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Mastery of English as a second or foreign language (ESL or EFL( comes down to how well a student speaks. He may write well, for example, get high marks on tests, or even have an accent nearly identical to a native speaker; but if he cant express ideas, opinions, or instructions clearly in a conversation, few wouldcallhimproficient.Languageisfor communication after all, and that primarily means speaking. Speaking:thedefinitionSpeaking is an interactive process of constructing meaning that involves producing and receiving and processing information .Its form and meaning are dependent on the context in which it occurs, including the participants themselves, their collective experiences, the physical environment, and the purposes for speaking. It is often spontaneous, openended, and evolving. However, speech is not always unpredictable. Language functions (or patterns( that tend to recur in certain discourse situations (e.g., declining an invitation or requesting time off from work(, can be identified and charted. For example,when a salesperson asks May I help you? the expected discourse sequence includes a statement of need, response to the need, offer of appreciation, acknowledgement of the appreciation, and a leavetaking exchange. Speaking requires that learners not only know how toproduce specificpointsof languagesuch as grammar, pronunciation, or vocabulary (linguistic competence(, but also that they understand when, why, and in what ways to produce language (sociolinguistic competence(. Finally, speech has its own skills, structures, and conventions different from written language. A good speaker synthesizes

this array of skills and knowledge to succeed in a given speech act.Speaking : different levelsAny Conversation involves using the language, listening to the language, processing the information, and then responding to it. The purpose of the conversation affects the process, as does the place and the people involved. Compare English spoken to open a business meeting with English used to order at a restaurant. This language then differs from what may be needed during the business meeting, or to complain about the quality of the food. From these examples, we can infer that a good speaker uses grammar and vocabulary effectively and accurately. We should also consider the context of the grammar and vocabulary, and how it can add nuance. For example, when, why, and to whom would a speaker describe business meetings.Example A: Even though our weekly meeting with those R&D people can be boring, I know how important it is. Lets face it: its a necessary evil. Example B: Ugh! Our weekly meeting with those R&D (Registration and Development Section( people drives me up the wall! Someone who speaks well would similarly understand when to use different grammar points. Native speakers just know the language, even if we cant always give the whys and what fors of grammar or vocabulary. Lessons which involve speaking activities should always strive to build and reinforce these skills. In time, decisions in language usage like the above become more regular, or even subconscious.Speaking: the main obstracts The acquisition of a language is not sim

ple,whetheritsyourfirstlanguageorasecond one. Regardless of what a lot of nonnative English speakers the world over like to think, learning English is not easy, either. Those who wrongly think that to learn to speak English isntdifficultwillfindoutquicklyhowwrong they are.First, learning English at a basic, communicative level is admittedly not as difficultaslearningsomelanguagesis.So many people around the world speak English that many different accents and pronunciations are found even amongst native speakers. Because its often easy to pick up conversational English, people make the mistake of thinking learning English is easy.Second, there are many rules in English. Both grammar and sentence must adhere to strict rules. But nearly every rule has exceptions. And these exceptions often have no discernible logic to them.So,Englishhaslotsofflexibility,as well. This leads to many inconsistencies in when and how the rules are enforced. And it makes rote memorization impossible as a method to learn English.Next, the pronunciation is also inconsistentlyfollowed.Becauseofitsfluidity,pronunciation can differ greatly within even nearby regions of nativespeaking countries. But mastering English pronunciation is essential to successfully mastering the language. Because of the fluidity, however, mastering the pronunciation is hard. It takes practice and diligence. And then more of each.A fourth difficulty is recognizing thecorrect structure, grammar, and vocabulary usages, even when what is correct doesnt necessarily sound right. An exampleissplitinfinitives.Itistaughtin

English class not use split infinitives,yetsplitinfinitivesarecommoninspoken English. This is because theyre often used for emphasis or because its thought to sound better.Afifthissueisknowingwhentousecolloquial English and when to use proper English. Because celebrities often use proper English wrongly, this isnt easy. Many who are learning pick this up and then try to imitate. On the other hand, many professionals or academics dont know how to use slang or speak colloquially.A sixth problem when studying English is the language masters out there claiming that theirs is the best method for learning English fast. This is false, regardlessofwhatscientificfacts theypresent showing how effective their curriculum is. Dont listen to these charlatans. Learning English, as with learning any language, is not easy and learning it properly takes time, patience, practice, and good teaching.Finally, English is a fun language. Listening to nonnative speakers is not difficultfornativespeakers.Wereusedtohearing a variety of accents from our fellow native speakers. Therefore, if you intend on learning to speak English, even the barest of efforts will allow you even basic communicative abilities.Speaking: the students common complaintsMany English learners complain that they understand English, but dont feel confident enough to join a conversation. There are a number of reasons for this including: * Students are trying to translate from their native language into English. * Production blocking is occurring duetonervousness,lackofconfidence,etc. *Thespeakerislookingforaspecificword, rather than using simple language to describe what is meant. *There arent enough conversation opportunities in or outside of class. *Students arent able to speak to peers (for example: mixed classes of adults and teenagers(. *Exam preparation focuses on grammar, vocabulary, etc. and leaves little

time for active use. Speaking: an inseparable skillMost students want to communicate better in English. If this is one of your goals, it is important to study a balance of the four major skills. Listening, Speaking, Reading and Writing are the main (macro( skills you need to communicate in any language. Being very good at only one of these skills will not help you to communicate. For example you need to be able to read well before you can write well. You also need to be able to listen before you can speak. It helps to think of these communicative skills in two groups.

INput o Listening (in through your ears( o Reading (in through your eyes(

OUTput o Speaking (out through your mouth( o Writing (out through your hand(Its simple. Think of it this way. First you have input. Next you have output. First you listen to someone ask you a question. Second you speak and give them your answer. First you read a letter from someone. After that you write back to them. These are examples of communicating. Input and output dont necessarilygoinaspecificorder.Sometimesyouspeak first and then you listen. Sometimes you write about something you hear. During communication, the person you are communicating with uses one of the opposite skills. Therefore, in order to understand each other, everyone must beskillfulinallfourareas.Thefirstruleof improving speaking skills is to speak, converse, talk, gab, etc. as much as you can! However, these strategies can help you or your students make the most out of your efforts. Each of these main skills has micro skills within it. For example, pronunciation is a type of speaking skill that must be practiced in order to improve communication. Spelling is a skill that makes understanding the written word easier. Grammar and vocabulary are other micro skills. Micro doesnt mean they are unimportant. Macro skills such as listening are very general, while mi

croskillsaremorespecific.Forthebestresults, create an agenda that combines all four areas of study. Allow one type of studying to lead into another. For example, read a story and then talk about it with a friend. Watch a movie and then write about it.Speaking: some quick tips to improve itThere are a few useful tips you can follow to improve your speaking skill and increase your self-confidence whenspeaking to someone. But remember! Speaking ability has to be enhanced by other skills mentioned above. 1. In order to imprint words on your memory and also to feel comfortable about pronouncing them at a moments notice, it is necessary to practice vocabulary a number of times. 2. Decide which constructions and vocabularies are ideal for you to learn. (Be discerning, because you cannot learn everything.( Choose about ten new words per day to practice. 3. Practice them until you are wordperfect. Then use them in real situations by incorporating them into conversations with as many people as possible (at least six times each word or construction, but more if possible(. The more you manage to use them in conversation, the more readily you will be able tosaythemfluentlyinthefuture.4. If you can read English, look for an interactive course that promotes listening, speaking and understanding.5. Practice often.6. Listen to English radio or TV7. Watch English movies8. Go out with English speaking friends or try speaking in English with your nonnative friends.9. Listen to English Whenever You Can!!If you want your skills to progress, it will require what all things require in order to master them. A stable base of the rudimentary, daily pronunciation practice, acquisition of new vocabulary every day, and not being afraid of making mistakes. REMEMBER: Fluency in English is accuracy with good pronunciation not speed. : J56019

Speaking: the importance

Abbas Zandieh The Manger ofenglish department

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