jerome d. fellmann mark bjelland arthur getis judith getis
TRANSCRIPT
Jerome D. FellmannMark BjellandArthur GetisJudith Getis
Chapter 3
Spatial Interaction&
Spatial Behavior
Insert figure 3.1
Photo by Mark Bjelland
A Summarizing Model (Ullman) Complementarity
Depends on effective supply and demand, purchasing power, and transportation
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A Summarizing Model Complementarity
For two places to interact, one place must have what another place wants and can secure
Effective supply and demand are important considerations for exchange
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Insert figure 3.3
A Summarizing Model Transferability
The value of the product must be greater than the cost of transportation
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A Summarizing Model Transferability
Acceptable costs of an exchange An expression of the mobility of a commodity
and is a function of three interrelated conditions:
1. The characteristics of the product2. The distance measured in time and money
penalties, over which it must be moved3. The ability of the commodity to bear the cost
of movement If the time and money costs of traversing a
distance are too great, exchange does not occur.
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A Summarizing Model (cont.) Intervening Opportunity
A function of distance N. Dakota oil fields
South Carolina vs Wisconsin frac sand?
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A Summarizing Model Intervening Opportunity
Complementarity can be effective only in the absence of more attractive alternative sources of supply or demand closer at hand or cheaper
Intervening opportunities serve to reduce supply/demand interactions that otherwise might develop between distant complementary areas
For reasons of cost and convenience, a purchaser is unlikely to buy identical commodities at a distance when a suitable nearby supply is available
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What is Spatial Interaction? What is Ullman’s summarizing model of
spatial interaction used for? Describe the following components of
Ullman’s model: Complementarity Transferability Intervening Opportunity
What is the problem with focusing on “aggregate, not individual” behavior when modeling spatial interaction?
Measuring Interaction Distance Decay The Gravity Concept Interaction Potential Movement Biases
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Measuring Interaction Friction of Distance
Distance has a retarding effect on human interaction because there are increasing penalties in time and cost associated with longer distance, more expensive interchanges The “friction of distance” is reduced by lower costs.
Geographically speaking, what effect did the automobile have on the United States?
Distance Decay The decline of an activity or function with increasing distance from its point of origin.
Study Guide
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The volume of interaction (flow) between two points is inversely related to the square of the distance separating them.
So…volume of flow between two places 50 miles apart would probably be only ¼ of that between places 25 miles apart.
Study Guide
The problem is that distance is only one factor of transferability…What other factors influence our decisions?
Cost…Time…Perception…?
Measuring Interaction The Gravity Concept
The physical laws of gravity and motion developed by Sir Isaac Newton (1642-1727) are applicable to aggregate actions of humans
A large city is more likely to attract an individual than is a small hamlet…More opportunity (real and perceived)
Study Guide
Chapter 3
Measuring Interaction (cont.) Movement Bias…Or “If you build it, they will
come”…”Anchor chains/Stores”/ Mall of America? Predictable flows making some centers more
attractive to merchants and customers (google earth)
Study Guide
Distance Bias - “distance decay” favoring short interactions over long ones
Direction Bias – East/West Bias in the US (google earth Hwy map
Network Bias – movement along existing networks/routes – self-
reinforcing mechanism. Where would you site a new restaurant in the Chippewa Valley?
Mobility vs. Migration Circulation mobility
Daily/temporary use of space for travel/work/school/ commerce etc.
Migration mobility (Permanent relocation)
Individual Activity Space Territoriality Varies by culture
Activity space is determined by:
Stage in life Mobility (economic) Opportunity
– availability of nearby resources
The Tyranny of Time Space-Time Prism [65]
Illustrates geog. Limits bound by time What effect did modern transportation have on the space-time prism? Information
technology?
Distance and Human Interaction Critical Distance [fig3.12, 66]
Examples of the “frictionless zone”?
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Study Guide
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Spatial Interaction and the Accumulation of Information
Critical Distance: Does critical distance vary with different activities? Information Flows
Implications of instantaneous information flow? [work, education, cities, governments, culture]
Figurative impact on critical distance?
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Information and Perception Our place perceptions are based on our sense of place –
our “perceptions of reality” Are those perceptions always accurate?
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The Peters Projection Map from Two Perspectives: In 1974, as an effort to reduce the political
bias of conventional maps, Arno Peters created the 'Peters
Projection' of the world so that one square inch anywhere on the map represents an equal
number of square miles of the earth's surface.
Information and Perception (cont.) Perception of Environment…Again tied to Relph’s “sense
of place”
Perception of Natural HazardsDiminished by our sense of place“Diminished” by necessityFlooding in Bangladesh
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Video Lessons: Spatial Interaction Human Spatial BehaviorQuizlet: Fellmann Ch. 3
Video Clips: China Infrastructure Spending 60 Minutes: America’s Crumbling Infrastructure
Article Jigsaw Activity Focus on: 1. Spatial interactions (both stated and implied)
2. Four-Level Analysis(1)Local, (2)State or regional, (3)National,
(4)globalPower of Place: Spatial interaction in a megalopolisFor Thursday: Complete Power of place disc. Questions and Annual Editions Reading and Critical Thinking
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Principal Migration Patterns Intercontinental
A reflection of massive intercontinental flows Intracontinental
Movements between countries Interregional
Movements within countries Rural-to-Urban
Migration Vid Intro
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Principal Migration Patterns Rural-to-Urban
Movements of peoples from agricultural areas to cities; prominent during the industrial revolution
Rapid increase in impoverished rural populations put increasing and unsustainable pressures on land, fuel, and water in the countryside
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Forced The relocation decision is made solely by people other than the migrants
themselves Slaves were forcibly transferred to the Americas Convicts transported to other continents Communist relocations (USSR) Immigrants expelled (Uganda) Forced repatriation of foreign nationals
Reluctant Less than fully voluntary
Aggressive governmental relocation campaigns (Indonesia)
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Voluntary The great majority of migratory movements
are voluntary Migrants believe that their opportunities and
life circumstances will be better at their destination than they are at their present location.
Involuntary
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Push & Pull Factors Push factors are negative home conditions that impel
the decision to migrate They might include loss of job, lack of professional
opportunity, overcrowding or slum clearance, or a variety of other influences
Pull factors are the presumed positive attractions of the migration destination All the attractive attributes perceived to exist at the new
location: safety, and food, perhaps, or job opportunities, better climate, lower taxes, more room, and so forth
Power of Place 21
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Place Utility Top Ten The measure of an
individual’s satisfaction with a given residential location
Step Migration Place transition Rural to central city A series of less extreme
locational changes From farm to small town to
suburb, and finally to the major central city itself
Forced Migration in China
Chain Migration The mover is part of an
established migrant flow from a common origin to a prepared destination
An advance group of migrants is followed by second and subsequent migrations originating in the same home district and frequently united by kinship or friendship ties Hmong
Counter Migration Not all immigrants stay
permanently at their first destination
Return migration Back to Syria
Channelized Migration Areas that are in some way tied to one another by
past migrations, by economic trade considerations, or some other affinity
Ravenstein’s Laws of Migration Most migrants go only a short distance Longer-distance migration favors big cities Most migration proceeds step-by-step Most migration is rural to urban Most migrants are adults and males
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Insert figure 3.29
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Homework For Friday
4.1 What were the extreme values? Why were these states over/underestimated by the gravity model?
4.2 In general, how did the gravity model fare? Do the predictions hold up?
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4.3 How is distance a deterrent to migration?
Distance acts as a deterrent to migration in several ways: cost, information, and intervening opportunities. The farther apart two places are, the more expensive it is to move between them. Also, people are unlikely to move to a place they know nothing about, and they tend to know less about distant places than about those nearby places. And finally, the farther apart two places are the greater the likelihood of intervening opportunities.
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4.4 Justify the use of population as the numerator in the gravity model. Can you suggest a variable that might be preferable to population as a measure of the sending power of a state or province?
Population is justified in the gravity model because the more people live in a state, the more potential migrants there are. If distance were held constant, one would expect migration to be proportional to the population of a state. However, a better measure of the “sending power” of a state would take into account not only how many people live in a state, but also what kinds of people are most likely to move. Therefore, there might be a higher weighting on young adults and highly educated people who move more frequently than others…other factors??
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4.5 Along the 45* = an accurate prediction * For points below the line, actual migration is greater than
predicted migration, the gravity model predictions underestimate migration, and residuals (actual – predicted migration) are positive. * For points above the line, predicted migration is larger than
actual migration, the gravity model predictions overestimate migration, and residuals are negative.
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4.6 Groups of states that are over or under predicted? * possible explanations?
4.7 Other variables that we might use to reduce those residuals identified in 4.6?
* Economic?* Age?* Gender?* Climate?
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