the impact of land use change on the carbon stocks associated with soil and vegetation in south...
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8/8/2019 The Impact of Land Use Change on the Carbon Stocks Associated with Soil and Vegetation in South Korea
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-impact-of-land-use-change-on-the-carbon-stocks-associated-with-soil-and 1/28
0<3<'3<'35
Roe nh|cmr fj icgb u}e mocgke fg roeRoe nh|cmr fj icgb u}e mocgke fg roe
mcp`fg }rfma} c}}fmncreb {nro }fni cgbmcp`fg }rfma} c}}fmncreb {nro }fni cgbzekercrnfg ngzekercrnfg ng ]furo]furo AfpecAfpec
Mocg \CPA$) BfgkAug IEE$) H~ugkA~ffg IEE$$
$]efui Gcrnfgci Ugnzep}nr~) $$Aenh~ugk Ugnzep}nr~
Emfgfhnm} fj Minhcre Mocgke cgb If{ Mcp`fgKpf{ro ]rpcrekne} ng Gfproec}r C}ncPe|u`inm fj Afpec„} 0gb GCRNFGCI [FPA]OF\35 Fmrf`ep 0<3<Kpcgb Ch`c}}cbfp ]efui) ]efui) Afpec
3
8/8/2019 The Impact of Land Use Change on the Carbon Stocks Associated with Soil and Vegetation in South Korea
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Ngrpfbumrnfg
0
8/8/2019 The Impact of Land Use Change on the Carbon Stocks Associated with Soil and Vegetation in South Korea
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@cmakpfugb * F`demrnze}
]hnro er ci'/0<<?.
Ngrpfbumrnfg
Icgb”u}e mocgke}/IUM}. cjjemr gfr fgi~ kpeegofu}e kc} ehn}}nfg} `ur
ci}f roe mcp`fg }rfma} c}}fmncreb { nro }fni cgb zekercrnfg
Nr n} nh|fprcgr rf cmmfugr jfp roe b~gchnm} fj IUM ng mcp`fg }rfma
mocgke hfbeingk
Mfugrpne} hc~ mocpke mcp`fg u|rcae rf roe Icgb U}e) Icgb U}e Mocgke
cgb Jfpe}rp~ /IUIUMJ. }emrfp c} mcp`fg mpebnr}
Ng }|nre fj cg ngmpec}e ng crregrnfg
rf mcp`fg(}nga hcgckehegr ng
minhcre mocgke gekfrncrnfg} cgb ng
cmcbehnm }rubne}) roe pfie fj jurupe
IUM ng mcp`fg }rfma} n} ugmeprcng ng
]furo Afpec
E}rnhcrngk roe ejjemr} fj IUM fg
mcp`fg }rfma} ng ]furo Afpec
`er{eeg roe ~ecp} fj 0<<5 cgb 0<=<=
8/8/2019 The Impact of Land Use Change on the Carbon Stocks Associated with Soil and Vegetation in South Korea
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]mf|eNgrpfbumrnfg
Tceoie er ci') 0<<;
]nhuicreb icgb”crhf}|oepe M
jiux /G@E. pe}uir} jpfh roe
bnjjepegme ̀ er{eeg reppe}rpnci
ger |pnhcp~ |pfbumrnfg /G\\.)cgb M peiec}e} jpfh
oerepfrpf|onm pe}|npcrnfg /Po.)
`nfhc}} ̀ upgngk) if}}e} jpfh
icgb(u}e mfgzep}nfg}) cgb
ouhcg c||pf|pncrnfg fj
`nfhc}} bue rf mfh`ngeb
ejjemr} fj minhcre zcpnc`ninr~)
minhcre mocgke) ngmpec}ngk
crhf}|oepnm QMF0X) cgb icgb(
u}e mocgke}
Jfmu}ngk 4 ejjemr fj icgb(u}e mocgke fg mcp`fg }rfma}
2
8/8/2019 The Impact of Land Use Change on the Carbon Stocks Associated with Soil and Vegetation in South Korea
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Herofbfifk~
5
8/8/2019 The Impact of Land Use Change on the Carbon Stocks Associated with Soil and Vegetation in South Korea
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-impact-of-land-use-change-on-the-carbon-stocks-associated-with-soil-and 6/28
Fzepzne{Herofbfifk~
Icgb(u}e mocgke }megcpnf}
Ex|epr Pezne{
Icgb(u}e mocgke hfbeingk
Icgb mocgke hfbeiep
Icgb(u}e mocgke}
0<<5 z} 0<=<
Mcp`fg }rfma mocgke}
Zekercrnfg/@nfhc}}.) ]fni
:
8/8/2019 The Impact of Land Use Change on the Carbon Stocks Associated with Soil and Vegetation in South Korea
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IUM }megcpnf
Roe IUM }megcpnf} u}eb ng ron} }rub~ cpe
`c}eb fg roe jfup N\MM ]PE] }megcpnf}
@c}eb fg roe }fmnci emfgfhnm
c}}uh|rnfg} c}}fmncreb {nro roe ]PE]
}rfp~inge}) {e hfbnjneb cgb
mfh|iehegreb fup IUM} }megcpnf}
cmmfpbngk rf }fmnf(emfgfhnm mfgbnrnfg}
ng ]furo Afpec
[e pemenzeb mfhhegr} jpfh ex|epr}
ngmiubngk ngbnznbuci} {of ocb rcaeg |cpr
ng c }rub~ fg minhcre mocgke /r{f
emfgfhn}r}) r{f ex|epr} fg icgb(u}e
|finm~) cgb cg ex|epr fg IUM hfbeingk.
Herofbfifk~
Herofb} jfp Bezeif|ngk ]megcpnf}
;
8/8/2019 The Impact of Land Use Change on the Carbon Stocks Associated with Soil and Vegetation in South Korea
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IUM }megcpnfHerofbfifk~
]rfp~inge
]megcpnf} ]rfp~inge}
C3 ]megcpnf
( Mpf|icgb cgb jfpe}r cpe hf}r inaei~ rf `e up`cgnteb( Pekuicrnfg} |pfremrngk kpeeg`eir cpec} cpe injreb rf cmmfhhfbcre emfgfh nm
kpf{ro cgb roe ex|cg}nfg fj |pnzcre |pf|epr~( Roe mfgrpfi fj mpf|icgb bezeif|hegr n} peicxeb bue rf roe nh|pfzehegr} ng
ckpnmuirupci |pfbumrnznr~
C0 ]megcpnf
( Up`cgntcrnfg |pfk pe}}e} cr roe }che iezei( Kpc}}icgb cgb jfpe}r cpe hfpe inaei~ rf mocgke ngrf mpf|icgb /jffb }emu pnr~.( Jfpe}r cpec bempec}e c} roe~ mocgke ngrf kpc}}icgb) up`cg cpec) cgb mpf|icgb( Kpeeg`eir cgb ckpnmuirupci bezeif|hegr peknfg} cpe ae|r cr |pe}egr iezei
@3 ]megcpnf
( Up`cgntcrnfg |pfkpe}}e} cr c if{ ep iezei( Hfpe mpf|icgb cgb kpc}}icgb cpec} cpe mocgkeb ngrf jfpe}r /C& P MBH.( Kpc}}icgb cgb jfpe}r cpec} cpe mocgkeb ngrf mpf|icgb /`nf(egepk~.( Bezeif|heg r mfgrpfi} |pe}epzeb kpeeg`eir) cgb mpf|icgb cpec} cpe ae|r
cr |pe}egr iezei
@0 ]megcpnf( Roepe n} inrrie ge{ up`cgntcrnfg( Icgb(u}e mocgke} ngrf jfpe}r fmmup hcngi~ fg hcpkngci mpf|icgb cpec}( Bezeif|hegr pekuicrnfg jfp |pfremrngk mpf|icgb cpec} cpe ae|r /jffb }emupnr~.
?
8/8/2019 The Impact of Land Use Change on the Carbon Stocks Associated with Soil and Vegetation in South Korea
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IUM Hfbeingk
[e u}eb Icgb Mocgke Hfbeiep /IMH. mfh|fgegr fj roe NBPN]N 35'<
[e e}rc`in}oeb Icgb(u}e rpcg}nrnfg |pf`c`ninrne} `~ cgci~tngk
mfppeicrnfg} `er{eeg |c}r icgb u}cke cgb }u}|emreb bpnzngk jcmrfp}
[e |pebnmreb jurupe icgb(u}e mocgke} `~ c||i~ngk roe}e jcmrfp} rf
exn}rngk icgb(u}e |crrepg}
[e ci}f u}eb roe huirnic~ep |epme|rpfg /HI\. geupci ger{fpa herofb
rf kegepcre icgb(u}e rpcg}nrnfg |pf`c`ninrne}
Roe}e rpcg}nrnfg puie} {epe uirnhcrei~ c||ineb rf exn}rngk icgb(u}e
|crrepg} `~ eh|if~ngk c meiiuicp curfhcrfg remognsue
Ron} herofb fj IUM hfbeingk ocb behfg}rpcreb c kffb |epjfphcgme ng
|peznfu} peknfgci }rubne} fj ]furo Afpec
Herofbfifk~
Herofb} jfp IUM hfbeingk
>
8/8/2019 The Impact of Land Use Change on the Carbon Stocks Associated with Soil and Vegetation in South Korea
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IUM Hfbeingk
Kpf}} Peknfgci Bfhe}rnm \pfbumr /KPB\.
]megcpnf(}|emnjnm |f|uicrnfg
Rf|fkpc|onm eiezcrnfg) }if|e) bn}rcgme jpfh pfcb}) cgb bn}rcgme jpfh
`unir(u| cpec}
Kpeeg`eir}) gcrnfgci |cpa}) roe Behninrcpnteb Tfge) roe `ceabubcekcg)
{ericgb}) mfg}epzcrnfg jfpe}r}) {crepjpfgr}) ckpnmuirupci bezeif|hegr
peknfg}) jfpe}r pe}fupme mfg}epzcrnfg cpec}) {crep }fupme mfg}epzcrnfg
cpec}) cgb { nib cgnhci cgb |icgr |pfremrnfg cpec}
Herofbfifk~
Bpnzngk Jcmrfp}
Mfg}rpcngeb Jcmrfp}
3<
8/8/2019 The Impact of Land Use Change on the Carbon Stocks Associated with Soil and Vegetation in South Korea
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Mcp`fg }rfma mocgke}Herofbfifk~
]nga cgb ]fupme
]fupme]fupme Bejfpe}rcrnfg) Bemfh|f}nrnfg
]nga& ]fupme]nga& ]fupme Ger mocgke ng }fni mcp`fg }rfma}
]nga]nga ]reh zfiuhe ngmpehegr) Cjjfpe}rcrnfg
33
8/8/2019 The Impact of Land Use Change on the Carbon Stocks Associated with Soil and Vegetation in South Korea
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Mcp`fg }rfma mocgke}
Mocgke} ng mcp`fg }rfma { epe mcimuicreb `~ mfg}nbepngk roe mocgke} ng
`fro roe `nfhc}} c}}fmncreb { nro jfpe}r zekercrnfg cgb mcp`fg ng roe
}fni
[onie `fro cpe cjjemreb `~ IUM) roe jfphep cpe ci}f cjjemreb `~ gcrupci
kpf{ro
Herofbfifk~
Mcimuicrnfg herofb}
]fni }rfma mocgke 8 }fni mcp`fg }rfma /0<<5. ” }fni mcp`fg }fma /0<=<.
@nfhc}} }rfma mocgke 8 }reh zfiuhe ngmpehegr ! cjjfpe}rcrnfg
” bejfpe}rcrnfg ” bemfh|f}nrnfg fj inrrep
]rfma mocgke 8 }fni }rfma mocgke ! `nfhc}} }rfma mocgke
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8/8/2019 The Impact of Land Use Change on the Carbon Stocks Associated with Soil and Vegetation in South Korea
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Mcp`fg }rfma mocgke}Herofbfifk~
Mcimuicrnfg herofb}
Cgguc i kpf{ro pcre fj } reh zfiuhe /AJPN ) 0<<:.
/㎥ & oc.Mfgnjepfu}
jfpe}rBemnbufu}
jfpe}rHnxeb jfpe}r
Cgguci kpf{ro pcre fj ]reh zfiuhe 5':? ='25 2'5:
Mfej jn mnegr jfp mcp`fg }rfma mcimu icrnfg `~ zekercr nfg r~|e /AJPN) 0<<:.
]reh Beg}nr~ /rfg&㎥.@nfhc}} Ex|cg}nfg
JcmrfpMcp`fg Jpcmrnfg fj
@nfhc}}
Mfgnjepfu} jfpe}r <'2; 3':53 <'5
Bemnbufu} jfpe}r <'?< 3';0< <'5
Hnxeb jfpe}r <':=5 3':?5 <'5
3=
8/8/2019 The Impact of Land Use Change on the Carbon Stocks Associated with Soil and Vegetation in South Korea
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Mcp`fg }rfma mocgke}
Rf e}rnhcre mcp`fg cmmuhuicrnfg ng }fni) roe herofb} fj Iee er ci' /0<<3.
{epe eh|if~eb {nro bn}rngmrnfg} bpc{g chfgk jfup r~|e} fj icgb u}e
Herofbfifk~
Mcimuicrnfg herofb}
]f ni mcp`fg } rfma `~ icgb u}e r~|e /Iee e r ci') 0<<3.
Jfpe}r \cbb~ jneib U|icgb jneib Kpc}}icgb Froep
]fni mcp`fg/Mr& oc. :;'> :<'5 25'> 25'> 33'5
@ejfpe Mfgnjepfu} jfpe}r Bemnbufu} jfpe}r Hnxeb jfpe}r
Cjrep Mpf| Kpc}} Froep Mpf| Kpc}} Froep Mpf| Kpc}} Froep
@nfhc}} mocgke /& oc. (=2 (23 (2> (;2 (;> (?> (5= (5? (:?
[oeg roe jfpe}r {c} mfgzepreb rf froep icgb u}e}) {e c}}uheb rocr
zekercrnfg { nii mfh|ierei~ bejfpe}reb cgb :<% fj inzngk `nfhc}} inae
inrrep cgb pffr} {nii bemc~'
Cmmuhuicreb bempec}e ng `pcgmoe} cgb pffr} mcp`fg }rfma} /Iee er ci') 0<<3.
32
8/8/2019 The Impact of Land Use Change on the Carbon Stocks Associated with Soil and Vegetation in South Korea
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Pe}uir
35
8/8/2019 The Impact of Land Use Change on the Carbon Stocks Associated with Soil and Vegetation in South Korea
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8/8/2019 The Impact of Land Use Change on the Carbon Stocks Associated with Soil and Vegetation in South Korea
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IUM pe}uir}Pe}uir
C3 C0 @3 @03>>>
/C3. Up`cgntcrnfg fmmup} |pnhcpn i~ fg if{) jicr icgb) fmmc}nfgcii~ pe|icmngk
ckpnmuirupe' Cipecb~(up`cgnteb cpec} cr roe fur}anpr} fj ]efui cgb froep hcdfp
herpf|fi nrcg cpec} cpe e}|emncii~ }u}me|rn`ie rf up`cgntcrnfg
/C0. Bezeif|hegr regb} rf fmmup ng roe }u`up`}
/@3. Je{ ep mpf|icgb cpec} gecp ]efui cpe up`cgnteb) cgb up`cgntcrnfg jfmu}e} fghcdfp mnrne} ropfukofur roe mfugrp~
/@0. Up`cgntcrnfg exregb} jpfh `fro icpke mnrne} cgb }hcii rf{g}) {onie
up`cgntcrnfg ng hfpe pupci cpec} regb} rf mocgke ngrf mpf|icgb fp jfpe}r
3;
8/8/2019 The Impact of Land Use Change on the Carbon Stocks Associated with Soil and Vegetation in South Korea
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Mcp`fg }rfma} mocgkePe}uir
Cmmuhuicreb mcp`fg }rfma ng i nzngk `nfhc}} ng jfpe}r icgb pehcng ngk jfpe}r icgb /0<<:w0<=<.
Mfgnjepfu}
jfpe}r
Bemnbufu}
jfpe}rHnxeb jfpe}r Rfrci
C3 Cpec /3<<< oc. 0)50; 3):3? 3)55= 5);<<
]reh zfiuhe ngmpehegr /3<<< ㎥. =5?)>;= 3=>):<? 3;;)303 :;5);<0
Cmmuhuicreb mcp`fg }rfma /3<<< RM. 3=>)0>= >:)<:3 >2)>05 ==<)0;>
C0 Cpec /3<<< oc. 0)5:= 3):0> 3)5;0 5);:2
]reh zfiuhe ngmpehegr /3<<< ㎥. =:=)><3 32<)55: 3;>)0;? :?=);=5
Cmmuhuicreb mcp`fg }rfma /3<<< RM. 323)0<5 >:);32 >:)<?3 ==2)<<<
@3 Cpec /3<<< oc. 0)52= 3):0> 3)5:3 5);=2
]reh zfiuhe ngmpehegr /3<<< ㎥. =:3)02< 32<)5=3 3;;)>25 :;>);3:
Cmmuhuicreb mcp`fg }rfma /3<<< RM. 32<)3;= >:):>; >5)=:: ==0)0=:
@0 Cpec /3<<< oc. 0)5>0 3):=> 3)5?: 5)?3?
]reh zfiuhe ngmpehegr /3<<< ㎥. =:?)3=> 323)=50 3?<)?5> :><)=5<
Cmmuhuicreb mcp`fg }rfma /3<<< RM. 320)?5< >;)0:3 >:)>0? ==;)<=>
Mcp`fg }rfma ng inzngk `nfhc}}
\pebnmreb ngmpec}e} ng `nfhc}} cgb mcp`fg cmmuhuicrnfg bue rf rpee
kpf{ro ng jfpe}r) {onmo pehcng} c} c jfpe}r cpec) cpe }of{g c} `eif{
==;'< HrM n} |pebnmreb rf cmmuhuicre ng roe jfpe}r) {onmo pehcng} c} c
jfpe}r cpec) jpfh 0<<5 rf 0<=< ng @0 }megcpnf
3?
8/8/2019 The Impact of Land Use Change on the Carbon Stocks Associated with Soil and Vegetation in South Korea
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Mcp`fg }rfma} mocgkePe}uir
Mcp`fg }rfma ng inzngk `nfhc}}
Ng cii roe IUM }megcpnf}) mfgnjepfu} jfpe}r} cmmuhuicre c icpke chfugr
fj mcp`fg c} c pe}uir fj `fro rpee kpf{ro cgb kefkpc|onm ex|cg}nfg
Of{ezep) bemnbufu} rpee} cpe hfpe ejjemrnze ng pebumngk mcp`fg
Roe chfugr fj cmmuhuicreb mcp`fg }rfma} `~ cjjfpe}rcrnfg fzep 05
~ecp} mfuib `e mcimuicreb c} }of{ g c} `eif{
Mcp`fg }rfma `~ cjjfpe}rcrnfg} n} icpke}r ng @3 }megcpnf bue rf icgb
mfgzep}nfg rf jfpe}r {c} bfge hcngi~ ng roe @3 }megcpnf
Cmmuhuicreb mcp`fg }rfma ng i nz ngk `nfhc}} ng icgb mfgzepreb rf jfpe}r icgb/0<<:w0<=<.
C3 /3<<< RM. @3 /3<<< RM. @3 /3<<< RM. @0 /3<<< RM.
Cmmuhuicreb mcp`fg }rfma 00)25< 0?);?; =0)52? =3)53>3>
8/8/2019 The Impact of Land Use Change on the Carbon Stocks Associated with Soil and Vegetation in South Korea
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Mcp`fg }rfma} mocgkePe}uir
Cmmuhuicreb bempec}e ng inzngk `nfhc}}
Mcp`fg ehn}}nfg} pe}uirngk jpfh mfhhepmnci murrngk cpe kpecre}r ng C3
Ng roe mc}e fj }megcpnf @3) mcp`fg ehn}}nfg n} peicrnzei~ onkoep rocg
}megcpnf C0 cgb @0 } ngme roe~ ocze icpkep rpcg}nrnfg cpec fj jfpe}r icgb'
Cmmuhuicreb bempec}e ng mcp`fg }rfma} ng i nzngk `nfhc}} bue rf bejfpe}rcrnfg/0<<:w0<=<.
Mfgnjepfu} jfpe}r Bemnbufu} jfpe}r Hnxeb jfpe}r RfrciC3 Bejfpe}rcrnfg cpec /3<<<oc. =<= ?0 30> 532
]reh zfiuhe ngmpehegr /3<<<㎥. 03)5=; =)55< ;)=:; =0)252
Cmmuhuicreb ]reh zfiuhe /3<<<㎥. 22);5< 3<)352 3>)3=; ;2)<23
Bempec}e ng mcp`fg }rfma /3<<< RM. 3;)=:5 :)>?; 3<)05: =2):<?
C0 Bejfpe}rcrnfg cpec /3<<<oc. 0:? ;3 33< 22>
]reh zfiuhe ngmpehegr /3<<<㎥. 3>)<;= =)<;: :)0?? 0?)2=;
Cmmuhuicreb ]reh zfiuhe /3<<<㎥. =>):=< ?);>? 3:)==5 :2);:=
Bempec}e ng mcp`fg }rfma /3<<< RM. 35)=;? :)<52 ?);52 =<)3?:
@3 Bejfpe}rcrnfg cpec /3<<<oc. 0?; ;0 300 2?3
]reh zfiuhe ngmpehegr /3<<<㎥. 0<)2<2 =)<?? :)>55 =<)22;
Cmmuhuicreb ]reh zfiuhe /3<<<㎥. 20)=>5 ?)?== 3?)<:; :>)0>5
Bempec}e ng mcp`fg }rfma /3<<< RM. 3:)253 :)<;? >):?0 =0)033
@0 Bejfpe}rcrnfg cpec /3<<<oc. 0=> :0 >; =>?
]reh zfiuhe ngmpehegr /3<<<㎥. 3:)>55 0):;? 5)2>? 05)3=3
Cmmuhuicreb ]reh zfiuhe /3<<<㎥. =5)00? ;)::< 32)0?0 5;)3;<
Bempec}e ng mcp`fg }rfma /3<<< RM. 3=):;< 5)0;3 ;):52 0:)5>5
0<
8/8/2019 The Impact of Land Use Change on the Carbon Stocks Associated with Soil and Vegetation in South Korea
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Mcp`fg }rfma} mocgkePe}uir
]megcpnf C3 }of{ eb roe onkoe}r mcp`fg bnfxnbe }fupme ng inzngk `nfhc}}
inae `pcgmoe} cgb pffr}
Cmmuhuicreb bempec}e ng `pcgmoe} cgb pffr} mcp`fg }rfma} /0<<:w0<=<.
Jpfh RfC3
/3<<< RM.
C0
/3<<< RM.
@3
/3<<< RM.
@0
/3<<< RM.
Mfgnjepfu} jfpe}r
Mpf|icgb 3);5= 3)520 3)>?; 3);>0
Kpc}}icgb ><5 ?35 =0= 2;3
Froep} ?5< ;52 >;5 =:2
Bemnbufu} jfpe}r
Mpf|icgb ><5 ;;3 ?>0 >3;
Kpc}}icgb 5:= 5=3 0<2 =0;
Froep} 2;: =;> :<? 3??
Hnxeb jfpe}r
Mpf|icgb 3)<=; ??: 3)00= 3)<50
Kpc}}icgb :3; 5:0 0=; ==?
Froep} 5?= 25: :20 003
Rfrci ;):?> :):>2 ;)<>0 5):;<
Cmmuhuicreb bempec}e ng `pcgmoe} cgb pffr}
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Mcp`fg }rfma} mocgkePe}uir
]fni mcp`fg {c} roe onkoe}r ng }megcpnf @0 cgb if{e}r ng }megcpnf C3
Ger mocgke ng }fni mcp`fg }rfma}
Ger mocgke ng }fn i mcp`fg }rfma} `er{eeg 0<<5 cgb 0<=<
Icgb U}eCpec /0<<5.
/3<<< oc.
Cpec /0<=<.
/3<<< oc.
Mcp`fg ]rfma
/0<<5. /3<<< RM.
Mcp`fg ]rfma
/0<=<. /3<<< RM.
Ger Mocgke
/3<<< RM.
C3
]megcpnf
\cbb~ jneib 3)250 3)30; ?;)?:; :?)3>0 (3>):;5
U|icgb jneib 3)3<? ?:< 5<)?53 =>)2:5 (33)=?:
Jfpe}r :)035 :)53; 200)<32 220)2?< 0<)2::
Kpc}}icgb 3?; 2<5 ?)5?? 3?):30 3<)<02
Froep} 3)<:0 3)335 30)0<> 30)?02 :35
Rfrci 5?3)5;= 22
C0
]megcpnf
\cbb~ jneib 3)250 3)30; ?;)?:; :?)3>= (3>):;5
U|icgb jneib 3)3<? ?:< 5<)?53 =>)2:5 (33)=?:
Jfpe}r :)035 :)?3< 200)<32 2:0)=?> 2<)=;5
Kpc}}icgb 3?; 0>0 ?)5?? 3=)=>= 2)?<2
Froep} 3)<:0 >=: 30)0<> 3<);5> (3)22>
Rfrci 5>2)3>> 30)::>
@3
]megcpnf
\cbb~ jneib 3)250 3)3:; ?;)?:; ;<):<> (3;)05?
U|icgb jneib 3)3<? ?>< 5<)?53 2<)?:= (>)>??
Jfpe}r :)035 :)>3: 200)<32 2:>)5;< 2;)55:
Kpc}}icgb 3?; 0<; ?)5?? >)5<3 >3=Froep} 3)<:0 ?22 30)0<> >);<? (0)5<<
Rfrci :<<)053 3?);0=
@0
]megcpnf
\cbb~ jneib 3)250 3)0=3 ?;)?:; ;2)2?; (3=)=?3
U|icgb jneib 3)3<? >=> 5<)?53 2=)3<; (;);22
Jfpe}r :)035 :)>:0 200)<32 2;0);32 5<);<3
Kpc}}icgb 3?; 3?? ?)5?? ?):=5 2;
Froep} 3)<:0 ;<2 30)0<> ?)<>2 (2)335
Rfrci :<;)<=; 05)5<?00
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Mcp`fg }rfma} mocgkePe}uir
]uhhcp~
Roe pe}uir} fj roe mcp`fg }rfma mocgke {epe }rpfgki~ ngjiuegmeb `~ roe
mfgzep}nfg pcre fj c`cgbfgeb ckpnmuirupci cpec} rf jfpe}r
]uhhcp~ fj cmmuhuicreb mcp`fg }rfma mocgke ng roe jfup }megcpnf} /0<<:w0<=<.'
C3 0<=<
/3<<< RM.
C0 0<=<
/3<<< RM.
@3 0<=<
/3<<< RM.
@0 0<=<
/3<<< RM.
Zekercrnfg
]reh zfiuhe ngmpehegr ==<)0;> ==2)<<< ==0)0=: ==;)<=>
Cjjfpe}rcrnfg⑬ 00)25< 0?);?; =0)033 0:)5>5
Bejfpe}rcrnfg④ (=2):<; (=<)3?: (=0)52? (=3)53>
Inrrep① (;):?> (:):>2 (;)<>0 (5):;<
]fni ]fni Mcp`fg ]rfma⑭ 22 30)::> 3?);0= 05)5<?
Bnpemr mcp`fg if}} bue rf IUM /④!①!⑭. (20)050 (02)033 (0<)>3; (33):?3
Ger mocgke fj Mcp`fg }rfma bue rf IUM /⑬!④!①!⑭. (3>)?<0 2)5;: 33)0>2 32)>32
Rfrci cmmuhuicreb mcp`fg }rfma
/czepcke cgguci ngmpehegr ng mcp`fg }rfma.
=3<)2;;
/30)23>.
==?)5;:
/3=)52=.
=2=)5=<
/3=);23.
=53)>5=
/32)<;?.0=
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Mcp`fg }rfma} mocgkePe}uir
Ej jemr f j IUM fg mcp`fg } rfma cgb emfgfhnm zciue
/hniinfg} fj bfiicp}& ~p. C3 C0 @3 @0
Bnpemr ejjemr fj IUM (3> 2 33 32
Ger mocgke fj Mcp`fg }rfma 0:> 0?> 0>3 =<2
Mcp`fg pebumrnfg} c}}fmncreb {nro roe @0 }megcpnf mcg `e esucreb { nro
cg emfgfhnm kcng fj ?05 hniinfg rocg C3 fzep 05 ~ecp}
Rcangk ngrf cmmfugr }fmnci cgb emfgfhnmci mfg}rpcngr}) of{ezep) c
}hciiep chfugr fj M }esue}rpcrnfg { nii hfpe inaei~ rf fmmup
Cmmfpbngk rf roe pe|fpr ̀ ~ roe Hngn}rp~ fj Mfhhepme) Ngbu}rp~) cgb
Egepk~ /3>?>.) cg cjjfpe}rcrnfg |pfkpch n} `emfhngk hfpe crrpcmrnze
hnrnkcrnfg f|rnfg rf bemn}nfg hcaep}
Emfgfhnm zciue
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Mfgmiu}nfg
05
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]uhhcp~ * Pehcpa}Mfgmiu}nfg
Ron} }rub~ oc} behfg}rpcreb roe nh|fprcgme fj IUM c} c hcdfp jcmrfp)
cjjemrngk `fro mcp`fg }fupme} cgb mcp`fg }nga}
@c}eb fg IUM |pfdemrnfg}) {e cgrnmn|creb mcp`fg pebumrnfg iezei} fj
30'5 HrM cgb 32'3 HrM) ecmo ~ecp jfp }fni cgb zekercrnfg
Roe @3 }megcpnf }eeh} rf `e roe hf}r }unrc`ie jfp roe jurupe if{ (mcp`fg
}fmner~ /IM]. nhcke}) }ngme nr oc} roe onkoe}r mcp`fg pebumrnfg'
Roe onko peiec}e fj mcp`fg c}}fmncreb { nro bejfpe}rcrnfg fj fib(kpf{ro
jfpe}r cgb roe |fregrnci jfp mcp`fg }esue}rpcrnfg c}}fmncreb { nro
mpf|icgb c`cgbfghegr
Ng icgb(u}e |finm~) nr n} geme}}cp~ rf `peca fur exn}rngk |cpcbnkh}
\finm~ }ofuib `e }onjreb jpfh roe ex|cg}nfg fj up`cg cpec} jfp roe
emfgfhnm kpf{ro rf nh|pfzehegr fj czcnic`ie icgb ropfuko pege{ci fj exn}rngk up`cg cpec} cgb ngmpec}e }|crnci ejjnmnegm~
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Cog ] /0<<5. Cg Emfgfherpnm Cgci~}n} fg roe Mf}r} fj Mcp`fg
]esue}rpcrnfg ng Afpec' Afpec Egznpfghegr Ng}rnrure'
Ngrepkfzepghegrci \cgei fg Minhcre Mocgke /0<<;. N\MM Jfupro
C}}e}}hegr Pe|fpr4 Minhcre Mocgke'
Afpec Jfpe}r Pe}ecpmo Ng}rnrure /3>>:. Afpecg |ef|ie cgb Mcp`fg
bnfxnbe) 30:'
Afpec Jfpe}r Pe}ecpmo Ng}rnrure /0<<:. Bezeif|hegr fj KOK} Ehn}}nfg
Ngzegrfp~ ]~}reh jfp minhcre mocgke mfgzegrnfg'
Iee B) \cpa M /0<<>. Roe Cgci~}n} fj \fregrnci Pebumrnfg fj MF0
Ehn}}nfg ng ]fni cgb Zekercrnfg' Dfupgci fj Roe Afpecg ]fmner~ fj
Egznpfghegrci Pe}rfpcrnfg Remogfifk~' 30/0.4 >5(3<5'
Iee A) ]fg ^) Anh ^ /0<<3. Kpeegofu}e Kc} Ngzegrfp~ ng Icgb(U}e
Mocgke cgb Jfpe}rp~ ng Afpec) Dfupgci fj Jfpe}r Egepk~' 0</3."J5=(:3'
]hnro \) Jcgk M) Bc{}fg DDM) Hfgmpnejj D@ /0<<?. N h|cmr fj Kif`ci
[cphngk fg ]fni Fpkcgnm Mcp`fg) Cbzcgme} ng Ckpfgfh~) >;4 3(2='
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