landscape ecology lecture 14 urban biodiversity in tropical countries

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HADI SUSILO ARIFINBogor Agricultural University (IPB)-Indonesia

[email protected]

NOBUKAZU NAKAGOSHIIDEC - Hiroshima University-Japan

[email protected]

Landscape Ecology and Urban Biodiversity in tropical Countries

Deforestation Rate in Indonesia

3,8 Million ha/year (1 ha/8”)


Doc. Citra

Doc. Citra

Doc. Citra

Doc. Citra


POPULATION OF WORLD’S CITIES

Year 1800 1900 1950 2000 2030

% 3% 14% 30% 47% 60%


Traffics and Air

Pollutant Problem


Jakarta

2-3 February 2007


mailto:[email protected]




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Courtesy of van Noordwijk


Integrate Segregate

Tree cover:

Deforestation,

Reforestation

Less

patchy:

Inte-

grate

More

patchy:

Segre-

gate

More trees

Less trees

Fields,fallow,

forest mosaic

Farm fo-

restry,

agrofo-

rests

100% forest

Fields,

Forests

& Parks

Open field agriculture

Courtesy of van Noordwijk

Structure Function

Change

Landscape

Ecology

Four Basic Concepts in LE

C U L T U R E


Natural ecosystemBasic ecological balancing process

ECOLOGICAL BALANCING PROCESS

Courtesy slide from Ong BL


MAN

Built Environment

Urban Landscape

NATURE

Plants/Animals

Greenery

Natural ProcessesResources

Resources

Pollution

PollutionTechnology

MAN / NATURE

Courtesy slide from Ong BL


Green City image, which is developed by high biodiversity


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• Promotion of Eco-office (7): Reduction of energy use;

Reduction of water use; Reduction of solid wastes; Promotion

of recycling; Green procurement; Conserving water and clean

air; Appropriate control of chemicals

• Promotion of Eco-Project (6): Using e-friendly materials;

Using e-friendly equipment ; Accelerate use of recycled

materials; Green public engineering works; Develop green

technology; Promote greening

• Green City Planning (5): Set green guidelines for public

works; Set green guidelines for housing; Enhance public

transportat-ion; Capacity building; Apply EMS to the whole

city

THREE STEPS TOWARD GREEN CITY


THE TRIANGLE OF THE FORCES

COMMUNITIES

INICIATIVES

CORPORATE

SOCIAL

RESPONSIBILITY

GOVERNMEN

T SUPPORTS

URBAN

BIODIVERSITY


MONSOON &

TROPICAL ASIA

ARIDARID

ARIDARID

ARIDARID

Courtesy of Nakagoshi


Land area 1.3% of total world land,- Indonesia has 17%

of total species in the world – more than 38.000 flora

species - in the fifth rank in the world with 55 %

endemic – MEGA BIODIVERSITY


MEGA DIVERSITY – COUNTRY DATA(RANK IN THE OVERALL NUMBER OF SPECIES PER GROUP OF ORGANISM)

Conti-nent

Country Higher plants

Mam-als

Birds Reptiles Amphi-bia

LAC Brazil 1 1 3 5 2

LAC Colombia 2 4 1 3 1

SEA Indonesia 3 2 5 4 6

SEA China 4 3 8 7 5

LAC Mexico 5 5 10 2 4

SSA South Africa 6 14 11 9 15

LAC Venezuela 7 10 6 13 9

LAC Ecuador 8 13 4 8 3

LAC Peru 9 9 2 12 7

NA USA 10 6 12 16 12

SEA Papua New Guinea 11 15 13 10 10

SA India 12 8 7 6 8

OCE Australia 13 12 14 1 11

SEA Malaysia 14 11 15 14 14

SSA Madagascar 15 17 17 11 13

SSA Dem. Rep. Congo 16 7 9 14 16

SEA Philippines 17 16 16 17 17

So

urc

e: w

ww

.co

nse

rvatio

n.o

rg/w

eb

/fied

act/m

eg

ad

iv/ta

ble

s


Vavilov Centers of Plant Genetic DiversityAreas of High Crop Diversity and Origins of Food Crops,

according to N. Vavilov

8. Central America ... bean, corn, tomato9. Peru-Ecuador-Bolivia ... bean, potato,

squash10. Southern Chile ... potato11. Brazil-Paraguay ... peanut12. North America ... sunflower13. West Africa ... millet, sorghum14. Northern Europe ... oats, rye

Source: http://www.wri.org/sustag/lba-01b.html; Copyright © 1997. World Resources Institute

1. Ethiopia ... barley, coffee, sorghum2. Mediterranean ... oats, olives, wheat3. Asia Minor ... barley, lentil, oats, wheat4. Central Asia ... apple, chickpeas, lentil5. Indo-Burma ... eggplant, rice, yam6. Indo-Malaya ... banana, coconut, sugar

cane7. China ... sorghum, millet, soybean

Source: N. Vavilov, 1949, Chronica Botanica Vol 13. Waltham, Massachusetts, adapted by Reid, Walter and Kenton Miller, 1989. Keeping Options Alive: The Scientific Basis for Conserving Biodiversity. World Resources Institute, Washington DC.

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PROTECTED FLORA & FAUNA

IN INDONESIA

Ministry of Forestry (2007) was declared:

• Fauna: mammalian (70 species), birds (93 species),reptilian (31 species), fish (9 species), insects (20species), anthozoa (1 species), dan bivalvia (14 species)

• Flora : palmae (14 species), rafflessiacea (1 species), orchidaceae (29 species), nephentaceae (1 species), dipterocarpaceae (13 species).

• Endangered Flora –fauna ratified CITESconvention and registered 1.053 species flora and1.384 species fauna into Appendix I and II.


Landscape structure or

pattern can be quantified

at three levels:

Population level

Community level

Landscape level

synonymousLANDSCAPE MANAGEMENT BIODIVERSITY

MANAGEMENT &

ASSESSMENT

Genetic diversity

Species diversity

Habitat diversity

Courtesy of Nakagoshi


THE ROLE OF FOREST/GREEN

SPACE IN CLIMATE CHANGE

• Emission (Source) and Carbon stock (Sink).

• As a sink, it is depended on the deviation between Carbon absorption from the atmosphere and Carbon stock throgh vegetation growth, forestation and Carbon sequestration

• As source, it is depended on the emission from plant respiration, harvesting, deforestation, forest fire and other disturbances which influence to biomass and soil.


CARBON STOCK

• The vegetation and soils in the earth have

stocked ~ 7500 Gton CO2, a double

amount of CO2 in the atmospher.

• The existing Carbon in forest ecosystem ~

4500 Gton CO2


DEFORESTATION EMISSION ~

GREEN HOUSE GASES/GHGS

• Deforestation contributes 18% to global Green House Gases (GHGs) ~ 42 Gton CO2e per annum (WRI, 2000).

• On the other hands, IPCC (2007) notified 17% of otal GHGs global emission came from deforestation.

• 75% of deforestation was held in developing countries.

• Deforestation of 8,22 million ha/year by ten developing countries (FAO, 2005)

• Brazil and Indonesia contribute 3,10 million ha/year and 1,87 million ha/year.


Peningkatan stokcarbon

Restorasi hutan

Pencegahan/Pengurangan Emisi

Pencegahan

/pengurangandeforestasi dandegradasi

hutan

Type of hazards:

• Drought

• Flood

• Dengue

• Forest fire

CLIMATE RISK MAPPING

Peningkatan kapasitas penyerapancarbon (enhancing sink)


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CARBON STOCK ESTIMATION


INCREASING CARBON STOCK

Mitigation for enhancing sink increasing Carbon

sequestration Reforestation as national program:

• Production Forest

• Social Forest

• Community Forest

• Forest Rehabilitation Movement

• 1 ~ 100 Million Trees Planting Movement


FOREST REHABILITATION AND REFORESTATION MOVEMENT 2006-2008

No Project Activity Planting Area (ha) antara 2006-2008

20006 2007 2008

1 Land Rehabilitation 545.868,00 - -

2 GERHAN 48.525,00 339.446,00 78.421,00

3 Social Forest 596,00 - -

4 Community Forest 248.133,00 - -

5 APSI - 52.214,43 -

6 GPTPP - 8.200.63 3.095,76

7 HMPI-BMN - - 60.832,56

Total 843.122,00 399.861,06 142.349,32

Source: Ditjen Rehabilitasi Lahan dan Perhutanan Sosial (2009)


BIODIVERSITY

IN THE CITY LEVEL


No. Study Sites

1 Taman Monas

2 Taman Gunung Agung

3 Taman Surupati

4 Complex Senayan

5 Taman Langsat

6 Taman Cisanggiri

7 Taman Seno

8 Taman Kodok

9 Taman Jalambar Hadiah

10 Srengseng

11 Hutan Kota

Study Sites in Jakarta

Courtesy slide from Nakagoshi N.

Jakarta, Capital of Indonesia

COURTESY SLIDE OF PROF NOBUKAZU NAKAGOSHI


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Parks in Jakarta

Improvement of Ecosystem Function

COURTESY SLIDE OF PROF NOBUKAZU NAKAGOSHI


No Species Origin Remark

1 Swietenea macrophylla Latin America Exotic

2 Pterocarpus indicus Willd. Indonesia Native

3 Mimusops elengi L. Indonesia Native

4 Polyalthya fragrans India Exotic

5 Cerbera manghas L. Indonesia Native

6 Ficus benjamina Indonesia Native

7 Diallium indum Indonesia Native

8 Ryostonia regia Amerika Latin Exotic

9 Polyaltya longifolia India Exotic

10 Bauhinia purpurea Asia Continental Exotic

11 Canarium indicum L. Indonesia, New Guinea Native

12 Tamarindus indica L. Tropical Africa, West Asia Exotic

13 Khaya senegalensis Africa Exotic

14 Ficus lyrata Wareb. Africa Exotic

15 Artocarpus integer (Thunb.)Merr.). Thailand, Malay, Indonesia Native

16 Samanea saman (Jacq.) Merr. Tropical America Exotic

17 Cocos nucifera L. Pantropical Native

18 Areca catechu L. India – Indonesia Native

19 Mangifera indica L. India – Burma Exotic

The most frequent species of road tress

in Jakarta and their origin


DIVERSITY OF LANDUSES IN STUDY SITES OF

CILIWUNG WATERSHED, JAKARTA-BOGOR-PUNCAK

BIOREGION


N

Green

Networks in

Bogor and Its

Vicinity

IPB Forest

FORDA Litbang Hutan

LIPI EcoparkCibinong

Urban Forest

BBG

Halimun Mount

Salak Mount

Pangrango Mount

Gede Mount

Salak Endah

Cilember Forest

Safari Park

Puncak

Sentul City & Pancar Mount


BOGOR & BBG


Oriolus chinensis

Pyvnnotus aurigaster

Ptilinopus melanospila

Copsychus saularis

Orthotomus sepium

Land use diversity ~ bio-diversity


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URBAN DIVERSITY IN SENTUL CITY


Courtesy of

Utama

Reinventing Sentul City, 4 pillars, new development concept

The development of a city needs to focus on the

harmony of nature, to have a conception of nature

so it can minimize the negative side effect caused

by the actual building of its developments.

With its potential by being on the touristic belt

Jakarta-Puncak. Sentul City, supported by its

nature profile and a prime accessibility, will be

an international level tourism destination.

Sentul City strives to be a complete education

place. Not only for formal education, but also for

non-formal education where the public can benefit

from. Offering education facilities ranging from

Play group to College is one of the main

purposes.

Cultural and art aspects is also one of the focal

point in a development of a city. The

completion of Sentul International Convention

Center and Taman Budaya Edutainment

Center is an important milestone in the

development of Sentul City.


Courtesy of

Utama

To strengthen the Eco City and Education City pillars, on July

21st, 2009, Sentul City have signed an MOU with IPB to

cooperate in 4 (four) fields, i.e.:

1. Development of Eco City Concept

2. Developing Green Implementation in Buildings

3. Developing Environment Management Method.

4. Developing IPB Education Facility in Sentul City

IPB – Sentul City Cooperation


Courtesy of

Utama

Preservations, Life style ……………………


Courtesy of

Utama

The Largest Street Garden Map


Courtesy of

Utama

Plants placement & species ~ BIODIVERSITY


Courtesy of

Utama

http://www.cbd.int/2010

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Housing Development with Green Spirit ……………………


Courtesy of

Utama

• The movement of biodiversity conservation and green

city needs community participation.

• International Association for Public Participation (IAPP),

the approach to community through activities: inform,

consult, involve, collaborate and empower.

• Sustainable community development should be

economically productive, environmentally sound,

socially just, culturally vibrant, politically participatory.


COMMUNITY PARTICIPATORY


COMMUNITY PARTICIPATORY


Mean size and mean diversity characteristics of 115

PEKARANGAN in six study sites with different

urbanisation level in Cianjur and Bogor, West Java.

Village urbanisation

level

HG

size

(m2)

Total plant

spp. no. per

HG

No. of

ornament

al spp.

/HG

No. of total

plant

individuals

per 100 m2

No. of

ornamental

individuals/

100 m2

Rural (N = 30) 530 36 (6–82) 14 63 29

Intermediate 1 (N = 21) 380 49 (32–79) 25 72 40

Intermediate 2 (N = 10) 190 32 (7–85) 14 107 59

Intermediate 3 (N = 20) 130 20 (2–53) 11 58 34

Urban 1 (N = 10) 70 34 (18–63) 24 280 233

Urban 2 (N = 24) 90 37 (16–78) 26 240 201

Landscape Ecology and Urban Biodiversity in tropical Countries Landscape Ecology and Urban Biodiversity in tropical Countries

9

Green Environment


CONCLUSIONS

• Urban open space is potential landscape for

biodiversity conservation, which is supported by good

ecological network.

• Native or indigenous species are encouraged for

urban greening programs in order to hold ex-situ

species conservation. As an original habitat, it is then

suitable for native species.

• Good greenspace management contributes to

reducing emissions.


THANK YOUE-mail: [email protected]

Website: http://www.hsarifin.com


http://www.hsarifin.com/

landscape ecology lecture 14 urban biodiversity in tropical countries

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