lca of a palm oil system producing both biodiesel and cooking oil
TRANSCRIPT
LCA of a palm oil system producing both biodiesel and cooking oil: a Cameroon case
WMJ Achten, P Vandenbempt, E Mathijs, B Muys
IPLC 18-20 October 2009
Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Introduction
• But, increasing criticism as well– Land use conflicts (natural systems, food
production)– Environmental impacts (greenhouse gas,
biodiversity loss, water footprint)
• Big interest in Biofuels…– Climate change– Geopolitical reasonsÎBiofuel directives, targets, missions, …
• Oil palm biodiesel has been criticized in this debate – Conflict with nature and food
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Objective
Evaluating the environmental performance of an Oil palm production system producing both cooking oil and biodiesel
ÎLife Cycle Assessment approach is best available tool(Frederiksson et al., 2006; Tan et al., 2004; 2002; Zemanek et al., 1999)
Specific objectives– Assessing environmental impacts of case study– Suggesting optimization options (waste water treatments)– Modelling present scenario and compare it with a fossil diesel system
and optimized bio-diesel systems.
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Material & Method – Goal and Scope
• Functional unit (FU)– 100 km driven fueled with biodiesel
Fruit production
Palm kernel
Refinery
Waste water
Transesterification
Vehicle
Glycerin
Oleine
Press Cake
Oil extraction
Fruit production
Palm kernel
Refinery
Waste water
Transesterification
Vehicle
Glycerin
Oleine
Press Cake
Oil extraction• Impact categories
– Fossil energy use (MJ/FU)– Global warming potential (kg CO2-eq)– Acidification (kg SO2-eq)– Eutrophication (kg O2-eq)– Land use (%PNV)
• System boundaries– Planting Î Vehicle engine– Transportation and infra-structure and
maintenance at all process steps
• Reference and Allocation
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Material & Method – Goal and Scope
Cultivation
Extraction
Transesterification
Engine combustion
PKO
Glycerine
PKO + AE
Glycerine
Oil palm system Reference systemSystem boundary expansion
Extraction
Processing
Distributionand storage
FFB
Crude oil
Diesel
SubstitutionBy-products
CPO
Refinery
Stearin
Diesel
Engine combustion
PKM
Olein
FFA
PKM + local animal feed
CPO
POME
X 100 km
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Material & Method - Inventory
• First hand factory and plantation data 3 locations: – Dibombari– SPFS– Eséka
• Expert interviews• Literature data
Mean values + standard deviation
Cameroon
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Material & Method – Impact assessment
Kg O2-eq FU-1
Sum of N & P emissions and flows to water ways and/or groundwater
Eutrophication potential
Kg SO2-eq FU-1
Sum of NH3, NOx and SOxemissions through life cycle
Acidification potential
Kg CO2-eq FU-1
Sum of GHG emissions (CO2, CH4, N2O) through life cycle
Global warming potential
MJ FU-1Sum of fossil energy use through life cycle
Fossil energy use
UnitImpact calculation
Calculations: Monte Carlo protocol in MatLab (10 000 runs)
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Material & Method – LUIA
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Material & Method – LUIA
Species diversityBiodiversity ( -Bd)
Soil cover
EvapotranspirationOn-site water balance (Wb)
Vertical Space Distribution
Leaf Area IndexVegetation structure (Vs)
Free Net Primary Production
Total Aboveground BiomassBiomass production (Bp)
Infiltration Rate
Soil Organic MatterSoil structure (Ss)
Base Saturation
Cation Exchange CapacitySoil fertility (Sf)
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Material & Method – LUIA
[ ]∑
−=
i PVN
iprojref
t
i
Value
ValueValue
AA
IS 100** ,
formerCh
Occ
LUrefLU
PNVrefLU
=⇒=⇒
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Results – Fossil energy use
Reduction: 45%
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Results – Global warming potential
Reduction: 77%
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Results – Acidification potential
Reduction: 13%
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Results – Eutrophication potentialIncrease: 35%
NOx from Biodiesel Combustion
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Results – Eutrophication potentialIncrease: 35%
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Waste Water scenariosFruit production
Palm kernel
Refinery
Waste water
Transesterification
Vehicle
Glycerin
Oleine
Press Cake
Oil extraction
Fruit production
Palm kernel
Refinery
Waste water
Transesterification
Vehicle
Glycerin
Oleine
Press Cake
Oil extraction 1. Dumped (case study) (M.I)
2. In ponds without CH4 recovery (M.II)
3. In ponds with CH4 recovery (biogas) (M.III)
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Waste Water scenarios
Cultivation
Extraction
Transesterification
Engine combustion
PKO
Glycerine
PKO + AE
Glycerine
Oil palm system Reference systemSystem boundary expansion
Extraction
Processing
Distributionand storage
FFB
Crude oil
Diesel
SubstitutionBy-products
CPO
Refinery
Stearin
Diesel
Engine combustion
PKM
Olein
FFA
PKM + local animal feed
CPO
POME
PKO PKO + AE
PKM
M.I I I : biogasfrom POME
PKM + local animal feedFRef I I : natural gas
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Results – Fossil energy use
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Results – Global warming potential
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Results – Acidification potential
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Results – Eutrophication potential
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Results – Land use occupation impact
FormerOccojectOccCh LULULU ,Pr, −=
Land use occupation mid point indicator scores
PNV
LUPNVLU oject
OccPr−
=
--
+
+
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Results – Land use change impact
Land use change mid point indicator scores
3BpBdSf
ESQ
ISISISI
++= −α
3WbVsSs
EFQ
ISISISI
++=
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Results – Land use impact
Impact of direct land use change and land use occupationAgriculture Î Oil palm Forest Î Oil palm
Impact for 95m²yr/FU
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Carbon debtVandenbempt, 2008
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Carbon debt - DeforestationVandenbempt, 2008
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Conclusions
Biodiesel system as such:
• Promising reduction in energy use and global warming potential is possible compared to reference systemÎ Combined production of biodiesel and cooking oil is an interesting pathway
• Fertilizers are among the biggest contributors for all impact categories Î optimization option
• Waste water treatment with biogas production brings eutrophication to acceptable levels Î optimization option
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Conclusions
However…
• Land use is very important, but is still difficult in LCA– Carbon debt/deforestation per functional unit?– Biodiversity debt per functional unit?– Regional water balance– Indirect land use
• LCA � complete sustainability evaluation– No socio-economic impact
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Thank you for your kind attention
Wouter Achten (wouter.achten [at] ees.kuleuven.be)Bart Muys (bart.muys [at] ees.kuleuven.be)
www.kuleuven.be/forecoman
Acknowledgments:*VLIR-UOS