lantana camara linn: a review

Inter. J. of Phytotherapy / Vol 2 / Issue 2 / 2012 / 66-73.

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e - ISSN - 2249-7722

Print ISSN - 2249-7730

International Journal of Phytotherapy

www.phytotherapyjournal.com

Lantana camara Linn: A REVIEW

Jyothi M Joy1*

, Vamsi S1, Satish C

1, Nagaveni K

1

*,1Department of Pharmacognosy, Sree Vidyanikethan College of Pharmacy, Tirupathi, Andhra Pradesh, India.

INTRODUCTION

The genus Lantana (Verbenaceae) as described

by Linnaeus in 1753 contained seven species, six from

South America and one from Ethiopia. Lantana is

mostly native to subtropical and tropical America, but a

few taxa are indigenous to tropical Asia and Africa. It

now occurs in approximately 50 countries where several

species are cultivated under hundreds of cultivar names

[1]. The genus is a difficult one to classify taxonomically

since species are not stable and hybridisation is

widespread, shape of inflorescence changes with age, and

flower colours vary with age and maturity [2]. Lantana

camara L. (Verbanaceae), commonly known as wild or

red sage is the most widespread species of this genus and

regarded both as a notorious weed and a popular

ornamental garden plant [3]. Lantana camara grows

luxuriantly at elevations up to 2000 m in tropical, sub-

tropical and temperate regions [4]. It is a woody

straggling plant with various flower colours, red, pink,

white, yellow and violet. The stems and branches are

sometimes armed with prickles or spines [1].

The plant is native to tropical and subtropical

America. Dutch explorers introduced it into the

Netherlands from Brazil in the late 1600s and later

explorers from other countries brought seeds to Europe,

Great Britain and North America. Following its

introduction into Hawaii as a garden flower, it soon

spread to the islands of the Pacific, Australia and

southern Asia. In the 18th and 19th century, nurserymen

commercialised and popularised many colourful forms

and it is now cultivated world-wide as an ornamental

plant. Of the 650 cultivar names in the genus, the

majority are associated with the L. camara complex. The

plant is an aggressive, obligate out breeder weed that has

invaded vast expanses of pastures, orchards and forest

areas in many tropical and subtropical regions [1]. It has

been regarded as one of the 10 most noxious weeds in the

world [4].

Corresponding Author:- Jyothi M Joy Email: [email protected]

ABSTRACT

In recent years, focus on plant research has increased all over the world and large body of evidence has

collected to show immense potential of medicinal plants used in various traditional systems. In the traditional

systems of medicine, most of the remedies were taken from plants and they were proved to be useful. Lantana

camara L, belong to the family Verbenaceae, is such a herb used traditionally to treat various ailments like tetanus,

rheumatism, malaria, cough, fevers, cold, rheumatisms, asthma to mention a few. Many phytochemical investigations

have been done on this plant. The plant was reported to contain various compounds like triterpenoids, proteins,

carbohydrates, lactones, furfural, flavonoids, amino acids, alkaloids, saponins, glycosides, tannins, steroids. Many of

the traditional uses have been scientifically proved. The ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry and pharmacology of Lantana camara L. are discussed in this review.

Key words: Lantana camara L, Phytochemistry, Phytoconstituents.


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Apart from its popularity as a garden plant, L.

camara is said to form a useful hedge and to provide a

good preparation for crops, covering the ground with fine

leaf mulch [2]. It improves the fertility of rocky, grave, or

hard laterite soils, enriches the soil, serves to retain humus

in deforested areas and checks soil erosion. Lantana

leaves and twigs are often used in India as green mulch.

The ash is rich in potassium and manganese which is

useful in manuring coconut trees [1]. In tropical countries,

the ripe blue black berries are eaten, but ingestion of the

green berry has led to human fatalities. L. camara is

poisonous to stocks and humans [5, 6]. L. camara is

poisonous to stocks and humans. Ingestion of leaves from

L. camara, by grazing animals produces photodermatitis,

jaundice, liver damage and death [7].

This review features the plant biography,

ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry and pharmacology

of Lantana camara L. are considered. This information

provides a basis for the evaluation of Lantana camara as

a useful source of renewable material.

PLANT BIOGRAPHY

Botanical name:

Lantana camara L. Family: Verbenaceae

Synonyms

Camara vulgaris and Lantana scabrida

Common names

It is commonly called as sleeper weed, lantana, and wild

sage. The plant is distributed all over the world and

occurs widely in the Asia-Pacific region, Australia, New

Zealand, Central and South America, West Indies and

Africa. Linguistic variations lead in various names to the

plant.

Some of them are given below.

English: Common Lantana

Hindi : Raimuniya

Tamil : Unni chedi

Malayalam: Arippoo

Telugu: Pulikampa

Marathi: Tantani

HABIT

Lantana camara is a low, erect or subscandent,

vigorous shrub which can grow to 2 - 4 meters in height.

The leaf is ovate or ovate oblong, 2 - 10 cm long and 2 - 6

cm wide, arranged in opposite pairs. Leaves are bright

green, rough, finely hairy, with serrate margins and emit a

pungent odour when crushed. The stem in cultivated

varieties is often non- thorny and in weedy varieties with

recurved prickles. It is woody, square in cross section,

hairy when young, cylindrical and up to 15 cm thick as it

grows older. Lantana is able to climb to 15 m with the

support of other vegetation. Flower heads contain 20 - 40

flowers, usually 2.5 cm across; the colour varies from

white, cream or yellow to orange pink, purple and red.

Flowering occurs between August and March, or all year

round if adequate moisture and light are available.

Pollinators include lepidopteran species and thrips. The

fruit is a greenish blue-black colour, 5 - 7 mm in

diameter, drupaceous, shining, with two nutlets; seed

setting takes place between September to May with 1 - 20

seeds on each flower head. Mature plants produce up to

12,000 seeds annually. Seed germination occurs when

sufficient moisture is present; germination is reduced by

low light conditions. The root system is very strong with a

main taproot and a mat of many shallow side roots [8].

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY

The plant has been used in many parts of the

world to treat a wide variety of disorders [1]. The leaves

of the plant are boiled like tea and the decoction is a

remedy against cough [9]. A decoction of the plant is

given as treatment for tetanus, rheumatism, malaria and

ataxy of abdominal viscera. Pounded leaves are applied to

cuts, ulcers and swellings; a decoction of the leaves is

used as a lotion for wound [10]. Lantana camara found

use in folk remedies for cancers and tumours. A tea

prepared from the leaves and flowers was taken against

fever, influenza and

stomach-ache. In Central and South America, the

leaves were made into a poultice to treat sores, chicken

pox and measles. Fevers, cold, rheumatisms, asthma and

high blood pressure were treated with preparations from

the plant. In Ghana, infusion of the whole plant was used

for bronchitis and the powdered root in milk was given to

children for stomach-ache [1, 11]. It has been claimed that

a steroid, lancamarone, from the leaves exhibited

cardiotonic properties [12]. Traditionally it is also used as

a tonic, in abdominal pains, as anthelmintic and

Insecticide [13]. In Asian countries, leaves were used to

treat cuts, rheumatisms and ulcers [14].

PHYTOCHEMISTRY

All the plant parts were investigated for the

chemical constituents. The plant was reported to contain

various compounds like Triterpenoids [14, 15], proteins

[16], carbohydrates [17], lactones [18], furfural [19],

flavonoids [14, 20] amino acids [13], alkaloids, saponins,

glycosides, tannins and steroids [14].

GC and GC/MS analyses of the hydro distilled

essential oil from the leaves of Lantana camara showed

large amount of sesquiterpene, mainly -caryophyllene (35.70%) and caryophyllene oxide (10.04%). The tested

essential oil showed good fumigant activity. The essential

oil of L. camara showed a wide spectrum of antibacterial,

antimicrobial and antifungal activities [21]. For L.

camara, the maximum yield obtained by hydrodistillation


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from the leaves reached 0.2% and, from the flowers, up to

0.6% [22, 23]. A sample obtained from L. camara trees

grown in Brazil had a terpene-like, leathery, fatty, and

sweaty odour. The constituents were found to be mainly

bisabolene derivatives (65%) with only traces of

monoterpenes. The sesquiterpenes present were -curcumene (1.5%), E-nuciferal and Z-nuciferol (3.9%), (-

)-ar-curcumen-15-al (5.6%), -curcumene (8%), ar-curcumene (9.7%), (-)--b-bisabolol (10%), (-)- -curcumen-15-al (14.9%) [1]. Bicyclogermacrene (26.1%),

caryophyllene (24.4%), germacrene D (19.2%) and

valecene (12.0%) also have been isolated from the

essential oil [24].

Six phenolic compounds such as salicylic acid,

gentisic acid, -resorcylic acid, coumarin, ferulic acid, and 6-Me coumarin were identified in L. camara extract

by HPLC [25]. Three new pentacyclic triterpenoids,

lantacin, camarin, and camarinin, were isolated from the

aerial parts of L.camara. The structures were elucidated

by chemical transformation, HR-EI mass spectrometry,

and NMR spectroscopy, including 1D (1Hand 13C-NMR)

and 2D (1H, 1H-COSY, NOESY, H, 1HTOCSY, J-

resolved, HMQC, and HMBC) experiments [26].

The active fractions of the leaves, twigs, stems,

and roots of L. camara yielded known oleanonic acid,

lantadene A, and oleanolic acid, which were very toxic to

brine shrimp larvae [27]. Lantanilic acid, camaric acid

and oleanolic acid,were isolated from the methanol

extract of the aerial parts of L. camara through bioassay

guided fractionation, all of which possess nematocidal

activity. [28, 29]. Two triterpenoids named lantadene A

and lantadene B were isolated from the chloroform extract

fraction of leaves of L. camara [30,31,32,33,34].

Two novel triterpenoids such as 3, 19-dihydroxyursan-28-oic acid and 21, 22 -epoxy-3-hydroxyolean-12-en-28-oic acid have been isolated from

the roots of L. camara [35]. Two new compounds,

lantanoside and lantanone, and the known compounds

linaroside and camarinic acid were isolated from the

aerial parts of L. camara. Camarolide and lancamaric

acid, two new constituents also have been isolated from

the aerial parts of L. camara [36]. The triterpenoid lantic

acid was isolated from L. camara plants cultivated in

Egypt, which possess strong antibacterial activity aganist

Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria [37, 38, 39,

40]. Three new pentacyclic triterpenoids were isolated

from the aerial parts of L. camara namely camaryolic

acid, methylcamaralate and camangeloyl acid [41]. A new

ursane derivative was isolated from the leaves of L.

camara and its structure elucidated as 3, 24- dioxo-urs-

12-en-28-oic acid by spectral analysis [42]. Three new

pentacyclic triterpenes, ursoxy acid, methyl ursoxylate

and ursangilic acid along with oleanolic acid acetate were

also isolated from the aerial parts of L. camara [43].

Ursethoxy acid, a new pentacyclic triterpene, was isolated

from the aerial parts of L. camara. Its structure has been

elucidated as 3, 25-epoxy-3-ethoxy-urs-12-en-28-oic acid through extensive NMR studies [43].

The triterpenoids betulonic acid, icterogenin and

betulinic acid the known flavonoid, -sitosterol 3-O--D-glucoside and a mixture of campesterol, stigmasterol and

-sitosterol were isolated from the stems of pink-flowering L. camara [44].

The methanol extract of L. camara revealed trace

quantities (0.00004-0.0002%) of euphane triterpene

lactones. Five active compounds were isolated and the

structure of these compounds was determined by means

of spectroscopic methods. All compounds were potent

inhibitors of human thrombin [45]. A well known

phenylethanoid, verbascoside has been isolated from L.

camara [46]. The Z-isomer of verbascoside, lantanaside

has also been found to co-occur with verbascoside in L.

camara [47]. Isoverbascoside which often co-occurs with

verbascoside, martynoside, isonuomioside A,

derhamnosylverbascoside and calceolarioside E has been

isolated from L. camara [48].

Two triterpenes, 25-hydroxy-3-oxoolean-12-en-

28-oic acid and hederagenin have been isolated from L.

camara [49]. 12-oleanane triterpenoid and 12-ursane type triterpenoid, camarilic acid and camaracinic acid

have been reported from the aerial parts of L. camara

collected in Pakistan [50]. A number of triterpenoids were

isolated from the roots of L. camara and they were

identified as lantanolic acid, 22-hydroxy-oleanonic acid and lantaiursolic acid [51].

A mixture of -amyrin, -amyrin and pomolic acid were isolated from the stems of L. camara [52].

Three quercetin derivatives named contained 3-methoxy-,

3, 7-dimethoxy- and 3, 7, 4-trimethoxyquercetin were also separated from L. camara [53]. A novel triterpene,

22-acetoxylantic acid and the known triterpenes lantic acid and lantanolic acid were also isolated from L.

camara [54].

Geniposide, the biosynthetic precursor of

theveside, has been isolated from the roots of L. camara,

together with 8-epiloganin, shanzhside methyl ester and

lamiridoside. Six oligosaccharides, ajugose, stachyose,

verbascotetraose, verbascose, lantanose A and B and

flavone named camaroside were isolated from the roots of

L. camara [55].

Lantadene C has been isolated from the leaves of

the hepatotoxic plant L. camara was identical with

dihydrolantadene A. The molecular structure of lantadene

C has been deduced from single crystal X ray diffraction


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analysis. It resembles lantadene A in the pentacyclic

portion of the molecule but differs in the side chain

region. Atom C-34 is cis to C-35 in lantadene C but is

trans in lantadene A [56]. Another pentacyclic triterpene

named lantabetulic acid was isolated from L. camara [57].

PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES

Antibacterial activity

Deepak Ganjewala etal carried out the

antibacterial activities of leaves and flowers extracts

obtained with ethyl acetate. The test organisms used in

this study were Escherichia coli (MTCC901),

Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MTCC429), Bacillus subtillis

(1429) and Staphylococcus aureus (MTCC96). Leaf and

flower ethyl acetate extracts exhibited considerable

antibacterial activities against the bacteria used where the

value of zone of inhibition ranged from 10-21 and 9-15

mm, respectively. For flower and leaf ethyl acetate

extracts, the zone of inhibition (mm) measured ranged

from 10-21 and 9-15 mm, respectively. Antibacterial

activities vary from one L. camara to the other. The

effectiveness of the extracts varies with its concentration

and the kind of bacteria used in the study [3]. Mary Kensa

V has also performed the antibacterial activity of various

extracts of L. camara. Methanol, Petroleum ether, water

and Chloroform extracts of leaf, stem and root were tested

against various pathogenic bacterial species of E.coli,

Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and

staphylococcus saprophiticus by disc diffusion method.

Leaves were showed strong inhibition compared to stem

and root extracts on all tested bacterial strains [58].

Antihelmintic activity

Successive extracts from the leaves of Lantana

camara Linn were investigated for their anthelmintic

activity against Pheretima posthuma and three

concentrations (10, 50 and 100 mg/ml) of each extracts

were used in the study. The parameters used to determine

the activity were determination of time of paralysis and

time of death of the worm. Ethanolic extract exhibited

significant anthelmintic activity at highest concentration

of 100 mg/ml. Piperazine citrate in 10 mg/ml

concentration was included as standard reference and 1%

Gum acacia in normal saline as control. The anthelmintic

activity of ethanol extract was significant followed by

hydroalcoholic extract of Lantana camara [59].

Antiulcer activity

Methanolic extract of Lantana camara was

evaluated for antiulcerogenic effect in aspirin induced

gastric ulcerogenesis in pyloric ligated rats, ethanol

induced gastric ulcer, and cysteamine induced duodenal

ulcer models. The extract was administered orally at two

different doses of 250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg. The lipid

peroxidation, reduced glutathione levels of ethanol

induced gastric ulcer model and inhibition zone in

diameter against Helicobacter pylori also determined. The

L. camara extract significantly (P < 0.01) reduced ulcer

index, total acidity and significantly (P < 0.01) increased

the gastric pH of aspirin + pylorus-ligation induced

ulcerogenesis and ethanol induced gastric ulcer models.

The extract also significantly (P < 0.01) reduced the ulcer

index of cysteamine induced duodenal ulcer. The L.

camara showed significant (P < 0.01) reduction in lipid

peroxidation and increase in reduced glutathione levels.

The methanolic extract of Lantana camara leaves shown

healing of gastric ulcers and also prevents development of

duodenal ulcers in rats [14].

Termiticidal activity

Extracts of Lantana camara var. aculeata leaves

were studied for their termiticidal effects against adult

termite workers. The 5% chloroform extract was found to

be significantly effective against termite workers [20].

Wound healing activity

Burn wound healing activity of the ethanol leaf

extract of L.camara was carried out in Sprague dawley

rats. Healing was assessed by the rate of wound

contraction and period of epithelialization. Extract treated

wounds were healed in about 21 days which is not distinct

from the controls. The data suggested that L. camara has

no wound healing promoting activity on burn wound [60].

Nayak etal.,has performed the wound healing activity of

the aqueous extract of L. camara and the extract showed

significant activity in excision wound model. Wound

healing time, wound contraction and synthesis of collagen

were considered as the major parameters to evaluate the

wound healing activity. [61]

Anticancer activity

Pet ether, chloroform, ethanol and aqueous

extracts of Lantana camara were screened for preliminary

anticancer activity by using antimitotic activity. Ethanol

extract exhibited better antimitotic activity as reduction in

mitotic index was observed from 90.2 % to 61.4 % and

from 97.6 % to 49.4 % after 1 and 3 hour treatment of

extract having concentration of 10 mg/ ml. Mitotic index

of all the extracts treated roots were significantly lower

than the mitotic index of control. Mitotic index of

methotrexate was found to be 57.0 % and 55.8 % after 1

and 3 hour treatment respectively [62].

Effect on red blood cells

The effects of an aqueous extract of Lantana

camara on the osmotic fragility and on the morphology of

RBC were carried out. In the presence of the extract, the

data obtained indicated a significant (p < 0.05) increase of

hemolysis and modifications on the morphology of RBC.

These effects of the Lantana camara may be associated

with some pharmacological properties of the chemical

compounds of aqueous extract [63].


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Antimotility activity

Evaluation of antimotility activity was done in

intestine of mice treated with Lantana camara leaf

powder, Lantana camara methanol extract (LCME),

lantadene A, neostigmine and neostigmine + LCME.

Neostigmine was used as a promotility agent. Intestinal

motility was assessed by charcoal meal test and

gastrointestinal transit rate was expressed as the

percentage of the distance traversed by the charcoal

divided by the total length of the small intestine. The

intestinal transit with LCME at a dose of 500 mg/kg was

26.46% whereas the higher dose (1g/kg) completely

inhibited the transit of charcoal in normal mice. The %

intestinal transit in the neostigmine pretreated groups was

24 and 11 at the same doses respectively. When the plant

extracts at 125 and 250 mg/kg doses were administered

intraperitonealy, there was significant reduction in fecal

output compared with castor oil treated mice. At higher

doses (500 and 1000 mg/kg), the fecal output was almost

completely stopped [64].

Cytotoxicity and antitubercular activity

The Antitubercular activity of Lantana camara

on multiple-drug-resistant Mycobacterium was

investigated among Nigerian HIV-infected-persons.

Minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) was estimated by

the well-in-agar-diffusion method and potency of extracts

compared with standard drugs. Cytotoxicity was

determined using brine shrimps. MIC of drugs was

0.33mg/ml, 0.25mg/ml and 0.20mg/ml for streptomycin,

isoniazide and rifampicin. L. camara had MIC of

0.63mg/ml for M. tuberculosis and unidentified M. avium

complex and 0.89mg/ml for M. avium complex. LC50 of

L. camara had 32.6ppm for M. tuberculosis, 55.9ppm for

M. avium complex and 51.3ppm for unidentified species.

The observed activity of the extracts is consistent with

their use in traditional medicine for the treatment of

Mycobacterium species [65].

Anti hyperglycemic Activity:

Methanol extract of Lantana camara Linn fruits

were orally tested at the dose of 100 and 200 mg/kg for

hypoglycemic activity for normal and streptozotocin

induced diabetic rats. Methanol extract of Lantana

camara Linn fruit 200 mg/kg produced a significant

reduction in fasting blood glucose level in the normal and

streptozotocin induced diabetic rats [66].

Effect on general reproductive performance and

teratology

Effects of hydroalcoholic extract from Lantana

camara var. aculeata leaves on fertility, general

reproductive performance and teratology in the rat were

reported. The data showed that the extract interfered in

the frequency of fetal skeleton anomalies from dams

treated with the extract and induced embryotoxicity as

indicated by post-implantation loss, without any signs of

maternal toxicity [7].

Lanata camara Linn.


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Prickles on Lantana stem

CONCLUSION

Demand to herbal drugs is increasing day by

day. Plants contain number of chemical moieties with

varied pharmacological activities. Many potent and

efficous medicinal principles used for treating dreadful

diseases have been isolated from plant kingdom. So it is

very clear that the study of the medicinal plants is

important to meet the requirements in effective therapy.

Lantana camara is considered as weed used in folk

medicine in many parts of the world. Phytochemical

studies showed that the plant is free from diterpenoids and

rich in essential oils. Monoterpenes, triterpenes, flavones

coumarin, steroids, iridoid glycosides, are reported from

Lantana camara. Triterpenes and flavones are the more

common secondary metabolites in Lantana camara. Most

of the pharmacological studies were preliminary, carried

out in animals and are not sufficient for the development

of a pharmaceutical product. Still, intensive preclinical

and clinical studies are required to evaluate the efficacy

and toxicity of these plant products.

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lantana camara linn: a review

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