latin american independence - wordpress.com · 2018-10-26 · latin american colonies spanish held...
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Latin American Independence
Inspired by Enlightenment,
American and French Revolutions
Latin American Colonies
Spanish held power in
Caribbean islands
Mexico
Central America
South America
Very rigid European control;
social classes determined by race (see diagram in notebook, p. 2-46)
“First Upheavals”
Tupac Amaru—a mestizo who led a rebellion in Peru
--unsuccessful; he was executed
In Colombia, criollos/creoles also rebelled against Spanish unsuccessfully; leaders were executed
Haiti (French Colony)
Vincent Ogé—wanted to apply Declaration of the Rights of Man to Haiti—tortured to death
Haiti• Colony produced great
wealth for France with sugar plantations
• Toussaint L’Ouverture—former slave, led a SUCCESSFUL slave rebellion
• Gained control of Haiti from French colonial government
• Gained freedom for slaves
• Gained independence for Haiti from France (1804)
• Only successful slave rebellion ever
• L’Ouverture captured and died in prison
South America (1808-1824)
Led by Simón Bólívar
Inspired by American and French Revolutions
Fought and won independence for Gran Colombia (Panama, Ecuador, Venezuela, Colombia)
Independence from Spain
(South America Cont’d)
● José de San Martín—led fight for
independence for Argentina;
● To remain free, also pushed Spanish out
of Chile and Peru with Bólívar’s help
Mexico Unrest in Spain because
of Napoleon’s wars in Europe gave Mexicans a “window of opportunity”
In 1810, Miguel Hidalgo (a priest)—organized revolt of Indians and Mestizos against Spanish rule
Revolt was unsuccessful and he was executed
Mexico (cont’d)
Padre José Morelos, also a priest, took control of revolt with a trained army.
He created a congress and wrote a declaration of rights.
He was captured and killed.
Creoles (who held power) and church officials feared losing their position/power/ property
In 1821, Agustín Iturbide took control and defeated Spanish
Mexico became independent in 1821 with the Treaty of Cordova.
Iturbide was proclaimed emperor.
At that time, Mexico included Central America.
Central America
Formed the Federal Republic of Central America in 1823
Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Costa Rica
Fell apart 1838-40 when Nicaragua tried to separate from the rest
Brazil (1822) Portuguese royal family fled to
Brazil to escape Napoleon’s armies
When they returned to Portugal, king intended for Brazil to return to colony status
Pedro I—son of Portuguese king—declared independence for Brazil
Bloodless revolution
Pedro I became Emperor of Brazil
Latin American independence was inspired by the Enlightenment, American and French Revolutions
Took about 25 years
Cuba and Puerto Rico remained under Spanish control