lab report batch reactor

DISCUSSION

TABLE OF CONTENTS

NO.ELEMENTSPAGE NO.

1SUMMARY2

2DATA & RESULTS3 14

3ANALYSIS & DISCUSSION15-16

4CONCLUSION17

5RECOMMENDATIONS18

6TUTORIALS19

7REFERENCES20

8APPENDICES

SUMMARYThe experiments of batch reaction process was to study the liquid phase reaction kinetics in a batch reactor, to study the operation of a batch reactor at different operating conditions in terms of conversion, to study the effect of temperature on the reaction in CSTR . The variables involved in this experiment are time (min), temperature (C), conductivity (mS/cm), concentration (M), and conversion (%).The experiment was begun by preparing the chemicals 9L of 0.1 M Et (Ac) solution and 9L of 0.1 M NaOH solution. Then, necessary steps were made to ready the batch reactor unit. 3L of 0.1 M Et (Ac) solution and 9L of 0.1 M NaOH solution were poured into the reactor R1 through the charge port on the vessel cover. Then, with intervals of 5 minutes, a sample was retrieved in order to determine the conductivity value at temperature of 40 C, until the conductivity readings stabilized. The experiment was then repeated with temperatures of 50 C and 60 C. The conductivity values were continuously recorded until minute 30. Based on the result obtained, the temperature and conductivity for each of temperature, 40C, 50C, and 60 C at 0 minutes till 30 minutes were recorded in each table respectively. Based on the figure 1 and 2, it was a standard calibration curve of Concentration (M) against Conductivity (mS/cm) (figure 1) and Conversion (%) against Conductivity (mS/cm) (figure 2) was plotted. Then, from the calibration graph, a linear equation were obtained. From the equation, the data for Concentration of NaOH and Conversion (%) was calculated. Next, the values for -dCa/dt, ln (-dCa/dt), ln (Ca), 1/Ca, and 1/T were obtained through calculations using the raw data from the results table and related trend graphs were generated to portray the trend.As closure, based on the collision theory, for a reaction to take place, the particles of the substances that are reacting have to collide. If they collide with the enough energy then the particles will reacts. When the temperature in the reaction was increases, the particles will move faster. Thus, the collision take place will become higher .This will cause the molecules to collide with each other producing more energy, in relation to higher reaction rate. Therefore, as the temperature increases, the rate of conversion is higher too. There were possible errors that may occur. Firstly, the chemical preparation of dilution NaOH and Ethyl Acetate may not accurate. Secondly, the Batch may be contaminating with other chemicals. Other than that, the wires or other equipment involved may be faulty. Other than that, time may be insufficient, causing required data to not be obtained.

RESULTSExperiment 1: Batch Saponification Reaction

Temperature : 400CTable 1: Results of experiment 1

Time (min)Temperature (K)Conductivity

(mS/cm)Concentration of NaOH (M)Conversion, X (%)(-dCa/dt)ln (-dCa/dt)ln (Ca)1/Ca

0310.95.840.01346473.472400-4.30773582274.2721331

5309.45.180.00877882.80480.0009372-6.9726-4.735506688113.9211666

10309.75.080.00806884.21880.000142-8.8596835-4.819849659123.9464551

15310.24.930.00700386.33980.000213-8.454218392-4.96141665142.7959446

20310.74.780.00593888.46080.000213-8.454218392-5.126382903168.406871

25311.24.650.00501590.2990.0001846-8.597319236-5.295321858199.4017946

30311.54.530.00416391.99580.0001704-8.677361944-5.481519311240.211386

Experiment 2: Effects Of Temperature on the Batch Saponification Reaction

Temperature : 500C



0311.67.840.02766445.192400-3.5876233536.14806246

5310.67.580.02581848.86880.0003692-7.904172055-3.65668335638.73266713

10312.77.250.02347553.5350.0004686-7.665761032-3.75181925442.59850905

15313.97.20.0231254.2427.1E-05-9.552830681-3.76705723543.25259516

20315.67.160.02283654.80765.68E-05-9.775974232-3.77941704143.79050622

25316.67.10.0224155.6568.52E-05-9.370509124-3.79824799144.62293619

30318.56.990.02162957.21140.0001562-8.764373321-3.83372027246.23422257

Table 2: Results of experiment 2 when the temperature was 500CTemperature : 600C



0313.97.690.02659947.313400-3.62688165837.59539832

5312.57.580.02581848.86880.0001562-8.764373321-3.65668335638.73266713

10314.77.190.02304954.38340.0005538-7.498706947-3.77013289443.38583019

15317.97.10.0224155.6560.0001278-8.965044016-3.79824799144.62293619

20320.96.990.02162957.21140.0001562-8.764373321-3.83372027246.23422257

25322.96.580.01871863.00880.0005822-7.448696527-3.97826965153.42451117

303256.520.01829263.85728.52E-05-9.370509124-4.00129147354.66870763

Table 3: Results of experiment 2 when the temperature was 600CGRAPHS

Figure 1 Concentration of NaOH (M) vs Conductivity

Slope = 0.0071 , y-intercept= 0.0280

Figure 2 Conversion vs Conductivity

Slope = -0.1414 , y-intercept= 1.5605

Figure 3 ln [-dCa/dt] vs ln CA @ 40 (C

Slope = -1.0313 , y-intercept= -3.0199

Order of Reaction, (ln [-dCa/dt] = ( [ln CA]+ ln k

( = slope, m

( = -1.0313

Rate Constant

ln [-dCa/dt] = ( [ln CA]+ ln k

ln k = C

k = ln-1 C

k = ln-1 [-3.0199]

k = 0.04881


Slope = -1.1191 , y-intercept= -3.0991Order of Reaction, (ln [-dCa/dt] = ( [ln CA]+ ln k

( = slope, m

( = -1.1191

Rate Constant


ln k = C

k = ln-1 C

k = ln-1 [-3.0991]

k = 0.045089


Slope =- 0.9552 , y-intercept= -3.4380Order of Reaction, (ln [-dCa/dt] = ( [ln CA]+ ln k

( = slope, m

( = -0.9552

Rate Constant


ln k = C

k = ln-1 C

k = ln-1 [-3.4380]

k = 0.032129

Figure 6 - Conversion vs Time @ 40 (C

Figure 7- Conversion vs Time @ 50 (C

Figure 8- Conversion vs Time @ 60 (C

Figure 9 1/CA vs Time @ 40 (C

Slope =25.473, y-intercept= 49.959k =25.473


Slope =1.5440, y-intercept= 36.021

k=1.5440


Slope =2.9804, y-intercept= 33.602

k =2.9804

Figure 12 ln k vs 1/T

Slope =-0.6157, y-intercept= 3.1241

Saponification Reactions Activation Energy, E

ln k = (-Ea/R)(1/T) + ln A

Y = mX + C

(-Ea/R) = Slope, m=-0.6157Ea = -R ( m

=5.1112

Arrhenius Constant, A

ln k = (-Ea/R)(1/T) + ln A

Y = mX + C

ln A = C

A = ln-1 C

A = ln-1 [3.1241]

A = 22.7394

DISCUSSIONSThe purpose of the experiment Batch Reaction Process were to study the liquid phase reaction kinetics in a batch reactor, to study the operation of a batch reactor at different operating conditions in terms of conversion and to study the effect of temperature on the reaction in CSTR.

The experiment was begun by preparing the chemicals 9L of 0.1 M Et (Ac) solution and 9L of 0.1 M NaOH solution. Then, necessary steps were made to ready the batch reactor unit. 3L of 0.1 M Et (Ac) solution and 9L of 0.1 M NaOH solution were poured into the reactor R1 through the charge port on the vessel cover. Then, with intervals of 5 minutes, a sample was retrieved in order to determine the conductivity value at temperature of 40 (C, until the conductivity readings stabilized. The experiment was then repeated with temperatures of 50 (C and 60 (C. The conductivity values were continuously recorded until minute 30. Trend graphs were plotted to represent the trend of results obtained.

Based on the result obtained, the temperature and conductivity for each of temperature, 40(C, 50(C, and 60 (C at 0 minutes till 30 minutes were recorded in each table respectively. Based on the figure 1 and 2, it was a standard calibration curve of Concentration (M) against Conductivity (mS/cm) (figure 1) and Conversion (%) against Conductivity (mS/cm) (figure 2) was plotted from the Appendix A. Then, from the calibration graph, a linear equation y = 0.0071x 0.028 and y = -0.1414x + 1.5605 were obtained. From the equation, the data for Concentration of NaOH and Conversion (%) was calculated. Next, the values for -dCa/dt, ln (-dCa/dt), ln (Ca), 1/Ca, and 1/T were obtained through calculations using the raw data from the results table and related trend graphs were generated to portray the trend.

Basically , from the graphs in for ln [-dCa/dt] Vs ln CA for 40 (C, 50 (C and 60(C in figure 3, figure 4 and figure 5 respectively ,the slope of the graph showed value at -1.0313, -1.1191 and -0.9552 respectively. Meanwhile the value for y-intercept showed was -3.0199, -3.0991 and -3.4380 respectively. From the slope and y-intercept of the graph for all the temperatures, the value of order of reaction,( and rate constant, k can be determined. The value for order of reaction, ( for 40 (C, 50 (C and 60(C were -1.0313, -1.1191 and -0.9552 respectively while the rate constant ,k value were 0.04881,0.045089 and 0.032129 respectively.

Besides that, from the graph for Conversion against Time at 40(C,50(C and 60(C in figure 6,figure 7 and figure 8 respectively, it can observe that the value for the conversion for all the three temperatures was increasing with time where the value in 40(C start to increase from 73.4724% to 91.9958%. Meanwhile for 50(C, the conversion starts to increase from 45.1924 % to 57.2114 %. For the temperature 60(C, the conversion starts to increase from 47.3134% to 63.8572 %. Based on the collision theory, for a reaction to take place, the particles of the substances that are reacting have to collide. If they collide with the enough energy then the particles will reacts. When the temperature in the reaction was increases, the particles will move faster. Thus, the collision take place will become higher .This will cause the molecules to collide with each other producing more energy, in relation to higher reaction rate. Therefore, as the temperature increases, the rate of conversion is higher too.

Next , based on the graph plotted in figure 9, figure 10 and figure 11 for 1/Ca against time for 40(C,50(C and 60(C, the rate constant, k was determine from the slope value. It was then, the saponification reactions activation energy, Ea and Arrhenius constant, A was calculated from the slope and intercept values by using Arrhenius equation. From the graphs generated in figure 12, the value for Activation Energy, Ea calculated was 5.1112 and a value of 22.7394 was obtained for the Arrhenius Constant.

There were several advantages of using the batch reactors in chemical reaction. The batch reactor has high conversion per unit volume for one pass. Furthermore, the flexibility of the operation same reactor can produce one product at one time and a different product for the next. It is also easy to clean compare to the other reactors. However, the batch reactor also has its own disadvantages such as high operating cost. Besides that, the product quality was more variable than with continuous operation.

There were several possibility errors that may contribute to the inaccurate result and abnormal trend of graph throughout the experiment. Firstly, the chemical preparation of dilution NaOH and Ethyl Acetate may not accurate that leads to disrupt results.Secondly, the Batch may be contaminating with other chemicals that leads to abnormal results. Other than that, the wires or other equipment involved may be faulty. When this happens, the panel will not display the correct value and could even disrupt the whole process of the experiment. Other than that, time may be insufficient, causing required data to not be obtained. With this problem, current data will not be enough, and will affect the resulted trend graph.CONCLUSIONS

The purpose experiments of batch reaction process was to study the liquid phase reaction kinetics in a batch reactor, to study the operation of a batch reactor at different operating conditions in terms of conversion, to study the effect of temperature on the reaction in CSTR . Based on the result obtained, the temperature and conductivity for each of temperature, 40 C, 50 C, and 60 C at 0 minutes till 30 minutes were recorded in each table respectively. Based on the figure 1 and 2, it was a standard calibration curve of Concentration (M) against Conductivity (mS/cm) (figure 1) and Conversion (%) against Conductivity (mS/cm) (figure 2) was plotted. Then, from the calibration graph, linear equations were obtained. From the equation, the data for Concentration of NaOH and Conversion (%) was calculated. Next, the values for -dCa/dt, ln (-dCa/dt), ln (Ca), 1/Ca, and 1/T were obtained through calculations using the raw data from the results table and related trend graphs were generated to portray the trend.As closure, based on the collision theory, for a reaction to take place, the particles of the substances that are reacting have to collide. If they collide with the enough energy then the particles will reacts. When the temperature in the reaction was increases, the particles will move faster. Thus, the collision take place will become higher .This will cause the molecules to collide with each other producing more energy, in relation to higher reaction rate. Therefore, as the temperature increases, the rate of conversion is higher too. RECOMMENDATIONS

There were few recommendations in order to overcome the possible errors. Firstly, the chemical preparation of dilution NaOH and Ethyl Acetate should be prepared carefully so that the disrupted results can occur. Secondly, the Batch must be cleaned before and after the usage to prevent contaminations. Other than that, the wires or other equipment involved must undergo frequent maintenance. Other than that, time must be sufficient to prevent required data to not be obtained. TUTORIALS

1. Describe an example of industrial applications other than saponification that utilized batch reactors in its process.Manufacture of margarine applied the utilized batch in its process. The production of the fatty base for edible margarines by the hydrogenation of vegetable oils is carried out at high temperatures and has serious disadvantages, among them the toxicity of the nickel catalysts and afire-hazardous filtration stage. Here, a batch reactor and selective, low loaded palladium catalyst was described which allow vegetable oil hydrogenation to take place at lower temperatures producing high quality, pure hydrogenated fat, free of catalyst. Under these milder conditions, the thermal decomposition of oils and fats does not form secondary products, and heavy metals from the catalyst do not enter the final product. In addition, even lower hydrogenation temperatures can be used with the palladium catalyst, resulting in fat with low Transisomer content. The catalyst has been tested successfully in full-scale production. Using an inertial separator in a batch reactor, catalyst loss has been eliminated.2. Write down the function of each following component in a batch reactor used in this experiment.

ComponentFunction

StirrerTo stir the mixture in the reactor so that the mixture composition was homogenous and well mixed. Besides that, the function was to distribute the heat to all the mixture and achieve thermal equilibrium.

ThermocoupleIt was a sensor to measure the temperature in the heater and reactor.

Temperature ControllerTemperature controller is a measurement device used on temperature control. Thermocouple-type and resistor-type temperature controllers measure temperature electronically, obtaining the temperature change from the sensor and sending the measured data to the electronic processor. The output device will then control the temperature variation within a specific range.

REFERENCESBatch Reactor. (2015) Wikipedia. [Online].[Accessed 31 March, 2015]. Available from World Wide Web: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batch_reactorChemicals Reactor. (2014) Enzyme Technology. [Online].[Accessed 31 March, 2015]. Available from World Wide Web: http://www.essentialchemicalindustry.org/processes/chemical-reactors.htmlChemicals Reactor. (2011) Chemical Wisc Online Library. [Online].

[Accessed 31 March, 2015]. Available from World Wide Web:

http://jbrwww.che.wisc.edu/home/jbraw/chemreacfun/ch4/slides-matbal.pdfRutherford Aris, Elementary Chemical Reactor Analysis, Butterworth-Heinemann, 2013, p150Smith,J.M, Chemical Engineering Kinetics, McGraw Hill, 19811

lab report batch reactor

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