Lab 23: Identification of Unknowns, Day 4

May 5, 2010

Read the results of your tests.

For SIM and MR-VP tests, you need to do additional steps; decide at your table who will do the controls.

Use the grid to figure out which species you have!

Lecture 23: Applications of Immunology

May 5, 2010

Today we will cover how the principles of specific immunity can help us:

• Prevent

• Treat

• and Diagnose disease

(Vaccines, passive immunization)

(Antivenins, antibody therapy)

(Fluorescent cell labeling; many other techniques next week)

Edward Jenner rubbing material from a cowpox blister into a boy’s arm

Types of vaccines

• Whole vaccines include – live vaccines (also called attenuated)– inactivated vaccines

• Other (non-whole) vaccines include– Subunit vaccines– Toxoid vaccines – DNA vaccine

What is a vaccine?

A suspension of an organism or virus

Or

that is used to induce immunity

Inactivated vs. live vaccines

How can a pathogen be attenuated?

Sabin polio vaccine: derived from passaging in monkey cells

How can a pathogen be attenuated?

Maurice Hilleman collected mumps virus from his daughter(1963)

The virus was grown in chick embryos and then in cultured chicken cells

Now it’s used in the mumps vaccine!

How can a pathogen be attenuated?

Manipulation of the pathogen’s genome using recombinant DNA technology

Summary—whole vaccines

Subunit vaccines

Made from parts of the pathogen instead of the whole thing

Another way to make a subunit vaccine

Genetic engineering – getting yeast, bacteria, or human cells to produce large quantities of antigen

Hepatitis B vaccineExample:

DNA vaccines

Shigella-based Delivery System for DNA vaccines (experimental)

•Shigella can enter cells without phagocytosis•Directs plasmids to cytoplasm (with inserted genes)•Provides immunity to expressed antigens

Immune responses are faster and stronger the second time around

Passive immunity

Horse serum: a source of antibodies to treat snake bites, spider bites,

botulism, etc.

How to make polyclonal antibodies

How to make monoclonal antibodies

Fluorescent antibody staining

Yersinia pestis (plague)Giardia lamblia

Orange: fluorescent antibody to Salmonella

Green: counterstain

Yellow: Pneumocystis cariniiRed: counterstain