APPENDIX I

References

1974 WEC Survey is the Survey of World Energy Resources by the WorldEnergy Conference, 1974IX WEC Preprint is a preprint of the NinthWorld Energy Conference, Detroit,

1974.IX WPC Preprint is a preprint of the Ninth World Petroleum Congress, Tokyo,

1975, published in the Proceedings in October 1975.

1 'The Plain Man's Guide to Plate Tectonics', E. R. Oxburgh, Proc. Ceol.Assoc. Vol. 85, Part 3, 1974, pp. 299-357.

2 Marine Science Affairs, p. 16 and Table 11-1, p. 19, January 1969, Washing­ton D.C.

3 McKelvey & Wang, Notes Accompanying Oceanic Maps, U.S. Ceol. Surv.Circ. 694, 1974.

4 Reported in Ceotimes, V. 19, n. 9, pp. 18, 19 AmI. Geol. Inst. September1974.

5 'The Role of Gas and the International Gas Union in World Energy', L. J.Clark,IX WEe Preprint 1.2-6 1974.

6 'Energy Development and its Social. Impact', O. Groza et al, IX WEe Pre­print 1.2-15, 1974.

7 Energy: From Surplus to Scarcity, ed. K. A. D. Inglis, chap. 5, p. 65:D. G. Leslie, Applied Science Pub. for Inst. PetI. London 1973.

8 'Power Plants and Environmental Interference in Congested Areas', B. v.Gersdorff & W. Sommer,IX WEe Preprint 4.2-5,1975.

9 'Utilization of Energy', C. T. Chave, & W. L. Kennedy, p. 9, IX WEe Pre­print, Positon Paper 6,1974.

10 Statement of M. King Hubbert to the Sub-Committee on the Environmentof the Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs, House of Representatives,US 93rd Congress, 4 June 1974.

11 Energy: From Surplus to Scarcity, ed. K. A. D. Inglis, Chap. 10, p. 155,A. R. Ubbelohde, Applied Science Pub. for Inst. PetI. London 1973.

12 'Solar Energy', B. J. Brinkworth,Nature, vol. 249, no. 5459,21 June 1974.13 (not given)14 The Rotation of the Earth, a geophysical discussion, W. H. Munk andG. J. F. Macdonald, Camb. Univ. Press, 1960; quoted in IX WEC Preprint3.1-10,1974.

15 WEe Survey, 1974, pp. 251-252.16 'Wave Power', S. H. Salter,Nature, vol. 249, No. 5459,21 June 1974.17 'Geothermal Power', T. Leardini, Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. A. 276, 507­526,2974.

18 WEe Survey, 1974,p.165.19 G. C. Hardin, Fuels Symposium, Amer. Assoc. Petro Ceol. Annual meeting,Oklahoma, April 1968.

20 'Thermonuclear Energy', C. M. Braams, IX WEe Preprint, 4.1-11.21 W. C. Gough & B. J. Eastland -Sci. Amer. Vol. 224, No.2, p. 50, 1971.22 Conversion, Chapter IX.

314

23 WECSurvey, 1974,p. 16.24 'Resources of Oil, Gas & NGL in the United States and the World', T. A.Hendricks, U. S. Geol. Surv. eire. 522 Washington, D. C., 1965.

2 S Mineral Resources and the Environment - Table 3, p. 98, National Academyof Sciences, Washington, D. C. 1975.

26 'Organic-rich Shale of the USA and World Land Areas', US Geol Surv. eire.523, Washington DC, 1965.

27 Phil. Trans. R. Soc. London. A. 276, p. 608,1974.28 'Population, Energy & Development', H. Barnet, IX WEC Preprint, 1.1-4,1974.

29 Energy from Geothermal Resources, Report prepared for the sub-committeeon energy, Committee of Science & Astronautics, US House of Representa­tives, 93rd Congress, Second Session, May 1974, p. 38.

30 Nuclear Energy and Fossil Fuels, M. King Hubbert, Pub. no. 45, Table 6,p .. 22, Shell Dev. Co. Houston, Texas, reprinted from Drilling & Produc­tion Practice, 1956.

31 'Natural Sources of Nuclear Fuel,' S. H. U. Bowie, Phil. Trans. R. Soc.Lond., A. 276,495-505,1974.

32 Journ. Geol. Soc. Lond. Vol. 130, pp. 387-391, K. C. Dunham & E. G.Poole, 1974.

33 Methods ofEstimating Reserves etc., W. L. Lovejoy & P. T. Homan, p. 13,Resources for the Future Inc., Washington D. C. 1965.

34 'New aspects in theory and practice of water flooding as applied in USSRoilfields', V. D. Shashin, IX World Petro Congo Preprint, Special Paper 4,1975.

3 S 'Communication problems in reserve concepts & environmental control',D. C. Ion, Proc. Inst. Exploration & Economics of the Petroleum Industry,S. W. Legal Foundation, Dallas, vol. 8, pp. 31-57, Matthew Bender & Co.Inc. New York, 1970.

36 'The Significance of the World's Petroleum Reserves', D. C. Ion, Proc. VII,World Petro Congress, Vol. 2,1967.

37 Future Petroleum Provinces of the USA ed. Ira H. Cram, Amer. Assoc.Petr. Geol. Memoir 15,1971.

38 idem.p.5.39 US Energy Resources etc. A National Fuels & Energy Study for 93rdCongress, Serial No. 93-40, (92-75), part 1, 1974.

40 Future Petroleum Provinces of USA, Nat. Petro Council, pp. 133-138,1970, and earlier papers.

41 A. R. Martinez,Proc. VI World Petro Congo vol. 1, New York, 1959.42 'An estimate of the world's recoverable crude oil resources', J. H. Moody,

IX WPCPreprint, P. D. 6(2),1975.43 USGS Bulletin 1142-H, Washington D. C., 1962.44 'The sun may yet help to solve Britain's energy problems', K. Owen, The

Times, London, 1 November 1974.4S 'America's Energy Potential', M. K. Udall, Report of Sub-Committee on

Environment, Committee on Interior etc. US House of Representatives,Oct. 1973.

46 Solar Energy for the Terrestrial Generation of Electricity, Hearing beforesub-committee on Energy, Committtee on Space & Aeronautics, US Houseof Representatives, June 5,1974. •

47 Newsletter, July 1974, (CGLO (74)NL7), p. 10, Commonwealth Geologi­cal Liaison Office, London.

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48 Solar Energy, 14,21-28, 1972, F. Bassler, reported by B. J. Brinkwater,Nature, vol. 249, no. 5459, p. 72,21 June 1974.

49 Science 185,940, Aug, 2, 1974, reported in The Times, London 12 Aug.1974.

50 Boll. Di Geogisica Teorica ed Applicata, vol. IV, No. 14, G. Facca & F.Tonani, 1952.

51 'Hydrology of Neogene Deposits in the Northern Gulf of Mexico Basin',Paul H. Jones, Bull. GT2, April 1969, Louisiana Water Resources Inst.Louisiana State Univ.

52 idem, p. 88.53 Report prepared for the sub-committee on Energy, Committee on Spaceand Aeronautics, US House of Representatices, May 1974.

54 US Energy Prospects: An Engineering Viewpoint. Report prepared by aTask Force, Chairman, W. Kenneth Davis, Nat. Acad. Eng. Washington DC,USA, 1974.

55 Soviet Geothermal Electric Power Engineering, p. 11, Advanced ProjectsAgency, Dept. of Defense, Report 2, Washington DC, Dec. 1972.

56 'Powerful hydro-electric stations and the role they play in a comprehen­sive utilization of hydraulic resources', D. M. Yourimov et al. IX WEC Pre­print, 1.2-26, 1974.

57 'Hydro (incl. Tidal) Energy', K. B. Vernon, Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond.A.276,p.486,1974.

5 8 Professor Scorer, Imperial Coll. Lond. reported by K. Owen, p. 19, TheTimes, Lond. 5 Nov. 1974.

59 1974 WEC Survey and 'Survey of World Energy Resources', E. L. Nelson,et al. IX WEC Preprint, 1.2-33, 1974.

60 'Coal Resources of the USA', US Geol Surv. Bull. 1275,1 Jan., 1967.61 'US Energy Outlook, Coal Availability', Report of Coal Task Force, Ch.E. H. ReicW, Nat. Petr. Council, Washington D. C., 1973.

62 1974WECSurvey, App.2,p.315.63 'Energy Policy in the People's Republic of China', G. C. Dean, pp. 33-55,

Energy Policy, vol. 2, no. 1, March 1974.64 'World Energy and the Nuclear Electric Economy', J. W. Simpson & P. N.

Ross,IX WECPreprint, 6.1-18, 1974.65 'World Oil Reserves', Paul D. Torrey, Proc. VI World Petro Congress, 1963.66 Reported by M. K. Hubbert in Resources and Man, chap. 8, p. 194, Nat.Acad. Sci., 1969.

6 7 V. V. Semenovich, Proc. VIII World Petr. Congress, vol. 2, pp. 293-315,1971.

68 'Technical Progress and its role in the development of the oil industry inthe USSR,' A. A. Karayev,IX WEC preprint 3.1-19,1975.

69 'The World-wide Search for Petroleum Offshore, A Status Report for theQuarter Century, 1947-1972', N. L. Berryhill, US GeoL Surv. Circ. 694,Washington DC, 1974.

70 idem. fig. 6.71 'Baffin Bay to the Bahamas', Amer. Assoc. Petro Geol. Special Bull. vol.58/6, Part II of II, June 1974.

72 'Geology of Giant Petroleum Fields', ed. Michel T. HalboutY,Amer. Assoc.Petro Geol. Memoir 14, p. 5333, 1970.

73 'Eometamorphism and oil and gas in time and space', K. K. Landes, Amer.

316

Assoc. Petro Geol. Bull. vol. 51, no. 6, pp. 828-841,1967.74 'The North Sea, - a new major oil province in changing world', R. Bexon,Preprint 26 Annual Tech. meeting, Pete. Soc. Can. Inst. Mine, 10-13 June1975.

75 'Estimate of World Gas Reserves', T. D. Adalns & M. A. Kirkby, IX WPCPreprint, PD 6 (1),1975.

76 See (72), Table 2, p. 505.77 Development of the oil and gas resources of the United Kingdom, Dept.of Energy, London HMSO, 1975.

78 'Recovery of oil from Athabasca oil sands and from heavy oil deposits ofNorthern Alberta by in-situ methods', R. Mungan & H. J. Nicholls,IX WPCPreprint, PD 22(2), 1975.

79 'The Oil sands of Alberta', H. J. Webber, Joum. Can. Petro Technology,Oct-Dec. 1967.

80 An Energy Policy for Canada, Phase I, vol. II, Table 1, p. 32, Ministry ofEnergy, Mines and Resources, Ottawa, 1973.

81 'The Major Tar Sand Deposits of the World', P. H. Phizackerly &1. O. Scott, Proc. VII World Petro Congress, Vol. II, PD 13(1), 1967.

82 'US Energy Resources, a review as at 1972', M K. Hubbert, Committee onInterior and Insular Affairs, US Senate, Serial No. 93-40, Part I, p. 189,Washington D. C., 1974.

83 Oil & Gas Journal, pp. 44-45,13 Aug. 1973.84 UN Publication 67.IlB.20, STjECAjl 01,1967.85 US Energy Outlook - Shale availability, U. S. Nat. Pete. Council, Washing­ton, D. C. 1973.

86 'Satellite Surveys for Energy Resources and Environmental Assessments',V. E. McKelvey,IX WEC Preprint, 1.2-27,1974.

87 'The Energy Crisis and the World Economy', lincoln Gordon,IX WECPre­print 1.3-13, p. 2,1974.

88 'Environmentally induced changes in the production, distribution and con­sumption structure of US bituminous coal', J. P. Brennan et al, IX WECPreprint 2.6-12,1974.

89 'The Impact of Resources Opencast Recovery on the Environment shownfor the Brown Coal District of the Rhineland', E. Gaertner, IX WEC Pre­print, 2.3-2,1974.

90 'The Consequences on the Environment of Building Dams', ICOLD, IXWEC Preprint 2.6-14,1974.

91 Oil and Gas Journal, vol. 72, no. 26, Newsletter, 1 July 1974.92 Interim Report, Dome Petroleum Ltd., 30 Sept. 1974.93 Reported in The Times, London, 6 Aug. 1974.94 'How much oil- how much investment?', Energy Economics Div., ChaseManhattan, New York, March 1975.

95 Editorial,Fortune, vol.xc,no.6,p.110,Dec.1974.96 '60 billion barrel tertiary recovery potential claimed', R. E. Snyder, World

Oil, vol. 179,no. 7,pp. 70-73, June 1974.97 See (25) p. 92.98 Wairakei Power Station, New Zealand, Electricity, 1971.99 'Geothermal Energy and its Uses', Energy Section, Resources and Trans­port Div., U. N.,IX WEC Preprint 2.1-17,1974.

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1974 WECSurvey, Appendix 2, Table 2.'World coal resources and fUture potential: G. Armstrong, Phil. Trans.R. Soc. Lond. A276, pp. 439-452, 1974.'Fuel and Energy Resources etc.' N. V. Mel'Nikov et al. IX WEC Preprint1.2-23,1974.'1972: The Year of the Arab', ed. F. G. Gardner, Oil and Gas Journal,vol. 70, No. 52, pp. 82-121,25 Dec. 1972.'Summary Petroleum and selected Mineral Statistics for 120 countries,including Offshore Areas', J. P. Albers, et al U. S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper817, 1973.1974 WECSurvey, Appendix 5, Table 5.1974 WEC Survey, Table ix-2, p. 104.'Technical Progress in the gas producing industry of the USSR " A. D.Sedyk,IXWECPreprint, 1.2-4, 1974.'Fuel and power economy of Soviet Union', P. S. Neporozhny et al.IX WEC Preprint, 1.2-4, 1974.'Innovations in the High Arctic', C. Ii. Hetherington and H. J. Strain,IX WPC Preprint, SP2, 1975.'The availability of indigenous energy in Western Europe, 1973-1998,etc. Proc. 1st World Symp. Energy & Raw Materials, June 1974.'Oil Sands - Canada's First Answer to the Energy Shortage', R. D. Hum­phreys et aI, IX WPC Preprint PD 22(1), 1975.'Alberta's Oil Sands in the Energy Supply Picture', G. W. Govier, Proc.Can. Soc. Petro Geols., Symp. September 1963.~n initial appraisal by the Oil Shale Task Force, 1971-1985', Nat. Petr.Council, Washington D. C., 1972.1974 WECSurvey, Appendix 6, Table 6.'Population, Power and Pollution', K. K. Murthey, IX WEC Preprint1.2-1,1974.Energy in the World Economy: A Statistical Review ofTrends in Output,Trade and Consumption since 1925. J. Darmstadter et al, pub. for Re­sources for the Future Inc., Johns Hopkins Press, Baltimore, USA, 1971.idem, p. 26.1974 WECSurvey, Appendix 2, Table 2.'Energy in the UK', Energy Tech. Div., Dept. of Energy, UK, IX WECPreprint, 1.2-32,1974.1974 WEC Survey, Table III-10, p. 65, quoting Minerals Year Book1971, USBM.UN Statistical Papers, Series J. No. 17, Table 2.See (108) Table V, p. 5.'A forecast of energy supply and demand in South Africa', D. J. Kotze,IX WEC Preprint 1.2-14, 1974.Reference given in (123), as Van Rensburg et al. Coal Advisory Board,1969.'Coal Mining and the Environment - an overview from a developingnation',IX WECPreprint, 3.2-4, 1974.'Arctic Oil and the World - one perspective', D. C. Ion, Amer. Assoc.Petr, Geol. Memoir 19,Arctic Geology, p. 619,1973.Petroleum Economist, vol. XLI, No. 11, Nov. 1974.Petroleum Times, vol. 78, No. 1996, 15 Nov. 1974.Twentieth Century Petroleum Statistics, 1974, pp. 19-23, (Authority,

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US Bureau of Mines), de Golyer and MacNaughton, Dallas, Texas.Amer. Assoc. Petro Geol Bull Vol. 55/7, p. 986, July 1971.Ahead of his time, Michel Halbouty speaks to the people, ed. J. A. Clarke,Gulf Pub. Co., Houston, Texas, 1971.Chronology of Venezuelan Oil, A. R. Martinez, George Allen & Unwin,1969.See (129) p. 8, authority, US Bureau ofMines.Oil and the Romanian State, M. Pearton, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1971.'Natural Gas', C. P. Coppack, Phil Trans. R. Soc. Lond. A. 276, pp. 463­484,1974.World Oil, 15 Aug. 1974.'Natural Gas in Italian Energy Economics', G. M. Sfligiotti and G. Mar­ruzo,IX WEC Preprint, 1.2-11, 1974.World Oil, 15 Aug. 1974, p. 122.Reported in The Times, Lond. 16 June 1975.World Oil, Int. Ed. p. 148, July 1974.'The Impact of Natural Gas in Victoria, Australia', N. A. Smith & B. B.Bennett, IX WEC Preprint, 6.2-6, 1974.'The production of liquid fuels from Coal in Europe and Africa', H.Pichler et al,IX WPC Preprint, PD 22(4),1974.'Energy Conversion', A. A. Baker, IX WEC Preprint, Position Paper No.4,1974.'The New Energy Sources', W. Kenneth Davis and Simcha Golan, Indus­trial Research, 15 Nov. 1974, New York.'Fusion Power, an assessment of its potential impact in the USA', G. L.Kulcinski, Energy Policy, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 104-125, June 1974.'Converter Reactor Alternatives', W. Kenneth Davis, presentation at theAtomic Industrial Forum Conference on Energy Alternatives, Washington,DC, 19 Feb. 1975.'Economics of Nuclear Power', W. Kenneth Davis, presentation at Inter­national Symposium on Nuclear Power Technology and Economy, Taipei,Taiwan, 13 Jan, 1975.'Liquids from coals in the USA', G. H. Hill, et al, IX WPC Preprint PD22(5),1975.'Fluidized Bed Gasification and combustion for Power Stations', D. H.Archer et al. IX WEC Preprint 4.1-18,1974.'Conversion of Solid Fuels into other energy forms', L. Grainger,IX WECPreprint 3.1-9,1974.Reported in the Commonwealth Geological Liaison Office, London,Newsletter (75, NL. 2), p. 12, Feb. 1975.'Oil in the UK', Pamphlet, Information Services, Inst. Petr. Lond. 1974.'Economy of scale in Refining, Storage and Distribution', W. F. Brown,IX WPCPreprint, RP 16, 1975.Energy Policy, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 244-248, Sept. 1974.'The Hydrogen Economy - A State of the Art', The Dean, School of Eng.& Experimental Design, Univ. Miami,IX WEC Preprint 5.1-18,1974.'World Petroleum Energy Model', R. J. Deam, J. Leather and J. G. Hale,IX WPC Preprint SPl1, 1975.IX WEC Preprints, Division 4,1974.IX WEC Preprints, 3.2-5,4.1-7,5.1-3,1974.'Coal as a fuel for MOO Generators', C. Brobrowski et al IX WEC Preprint4.1-9, 1974.

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'MHD Electrical Power Generation - An international Status Report',A. E. Sheindlin and W. D. Jackson,IX WEC Preprint, 4.1-13, 1974.'Gases for Clean Energy' PD 17, 'Removal of sulphur from petroleumoils and gases', PDI8, 'Environmental Protection in the petroleum andpetrochemical industries', PD24, 'Air Conservation and AutomotiveTransport' PD23, (Total 20 papers) IX WPC Preprints 1974.'Transportation of Energy', John E. Robb, IX WEC Preprint PositionPaper 5, 1974.BP Statistical Review of the Oil Industry - 1974, British Petroleum,London 1975.'VLCCs in Japan', J. S. Kagami,IX WEC Preprint 5.1-10,1974.'Developments in Petroleum Transport by Sea', R. P. Lescohier, IX WECPreprint, 5.1-14,1974.'Marine Transportation of Crude Oil and Products', S. Yamagi, IX WPCPreprint, Review Paper 10, 1975.BP Statistical Review of the Oil Industry - 1961, British Petroleum,London 1962.see (163) p. 15, quoting John I. Jacobs & Co. Ltd.C. H. Tung of Island Navigation, Hong Kong, as reported in The Times,London, p. 9, 19 March 1974.'Energy in Crisis: Peter Hill and Roger Vielvoye, Robert Yeatman Ltd,1974.Petroleum Economist, vol. XLI, No.8, p. 305, Aug. 1974.'The Role of LNG in Energy Logistics', W. L. Culbertson and J. Horn,IX WEC Preprint 5.1-15, 1974.Outlook for Natural Gas, a Quality Fuel, ed. P. Hepple, Inst. Petr. Lond.,Applied Science Pub., Ltd 1972.'Liquefied Natural Gas', R. Boudet, IX WPC Preprint, Review Paper 11,1975.'Coal Transportation Economics', J. G. Montford and E. J. Wasp, IX WECPreprint 5.1-16, 1974.'Pipeline Transportation of Fluid and Solid Energy Sources', K. Schiffauer,IX WEC Preprint 5.1-6,1974.'New Developments in Pipeline Design, Construction and Operation',R. E. Watkins,IX WPC Preprint, Review Paper 9,1975.'Transport of energy on road and rail', K. Bauermeister, IX WEC Preprint,5.1-7,1974.'Submarine Power Cable between Denmark and Norway', E. L. Jacobsen,IX WEC Preprint 5.1-1,1974.Nordel- Brochure of the Nordic Agency for Co-operation in ElectricPower, Nordel Secretariat, Helsinki, Finland.Panel 21, Papers 1,2.3 and 4,IX WPCPreprints, 1975.See (181) paper 5.'Etude de stockage souterrain de gaz dans les mines de charbon', J. Josse,et al,IX WECPreprint 6.1-7,1974.'Le stockage souterrain de l'Energie', E. Schlumberger and A. Luxo,IX WEC Preprint 6.1-12,1974.Petroleum Economist, vol. XLI, No.8, August 1974.Energy Conservation, Central Policy Review Staff. H. M. Stationery Of­fice, Lond. July 1974.'Integration of pumped storage schemes etc.' S. Nieri Barillari, IX WECPreprint 4.1-20, 1974.

188 'Assessment of advanced concepts in energy storage and their applicationon electric utility systems', R. Fernandes et al, IX WEC Preprint, 6.1-17.

189 'Energy storage and its role in Electric Power Systems', J. L. Haydock,IX WEC Preprint, 6.1-21.

190 'The nuclear steam storage plant, an economic method of peak powergeneration', P. V. Gilli and G. Beckman,IXWEC Preprint, 4.1-10,1974.

191 'Fuel Cells, past, present and future', R. S. Tantram, Energy Policy, vol. 2,no. 1, pp. 55-67, March 1974.

192 Science 185,440, Aug. 2, 1974, reported in The Times, London, 12 Aug.1974.

193 'Consideration of possible improvement in the conversion and use ofenergy', Energy Section, Dept. of Econ. & Soc. Mf. UN Sec. IX WEC Pre­print 6.1-19,1974.

194 UN Statistical Yearbook 1972.195 'Population increase and Distributional Change in Japan', IX WEC Preprint

1.1-2,1974.196 'Forecast of population and activities in the Paris area in the year 2000',

R. Courbey,IX WEC Preprint, 1.2-5, 1974.197 'Reduction of Labour, and Economy in Energy', H. Rolshoven, IX WEC

Preprint 1.1-1, 1974.1 98 'Limits to Growth: D. L. Meadows et al for the Club of Rome, Project on

the Predicament ofMankind, Universe Books, N. Y. 1972.199 UN Publication, UN. E/C.7/40/Add.1, 5 Dec. 1972.200 'The effect of prices and economic growth on consumer's energy require­

ments, Britain', T. A. Boley and D. L. Walker, IX WEC Preprint 1.3-5,1974.

201 'California's Electricity Quandary', Chap. 1, Rand Corporation, (R-I084,NSF/GSRA) Sept. 1972.

202 Middle Eastern Oil and the Western World: Prospects and Problems', SamH. Schurr et al. Statistical Appendix, American Elsevier, 1971.

203 Oil and Gas Journ. p. 146, 11 Nov. 1974.204 'Future Patterns of Interfuel substitutions etc.' K. C. Huffman et al. IX

WECPreprint 1.3-14, 1974.205 a 'Energy Budgets', R. F. Chapman, Energy Policy, vol. 2, no. 2, June 1974.20sb 'Energy Budgets 2', R. F. Chapman, Energy Policy, vol. 2, no. 3, Sept,

1974.206 'Energy Budgets, 3', D. J. Wright, p. 315, Energy Policy, vol. 2, No.4,

Dec. 1974.207 'Methodology of analysis of the energy economy', ECE, St/ECE/Energy 1,

UN Publication, 1963.208 'Nuclear Power's Contribution to Energy Growth', W. Kenneth Davis,

Presentation to Atomic Industrial Fornm Conference, New Orleans, 3March 1975.

209 Personal communication from Bruce C. Netschert, and also 'EnergyUtilization and Pollution Aspects of two space-heating Alternatives',M. C. Cordaro, Bruce C. Netschert, and J. R. Mahoney, IX WEC Preprint6.2-5, 1974.

210 Reported in The Times London, p. 17,24 March 1975.211 'Development of Electric-on-the road Vehicles in F. R. Germany', H. G.

Moller,IX WECPreprint 6.1-4,1974.212 'Very High speed steel wheel train, TGV001, M. Gaudichou, IX WEC Pre­

print, 6.1-1, 1974.

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'The emerging role of future transport systems', R. A. Rice, IX WEC Pre­print 6.1-14,1974.'hnprovements in guided land passenger transport systems', A. L. Fair­brother and S. F. Smith,IX WEC Preprint 6.1-2,1974.Petroleum Economist, vol. XLII, No.3, p. 102, March 1975.'L'Isolation Thermique des Habitations etc.', J. J. Dubois et al IX WECPreprint, 6.1-13,1974.'Cost structure ot electricity supplies tor space heating', Od Todnem,X WEC Preprint, 6.1-19,1974.'Perspectives techniques et economiques du chauffage a distance enSuisse', C. Zanger et al,IX WEC Preprint 6.1-15, 1974.'Role of District Heating in increasing the efficiency of fuel combustionand decreasing air pollution in large populated areas', E. J. Sokolov et al.IX WEC Preprint 6.2-1, 1974.'A study concerning different energy supply alternatives, etc.,' J. Mikolaetal.IXWECPreprint6.1-10,1974.'Making energy value for money', W. Short, NIFES, Nature, vol. 249,no. 5459,p. 715,21 June 1974.'Seawater desalination by low temperature waste energy', R. Saari, etal,IX WEC Preprint, 1974.'Ecological Aspects of the development of the energy economy in thePolish Iron and Steel Industry', Z. Falecki, et aI, IX WEC Preprint 6.2-4,1974.'Possible Energy Patterns for the British Steel Corporation etc.' R. S.Barnes & D. M. Cowie,IX WEC Preprint, 6.2-3, 1974.'Nuclear fission as a general source of energy', L. R. Shepherd, Nature,vol. 249, June 21,1974.'Scarcity and Growth', H. J. Barnet and C. Morse, Resources for theFuture Inc., Johns Hopkins Press, 1965.Petroleum Economist, vol. XLII, No.3, p. 85, March 1975.'The role of petrodollars in international fmance', Hussein Najdi, Europe &Oil, vol. 15, pp. 26-30, Feb. 1975.Oil and Gas Joum. vol. 71, no. 53,31 Dec. 1973.'Study predicts strong rise in OPEC's surplus', Guy de Jonquieres, NewYork, 17 June, Fin. Times, Lond. p. 5,18 June 1975.'Energy and development policies in Iran: A Western View', Guy deCarmoy,Energy Policy, vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 293-306, Dec. 1974.Reported in The Times, Lond. 26 Feb. 1975.Time Magazine, 24 March 1975.London Business News, Sunday Times, Lond. p. 45, 30 March 1975.'How energy relates to world monetary problems', H. A. Merklein, WorldOil, vOl.180,no.1,pp.92-98,Jan.1975.Merklein, World Oil, Vol. 180, no. 2, Feb. 1975.The Times, Lond. 6 June 1975, p. 19.'Capital Requirements of Energy Supply: Edward Symonds, Vice-Pres.First National City Bank, New York, presented at Bergen Conference1974.'Japan's uncertain energy prospects', J. Surrey, Energy Policy, vol. 2,no. 3, pp. 204-230, Sept. 1974.'The Japanese economy after the Oil Crisis', Dr. Toshihiko Yoshino,Yamaichi Research Institute, a presentation to the Roy. Soc. for AsianAffairs, 2 April 1975.

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492 Fin. Times, p. 3, London, 12 Oct. 1979.493 'The Romanian Petroleum Industry', G. H. Pacoste et aI., RP 1, X WPC

Preprint, Heyden &Son, London, 1979.494 Proc. Tenth WPC, Discussion Summary, RTDl, vol. 2, Heyden & Son,

London, 1979.495 Fin. Times, p. 1, London, 18 Oct. 1979.496 'Ways to improve oilfield development schemes based on operation experi­

ence analysis', M. M. Ivanova et al., X WPC Preprint, PDll, paper 2,Heyden & Son, London, 1979.

497 'Technical and economic evaluation of operations for enhanced recoveryof crude oil', C. W. Perry et aI., PDll, paper 1, idem.

498 'Western Monopvly on solar energy', A. Agarwal, New Scientist, vol. 84,No. 1177,18 Oct., London, 1979.

499 M. Ryle,Nature 267,1977.500 Energy and Human Needs, S. E. & J. S. Curran, Scot. Acad. Press, 1979.501 'Wave Power Developments', A. Waugh & M. Swiss, reporting on Wave

Energy Conf., 22-23 Nov., 1978, London, Energy International, vol. 16,No.2., 1979.

502 'Fluid Mechanical Aspects of Wave Energy Projects', J. lighthill, Joum.Soc. Underwater Techn., June 1978, London.

503 'Wave Energy and the Environment', K. Probert & R. Mitchell, NewScientist, pp. 371-373, 2 Aug., London, 1979.

504 'Energy Review: US Coal', P. Cheesewright, Fin. Times, London, 12Oct. 1979.

505 Energy; The next twenty years. A report spons. Ford Found., admin.Resources for the Future, Study Group Chmn. Hans H. Lansberg, Bal·linger Pub. Cambridge, Mass. USA, 1979.

332

506

507

508

509

510

51 1

512

513

514

5 1 5

516

517

518

519

520

521

522

523

524

525

526

527

528

529

530

531

532

533

534

535

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OPEC Oil Report, Second Edition, 1979, Pet. Econ., London, 1979.Natural Resources Economics, C. W. Howe, John Wiley & Sons, NewYork, 1979, quoting Donnell in Future Supply ofNature-made Petroleum& Gas, ed. R. F. Meyer, Pergamon Press, New York, 1977.Oil Companies and Governments, J. E. Hartshorn, p. 305, Faber, 1962.Nature vol. 249,No. 5459, p. 275, 21 June 1974.Coal-Bridge to the Future, Report of the World Coal Study, ed. Carol L.Wilson, Ballinger, Cambridge, Mass, 1980.

APPENDIXn

Abbreviations

b

bbblbdBtuGav

g/tWWeWhhp

JtoecemillmbdmtappmpsiQtcf

billion = thousand million = 109 = billion (US) =milliard or bil­lion (Fr), = milliarde (German).billion US barrels, usually of oilUS barrel, usually of oilUS barrels per dayBritish thermal unit = 1.055 kJAverage annual generation of electricity based on productivitypotential of the power sites involved.Annual generation of e1ectricity obtainable from 95% of timebeing availablegrammes per tonneWattWatt electricalwatt hourHorsepower, being unit of rate of doing work = 500 foot poundsper secondJoule = 0.9478 X 10-3 Btutonne =metric tonneoil equivalentcoal eqUivalentone thousand part of a dollar US, as in 10 mills/Wmillion US barrels of oil per daymillion tonnes per annumparts per millionpressure in pounds per square inchquad or 1018 Btu = approx 25 Gt crude oiltrillion cubic feet = 1012 cubic feet

The international System of Units is used where appropriate, with the Units andsymbols most common being:

kMGTE

kilo = 103 , as in kg = kilogramme, kt = thousand metric tonnesmega = 106 , as in megatonne, Mtgiga = 109 , as in gigawatt, GWtera = 1012 , as in teratonnes, Ttexa =1018 , as in exajoules, EJ.

335

APPENDIX III

Conversion factors

Many discrepancies between data on energy resources result from use of dif­ferent factors. In this book, most world and regional conversions are based onresource-based averages. These have been calculated, as for world crude oil,from figures commonly quoted in US barrels, by giving due weight to theproportions of the total estimated to belong to the different types of crudeoil. Some of the factors used by other authorities quoted in the book are alsogiven.

ENERGY CONTENT

Unit =Joule =0.9478 X 10-3 Btu. 1 Btu =1.055 X 103 J.

Average high rank coal = 29.3 GJ/tAverage low rank coal = 14.7

Coal:Anthracite 33.5 GJ/tBituminous 29.3Sub-bituminous 25.1Brown coal & lignite 14.7 Eastern US coalPeat 8.3 Western US coalResource-weighted world average coal = 25 GJ/t

= 26.9= 18.74

Crude oil:US average crude 45.4 GJItResource-weighted world average crude oil = 42.33 GJ/t

WORLD CRUDE OIL I COAL CONVERSION FACTOR ON RESOURCE­WEIGHTED AVERAGE

ENERGY CONTENT 1 tonne oil =1.6932 tonnes coal equivalent.

UN Conversion Factor, Statistical Papers, Series J, No. 18, 1 tonne oil = 1.47 tceBP Statistical Review of the world oil industry, 1 tonne crude oil = 1.5 tceConservation Commission,World Energy Conference, 1 tonne crude oil = 1.67 tce

Natural Gas:Resource weighted world average, 1 m3 = 34 MJ

Uranium:In conventional thermal nuclear reactorIn fast breeder reactor

336

0.86 TJ/kg U51.75 TJ/kg U

OTHER COMMON FACTORS.

Crude oil:Resource weighted world average, 1 tonne crude oil = 7.33 US barrelsCommon usage is 1 t =7 bl, and thence 1 mbd =50 Mta

Natural Gas:109 m3 = 1 km3 natural gas = 0.86 Mt crude oil103 m3 = 1.286 t coal

Hydro/nuclear electricity:1000 kWh = 95 m3 natural gas = 0.082 toe = 0.123 tce = 3.6 GJ

Natural Gas Liquids:I US barrel/day = 42 tonnes per annum

General:1 kg =2.205 Ib1m3 = 35.315 cubic feet1 kilocallorie = 3.968 BtuThousand (103 ) often written as M in USAMillion (106 ) often written as MM in USA.

337

INDEX

Entries in bold type give detailed breakdowns in page order of the contents ofthe chapters indicated.

American Association of PetroleumGeologistsoil resources estimate, 23USA oil potential estimate, 19

Mghanistannatural gas, 154

Africaenergy resources, 66, 67

Alaskanatural gas, 134oil reserves, 71pipelines - gas, 202

oil, 199Algerianatural gas, 153, 155uranium, 42,43

APIdegrees API, 10proved reserves defmition, 17

Arab Maritime P.T.C., 198Argentina,32,39,66,68,160Australiabioconversion, 182coal, 104-105,200monazite, 163natural gas, 136uranium, 86,160, 162,245

Belgiumcoal,58natural gas imports, 153

bioconversion systems, 181-183Brazilcoal,104gasohol, 182nuclear, 244, 245pumped storage, 207shales, 83thorium, 163uranium, 42,43

BruneiLNG,136

California, 9, 57, 59,110, Ill, 112Canadacoal,105

338

CPA,7Geological Survey, reserves, 21Government,49,133heavy oils, 82hydraulic energy, 28natural gas, 78, 132·134,202oil sands, 82-83,157,307prorationing, 113thorium, 163uranium - measurement, 14- reserves, 84, 85, 87,88,158, 232

Central Intelligence Agency, 273Chile, 1Chinacoal production, 99, 100,285-286coal resources and reserves, 30,50,61,106,283energy, 283-287government, 286, 287hydro, 50Japan, 284oil,284-287oil shales, 83

coalcoal industry, 57-59, 168conversion, 164-168exploration, 55gasification, 165-166international trade, 200-201liquefaction, 167measurement, 10mining, 56pollution, 173price, 52production, 9, 92-106, 302-305proved reserves, 60-61reserves, 52, 56resources, 9,105-107slurry pipelines, 199,200strip mining, 46

CoCo (Conservation Commission)energy demand, 226, 250, 251oil estimates, 23

Comecon, 277-281

Conclusionbackground, 296dominance of petroleum, 297shifting control, 297shifting financial power, 298shifting political power, 298shifting standards, 299speed of technological change,299trends in society, 300world energy trends to 2050,301-311

continental shelvesplate tectonics, 24size, 2

Conversioncoal,164-168feedstocks, 167gasification, 165liquefaction, 167

oilsands, 168oil, 169hydrogen, 171environment, 173inexhaustibles, 174-185nuclear, 185-195fusion, 187fission, 187fuel cycle, 190breeders, 193

Defmitionsresources & reserves, 2-7

Demandgeneral, 210population, 214growth,214conservation, 220substitution & interdependence,222USA,227nuclear, 231interdependence, 246western Europe, 247developing countries, 250summary, 254

demandCoCo, 226, 250,251categories, 210, 212conservation, 220, 222developing countries, 211,215,295

growth, 213, 215, 307interdependence, 222population, 213, 214, 250substitution, 222utilization, 220WAES, 225, 226, 250, 251

Denmarkoffshore oil resources, 144

developing countriesdemand,250-254energy patterns, 294-295

Ecuador, 41EECdemand,248energy supply, 294Euratom, 243nuclear, 239-243collaboration, 243-244competition, 244

Egypt, 30electricityconductor systems, 203costs, generation & storage, 208UK, comparative, 243

energybudgets, 217-219conservation, 220

environmentenergy conversion, 173-174

established reserves, 7Europe-Westerndemand, 247-250, 254natural gas, 80, 153-157policy, 266-269proved energy reserves, 68

explorationcollaboration, 243demand, 44-48explorer, 41governments, 48-52satellite imagery, 43environmental pressures, 46-48

fmance,66,67,68,69fuel cell, 209Francenatural gas, 153, 155nuclear, 194, 195,242uranium, 162, 163

339

fuels - fissilemeasurement, 14resource base, 8

fuels - fossilmeasurement, 16-28

fuels - hydrocarbonsmeasurement, 19-28

Gabon, 32, 39,41gas gathering pipelines (NorthSea), 37giant oil fields, 24governmentsfmance,51-52

geothermal energyconversion, 184-185measurement, 12

Greenland, 171Germany FRcoal, 61conversion, 166, 167

production, 93,98oil policies, 145nuclear, 153, 240

heavy oilsresource base, 10resources, 38

hydraulic energydeveloping countries, 252future supply, 306-309proved reserves, 88-90pumped storage, 207resources, 27-29,tables, 3-4

hydropower, see hydraulic energyhydrogen, 171-173,207-209Hoyle, Prof. Sir F., 157

ICOLDenvironment & high dams, 47

lEAcoal resources, 7

IIASA,2Indiabioconversion, 181coal, 104monazite, 163solar energy, 176

IndonesiaLNG, 137

340

wood, 182inexhaustible resources (seeresources - solar etc.)conversion costs, 183future supplies, 306-309general, 174-176

International Monetary Fund, 211Irancrude oilmeasurement, 10, 16production, 123-127

natural gas, 37,135-136,153-154pipelines, 202

nuclear, 244policy, 263-265

Iraqnatural gas, 135oil production, 123-127

Italygeothermal, 184natural gas, 155,268-269

Israel, 31, 63,175,203

Japancompetition, 271crude oil-measurement, 10demand, 44, 269-272geothermal, 184LNG, 154oil refming pattern, 169

JET, 67, 32JOIDES, 35

Kuwaitoil conservation, 114production, 123-127

Latin Americaoil prospects, 123

lead times, 229, 230Libya, 47, 66, 78,92,127,150,160,171,205,206,208,212

Limits to Growth, 180, 181,233LNG, 134, 135, 154-156

Madagascar/MalagasyBemolanga,38monazite, 163

measurementcoal, 14, 15,30

fissile fuels, 13geological methods, 19hydrocarbons, 16-24units for resources, 10

methanol, 98, 154Mexicocoal, 104energy resources, 123natural gas, 202oil, setting, 24policy, 122-123,260production, 108, Fig. 13,109,110,120-123

Middle Eastnatural gas, 135-136oil production, 123-128

Namibiauranium, 162, 163

natural gasenhanced recovery, 54giant fields, 78geopressured zones, 26, 78, 159hydrates, 157inert gases, 78interdependence, 246Middle East, 76pipelines, 202production, 78,130-156proved reserves, 74-82resources, 36-38storage, 206

Netherlandsnatural gas, 145-146, 150-153

New Zealandgeothermal, 184

Nigerianatural gas, 155reservoirs, 16

natural gas liquids, 74Nigeruranium, 42,43,160,162

North SeaGeneva Convention, 137-140natural gas, 36, 80,137-153oil-refining, 169-resources, 35

pipelines, 149policies, 266reserves, 266

Norwayoffshore boundaries, 138

natural gas production, 148-150,153oil policy, 142-144,266production, 139, 142,266resources, 35, 266

nuclear energycomparative costs, 188developing countries, 245environment, 159fast breeders, 193-195fission, 185-195fuel cycle, 190-193fusion, 187future, 302, 303, 305, 306-309policy, 157,231-242safety, 186,238-242supply/demand, 231-246,292-294

Nordel,170

oilconversion, 169, 172crude resources, 31-36, table 8reserves 7, (price) 53

enhanced recovery, 53-55, 115industry, 257-263offshore, 33-36oil·in-place, 31pipelines, 199productionfuture, 115-129,303,305,308,309problems, 107prorationing, 112-114world, 108, Fig. 12

proved reserves, 61-62resources, 31-33, 115-129storage, 206

OAPEC embargo 1973,45OECD, 22, 31, 38, 41/43, 44, 45,46,47,51,52,67,68,81,82, l(ocean thermal power, 181oil sandsCanada, 38, 82, 83energy conversion, 62, 168proved reserves, 82, 83resources, 38,157Venezuela, 38

oil shalesenergy conversion, 62extraction, 46

341

reserves, 83, 84resource base, 10resources 38, 157

OPECflIlance,51~52,259-263

future, 265history, 257-263natural gas, 136price, 45production-oil, 123, 129, 261prorationing, 71reserves, 71, 73,123

Pakistannatural gas, 78, 79

petrochemicals, 247permafrost, 47plate tectonicsoil,24

plutonium, 53Polandcoal production, 99, 282energy, 279,282

pollution - environmentalaccidental, 47emissions to atmosphere, 48permafrost, 47

population, 45,179priceproved reserves, 52-55

Productionprimary energy, 91coals,92-107USA, 92W. Europe, 98USSR,98Poland,99China, 99S.Mrica, 101S.America, 104Asia, 104Australia, 104Canada, 105summary, 105-107

crude oil, 107-129world,108Mexico, 108-110USA,109California, 110prorationing, 112production control, 114

342

enhanced recovery, 115forward supplies, 115-129- Mexico, 120- Middle East, 123- OPEC, 126

natural gas, 130-157USSR,130USA,131Canada, 132Alaska, 134Middle East, 135-136Far East, 136Australia, 137N. W. Europe, 137international trade, 153summary, 156

unconventional hydrocarbons, 157fissile fuels, 158

prorationing, 112-114Proved reservescoal,60comparisons, 61hydrocarbons, 69natural gas liquids, 74natural gas, 74heavy oils, 82oil sands, 82shale oil, 83fissile fuels, 84hydropower, 88energy comparisons, 60-69price effect, 52-55

Qatar, 40, 41

rail/roadtransportation, 203

recovery - enhanced/secondary/tertiary, 53-55, 115renewable resources, see solar, windetc. or resourcesreservesdeflIlitions, 2-7, Figs 1-4,established,7possible, 2probable, 2proved, 3-7, 17

growth,73natural gas - proved, 74-82- probable, 78

price, 52-55Resources to reservesexplorer, 41demand,44governments, 48fmance,50proved reserves and price, 52exploration, 55mining, 56coal industry, 57

Resourcessolar, 25geothermal, 25hydraulic, 27wind,29coals, 29crude oil, 31natural gas, 36heavy oils, oil sands, oil shales,38flSsile fuels, 39

resource basedefmitions, 2fissile fuels, 8fossil fuels, 9, 10lunar, 8solar, 8terrestrial, 8, 9

Resource measurementresource base, 8units, 10methods, 12fissile fuels, 13carbon fuels, 14hydrocarbon fuels, 16

Rornanm .energy substitutions, 225oil reservoirs, 16production control, 114-115

Saudi Arabiaoil policy, 259-260price, 263production, 123-127,261

natural gas, 135-136solar energyconversion, 176-179future, 307resource base, 8resources, 25

South Mricaproduction, 101-104coal resources, 67liquefaction, 167

uranium, 13,39,87,88,160-163Storagegeneral, 205hydrocarbons, 206pumped,207hydrogen etc., 207-209comparisons, 208underground, 47

Spainnuclear, 240

sulphur, 155Supply and demandgeneral, 256OPEC, 257Iran, 263Venezuela, 265W. Europe, 266Japan, 269USSR & E. Europe, 272China, 283USA,287nuclear, 292developing countries, 294

Swedennatural gas, 153nuclear, 241oil policy, 144

Sudanbioconversion, 182

Suez Canal, 158, 159, 160, 167Switzerland, 48, 191syntheticfuels, 31, 100, 110, 111,140, 147-149

tankers, 196-199thoriumconversion, 194measurement, 10, 13production, 163resources (1974), 40

tidal power, 181Transportationwater-borne, 196pipelines, 199rail and road, 203electrical, 203costs, 205

343

UKcoalconversion, 164-166production, 93, 98resources & reserves, 15

government, 141,266,267natural gas, 138-142production, 146-148, 153

nuclear, 192, 194,239oiloffshore production, 139,266-268refining, 169-171

solar energy, 176UNdefinitions-reserves, 6, 23geothermal surveys, 25oil shales, 38statistical papers, J. series, 91

United Arab Emiratesoil production, 123-127

uraniumAustralia, 86, 87Canada, 158demand sensitivities, 192,231-246deposits, 43energy conversion, 62exploration, 42,160,237,243measurement, 11-14occurrences, 43price, 52,235-238production, 158-163proved reserves, 84-87, 161resources, 39-40S. Africa, 13,39,87stockpiling, 233USA,158world production, 160, 162

USAAPI, 10bioconversion, 181Carter Admin. 227-231coal, 15,29,46,60,61production, 92-98, 228conversion, 166-168transportation, 200

conservation, 229demand,227-231,254

344

energy self-sufficiency, 49,287-292geothermal, 26hydraulic energy, 89natural gas, 77,130-134,156nuclear, 185, 186, 188, 190,228,238-239oil imports, 289-292oil-in-place, 31production, 107-114prorationing, 72,112-114

oil policy, 230oil shales, 13,39,83,84reserves and price, 53

uranium, 85, 86US Geological Surveycoal reserves, 14definition, 3, 60geothermal, 12, 13offshore gas, 75offshore oil, 72oil resources, 19.oil shales estimate, 10proved reserves, coal, 60

USSRcoalproduction, 98, 99resources, 29, 30, 69, 106,272,275

Comecon, 277, 282China, 284CIA,273demand, 276electricity, 277energy, 69, 272fuels, 277geothermal, 27,184,185hydraulic energy, 27interdependence, 280, 281natural gas,36, 76, 77,130-132,153-154nuclear, 280, 282oil - resources, 32, 272, (map),273,274- offshore, 276- production, 277, 282

oil shales, 38, 273peat, 273permafrost, 199

pipelines, 199reserve defmitions, 7refining, 280waterflooding, 17, 273

Venezuelacoal,104conservation, 50, 114policy, 265oil sands, 38

water power, see hydraulic energyor wave power or tidal powerwave power, 180-181

wind power,power, 179-180resource base, 9resources, 29

wood,182World Energy Conferenceenergy resources surveyscoal (1968), 30, (1974), 30hydraulic energy (1978),88uranium (1974), 39

World Petroleum Congressoil definitions, 7reserve estimates, 22

Yugoslavia, 160

345