• The sourse of modern languages in the:

PROTOThe original form of the language

1)•Indi

an Subcontinent

2) •Europe

“PROTO INDO-EUROPEAN”

LANGUAGE HISTORY

THE GREAT GRAND MOTHER

“INDO-EUROPEAN BRANCHES OF THE LANGUGE TREE”

LANGUAGES HAVE A COMMON ANCESTOR

PROTO INDO.EUROPEAN LANGUAGES

Are related

“COGNATES”

ENGLISHMotherFather

GERMANMutterVater

“COMMON FEATURES”(recrds of another

generations)

SANSKRITPitar

Bhratar

LATINPaterFrater

“COGNATES”

Comparative reconstruction

Cheval(french)

Caballo(spanish)

Cavallo

(italian)

[K]

[s]

The original sound

The majority principle

The most natural

development principle

1)Final vowels often disapear

eg:

2) Unvoiced consonants

become voiced between vowels

eg:

3) Stops become fricatives eg:

• Mube• Mupe *(stream)

• mup• Abadi: b=voiced• Apati : p=unvoiced

• Apat : p=unvoiced

The original sound

•Cantare [k]-stop •Cantar [k] =original sound *(sing)•Chanter[s]=fricative

*(horse)

*(rock)

ENGLISH LANGUAGE HISTORY

OLD ENGLISH7th century to the end of the 11th century

Primary sources: Germanic

language spoken by:

Anglo saxons and Jutes

Basic terms in our

language as:

-mann (man)-wif

(woman)-child (child)

Were converted christinity

LATIN VIKINGS

Old norse

Basics terms in our language

as: -give-low-leg-sky

MIDDLE ENGLISH

FROM 1100 TO 1500

New words:army,court,

tax,Prison,faith, defense

Norman Conquest

1066

French, the language for the upper classes

for 200 years

Anglo Norman Culture

Modern English1500

MODERN ENGLISH1500 to present

Internal changes within the historical devolpment of England.

Vowel sounds have

undergone

Disappeared sounds

Metathesis

Epenthesis

Prothesis

Syntactic change

Lexical changes

•Old English: /hu:s/

•Modern English: /haus/

*/u://au/

•Old English: night [nixt]

•Modern english: Night [nait]

*[x]-> has disappeared

•Old English:Frist

•Modern English:First

•Old English:Aemtig

•Modern englishEmpty

•Old English:

Schola

•Modern english:

Escuela

•Old English / Modern EnglishFrde he / he traveled

Verbo sujeto sujeto verbo

Breadening

narrowing

•O.E / M.EHoly day-> Holiday

• O.E / M.E Hund-> hound

“The process of change”

Social changes

-wars-invations

Depends on the historical

context

Transmitted from

generation to generation

Cultural transmissio

n

LANGUAGE

VARIATION IN LAGNUAGE

Diachronically

Synchronicaly

•Historical perspective of change through time.

•Differences within one language in different places and different groups at the same time.

WAYS OF STUDYING LANGUAGE VARIATION