kuliah5 strategi pengajaran & pembelajaran

© 2007 Copyright Jabatan Multimedia Pendidikan, UTM Skudai

Strategi Pengajaran & Strategi Pengajaran & PembelajaranPembelajaran

PM Dr. Zaidatun TasirPM Dr. Zaidatun Tasir

Jabatan Multimedia Jabatan Multimedia PendidikanPendidikan

Fakulti Pendidikan, UTM Fakulti Pendidikan, UTM Skudai.Skudai.

Strategi P&P BerkesanStrategi P&P Berkesan

Apakah strategi pembelajaran?Apakah strategi pembelajaran?

Strategi pembelajaran (Learning Strategi pembelajaran (Learning strategies) – melibatkan aktiviti strategies) – melibatkan aktiviti pembelajaran yang berbentuk “self-pembelajaran yang berbentuk “self-initiated” (bergantung kepada daya initiated” (bergantung kepada daya usaha pelajar) yang dilalui oleh usaha pelajar) yang dilalui oleh pelajar untuk memudahkan pelajar untuk memudahkan pembelajaran mereka. (Alessi & pembelajaran mereka. (Alessi & Trollip, 2001)Trollip, 2001)


Apakah perbezaan antara strategi Apakah perbezaan antara strategi pembelajaran dengan strategi pembelajaran dengan strategi pengajaran?pengajaran?

Strategi pembelajaran – diamalkan Strategi pembelajaran – diamalkan oleh pelajar manakala strategi oleh pelajar manakala strategi pengajaran diamalkan oleh pengajar.pengajaran diamalkan oleh pengajar.


Apakah kaitan antara strategi Apakah kaitan antara strategi pembelajaran dengan pedagogi?pembelajaran dengan pedagogi?

Pedagogi berkait rapat dengan Pedagogi berkait rapat dengan strategi pembelajaran.strategi pembelajaran.

Pedagogi boleh menentukan hala Pedagogi boleh menentukan hala strategi pembelajaran.strategi pembelajaran.

Berikan contoh strategi P&P yang Berikan contoh strategi P&P yang ada.ada.


Apakah model proses P&P yang sering Apakah model proses P&P yang sering digunakan dan dianggap berkesan.digunakan dan dianggap berkesan.

Model P&P yang lazim: (Urutan proses)Model P&P yang lazim: (Urutan proses)1.1. Persembahan informasi – media/teacher Persembahan informasi – media/teacher

centeredcentered2.2. Bimbing pelajar – lebih interaktifBimbing pelajar – lebih interaktif3.3. Latihan – learner centeredLatihan – learner centered4.4. Penilaian/ujianPenilaian/ujian


Adakah kita masing perlu berpegang Adakah kita masing perlu berpegang kepada model proses P&P ini?kepada model proses P&P ini?

Jika tidak, apakah pendekatan yang Jika tidak, apakah pendekatan yang boleh kita gunakan??boleh kita gunakan??

Mungkin urutan yang tidak linear spt:Mungkin urutan yang tidak linear spt:1.1. Latihan – learner centeredLatihan – learner centered

2.2. Bimbing pelajar – lebih interaktif Bimbing pelajar – lebih interaktif

3.3. Persembahan informasi – media/teacher Persembahan informasi – media/teacher centeredcentered

4.4. Penilaian/ujianPenilaian/ujian


Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan pendekatan P&P TUTORIAL?pendekatan P&P TUTORIAL?

LATIH-TUBI?LATIH-TUBI?

(untuk tujuan latihan)(untuk tujuan latihan) SIMULASI SIMULASI

(persembahan maklumat, bimbing, (persembahan maklumat, bimbing, latihan dan nilai pelajar)latihan dan nilai pelajar)

PERMAINANPERMAINAN

tamat

TutorialTutorial

Tutorial – menyampaikan maklumat Tutorial – menyampaikan maklumat kepada pelajar dan bimbing pelajar kepada pelajar dan bimbing pelajar untuk mempelajari sesuatu perkara untuk mempelajari sesuatu perkara

TutorialTutorial Features of Effective TutorialsFeatures of Effective Tutorials Include lesson orientation at the beginning of Include lesson orientation at the beginning of

the tutorial. the tutorial. Provide learner guidance throughout the Provide learner guidance throughout the

lesson. lesson. Give appropriate feedback and remediation. Give appropriate feedback and remediation. Provide strategies for making the instruction Provide strategies for making the instruction

more meaningful. more meaningful. Make attractive use of graphics and sound. Make attractive use of graphics and sound. Learners are kept informed of the skills Learners are kept informed of the skills

required. required. Key information is highlighted. Key information is highlighted.

TutorialTutorial Features of Effective TutorialsFeatures of Effective Tutorials Several techniques are used to aid learning. Several techniques are used to aid learning. Frequent interaction between the tutorial and the Frequent interaction between the tutorial and the

learner. learner. Learner responses are required and judged. Learner responses are required and judged. Feedback is provided to confirm correct responses or Feedback is provided to confirm correct responses or

correct incorrect ones. correct incorrect ones. An evaluation of the learners' progress is given. An evaluation of the learners' progress is given. Provide different strategies for processing information. Provide different strategies for processing information. Make instruction as meaningful and relevant as Make instruction as meaningful and relevant as

possible. possible. Employ intrinsic motivators. Employ intrinsic motivators. Include aids for the assimilation of old and new Include aids for the assimilation of old and new

information.information.

TutorialTutorial

Tutorials: Tutorials: AdvantagesAdvantages Useful for teaching factual information, Useful for teaching factual information,

simple discriminations, rules and simple simple discriminations, rules and simple application of rules. application of rules.

Permit learners to move through the Permit learners to move through the information at their own rate. information at their own rate.

Most useful for verbal learning tasks where Most useful for verbal learning tasks where large amounts of information are large amounts of information are presented.presented.

TutorialTutorial

Tutorials: Tutorials: DisadvantagesDisadvantages The time needed to develop lessons. The time needed to develop lessons. Difficult to design tutorials for higher order Difficult to design tutorials for higher order

objectives. objectives. Tutorials often duplicate learning Tutorials often duplicate learning

programs that already exist making them programs that already exist making them expensive.expensive.

Latih-tubiLatih-tubi Features of Effective DrillsFeatures of Effective Drills Provide extensive opportunities for practicing Provide extensive opportunities for practicing

skills. skills. Assume that teaching has already taken place. Assume that teaching has already taken place. Reinforce and strengthen correct responses. Reinforce and strengthen correct responses. Identify and correct incorrect responses. Identify and correct incorrect responses. Minimise unrelated information and procedural Minimise unrelated information and procedural

complexity. complexity. Response is brief and is produced rapidly. Response is brief and is produced rapidly. Focus on one or two well-defined skills rather Focus on one or two well-defined skills rather

than many skills. than many skills.

Latih-tubiLatih-tubi Features of Effective DrillsFeatures of Effective Drills Should offer individual response feedback and Should offer individual response feedback and

feedback to gauge performance. feedback to gauge performance. Should maintain a high level of user motivation. Should maintain a high level of user motivation. Provide the user and the instructor with options Provide the user and the instructor with options

to control the learning process. to control the learning process. Opportunities to alter drill format (animation, Opportunities to alter drill format (animation,

colour, etc.). colour, etc.). Good drills account for user's age, sophistication Good drills account for user's age, sophistication

and preferences. and preferences. Control of drill features such as speed, response Control of drill features such as speed, response

rate, data storage and printing results.rate, data storage and printing results.

Latih-tubiLatih-tubi

Drills & Practice: Drills & Practice: AdvantagesAdvantages Intensive controlled opportunities for Intensive controlled opportunities for

learners to refine their skills. learners to refine their skills. Computer drills more appealing than Computer drills more appealing than

traditional paper / teacher drills. traditional paper / teacher drills. Can detect error patterns. Can detect error patterns. Adapt the level of difficulty. Adapt the level of difficulty. Record keeping is instantaneous.Record keeping is instantaneous.

Latih-tubiLatih-tubi

Drills & Practice: Drills & Practice: DisadvantagesDisadvantages Did not help - deep understanding Did not help - deep understanding Often appear more like tests than Often appear more like tests than

instruction. instruction. Many drills are poorly conceived Many drills are poorly conceived

(difahami), limited in their application and (difahami), limited in their application and boring.boring.

SimulasiSimulasi Features of Effective Simulations:Features of Effective Simulations: A scenario or set of events is presented. A scenario or set of events is presented. Clear options for student participation are Clear options for student participation are

indicated. indicated. A range of plausible consequences to A range of plausible consequences to

student actions is given. student actions is given. Effective guidance is given. Effective guidance is given.

SimulasiSimulasi Features of Effective Simulations:Features of Effective Simulations: The simulation is believable, with The simulation is believable, with

reasonable response options and logical reasonable response options and logical consequences to options. consequences to options.

Clear guidelines must be given for Clear guidelines must be given for participation and termination. participation and termination.

The situation should change realistically in The situation should change realistically in line with student responses. line with student responses.

A qualitative summary of studentA qualitative summary of student performance should be provided.performance should be provided.

SimulasiSimulasi Simulations: Simulations: AdvantagesAdvantages Represent the thinking and evaluative Represent the thinking and evaluative

capabilities of computers. capabilities of computers. Permit the study of processes, procedures Permit the study of processes, procedures

and phenomena that would either be too and phenomena that would either be too difficult, too costly or too dangerous. difficult, too costly or too dangerous.

Permit the study of phenomena that would Permit the study of phenomena that would not be visible in real time. not be visible in real time.

Can save a lot of money.Can save a lot of money.

SimulasiSimulasi Simulations: Simulations: DisadvantagesDisadvantages Require sophisticated hardware in many Require sophisticated hardware in many

cases. cases. Require sophisticated programming Require sophisticated programming

techniques.techniques.

PermainanPermainan Features of Effective Games:Features of Effective Games: The student must understand the goal of the game. The student must understand the goal of the game. Procedure for participation should be well defined. Procedure for participation should be well defined. Responses should be frequent and easily generated. Responses should be frequent and easily generated. It must attract and engender enthusiasm in the It must attract and engender enthusiasm in the

student. student. Incorporation of animation, colour and sound. Incorporation of animation, colour and sound. Guidelines for game participation must be provided. Guidelines for game participation must be provided. Identifiable cause and effect relationship between Identifiable cause and effect relationship between

student actions and game responses. student actions and game responses. Summaries of game performance.Summaries of game performance.

PermainanPermainan Games: Games: AdvantagesAdvantages Capitalise on the competitiveness of Capitalise on the competitiveness of

students. students. High in entertainment value. High in entertainment value. Varied methods of learning. Varied methods of learning. Unique formats.Unique formats.

PermainanPermainan Games: Games: DisadvantagesDisadvantages Entertaining consequences for incorrect Entertaining consequences for incorrect

responses. responses. Unwittingly incorrect answers can Unwittingly incorrect answers can

sometimes be more entertaining than sometimes be more entertaining than correct ones. correct ones.

Vision and sound effects often become the Vision and sound effects often become the focal point. focal point.

Indiscriminate use of computer capabilities Indiscriminate use of computer capabilities can distract from the purpose of the game.can distract from the purpose of the game.

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