Social science project work

Land, soil,water,natural vegetation and wildlife

resources

Content Endangered animals

Types of farming Types of soil

Endangered animals

thylacineCommonly known as the Tasmanian tiger, The thylacine was the largest known carnivorous marsupial of the modern times. Virtually wiped out in the wild due to constant hunting (they were thought to be a threat to sheep and other small farm animals) and the encroachment of humans on their already limited habitat . The thylacine was finally recognized as being in danger of becoming extinct in the 1936, too little, too late as that same year. The last thylacine, named Benjamin died on 7 September as the result of neglect-locked out of its sheltered sleeping quarters and exposed to freezing temperatures at night in Hobart zoo, Tasmania. 60 years on there are still claims of sightings but all are yet to be confirmed.

Quagga The quagga was a southern subspecies of the plains zebra. It differed from other zebras mainly in having stripes on the head, neck, and front portions of its body only, and having brownish, rather than white, on its upper parts. The last free quaggas may have been caught in 1870. the last captive quaggas mare , died on 12 august 1883 in Amsterdam zoo, where she had lived since 9 may 1867. it was not released that this quaggas mare was the very last of her kind. Because of the confusion caused by the indiscriminate use of the term “quagga” for any zebra, the true quagga was hunted to extinction without this being realized until many years later. The quagga became extinct because it was ruthlessly hunted down for meat and leather by south African farmers, also they were seen by the settlers as competitors, like other wild grass eating animals, for their livestock, mainly sheep and goat.

Iberian lynx

The Iberian lynx, Lynx perdinus, is a critical endangered species field native to the Iberian peninsula in southern Europe. It is one of the most endangered cat species in the world. According to the conservation group SOS lynx, if this species died out, it would be one of the few feline extinctions since the 10,000 years ago. The species was formerly classified as a subspecies of the Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx), but is now considered a separate species. Both species occurred together in central Europe in the Pleistocene epoch, being separated by habitat choice. The Iberian lynx is believed to have evolved from lynx issiodorensis.

Bubal HartebeestAlthough it once roamed throughout northern African middle east, the deep-rooted mythology(once domesticated by the ancient Egyptians as a food source and for sacrificial purposes ) with surrounded the animal was not enough to save it from European hunters who began hunting them for recreations and meat. People who resided in morocco shot these animals for fun, and for hunting, which wiped large herds of them out. Many Hartebeests were captured and were kept alive but they eventually died out. The last Bubal Hartebeest was probably a female which died in the zoo in 1923.

TYPES OF FARMING

DRY AND IRRIGATED FARMING

Farming in areas where Rainfall is deficient and there is no assured source of artificial irrigation, is referred to as dry farming. On the other hand farming is assured water supply from artificial sources of irrigation is known as irrigated farming. In dry farming the land starved of water is hard or poor in soil fertility where as irrigated farming is easier, more remunerative, flexible and adaptable to changing technology.

MIXED FARMINGMixed farming is the combining of to independent agricultural enterprises on the same farm. A typical case of mixed farming is the combination of crop enterprise with dairy farming or in more general terms, crop cultivation with livestock farming. Mixed farming may be treated as a special case of diversified farming. This particular combination of enterprises, support each other and add to the farmers profitability.

Single crop and multi-crop farmingSingle crop farming is a form of specialized farming. If a farmer specializes in crop enterprise it left to him to produce a single crop or a multiplicity of crops. In practice, it may happen that a farmer seldom produces a single crop except in the case of cash crops such as sugarcane, etc. even if a farmer wishes to specialise in crop cultivation, he will often choose more than one crop to safeguard against market uncertainties and also to ensure optimum utilisation of his resources. It may therefore, be observed that neither a single crop nor a multiplicity of crops good be desirable proposition.

Diversified farming When a farmer is a is engaged in a multitude of farm enterprises, it is referred to as diversified farming. If a large number of crop enterprises, with or without a number of non crop enterprises is run by a single farmer, it is referred to as diversified farming. Raising of five or six crops make it diversified. The motive behind diversified farming is self sufficiency.

Types of soil

Red soilRed soil more sand than clay and do not retain moisture. Red soils form from the weathering of old crystalline rocks and this soil is slightly acidic. Like alluvium and verticals, red soils are poor in phosphorous and nitrogen. Red soils are also low in lime but have iron and a small amount of humus. Farmers grow groundnut, millet, potatoes, rice, sugarcane tobacco and wheat in red soil.

Laterite soil Laterite soils are formed when temperatures are high and there are wet and dry periods with high rainfall during the wet periods that leaches silica, but leaves iron and aluminum oxides behind, which is known as laterite, according to WiZiO. When exposed to air brown yellowish soils becomes hard, making it’s a hard building material. Cashew, coconut, rubber and tea trees grow in the soil, which is rich in iron and poor in lime, magnesium and potash.

Mountain soilMountain soils are, mainly found In hill slopes and are formed by the depositions organic matter wood and forests and lands. Mountain soils are generally located in the dry and cold districts like ladakh, lahaule and spite district kinnaur district etc. mountains are mostly found in the Himalaya regions Sikkim , Assam ,arunachal Pradesh and Kashmir and also in the peninsula, and eastern Ghats and the summits of sahyadris. There is a huge variety of soils in the Himalaya mountains ranges and the mountain soils are one among such diverse varieties.

Alluvial soilThe alluvial soils occupy about 15 lakhs sq.km of area stretching from the river Sutlej in the west to the Brahmaputra valley in the east.This also occurs in the valleys of Narmada and tapi in Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat; Mahanadi in the Chhattisgarh and Orissa; Godavari in Andrapradesh; then Krishna in Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh and kaveri in Tamil nadu. Along the coast of Kerala these are called coastal alluvium and in the deltas of the Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna and kaveri as deltaic alluvium. These soils are mainly derived from the debris brought down from the Himalayas or from the silt left out by the retreating sea. there colour vararies from light grey to ash grey and the texture in the sandy to silty loam.

Thank you

Made by:- (1) Kamal (2)Rishabh

(3)Sitesh