laboratory blood cell test

8/13/2019 Laboratory Blood Cell Test

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Blood cell Test

WBC(White Blood Cell)

- also referred to as leukocytes

4,500-11,000/mm

- A fluctuation in the no. may

indicate infections & disease

states dealing with impaired

immune system status

(cancer, excess

stress/catabolism).

Neutrophils-one type of white blood cell

thats in circulation for only a

very short time.----

phagocytosis, trapping &

disposing of bacterial

pathogens.

2,500-8,000 cells per

mm3

Severe trauma, bacterial

infx, inflammatory or

metabolic disorders & stress.

Viral infx, bacterial infx, or a rotten

diet

RBC ( Red Blood Cell)

-Erythrocytes, carry O2 viahemoglobin. Giving red

color to blood. 120 days

survive in peripheral blood

circulation.

Adult Male 4,700,000-

6,100,00 cells/uL

Adult Female 4,200,00-

5,400,000 cells/uL

In no. when androgens are

used coz androgens increaseEPO ( erythropeitin)

production and Red blood cell

division which can increase BP

& result in Stroke CVA

- In severe diarrhea &dehydration,

polycythemia, acute

poisoning, pulmonary

fibrosis.

Anemia,

- Leukemia & after hemorrhage,when blood volume has been

restored.

Hemoglobin- Impt. Part of each redblood cell surface.

Carrier of dissolved

gases, O2 & CO2

Youngster/ adolescents: 10-

15.5 g/dl

Adult males 14-18 g/dl

Adult Females 12-16 g/dl

Indiactor of congenitalheart disease, congestive

heart failure, severe burns, or

DHN. Being in high altitudes,

or use of androgens.

Anemia, lymphoma, kidney disease,severe hemorrhage, cancer, sickle cell

anemia, excessive fluid intake

Hematocrit- Used to measure the

percentage of the total

blood volume thats

made up of red blood

cells.

Youngster/ adolescents: 32-

44%

Adult Men 42-52%

Adult Women 37-47%

Congenital heart disease,

dehydration,

diarrhea, burns

Anemia, hyperthyroidism, cirrhosis,

hemorrhage, leukemia, rheumatoid

arthritis, pregnancy, malnutrition, a

sucking knife wound to the chest, etc.


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MCV (MeanCorpuscular Volume)

this is one of 3 RBC

indices used to check

for abnormalities.

MCV- sizeor volume of

the average RBC.

Adult Male 80-100 flAdult Female 79-98 fl

Adolescent 78-100 fl

Abnormally small RBC (

microcytic) Vit. B12 or folic

acid deficiency as well as liver

disease.

RBCs are abnormally lager ( or

Macrocytic), iron deficeincy anemia or

thalassemia.

MCH (MeanCorpuscular

Hemoglobin) is the

weight of hemoglobin

present in the average

RBC.

Adolescent : 35-45 pg

Adult Male 26-34 pg

Adult Female 26-34 pg

----- another way to assess

wheter some sort of anemia

or deficiency is present.

MCHC ( MeanCorpuscular

Hemoglobin

Concentration)is

the measurement of

the amount of

hemoglobin present in

the average RBC as

compared to its size.

Seen after androgen use. Iron defiency, thalassemia, lead

poisoning

RDW (Red celldistribution width) - is

an indicator of the

variation in RBC size.

Used in order to help

classify certain types

of anemia, & to see if

some of the RBC need

their suits tailored.

Adult Male 11.7-14.2 %

Adult Female 11.7-14.4%

Iron deficiency anemia,

vit B12 or folate deficiency

anemia, sickle cell anemia.

Platelets or Thrombocytes

essential for your bodys

ability to form blood clots &

thus stop bleeding.

Adult: 150.000-400,000/mm3

Or ( 150-400x10(9th

)/L)

ABS( Diffrential blood Cell

Type Counts)measures the

Malignant disorder,

rheumatoid arthritis,

iron deficiency anemia

Infection, various types of anemia,

leukemia, thrombocytopenic purpura,

during cancer chemotheraphy


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percentage of each type of

leukocutes or white blood cell

present in the same

specimen. Determine wheter

theres a bacterial or parasitic

infection, as well as immune

reaction, etc.

Neutrophils-Normal55-70% Severe trauma, stress &bacterial infections,

inflammatory disorders,

metabolic disorders

Viral infection, bacterial infectionor deficient diet.

Basophils- bothbasophils &

eosinophils are

present in an allergic

reaction & parasite

infection. These types

of cells dont increase

in response to viral or

bacterial infections.

Basophils : 0.5-1.0 %

Eosinophils: 1.0-4.0 %

Either allergic response

has occurred or

a zophiulic pathogen

infection is present.

Lymphocytes &Monocytes

Lymphocytes- can bedivided in 2 different

types of cells: T cells &

B cells. T cells- are

involved in immunereactions. B cells are

involved in antibody

poroiduction. Main job

is to fight bacterial &

viral infections.

Monocytes- similar toneutrophils but are

proiduced more

rapidly & stay in the

system for longer

period of time.

Lymphocytes: 20-40%

Monocytes: 2-8%

Liver Lipid Panel- used to

determine possible risk for

coronary & vascular disease,

heart disease.


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Clinical Values of Electrolytes

& Other Anlytes

Sodium- this cation ( an ion

with a positive charge) is

mainly found in extracellular

spaces & is responsible for

maintaining a balance of

water in the body.

- When plasma sodiumrises, the kidneys

conserve water.

- When sodiumconcentraiuon is low,

the kidnes conserve

sodium & excrete

water.Adult Range: 136-145 mEq/L

failure.

Anabolic steroids will result in an

increased level of sodium as well.

Potassium- in an extremely

important intracellular cation,

responsible for nerve

condition & ion balance

across membranes.

Adult range : 3.5-5 mEq/L

Can result from

excessive dietary intake,

acute renal failure,

aldosterone-inhibiting

diuretics, crushing injury to

tissues, infection, acidosis, &

chronic or proloneged

dehydration.

Deficient dietary intake, burns,

diarrhea or vomiting, diuretics,

Cushings syndrome, licorice

consumption, insulin use, cystic fibrosis,

trauma, & surgery.

Chloridethis is the majorextracellular anion (an ion

carrying a negative charge).

Its purpose is to maintain

electrical neutrality with

sodium. It also serves as a

buffer in order to maintain

the pH balance of the blood.

Chloride typically

accompanies sodium & thus

the causes for change are

essentially the same.

Adlult: 98-106 mEq/L

Calcium- is measured in order

to assess the function of the

parathyroid & calcium

metabolism.

Hyperthyroidism,

metastatic tumor to the bone,

proloneged immobilization,

lymphoma, hyperthyroidism,

acromegaly, etc.

Renal failure, rickets, vitamin D

deficiency, malabsorption, pancreatitis,

& alkalosis


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Anabolic steroids can also

increase calcium level.

Carbon Dioxide- dissolve CO2,

is used to evaluate the pH

(relative acidity) of the blood

as well as aid in evaluation of

electrolyte levels.

Adult: 23-30 mEg/L

Severe diarrhea,

starvation, vomiting,

emphysema, metabolic

alkalosis, etc.

Increased levels could also

mean that youre a plant.

Kidney failure, metabolic, shock, &

starvation.

Glucose- used to determined

whether a person is in a

hypoglycemic (low blood

glucose) or hyperglycemic

(high blood glucose) state.

Normal : 80-120 mg/dL

Low normal 65-80 mg/dl

Elevated blood glucose

readings ( hyperlycemia)- can

be indicative of diabetes,

acute stress, Cushings

syndrome, chronic renal

failure, corticosteroid therapy,

acromegaly, & other disease.

Hypothyroidism, insulinoma ( tumor

of the beta islet cells of the pancreas),

liver disease, insulin overdose, &

starvation.

BUN ( Blood Urea Nitrogen)-

measures the amount urea

nitrogen thats present in the

blood.

When protein is metabolized,

the end product is urea which

is formed in the lievr &

excreted from the

bloodstream via the kidneys.

BUN is a good indicator of

both liver & kidbey function.

Shock, burns,

dehydration, congestive heart

failure, MI, excessive proteiningestion, excessive protein

catabolism, stravation, sepsis,

renal disease, renal failure,

etc. .

Liver failure, overhydration, negative

nitrogen balance via malnutrition,

pregnancy, etc.

Creatinine- is a byproduct of

creatine phospate, thechemical used in contraction

of skeletal muscle.

Normal: adult male: 0.6-1.2

mg/dl

Adult Female: 0.5-

1.1 mg/dl

Urinary tract obstruction,

acute tubular necrosis,reduced renal blood flow (

stemming from shock,

dehydration, congestive heart

failure, atherosclerois), as well

as acromegaly.

Debilitation, muscle wasting, cancer,

& lost muscle mass via disease orextreme stress ( including thermal heat

shock & dehydration).

BUN/ Creatinine Ratio: -

Noraml: 6-25 ( unitless

measure)

Shock, volume depletion,

hypotension, dehydration,

gastrointestinal bleeding, & in

some cases, a catabolic state.

Note: high protein diet will

result a higher BUN.

Creatinine ratio.

Low protein diet, malnutrition,

pregnancy, severe liver diease, ketosis,

etc.

laboratory blood cell test

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