labview based rcs measurement system

1

EE 492 PROJECT

LABVIEW BASED

RCS MEASUREMENT SYSTEM

SUBMITTED BY:

İsmail YILDIZ – Göksenin BOZDAĞ

SUPERVISOR:

Asst. Prof. Dr. A.Sevinç AYDINLIK BECHTELER

Spring, 2010 – 2011

2

CONTENTS

ABSTRACT…………………………………………………………………………………....................... 3

A)INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………………………………………….. 4

1.RADAR CROSS SECTION……………………………………………………..……………………… 5

2.RCS OF SIMPLE OBJECTS…………………………………………………………………………….. 5

B)MEASUREMENT SYSTEM………………………………………………………………………………. 7

1.SETTING UP HARDWARE & REFERANCE OBJECTS……………………………………….. 10

2.BUILDING VIS.……………………………………………………………………………………………. 12

A)NETWORK ANALYZER SUB VIs………………………………………………………………. 12

B)TURN TABLE SUB VIs…………………………………………………………………………… 16

C)MEASURUMENTS…………………………………………………………………………………………. 19

1.CALIBRATION OF NETWORK ANALYZER……………………………………………………… 19

2.CALCULATION OF RCS VALUES…………………………………………………………………… 19

3.ANALYZING OF COLLECTED DATA………………………………………………………………. 23

D)CONCLUSION……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 26

E)REFERENCES…………………………………………………………………………………………………. 27

3

ABSTRACT

The ambition of the project is developing a bistatic radar cross section measurement system.

Hardware components of the system are used in remote mode and they are controlled by a

computer program written in LabView. All of the measurements are done in a anechoic

chamber. Finally, collected data is analyzed and radar cross section values of the objects are

calculated and graphed.

4

A)INTRODUCTION

Stealth technology is any technology that makes aircrafts, missiles, ships, submarines,

personnel etc. ideally invisible to radar, sonar and the other detection methods. This

technology without no doubt provide a great advantage who gets it. Thus, so many

researchers studies on this technology and so many companies and countries support and

invest in these researches.

In active sensor used detection systems such as radar, invisibility is not possible so main

purpose of these systems is decreasing detection distance. In other words ,decreasing

detection distance means that showing the objet smaller than its original size . The smallness

can be expressed as Radar Cross Section in square meter.

The ambition of the project is developing a “ Bistatic RCS Measurement System”. The system

is designed for indoor measurements for analyzing the rcs values of objects in terms of

frequency, position and polarization. We mainly used a network analyzer, a turn table, a

computer and two antennas with same specifications for setting up the system and all

measurements are done in anechoic chamber at İYTE wireless center.

5

1.RADAR CROSS SECTION

Radar Cross Section is the measure of a target's ability to reflect radar signals in the direction

of the radar receiver. It is a measure of the ratio of backscatter power per steradian (unit

solid angle) in the direction of the radar (from the target) to the power density that is

intercepted by the target. General formula is:

It is obviously seen that rcs is not a ratio of incident and scaterring waves. RCS value is the

answer of this question: How many square meter must be the object to get Ps power from

the Si density. We generally use dbsm (desibel square meter) unit for rcs to get more

understandable graphs .

1.RADAR CROSS SECTION of SIMPLE OBJECTS

Because of its pure radial symmetry, the perfectly conducting sphere is the simplest of all

three-dimensional scatterers. Despite the simplicity of its geometrical surface, however, and

the invariance of its echo with orientation, the RCS of the sphere varies considerably with

electrical size.

The log-log plot of the figure shown below reveals the rapid rise in the RCS in the region

0<kr < 1, which is known as the Rayleigh region. The central region characterized by the

interference between the specular and creeping-wave contributions is known as the

resonance region .There is no clear upper boundary for this part of the curve, but a value

near kr = 10 is generally accepted. The region kr > 10 is dominated by the specular return

from the front of the sphere and is called the optics region. For spheres of these sizes the

geometric optics approximation πr2 is usually an adequate representation of the magnitude

of the RCS.

6

All measurements are done in optical region to get a constant rcs value. Used frequencies

are in the range of 8 -12 GHz and used reference object’s radius is 0,075 m. The ka values of

the our measurements are between 12.5664 and 18.8496. This range obviously satisfies the

optical region criteria.

Nose-on incidence lies at the center of

the patterns, and the sharp peaks near

the sides are the specular returns from

the slanted sides of the cone, also

called specular flashes. The RCS

formula for singly curved surfaces

given in the left side figure. It is used

to predict the amplitudes of the

specular flash within a fraction of a decibel.

B) MEASUREMENT SYSTEM

Our measurement system is based on LabView programming. It supplies us

control the necessary devices and process the collected data.

in an anechoic chamber that is a room to

sound or electromagnetic waves. The Figure

structure of the system.

Figure 1 (General Hardware

The network analyzer generates the signal with desired frequency ranges

points for the transmission and this signal is sent by the transmitter antenna (one of the

horn antennas). The other horn antenna that is used for receiver is

transmitter antenna and receives th

analyzer, we can easily measure S

is the ratio of ‘transmitted power wave at port2’ to ‘incid

objects are placed on a turn table and S21 values are measured with desired step size and

ranges. For each step, we get the data

operations are managed with the LabVi

7

B) MEASUREMENT SYSTEM

t system is based on LabView programming. It supplies us

devices and process the collected data. The measurements are made

anechoic chamber that is a room to be designed for stopping reflections of either

sound or electromagnetic waves. The Figure1 shown below is the general hardware

Figure 1 (General Hardware Structure)

The network analyzer generates the signal with desired frequency ranges


horn antennas). The other horn antenna that is used for receiver is

transmitter antenna and receives the signal that is reflected from object.

we can easily measure S-parameters. For this measurement, we measure S21 that

is the ratio of ‘transmitted power wave at port2’ to ‘incident power wave at port1’. The


ranges. For each step, we get the data and collected data is written in a text file.

ged with the LabView program set on a laptop.

t system is based on LabView programming. It supplies us to configure and

The measurements are made

for stopping reflections of either

shown below is the general hardware

The network analyzer generates the signal with desired frequency ranges and number of


horn antennas). The other horn antenna that is used for receiver is placed near the

e signal that is reflected from object. Thanks to network

parameters. For this measurement, we measure S21 that

ent power wave at port1’. The


and collected data is written in a text file. All of these

Figure 2 (LabView Front Panel

Figure 2 is “Front Panel” of the software and it is used as a user

start-stop degrees, step size for turn table; S-

configurations program is run. While program is running

8

Figure 2 (LabView Front Panel – User Interface)

the software and it is used as a user interface. User selects the visa address of each device and determines

-parameter, frequency range, number of points for network analyzer.

ram is running user can observe measured S-parameters for each step on the black boxes.

of each device and determines speed,

range, number of points for network analyzer. After determining all

for each step on the black boxes.

Figure 3 is “Block Diagram” of the software and it is called VI. All configuration, control, arithmetic and logic operations

diagram. We have some main subVIs and they also have their own

For this measurement, we have to control two main devices, turn table and network analyzer. While we operating these two devices together,

we have to be careful on two critical points. One of them is that two devices must work serially. Other one is there must be enough time

waiting between serialization. On the block diagram, we

9

Figure 3 (Labview Block Diagram)

Figure 3 is “Block Diagram” of the software and it is called VI. All configuration, control, arithmetic and logic operations

s and they also have their own several subVIs.

, we have to control two main devices, turn table and network analyzer. While we operating these two devices together,

two critical points. One of them is that two devices must work serially. Other one is there must be enough time

between serialization. On the block diagram, we see these points clearly.

Figure 3 is “Block Diagram” of the software and it is called VI. All configuration, control, arithmetic and logic operations are done in the

, we have to control two main devices, turn table and network analyzer. While we operating these two devices together,

two critical points. One of them is that two devices must work serially. Other one is there must be enough time

10

1.SETTING UP HARDWARE & REFERANCE OBJECTS

Connection between laboratory instruments is supplied with GPIB cables. An USB GPIB is

used to connect laptop to instruments. Network analyzer and turntable controller are

connected to each other. USB side of USB GPIB is connected to laptop and the other side is

connected to one of the instruments. Some coaxial cables and many connectors are used.

Coaxial cables are supplied connection between instruments and antennas. Connectors are

used to connection between different types of inputs.

Fig.29 (Coaxial cable) Fig.30 (Connector) Fig.31 (Connector)

Figure 32 (Connection instrument and cable) Fig.33 (GPIB cable)

For the measurement, we used two horn antennas whos

two antennas are attached to a handmade wood board by side by side. Tripods metal parts

are covered with isolator. The network analyzer was located into the anechoic chamber

because of weak power and also it was covered with isolator. For adjusting

antennas directivity, we turned antennas symmetrically by using laser pointer.

Fig.34 (Antennas ar

During the project time, we could measure 4 types of objects;

1.) Sphere (steel-clad) with diameter 15cm

2.) Plate (brass) with 10X10cm size

3.) Plate (brass) with 15X15cm size

4.) Plate (steel) with 15X15

Fig.34 (Sphere (steel-clad) with diameter 15cm) Fig.34 (Plate (brass) with 10x10cm size)

11

For the measurement, we used two horn antennas whose specifications are the same. These

to a handmade wood board by side by side. Tripods metal parts

The network analyzer was located into the anechoic chamber

because of weak power and also it was covered with isolator. For adjusting


Fig.34 (Antennas are ready for measurement)

During the project time, we could measure 4 types of objects;

clad) with diameter 15cm

with 10X10cm size

Plate (brass) with 15X15cm size

Plate (steel) with 15X15cm size

clad) with diameter 15cm) Fig.34 (Plate (brass) with 10x10cm size)

e specifications are the same. These

to a handmade wood board by side by side. Tripods metal parts

The network analyzer was located into the anechoic chamber

because of weak power and also it was covered with isolator. For adjusting the object and


clad) with diameter 15cm) Fig.34 (Plate (brass) with 10x10cm size)

Fig.34 (Plate (steel) with 15x15

2. BUILDING VIs

a)Network Analyzer SubVI

Our network analyzer is Agilent/HP 8720D and its necessary visa drivers are found on the

library of National Instruments web

Network analyzer SubVI consists of two main section, configuration and control.

� Network Analyzer Configuration V

Figure 3 (

12

Fig.34 (Plate (steel) with 15x15cm size) Fig.34 (Plate (brass) with 15x15cm size)

SubVIs

analyzer is Agilent/HP 8720D and its necessary visa drivers are found on the

library of National Instruments web-site.


Network Analyzer Configuration VIs

Figure 3 (Network Analyzer Configuration VIs)

Fig.34 (Plate (brass) with 15x15cm size)

analyzer is Agilent/HP 8720D and its necessary visa drivers are found on the


13

Network analyzer configuration VIs consists of 4 subVIs. After the initialization, we set up a

wait block because turn table must stop totally. Then, network analyzer go on processing

such as set format, set meas and set sweep.

Figure 4 (Inner parts of the Initialization subVI)

Figure 5 (Inner parts of the Set Format subVI)

14

Figure 6 (Inner parts of the Set Meas subVI)

Figure 7 (Inner parts of the Set Sweep subVI)

15

� Network Analyzer Control VIs

Figure 8 (Network Analyzer Control VIs)

Network analyzer configuration VI consists of one subVI that is collect data. Lower part of

the figure shows the measured data on the screen. Upper side of the figure shows the

frequency, S21 values and degree are written in a text file.

NOTE: The device driver can be found on the web site of National Instruments at the

LabVIEW developer zone.

b)Turn Table SubVI

Our turntable is a product of Innco Systems, Germany. A controller called CO 2000 and

produced by Innco systems is used for controlling the turntable. CO 2000 controller has a

GPIB port so we use this port for communication. It’s default GPIB address is 7

number is used in the program.

Two main subVIs are generated. One of them is for configuration, the other one is for

manipulation.

� Turntable Configuration VI

Left side of VI includes controls and the right side includes indicators/connection

choose the GPIB address of turntable for VISA session control. Start, Stop and Step size are

entered by user in degree and user enters the turning speed of turntable in a range from 1

to 8. When we look at the right side, we see a VISA resource

us which visa address is used in the vi.

direction of turntable (clockwise or counter clockwise). Start, stop and step size buffers show

the values of initially determine

Figure 17 (inner part of turntable configuration VI, it has also four different subVIs)

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SubVIs



GPIB port so we use this port for communication. It’s default GPIB address is 7

number is used in the program.


Turntable Configuration VI

Left side of VI includes controls and the right side includes indicators/connection



to 8. When we look at the right side, we see a VISA resource name out, this indicator shows

us which visa address is used in the vi. TF (True-False) case helps us determining the


the values of initially determined.




GPIB port so we use this port for communication. It’s default GPIB address is 7 and this


Left side of VI includes controls and the right side includes indicators/connection nodes. We



name out, this indicator shows

False) case helps us determining the rotation



Figure 18 (initialize VI of turntable configuration VI)

Figure 19 (Speed Control subVI of turntable configuration VI)

17

Figure 18 (initialize VI of turntable configuration VI)



Figure 20 (This subVI

� Turntable control VI

This VI is used for only counter clockwise turning when star degree is less than stop

degree.

Figure 21 (

Note: All of the string commands can be found between the pages 35 and 43 in the service

manual of Innco Systems.

18

Figure 20 (This subVI makes turntable to go to desired degree)

is used for only counter clockwise turning when star degree is less than stop

Figure 21 (Counter Clockwise turning subVI)


makes turntable to go to desired degree)

is used for only counter clockwise turning when star degree is less than stop


19

C) MEASUREMENTS

RCS measurement can be divided into outdoor and indoor according to the different field.

The outdoor measurement is easily influenced by weather. It is difficult to get high

resolution and accurate results. On contraries, the indoor measurement can provide a

controlled electromagnetic circumstance, and researchers can work in a comfortable place.

Moreover, more accurate results can be gained with less cost. It also save one third of time

in comparison of the outdoor measurement. We did all measurements in the anechoic

chamber of İYTE- Wireless Center and the measurement system has been explained in the

previous part. 1. CALIBRATION OF NETWORK ANALYZER

Network analyzer must be calibrated to get accurate and stable results. For calibration, we used “Agilent 3.5mm Economic Calibration Kit” and two connectors.

Firstly, calibration menu button is pushed, calibration kit type and full two port calibration

tab are chosen. One of these ports is forward the other one is reverse port. We use an open

circuit, a short circuit and 50Ω load for both reverse and forward ports. Then we connect

these ports with the broadband load. Then, omit isolation tab is chosen from main

calibration menu. After these operations finish, analyzer calculates the coefficients in a few seconds. Finally, Save/Recall button is pushed to save the calibration.

For recalling a saved calibration, we push Save/Recall button again and chose the wanted calibration.

2. CALCULATION OF RCS VALUES

Measured values (S21) does not directly give exact rcs values because this measured values

contain both noise and rcs of chamber . Therefore; to get exact rcs values we must subtract the

noise and reduce the effect of rcs of chamber from measured values. According to this claim,

RCS values can be calculated by the formula given below:

where, σdBsm is the RCS of target, σdBsm is the RCS of scaling, S21,S’21 are the measured value

of target and scaling.

20

PLATE 15X15 E-PLANE

Frequency Measured S21 Values Measured S21 Values Measured S21 Values Average Values

(GHz) (dBsm) (dBsm) (dBsm) (dBsm)

8 -36,586 -36,412 -36,773 -36,59

8,5 -35,944 -34,74 -34,905 -35,2

9 -34,28 -34,024 -34,103 -34,14

9,5 -34,637 -33,808 -34,082 -34,18

10 -35,109 -33,922 -34,31 -34,45

10,5 -35,18 -33,521 -33,76 -34,15

11 -32,962 -31,924 -32,315 -32,4

11,5 -33,172 -32,233 -32,647 -32,68

12 -34,48 -33,074 -33,923 -33,82

PLATE 10X10 E-PLANE



8 -42,541 -42,885 -43,488 -42,97

8,5 -43,785 -43,446 -44,068 -43,77

9 -43,09 -42,356 -42,333 -42,59

9,5 -40,882 -39,448 -39,654 -40

10 -40,619 -39,832 -40,418 -40,29

10,5 -42,962 -41,671 -42,32 -42,32

11 -40,477 -38,201 -38,525 -39,08

11,5 -39,337 -37,619 -37,968 -38,31

12 -38,326 -37,068 -37,544 -37,65

PLATE 10X10 H-PLANE



8 -41,129 -41,086 -41,444 -41,22

8,5 -46,499 -46,704 -45,982 -46,39

9 -38,711 -38,784 -39,756 -39,08

9,5 -41,7 -41,647 -41,553 -41,63

10 -38,434 -38,409 -38,46 -38,43

10,5 -40,039 -40,11 -40,509 -40,22

11 -37,159 -37,243 -37,615 -37,34

11,5 -37,646 -37,567 -38,43 -37,88

12 -42,867 -42,849 -42,407 -42,71

21

EMPTY E-PLANE

Frequency

(GHz)

Measured S21 Values

(dBsm)

Measured S21 Values

(dBsm)

Measured S21 Values

(dBsm)

Average Values

(dBsm)

8 -48,7848 -48,3674 -50,2043 -49,119

8,5 -46,8128 -46,1737 -46,49

9 -51,5067 -50,9618 -51,7687 -51,41

9,5 -57,7815 -63,8642 -60,02

10 -46,5181 -46,6762 -47,4534 -46,88

10,5 -44,5964 -44,3754 -44,48

11 -51,5033 -51,3084 -49,9068 -50,91

11,5 -53,7737 -57,2195 -55,01

12 41,7938 -41,7178 -42,5419 -42,02

PLATE 15X15 H-PLANE

Frequency

(GHz)

Measured S21 Values

(dBsm)

Measured S21 Values

(dBsm)

Measured S21 Values

(dBsm)

Average Values

(dBsm)

8 -34,36 -33,933 -34,122 -34,14

8,5 -35,146 -34,937 -35,192 -35,09

9 -33,076 -32,525 -32,764 -32,79

9,5 -34,879 -34,462 -34,452 -34,6

10 -32,827 -32,321 -32,243 -32,46

10,5 -32,594 -32,151 -32,413 -32,39

11 -31,551 -31,156 -31,025 -31,24

11,5 -32,498 -31,691 -32,123 -32,11

12 -35,299 -34,696 -34,813 -34,94

22

PLATE 15X15 E-PLANE

Frequency

(GHz)

Calculated S21 Values

(dBsm)

Measured Average

S21 Values(dBsm)

Measured Average Empty

S21 Values(dBsm)

X=Measured S21-Empty S21

(dBsm)

X-Calculated S21

(dBsm)

8 6,5521 -36,59 -49,119 12,53 5,98

8,5 7,0817 -35,2 -46,49 11,29 4,21

9 7,5782 -34,14 -51,41 17,27 9,69

9,5 8,0478 -34,18 -60,02 25,84 17,79

10 8,4933 -34,45 -46,88 12,43 3,94

10,5 8,9171 -34,15 -44,48 10,33 1,41

11 9,3212 -32,4 -50,91 18,51 9,19

11,5 9,7073 -32,68 -55,01 22,33 12,62

12 10,0769 -33,82 -42,02 8,2 -1,88 PLATE 10X10 E-PLANE

Frequency Calculated S21 Values Measured Average Measured Average Empty X=Measured S21-Empty S21 X-Calculated S21

(GHz) (dBsm) S21 Values(dBsm) S21 Values(dBsm) (dBsm) (dBsm)

8 -0,4885 -42,97 -49,119 6,15 6,64

8,5 0,0381 -43,77 -46,49 2,72 2,68

9 0,5345 -42,59 -51,41 8,82 8,29

9,5 1,0042 -40 -60,02 20,02 19,02

10 1,4497 -40,29 -46,88 6,59 5,14

10,5 1,8735 -42,32 -44,48 2,16 0,29

11 2,2775 -39,08 -50,91 11,83 9,55

11,5 2,6636 -38,31 -55,01 16,7 14,04

12 3,0333 -37,65 -42,02 4,37 1,34

COMPARE PLATE 10X10 AND 15X15 E

Frequency

(GHz)

Z1=X-Calculated S21

for 10x10 (dBsm)

Z2=X

for 15x15 (dBsm)

8 6,64

8,5 2,68

9 8,29

9,5 19,02

10 5,14

10,5 0,29

11 9,55

11,5 14,04

12 1,34

According to our measurements exact values and calculated values are almost same. The

difference is ±1dbsm and this difference is caused from not being provided far

conditions.

3. ANALYZING OF COLLECTED DATA

All measurements are done at X

values according to position, frequency and polarization.

peak at 0 degree for plate and does not change for the sphere

independent of frequency.

We observed our measurement on graphs that were drawn according to 1 degree step size

from -90 degree to 90 degree as we see below.

This figure shows us angle dependency of RCS where two antennas were H plane. We can

observe that while RCS of sphere

23

COMPARE PLATE 10X10 AND 15X15 E-PLANE

Z2=X-Calculated S21

for 15x15 (dBsm)

Constant or RCS of Chamber

(Average Z1&Z2)(dBsm)

5,98 -6,31

4,21 -3,45

9,69 -8,99

17,79 -18,41

3,94 -4,54

1,41 -0,85

9,19 -9,37

12,62 -13,33

-1,88 0,27


1dbsm and this difference is caused from not being provided far

3. ANALYZING OF COLLECTED DATA All measurements are done at X-Band (8-12GHz) and more than ten times

values according to position, frequency and polarization. We expect that RCS value will be

peak at 0 degree for plate and does not change for the sphere because the


90 degree to 90 degree as we see below.

hows us angle dependency of RCS where two antennas were H plane. We can

of sphere is almost constant, plate has a peak at 0 degree for 11 GHz.

Constant or RCS of Chamber

(Average Z1&Z2)(dBsm)

Deviation ((Z1-Z2)/2)

(dBsm)

0,33

0,76

0,7

0,62

0,6

0,56

0,18

0,71

0,95


1dbsm and this difference is caused from not being provided far-field

ten times to get average

We expect that RCS value will be

the RCS of a sphere is


hows us angle dependency of RCS where two antennas were H plane. We can

k at 0 degree for 11 GHz.

Here, we compared two different sized plates that are 15x15 and 10x10 for 11 GHz. We can

obviously see that RCS value changes according to size of the object and plate with large size

has higher RCS values that small sized one.

This figure shows us how RCS value changes according to different polarization. White graph

represents E plane measurement where both two antennas are horizontal position. Red

graph represents H plane measurement whe

plane RCS values are almost same because of the directivity and gain specifications of used

antennas.

24



her RCS values that small sized one.



graph represents H plane measurement where two antennas are vertical position. E and H

values are almost same because of the directivity and gain specifications of used





re two antennas are vertical position. E and H

values are almost same because of the directivity and gain specifications of used

We try to observe the effect of different polarized antennas

and other one is H plane. The RCS value is lowest at 0 degree because E cross H gives 0 and

for other degrees, RCS can change because plate is not perpendicular to antennas directivity

and there should be some cosine values. T

Our ambition for this figure is that whether RCS value is increasing or not if frequency

increases. We see zoomed form of the figure at the right and clearly see that RCS value

increases if frequency increases.

25

effect of different polarized antennas where one of them is E plane

The RCS value is lowest at 0 degree because E cross H gives 0 and


and there should be some cosine values. The result of this measurement is shown above



increases.

where one of them is E plane

The RCS value is lowest at 0 degree because E cross H gives 0 and


measurement is shown above.



26

D) CONCLUSION

The importance of stealth technology has been increasing due to the its 'great advantage

day by day . Having information about RCS values that is the indicator of this technology is

as important as having the technology. So many commercial RCS measurement systems are

designed by researchers at both companies and universities. For determining the rcs values

of objects we are also designed and constructed a bistatic radar cross section measurement

system.

In this project, we only measured RCS of reference objects and generated a calibration

table at X-band for horizontal and vertical polarizations because of the many physical

problems such as need of a high frequency power amplifier or professional antenna holders

and pressure of time. We had only one term for constructing the system. On the other

hand, according to our data analyze, our results are acceptable and reliable due to the ±1

dbsm difference between theoretical RCS values and measured values.

Finally, calibration tables that are got thanks to this project can/must be used for measuring

for more complex objects. We can decrease the sensitivity of the system by using a power

amplifier and a professional antenna holder. Software of the system can make be more

useful by integrating measurement and data analyze interfaces.

27

E) REFERENCES

� Books

1. BISHOP, ROBERT H. , LABVIEW STUDENT EDITION 6I, NATIONAL INSTRUMENTS

2. SKOLNIK, MERRILL I,RADAR HANDBOOK, SECOND EDT. MC GRAW HILL

3. KNOTT, E. F., SHAEFFER, J. F., TULEY, M. T., 2004, RADAR CROSS SECTİON (2nd

EDITION), SCITECH PUBLISHING

4. BALANIS, CONSTANTIN A., ANTENNA THEORY AND DESIGN, THIRD EDITION, WILEY-

INTERNATINAL

� Papers

1. C.F. HU, J.D. XU, N.J. Lİ, L.X. ZHANG, LOW FREQUENCY RCS MEASUREMENT SYSTEM

IN ANECHOIC CHAMBER,CHINA MARCH 2010

2. HP 8720D OPERATION MANUAL

3. AGILENT ANTENNA AND RCS MEASUREMENT CONFIGURATIONS USING PNA

MICROWAVE NETWORK ANALYZERS

4. ANTENNA MEASUREMENTS, RCS MEASUREMENTS AND MEASUREMENTS ON

PULSEDIİGNALS WITH VECTOR NETWORK ANALYZERS R&S ZVM, R&S

ZVK,APPLİCATİON NOTE

5. ANECHOIC CHAMBER MEASUREMENT IMPOROVEMENT, MICROWAVE JOURNAL,

MARCH 2006

6. ERGİN, A. ARİF, GÖRÜNMEZLİK TEKNOLOJİLERİ, IDEF’07 NO:120

7. B. K. CHUNG, H. T. CHUAH AND JONATHAN W. BREDOD A MICROWAVE ANECHOIC

CHAMBER FOR RADAR-CROSS SECTION MEASUREMENT, IEEE ANTENNAS AND

PROPAGATION MAGAZINE, VOL. 39, NO. 3, JUNE 1997

8. AYANLI, HALİT, DEVELOPMENT OF A GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACE (GUI)

APPLICATION FOR RADAR CROSS SECTION (RCS) PREDICTION OF ARBITRARILY

SHAPED OBJECTS, M.S. THESIS, 2007

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� Web-Sites 1. http://zone.ni.com/dzhp/app/main (NI LabVIEW Developer Zone) 2. Radar Cross Section, http://www.earth2.net/parts/mugu/rcs.pdf

labview based rcs measurement system

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