite – numerals consisting of compound/composite + simple numerals

(one hundred and twenty, five hundred and thirty-one; сто два, дві тисячі п'ятсот тридцять два)

fractional numerals (one-fifth, one and two-fourths; одна третя, три цілих і одна четверта).

MAIN ALLOMORPHIC FEATURE OF NUMERALS:

morphological/categorial endings pertained to most numerals that are declinable in Ukrainian

Number (ordinal numerals (вони були першими, прийшли другими, Ніхто не хотів бути тринадцятим)

Case (другий, другого, другому, другим) Gender (три жінки, три чоловіки, but троє

дітей; п'ять дубів/ лип and п'ятеро курчат, even п'ятеро хлопців/дівчат)

Exception: cardinal numerals один and два which have three gender distinctions (один, одна, одне; два, дві, двоє)

4. TYPOLOGICAL FEATURES OF THE PRONOUN AS A PART OF SPEECH correlates with the following parts of

speech as their deictic substitutes: a) with nouns: he/Pete, she/Ann, etc.; b) with adjectives (his, her, your, etc.

book); c) with numerals when they denote

generalising quantity: кілька, декілька (some, much, few/a few). Their Ukrainian equivalents кілька, декілька, кільканадцять, however, belong to indefinite cardinal numerals

MORPHOLOGICAL CATEGORIES

Most Ukrainian pronouns :

1) number (мій — мої, наш — наші);

2) case (мого, моєму, моїм)

3) gender (мій брат, моя сестра, моє завдання).

English pronouns have:

1. nominative case (somebody)

2. genitive case (somebody's, my, his, her, your, their)

3. objective case (me, him, her, us, them, whom).

CLASSES OF PRONOUNS1.Personal

Pronouns 7 in English: I, he, she, it, we, you,

they All English personal pronouns,

except “it” and “you” take objective case (me, him, her, us, them)

“it” may be used a) anaphorically (it is on the table);b) as an anticipatory element (It is

necessary that...); c) as an impersonal pronoun (It is

cold);d) as a demonstrative element (it

was he who said that); e) as a formal element (to foot it —

іти пішки, to catch it — "зловити" прочухана).

“we, you, they” form indefinite personal sentences,

eg: We must not allow children do what they like. You don't say so. They say.

8 in Ukrainian (because of the existence of mu —

thou which was substituted in English by you).

are declinable, have person and gender distinctions: я, мене, мені, мною, на мені. (мій олівець, моя ручка, моє завдання).

“во́но́” often used to express sympathy, compassion on the one hand or contempt on the other,

eg: Воно й училось, нівроку йому. (А. Тесленко) Що воно тямить / з себе корчить; чого воно так кирпу гне? (contempt). Воно ніби так і треба (impersonal meaning).

Isomorphic: the use of the pronoun "we" by speakers or authors instead of the personal pronoun "I" (cf. We hold the view that... Ми вважаємо, що...).

2.POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS

ENGLISH

two types: 1. possessive conjoint (my,

his, her, etc.) - often function as determiners eg: He has his hands in his pockets

2. possessive absolute (mine, hers, its, ours, yours, theirs.)

- function as attributes (the friend of mine) or as predicatives (that book is mine

UKRAINIAN

gender (мій, моя, моє) case (мого,

моєму,моїм) number categories (мої,

твої, наш - наші)

often substantivised in colloquial speech

e.g.Твоя прийшла? Чий то приходив? Наша взяла.

3. REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS

ENGLISH

have singular and plural forms

(myself, himself, ourselves, themselves, etc.)

used to form reflexive verbs

(to wash oneself, to restrain herself, to show themselves, etc.)

UKRAINIAN себе has no nominative case (ceбe, собі, себе, собою на собі) no number distinctions (я питаю себе, ти вигороджуєш

себе, вони знають себе). The short reflexive ся pronoun is

used in literary Ukrainian expressions as:

Як ся маєш? Як ся маєте? In some Western Ukrainian dialects

the old short forms си/ся are used (ми си/ся зустріли) dative case form “собі” may

acquire in some context the meaning and function of a particle,

...одно вона вчиться собі. (Тесленко) Деякі сиділи собі на диванчику... (Ibid).

4.DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS this/that, these/those, this

same/that same, such a, such; цей/той, ці/ті, такий/такі, цей самий/той самий, стільки

common attributive function in speech.

English demonstrative pronouns agree in number with the head noun: this day — these days, such a book — such books, this same book — these same books/those same books

(substantival word-groups)

Ukrainian demonstrative pronouns Number case gender eg: цей самий студент — ця

сама студентка -це саме число. They agree with their headwords

in number, case and gender. rarer with uncountable nouns: eg.: скільки грошей, стільки

снігу, скільки часу, стільки людей, стількох людей, стільком людям;

Note. це́й, то́й, такий, то́й самий,

такий самий are equally declinable with Ukrainian and foreign nouns

e.g. Цей чай, цього чаю, цим чаєм у цьому чаї. Or: у такому сарі/кімоно, у тім галіфе, до такого галіфе/сарі, скільком галіфе, etc.

5. INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS

Correlate with nouns (who, what, how many/how much; хто, що, скільки)

adjectives (which, whose; який, котрий, чий).

numerals (how much/how many? — скільки?).

identity of functional meanings in the sentence (those of the noun and those of the adjective respectively)

"whom" and "whose“ express the objective and genitive case form

“cтільки” does not express gender or number category but only quantity (cf. скільки снігу, скільки людей) as its English equivalents (how many books? how much sugar?).

Ukrainian interrogative pronouns can perform the function of the simple nominal predicate,

eg: От вам що. Ось нас стільки/скільки.

6. RELATIVE PRONOUNS

coincide in their form (structure) with the interrogative pronouns

perform the function of connectors e.g. know what to do. He asked who did it. Я

знаю, що робити. Він запитував, скільки це коштуватиме

Ukrainian : declinable (cf. Він знав, кому завдячувати це. Він запитував, кого запросити на збори. Вона не цікавилася, скількох це стосувалося, бо знала, чого це все коштувало)

exception is the pronoun скільки (referring to uncountables). Eg. Вони не знали, скільки часу це ще триватиме. But: Ми знали, скільком (countable) мільйонам українців національна ідея коштувала життя.

7. RECIPROCAL PRONOUNS

2 in English (each other and one another) 1 in Ukrainian (in 3 gender forms, Sg. and

Pl.): один одного, одна одну, одне одного, одні одних..

neuter gender form may be used in Ukrainian for any gender and number (singular or plural) nouns.

E.g. Обоє молодят поглядали одне на одного. Вони якусь мить мовчки дивились у вічі одне одному. Хлопці й дівчата були варті одні одних.

8. INDEFINITE PRONOUNS some, any, somebody, anybody/ anybody's, someone/someone's, something,

anything, дехто, дещо, хтось, щось, хто-небудь, що-небудь, який-небудь, будь-хто, будь-що, казна-хто, казна-що

I). R. Quirk, S. Greenbaum, G. Leech, J. Svartvik:1. universal (each, all, every, the very) 2. partitive (some thing, anything, nothing, either, neither, any, no, none,

etc.). English pronouns (cf. much, little, few) correpond to Ukrainian indefinite

numerals (небагато/кілька) II). В. S. Khaimovich, B. I. Rohovska subdivided the English indefinite

pronouns into: 1) "genuine indefinite pronouns" (some, any and their compounds); 2) "generalising pronouns" (all, both, each, and their com pounds); 3) "quantitative pronouns" (many, much, few, little)4) "contrasting pronouns" (another, other, one). III).Ukrainian grammarians single out one more subclass "identifying”

(означальні) pronouns: весь, всякий, жодний, кожний, інший, сам (the last one is a reflexive pronoun in English).

The functions of indefinite pronouns in the sentence coincide with those of the noun or adjective

E.g. Some are wise and some are otherwise. That is all. I saw nobody there. We shall go another way. Хто розумний, а хто навпаки. Це. було все. Я нікого не бачив. Ми знаємо інший вихід.

9. NEGATIVE PRONOUNS

no, nobody, none, nothing, neither — ніхто, ніщо, ніякий/нікотрий, нічий, ніскільки

Ukrainian negative pronouns are declinable and are used as noun pronouns.

Isomorphic in the contrasted languages are the structural forms of negative pronouns, which may be:

A) simple (no)B) Compound none (no one), nobody, nothing, ніхто, ніщо, ніякийC) Composite більш нічого, жоден інший, nothing else, nothing

more Allomorphism:1. wide use of English negative pronouns to form negative word-

groups and sentences, eg: no pains, no gains (під лежачий камінь вода не тече); nobody home-клепки не вистачає. Both smiled but neither spoke. (Heyer) Nobody ever knows anything. (Hemingway)

2. Ukrainian equivalent sentences have the negative pronouns + the negative particle не: Обоє посміхались, але «ніхтo/жоден з них не озвався. Ніхто взагалі нічого не знає.

3. Ukrainian negative pronouns have diminutive forms which are completely unknown in English pronouns (cf. нічогісінько, аніскілечки, ніякісінький).

5. TYPOLOGICAL FEATURES OF THE VERB AS A PART OF SPEECH

general implicit meaning (lexico-grammatical nature) of the verb which serves to convey verbiability:

Different kinds of activity (go, read, skate)

Various processes (boil, grow) Inner state of a person (feel, worry) Possession (have, possess)

functions in the sentence as predicate going into some combinations:

1.with the nominal parts of speech performing the function of the subject or object

e.g. The sun shines. The student passed his exam.2. with verbs to want to know – хотіти знати3. with prepositions to depend on – залежати від когось4. with conjunctions neither read nor write – ні читати ні писатиAllomorphic is the combinability of English verbs

with postpositional particles (sit down, get up, put off)

CLASSES OF VERBS

Notional verbs (go, ask, write)

Auxiliary verbs which split into:

1.primary: be, do, have, бути, мати

2.modal: can, may, must, should, могти, сміти,

мусити

3.linking: appear, look, become, ставати,

здаватись

English verbs split into two subclasses :1. regular verbs forming their past stem

and past participle with the help of the ending –ed, -d, -t (learnt, sent)

2. irregular verbs having their past stem and the past participle formed by way of alteration of their base vowel.

In Ukrainian the subdivision is based on the correlation between the infinitival stem of the verb on the one hand and its present or simple future stem on the other. On this morphological basis 13 classes of verbs are distinguished.

AS REGARDS THEIR ROLE IN EXPRESSING PREDICATIVITY, VERBS IN THE CONTRASTED LANGUAGES MAY BE:

of complete predication

1. subjective verbs2. objective verbs3. terminative

verbs4. durative verbs5. mixed-type

verbs6. reflexive verbs

of incomplete predication

1. Auxiliary verbs 2. Modal verbs3. Linking verbs

VERBS OF COMPLETE PREDICATION

1. subjective verbs (always intransitive): to act, to sleep, to glisten

2. objective verbs (only transitive): to give, to take, to envy

3. terminative verbs expressing action having final aims: to close, to open, to find

4. durative verbs expressing action with no final aim: to like, to love, to hope, to work

5. mixed-type verbs which can have both terminative and durative meaning: to stand, to know, to remember

6. reflexive verbs which are formed in English with the help of reflexive pronouns: to wash oneself, to shave himself, etc. In Ukr. corresponding forms are: вмиватися, голитися.

VERBS OF INCOMPLETE PREDICATION 1. Auxiliary verbs

in English (to be, to do, to have, shall, will) used in the corresponding person and tense form to express the following categorial meanings of the verb:

Continuous aspect Interrogative and negative

forms of indefinite group tenses

Future indefinite Imperative mood (Do come,

please!) Perfect aspect Subjunctive form (He

ordered that everybody be present. I wish I were

sixteen)

in Ukrainian are restricted only to the verb”бути” which is used to identify:

passive voice: текст був перекладений

analytical future tense form: текст буде перекладений

subjunctive mood forms: якби я знав, я був би прийшов

plusperfect (давноминулий) tense form: я заходив був до вас якось влітку.

2. MODAL VERBS

Can, may, must, should, would, ought to, have, be, shall, will, dare, need

Вміти, могти, мусити, слід, треба, мати, сміти, потребувати

3. LINKING VERBS

form a verbal, nominal or mixed-type compound predicate

They fall into three main groups:1. Linking verbs of being which do not always

have direct equivalents in Eng. and Ukr. E.g. to be, to feel, to look, to seem, бути, вважатись, виявлятись

2. Linking verbs of becoming not all of which have equivalents in Ukr. E.g. to become, to get, to grow, to turn, ставати, робитися

3. Linking verbs of remaining E.g. to remain, to keep, to stay, зоставатися

NON-FINITE FORMS OF THE VERBS

Common: infinitive and two participles; Divergent: the gerund in English and the

diyepryslivnyk in Ukrainian.

Infinitive Active: to askPassive: to be asked

Активний: запитуватиПасивний: бути запитаним

a. Non-progressive

Active: to askPerfect: to have askedPassive: to have been asked

Недоконаний: цвістиДоконаний: зацвісти

b. Progressive

Active: to be askingPerfect: to have been asking

Gerund Active: askingPassive: being askedActive perfect: having askedPassive perfect: having been asked

Дієприслівник:Активний тепер. часу: йдучи, знаючиАктивний минул. часу: йшовши, знавши

Participle I Present active: askingPassive: being askedPerfect active: having askedPerfect passive: having been asked

Дієприкметник:Активний тепер. часу: читаючийАктивний минулого часу: здолавши

Participle II Passive (only past): made, decided Пасивний минулого часу: здійснений, пройдений

CATEGORIES OF FINITE VERBS

persongendernumbertenseaspectvoicemood

THE CATEGORY OF PERSON 1st – I am happy.

2nd – Do you know him?

3rd - He works hard.

1st – Маю йти.

2nd – Бачиш?

3rd – Прийшов

Allomorphic: imperative mood

formse.g. Будьте здорові!

Встань! Встаньте!

The category of Gender

Only!!! in Ukrainian

e.g. Прийшов, йшла

The category of Number

Singular, Plurale.g. He is / they

have, etc.робимо / робить

THE CATEGORY OF TENSE

Present, Past, Future Allomorphisms: use of analytical paradigms in English: e.g. He is reading. Does he speak English? The article will have been translated by

then.

THE CATEGORY OF ASPECT

Indefinite Continuous Perfect Perfect-Continuous

ALOMORPHISM: absence in Ukrainian of the continuous

aspect which meaning can be rendered by suffixes

–сь, -ся. e.g. Петренко зараз будується

THE CATEGORY OF VOICE Active Passive

Allomorphism: in English – analytical formation in Ukrainian synthetically. These forms are

realized by means of:1. inflexions of the past participle E.g. текст перекладений. Стаття написана.

2. postfixes –сь, -ся added to the non-perfective verbs in the indicative mood. E.g. Хата будується. Проект тільки готувався.

3. the predicative participles: -но́, -то́ e.g. Музей зачинено. Нічого не забуто.

THE CATEGORY OF MOOD

Indicative Imperative Subjunctive

is realized in both languages synthetically and analytically

6. TYPOLOGICAL FEATURES OF THE ADVERB AS A PART OF SPEECH

indeclinable notional word expressing: the quality or state of an action the circumstances in which the action

proceeds a degree of some other quality

MORPHOLOGICAL STRUCTURE: ENGLISH Suffixes:

-ly (greatly, slowly)

-ward/-wards (seaward, eastwards)

-ways (sideways)

-fold (twofold) Prefixes:

a- (aback, aside)

be- (before, besides)

UKRAINIAN Suffixes:

eg: -o (гарно, надійно)

-е (добре, зле)

-а (дарма, лежма) prefixes and suffixes:

eg: no- (no-людськи, по-свинськи)

най- (найкраще, найзручніше)

щонай-(щонайбільше)

якнай- (якнайшвидше)ISOMORPIC: reduplication e.g. so-so, willy-nilly, fifty-fifty; ось-ось, ледве-ледве, скоро-скоро, тихо-тихо

UKRAINIAN ADVERBS correlate with indirect case forms of

prepositional nouns: 1) with the genitive case forms of nouns and

the prepositions бе́з, від/о́д, до́, з/с, за: безвісти, безперестанку, відразу/одразу, догори, додому, зранку, зрання, скраю

2) with the accusative case forms of nouns and the prepositions в/у́, на, за, над, під, по́, че́ре́з: вдень, вмить, надвечір, навіки, заміж, підряд, повік, через силу

3) with instrumental case and the lexicalisation of different phrases: водночас, насамперед, напівдорозі, віч-на-віч, всього-на-всього, пліч-о-пліч, день у день, нога в ногу

LEXICO-SYNTACTIC CLASSES OF ADVERBS

Time: now, then, when, today, soon, доти, іноді, тоді, коли, скоро, сьогодні

Place: here, there, where, nowhere, всюди, куди, туди, де, ніде, там, тут

Direction: here, there, inside, inwards, туди, сюди, звідти, вліво, вправо, назад

Manner: unawares, upside-down, topsy-turvy, by chance, нехотячи, догори дном, випадково, несвідомо

Degree (denoting the degree of a quantity: almost, entirely, too, rather, enough, almost, майже, цілком, дуже, досить, досить-таки

Cause and purpose: rashly, згарячу, headlong, спрожогу,прожогом, purposely,intentionally, deliberately, навмисне

COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE DEGREES

ENGLISH Synthetic means:

1. suffixes -er, -est

2. Suppletive

well, better, best; bad, worse, worst; little, less, least; far, further, furthest

Analytical means:

- auxiliary words (adverbs, particles): more, most, still more, less, least,

UKRAINIAN Synthetic means: 1. Suffixes -ше́, -іше́, -ній2. diminutive suffixes (-е́ньк-, -е́се́ньк-, -

юсіньк-, -о́чк-, -е́чк-) гарно — гарненько — гарнесенько — гарнюсінько — гарнюньо;

3. Prefixes най-, що́най-, якнай-: найшвидше, якнайшвидше, щонайменше

4. Suppletive добре, краще, найкраще; погано,

гірше, найгірше; гарно, краще, найкраще

Analytical means:ясно, ясніше, найясніше, більш/менш ясно, найбільш/ найменш ясно; ясно — ще ясніше/трохи ясніше, набагато ясніше.

shifting stress глибокий - глибоко, тонкий -

тоненько, важкий -важко, смішний — смішно

PRONOMINAL ADVERBS

1) interrogative and relative adverbs: where, when, why, how - де, куди, коли, звідки, чому, як, поки, доки;

2) demonstrative adverbs: there, here, then, so — там, тут, сюди, туди, тоді, так;

3) complementing adverbs: always, everywhere, sometimes, otherwise — завжди, всюди, інколи, по-всякому, по-іншому;

4) negative adverbs : nowhere, never - ніде, нізвідки, нікуди, ніяк, нізащо;

5) indefinite adverbs : ever, somehow, somewhere, erewhile - десь, де-небудь, колись, коли-небудь, кудись, чомусь, казна-звідки, казна-коли, хтозна-де, казна-куди, etc.

ALLOMORPHIC (ONLY IN UKR) "personal pronouns" adverbs: по-моєму, по-

твоєму, по-нашому, по-вашому, по-наськи and the reflexive adverb по-своєму.

in English are rendered by adverbial phrases: in my opinion/ in my judgement, in your opinion

adverbs of comparison and likening (означально-уподіблювальні): соколом, стрілою, зозулею, по-батьківському, no-новому, no-осінньому,

in English are rendered by adverbial phrases: in a fatherly way (по-батьковськи), like a falcon (соколом), in a new fashion (по-новому), etc.

SYNTACTIC FUNCTIONS OF ADVERBS serve as 1) Identifying complements very

tall, rather better today, дуже високий, значно краще сьогодні);

2) Attributive adjuncts quite a man, the voice inside, майже озеро, внутрішній голос, голос ізнадвору

3) Adverbial complements: - of place to

live here/there, everywhere мешкати тут/там, скрізь

- of time to arrive today/soon приїжджати сьогодні/невдовзі)

- of cause and purpose Why do you think so? Чому ти так гадаєш?

Allomorphic for English: function of a simple nominal predicate

Сонце вгорі. Стежка справа. Городи скрізь. І ні душі ніде

FUNCTIONS IN THE SENTENCE

1.The adverbial modifier of manner or quality

2. The adverbial modifier of time

3. The adverbial modifier of place and direction:

4. The adverbial modifier of degree and quality

He began to work very deliberately and carefully. (London)

Він став працювати ду́же́ обдумливо й уважно.

Your advice has helped me today. (Meredith)

Тво́я по́рада до́по́мо́гла ме́ні вже сьогодні.

A frantic policeman rode alongside.

Якийсь не́само́витий по́лісме́н їхав по́ру́ч

Almost instantly we were shut up in a fog". (Mark Twain)

Нас майже вмить о́ку́тало́ ту́мано́м.

5. The attribute

6. the predicative (in Eng) and simple nominal predicate in Ukrainian

7. The adverbial modifier of cause and purpose

The light outside had chilled... he could see them talking together in the little court below. (Galsworthy)

Світло надворі о́хо́ло́ло́... він бачив, що́ во́ни ро́змо́вляли у́ ку́це́нько́му́ по́двір'ячку́ внизу.

The sun was up. (Stevenson) Я ж іще́ при здо́ро́в'ї. (Гу́цало́)

Why do you say that?. (Maugham) Why don't you like those cousins, Father. (Galsworthy)

Чому ти це́ каже́ш? Пилипко́ бо́явся, що́б згарячу не́ наткну́тися на що́-не́бу́дь... (Панас Мирний)

HOMETASK:

Read pp. 179 – 257 Statives and their Typological

Characteristics p.254 Pp. 275-276, Questions: 1-15 Pp. 276-280, Ex. 1-7, 9-10