january | february 2013 - international aquafeed magazine - full edition

7/29/2019 January | February 2013 - International Aquafeed magazine - full edition

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Chicken viscera for fish

feed formulation

Profitable aquafeed

moisture control

The shrimp feed industry in China an overview

Spray-dried plasma from porcine blood in diets for Atlantic

salmon parrs

Volume 16 I s sue 1 2013 - J anuary | f ebruary

INCORPORAT ING

f Ish fARmING TeChNOlOGy


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An internAtionAl mAgAzine for

the AquAculture feed industryCONTENTS

AQUA

I n t e r n a t I o n a l

FEED

Volume 16 / Issue 1 / January-February 2013 / Copyright Perendale Publishers Ltd 2012 / All rights reserved

International Aquafeed is published six times a year by Perendale Publishers Ltd of the United Kingdom.

All data is published in good faith, based on information received, and while every care is taken to prevent inaccuracies, the publishers accept

no liability for any errors or omissions or for the consequences of action taken on the basis of information published. Copyright 2013

Perendale Publishers Ltd. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means without prior

permission of the copyright owner. Printed by Perendale Publishers Ltd. ISSN: 1464-0058

Cover image courtesy of Oddmund Goete

Aqua News

3 Sea-grownbarramundi

thefuturewhitesalmonofthetropics?

3 DScforInternationalAquafeedsProfRana

3 EUprojectintoFlavobacteria

4 Internationalmatchmakingacceleratesgeneticadvances

4 AgriMarineandAkvatechjoinforceswithpurchaseandlicensingagreement

5 BigDNAgetsshareofsixmillionEuroEuropeanprojecttodevelopnewfishvaccines

7 Offshoremaricultureindustrylookstohighseasopportunities

8 AquaPortugal

8 Newvideohighlightssustainableaquaculturehatch-to-harvest

Features

10 Chickenvisceraforfishfeedformulation

14 Profitableaquafeedmoisturecontrol

18 Spray-driedplasmafromporcinebloodindietsforAtlanticsalmonparrs

22 AnoverviewofshrimpfeedindustryinChina

28 BioMarineBusinessConvention-report

44 Noveladditivestoreducetheeconomicimpactofdiseaseonshrimpproduction

Regular items

5 THEAQUACULTURISTS

26 PHOTOSHOOT

50 EXPERTTOPIC-ARCTICCHAR54 INDUSTRYEVENTS

AquacultureatEuroTiercomesofage

Aquaculture2013

ISRMAXIndia

59 CLASSIFIEDADVERTS

62 THEAQUAFEEDINTERVIEW

64 INDUSTRYFACES

www.perendale.co.uk


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Editor

ProfessorSimonDavies

Email: [email protected]

Associate Editors

ProfessorKrishenRana


AliceNealEmail: [email protected]

Editorial Advisory Panel

Abdel-FattahM.El-Sayed(Egypt)

ProfessorAntnioGouveia(Portugal)

ProfessorCharlesBai(Korea)

ColinMair(UK)

DrDanielMerrifield(UK)

DrDominiqueBureau(Canada)

DrElizabethSweetman(Greece)

DrKimJauncey(UK)

EricDeMuylder(Belgium) DrPedroEncarnao(Singapore)

DrMohammadRHasan(Italy)

Circulation & Events Manager

TutiTan


Design & Page Layout

JamesTaylor


International Marketing Team (UK Office)DarrenParris


LeeBastin


Latin American Office

IvnMarquetti


PabloPorceldePeralta


India OfficeRajKapoor


China Office

NancyYung


More information:

International Aquafeed

7 St George's Terrace, St James' Square

Cheltenham, GL50 3PT

United Kingdom

Tel: +44 1242 267706Website: www.aquafeed.co.uk

Happy New year to all our readers! This first edition of 2013 promises a

great start to the year with our regular news feature and articles addressing

the aquafeed and nutrition sector. This is the start of my fifth year as editor

and we have seen an evolution within the industry and much innovation

and developments over this period. The meetings and

international symposia that I was fortunate to attend

have given me much inspiration and also allowed me to

directly meet with the readership as well as providing me

with a whole new generation of friends and associates

from a wide spectrum of backgrounds.

LastyearmyvisitstoLasVegas,Kentucky,BeijingandSingapore

enabledme to appreciate therapid increasein aquaculture

research globally and the growing commercial business

environment.ThesuccessfulmeetinginOctoberofBioMarine

2012 brought a number of parties together in London at

the prestigious setting of FishmongersHall andTheHouses

ofParliamenttoaddressthetopicsofgovernanceinaquacultureincludingcomplexissuesoflegislation,promotionofethicalstandardsandfishwelfareandenvironmentinaquaculture.We

mainly addressedthe need forsustainablesolutions in theproductionof fish feeds andtheir

administration based on the various aquaculture production systems around the world with

emphasisfromfarmtoconsumer.

Thisisgoingtobeacontinuousprocessandwillrequiremorerobustdataandevidenceofthe

claimsbeingmadeforproductsdestinedforthefoodchainwithtransparencyatthecoreofthe

issues.IAFwillendeavourasalwaystoprovideaplatformfordebateandtopresentmaterialthat

willbeofinteresttoallstake-holderswithvestedconcernsforproducingexcellentproductsforthe

consumerbasedonsafe,effectivenutritionforfishandshrimpthroughouttheirproductioncycle.

Inouropeningissueof 2013,thereisaparticularlyinterestingfeatureon theuseofpoultry viscera in

aquafeedformulationsfromworkundertakeninNigeria.Indeedanimalby-productsareinvaluablesources

ofproteinandthesearebeingre-evaluatedforuseinEuropealthoughquitepracticalandstandardinmanypartsoftheworld.Amorespecialityproduct;SprayDriedPlasmaforuseinsalmonisreportedtoowith

someinterestingconclusionsasanovelfeedcomponent.

Turningourattentiontoshrimpwehavetwoexcellentarticles,thefirstreviewingthestatusoftheshrimp

feedindustryinChinaandthesecond,moretechnicalreportonfeedadditiveenhancersforhealthwitha

focusondigestivefunctionalityandmodulationofthegutmicrobiota.Noveltechnologiesbasedonbacterial

communicationdisruption(QuorumSensing,QS)couldofferexcitingprospectsfordiseasecontroland

reducingpathogenicityinshrimp.

TheArcticcharisourspeciesfocusthismonthandasyouwouldexpectweincludeexamplesofproduc-

tionstrategiesfromthemorefrigidzonesofourplanet.Thismostbeautifulfishhasgreatpotentialandis

certainlyoneofmyfavourites.TheVikingscertainlymissedanopportunitywiththatone.

Ontheengineeringfront,wereportoneffectivedryingtechnologiesforfeedproductionwithcostand

efficiencyalwaysinmind.

Finally,Iendwitharathersadannouncementtothosewhomaynothaveknown.OnOctober24,2012,my

greatfriendandacademiccolleague,DrJohnE.Halver(EmeritusProfessoratTheUniversityofWashington)

passedawaypeacefullyinSeattleatthewonderfulageof90.Ihadknownhimformanyyearsandasthe

FatherofFishNutritionweallowehimsomuchforinitiatingandadvancingthisscience.Therewillbea

tributetohiminthenextissueofIAFandIwilldedicatethateditiontohismemory.

Takecare,goodprospectsfortheNewYearandenjoythereading!

Professor Simon Davies

CROESO a Blwthyn Newydd Dda

Now incorporating fish farming technologyInternationalAquafeedischanging.From2013weareaddingextrapagesandthestrapline,

incorporatingfishfarmingtechnology.

Thechangeistoreflectthegrowingnumberoftechnologieswhichinvolvefeedorsome

aspectoffishfarmmanagement.So,withtheconsentofoureditorProfessorDavies,we

willcontinuetopublish articleaboutfeedingredients,speciesandfeedtechnologies but

alsocomplimentothertechnologiesthatcontributetofishfarmingefficiencies.

RogerGilbert,Publisher


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In 2010, global production of

farmed food f ish was ~60

million tonnes.The production

fromaquaculture is almostentirely

destined forhumanconsumption.

Thetotalfarmgatevalueoffoodfish

productionfromaquacultureisesti-

matedatUS$119.4billionfor2010.

Aquaculture representsthe fastest

growingprotein-producing system

inthelastthreedecadesandalsoin

theforeseeablefuture.

It is expected that aquacul-

ture product ion will surpass 80

milliontonnesby2020,becoming

the third-largest protein industry

behindpoultryandpork,butwell

aheadofbeef.

Salmonfarmingrepresentsasig-nificantpartofthehighquality

fish market at a forecast ~1.8M

tonnes pa in 2012, and rap idly

growing. Salmonfarming has a

numberof industry giants with

many now investing in other

aquaculturesectors.

The primary motivation for

salmonfarmerstoinvestinother

aquacultureventuresis

to leverage thei r

k n o w l -

e d ge o f f is h h us ba n dr y a nd

achievesynergyinfeedprocure-

ment, in marketing and distri-

butionactivities and to achieve

speciesdiversificationinorderto

mitigatetheeffectsofthesalmon

pricefluctuationcycle.

Weget our terrestrially grown

meatproductsprimarilyfromfour

sources; chicken, beef, pork,and

lamb.Thesamewilllikelybetrue

fromfarmedfish.Withsalmonas

theclearnumberone,itisunclear

whatwillbenumbertwo.

Barramundiisagoodcandidate

havingmanyofthekeydrivers

that ma de sa lm on su cces sf ul :

lendsitselfwelltodomestication,

good growth, survival, density,FCR, omega3 fatty acidlevels,

eatingqualities, etc. Barramundi

alsoperformswellondietswith

high levels of fishmealand fish

oil substitution. Combinethese

attributeswithanidealgeography

inAustralasia (protection from

severestorms)and a growing

middleclassmarketthroughout

A s i a a p o te n ti a l r e ci p e

f or t he ne xt

salmon?

Sea-grownbarramundi the future white salmon of the tropics?

AnEU-fundedprojectinto

the control of diseases

caused byFlavobacteria

hasbeenannounced.

Theresearch,entitledControl

of Flavobacteriaceae infections

in European f ish farms, will

involve cooperation between

partners in France, F inland,

Denmark, Switzerland, Italyand

Norway.

Theaimoftheprojectisto

identifythevariationfoundin

Flavobacteria and characteri-

sation of thevarious types.At

present infections are normally

tr ea te d with an ti bi ot ic s but

it hoped that theprojectwill

helpdevelop alternative treat-

ments."Knowledge generatedin this

project will provide the basis

for selection of vaccine candi-

datesanddevelopmentofdiag-

nostic assays and vaccines.This

willmakedetectionandcontrol

possible e.g. through investiga-

tion of environmental samples

and ident if ication of appar-

ently healthycarrier fish," says

Hanne Nilsen, researcher at

th e Norw egian Ve te r ina r yInstitute.

Strains of Flavobacteria affect

bothfreshandsaltwaterspecies

andcausenumerablelosseson

fishfarmsworldwide.

A lt ho ug h s a lm on c a n b e

infected, in recentyears it is

rainbowtroutwhichhassuffered

mostfromFlavobacteriarelated

illnesses.In2008,Flavobacterium

psychrophilumwas responsible

forlarge losseson Norwegian

rainbow trout farms. F. psy-

chrophilum is very infectious

and causesa systemic infection

inrainbowtroutwithhighasso-

ciated mortalities. Fortunately,

thedisease hasonly reappeared

sporadically inrecent tearsbut

it stillconstitutes a realthreat

to Norwegia n ra inb ow tro ut

farming.

Numerouscountriesusingthe

sametestingmethods tochar-

acterise thebacteriawill allow

greatercomparisonofdata."Thisis a huge advantage.We

nowhaveadatabasewithover

1000strainsofF.psychrophilum

from allover theworld. Each

individualstrainof bacteriahas

been profiled using so-called

MLST (multi-locus sequence

ty pi ng ) a te ch ni qu e wh ic h

revealsdifferencesinthegenetic

code. Inthis way wecan form

a globalpictureof the disease

causedbyeachbacterialvariant.

We can then ident ify whi ch

sequence typesare most path-

ogenic, which have thegreatest

abil ity to spread, and which

strains arecurrentlyemerging,"

saysNilsen.

EUprojectintoFlavobacteria

Prof Rana, associate

editor of International

Aquafeed, has been

awardedaDoctorofScience

(DSc) inAquaculture inrec-

ognitionfor his contribution

to aquaculture research and

development.

Prof Rana was recently

awardedthehighestuniversity

accoladefromthe University

ofStellenbosch, SouthAfrica

forhis contributiontoaquac-

ultureresearch anddevelop-

ment following apeerreviewsubmission of his research

by two eminent UK scien-

tists making himone ofonly

twoknownacademicsinthe

worldtoholdaDScforwork

inaquaculture. Hehaspresented

several key note lectures and

chairedinternationalconferencesandengaged with FAO inover

adozenExpertConsultationsas

specialistresourcepersonininter-

nationalforums

Prof Rana who was at the

InstituteofAquaculture,University

ofStirlingfor25years,wastheonly

academicstaffattheuniversityto

holdaDScdegreeinAquaculture.

Hewasalso awardedthe Stirling

Provostsawardinrecognitionfor

his outstanding achievement inthe field ofacademicresearch in

2006andwaselectedfellowofthe

LinnaeanSociety, Londonforhis

contributiontoconservation.

Prof Ranas needs-dr iven

research focus, resulting in over

150publicationsandpresentations,

hasearned himinternationalrec-ognitioninhisfieldsofstudy,trans-

latingscience into: policies, stra-

tegic frameworks, master plans

andenvironmentalassessmentsfor

nationalgovernments;design,tech-

nicalauditsandevaluationforgov-

ernmentandprivateoperationsfor

hatcheriesand on-growing aquac-

ultureprogrammesandfacilities;as

wellascontributinggloballytothe

trainingofover500postgraduates

inaquaculture.Prof Rana, can be contacted

through our office and at krish-

[email protected] and also at

[email protected], kjr3@

sun.ac.za

DScforInternationalAquafeedsProfRana

Juy-Fbuy 2013 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 3

Aqua News

Professor Krishen Rana,

Associate editor of

International Aquafeed


6/68

Ag r i M a r in e H o l d in g s

Inc. and Akvatech AShave brokered a deal

to ad va nce th e ad op ti on of

AgriMarines closed containment

fishrearingtechnologyinNorway

andinothercountries.

T h e a g re em en t i nc lu de s a

securedloanfromAkvatechtothe

companys subsidiary AgriMarine

Industries Inc. for CAD $2.5

mi ll ion and thepurchase of

AgriMarinesintellectualproperty

rights and know-how within

certainnorthernEuropeancoun-

tries,including Norwayfor CAD

$1.5million.

Thedealalsoencompassesthe

saleoftwo24mtanksforadem-onstrationprojectinNorwayand

thedevelopmentandpatentpro-

tectionofa30mtankdesignwith

capacity of 5,500cubic meters.

ThisisthefirstsaleAgriMarines

tec hn ol og y an d es ta bl is he s

the com pany as a sup pli er of

closed containment technology.

The demonstration project is

expectedtobejointlyfinanced

by a consortium of industry

playersandsalmonfarmers,as

wellas InnovationNorway,the

Norwegian Governments inno-

vationanddevelopmentarm.

T h i s a g r e e me n t w it h

Akvatech not only val idatesourIPandsignalstheimme-

diatesaleoftwoAgriMarine

ta nks for us e in Norway, and

italsosetsthestageforfuture

t a nk s a l e s a nd ex p a n s i o n

thro ugho ut Euro pe, says Sean

Wilton, Pres iden t and CEO of

AgriMarine.

We are confident that the

tr an sa ct io n wi ll al so bo ls te r

furthersupportandinterestfrom

salmon producing companies in

otherterritoriessuchasSoutheast

AsiaandAustralia.

Wilton adds,Webelieve that

wehavetheanswertosustain-

ablesalmon farming with sub-stantial operationaladvantages

in terms of reduced mortal i-

ties , improved feed conver sion,

andmitigation of sealice infes-

tations.

Aq u a c ul t u r e c o m p an y

Landcatchissteppingup

itssearchfor the perfect

fish bylinking pedigree breeding

programmes in Scotland and

Chile.

Information on hundreds of

tho usa nds of sal mon in bot h

countriesisnowbeingfedinto

a state-of-the-art database which

canmakequickerandmoreexact

decisions on pairing individual

fish.

The process is accelerating

genetic advances by producing

morerobust offspringthat grow

fasterandarelesssusceptibleto

disease.

Dr Alan Tinch, director of

genetics at Landcatch, UK says,We now have the abil ity to

useinformationin allthreepro-

grammestomakemoreaccurate

decisions ontheselectionof fish.

Thatssomethingunique.

DrTinchsaysthedatabaseeffec-

tivelyactsasalargeandcomplex

datingagency. He says,Weare

collecting informationabout the

salmon wehave on ourfarms

aroundtheworldandusingitto

matchthebestfemalewiththebestmale.

In this way the next genera-

tionof fish isbetter ina number

of respects thanbefore faster

growing, more disease resistant,

withimproved fat content and

bettereatingquality.

Wecannotmovetheindividual

fish, but wecan workout which

dowellinScotlandandChileand

thenbreedfromthebestineach

country to meet theneeds of

eachcustomer.

Therearepresentlyover800,000

salmonrecordedin thedatabase

with more than 100,000records

addedeveryyear.Eachhasitsown

identificationnumberwhichallows

expertstotraceitsfamilyhistory

fromparents, grandparents and

great-grandparents.

Every fish can haveover100

tra its reco rded, such as its fat

contentorresistancetocertain

disease, meaning scientists can

look at mil l ions of pieces of

informationin matchingindivid-

uals.

The familyhistories,combined

withallthegeneticinformationwe

haveonthedatabase,allowsustomakepredictionsabout which of

thefisharegoingtogiveusagood

performance,saidDrTinch.

The systemgives us aneven

greaterlevelofaccuracyindeci-

sionswemakeastheinformation

atour disposal ismorerobust,

moreaccurateandthereismore

ofitcollectedoverdifferentenvi-

ronments.

Itallowsustoquicklyandeasily

accessalltheinformationwehave

on individualanimals andtheir

families and when we crunch

the numbers we know which is

thebest malefor theindustry in

Scotland, or the bestfemale for

Chile. We can also customise

matches for individual compa-

nies.

Its no longer aboutcrossing

togetherthebig,goodlookingfish.

We look at all the information

using advanced genetic models

anddecidewhicharethebest

males and the best

females.

Landcatchispart

of the global

H e n d r i x

Genetics

m u l t i -

s p e c i e s

f o od p r od u c-

tionorganisationwhose

mission is to help the

worldmeet itsfood needs

throughinnovativeandsustainablegenetictechniques.

Usingnewgenomictoolsoffers

thepotentialforthecompanyto

accelerate therate ofimprove-

mentwithin theirbreedingpro-

grammesandallowsselectionfor

important characteristics,such as

resistancetodisease.

Thedatabasetoanalysegenetic

and genomic information was

originallyestablishedbyLandcatch

in2006inacollaborativeproject

w it h E GE NE S ( Ed in bu r gh

Genetic Evaluation Services),

part ofScotlands Rural College

(SRUC).

Overthe past fiveyears the

database hasbeendeveloped by

specialistsinLandcatch,DrDerrick

GuyandAndrewRobertson,in

col laborat ion with database

expertsatEGENES.Aswellas

providing conventional genetic

analysis the

new database

isdesignedtoimple-

mentnewgenomicmethods

suchasmarkerassistedselection

forInfectious PancreaticNecrosis

virus(IPN)resistance.

Landcatchidentifiedmarkersfor

IPN resistance in collaboration

with RoslinInstituteand Stirling

Institute ofAquaculture. Further

work by this group, includingUniversityofGlasgow,isextending

this work to sea lice resista nce

using a cutting-edge genomic

selectiontooltheSNPChip

aglassslideusedtoanalysevar-

iations in DNA sequences, or

SingleNucleotidePolymorphisms

(SNPs), which actas biological

markersandhelpscientistslocate

arangeofgenesassociatedwith

disease.

T he d at ab as e w il l m ea n

improvedqualityproductsandan

accelerationofgenetictechniques

infarmedfishwhichtheindustry

and commentators, includingthe

former UN Secretary General

KofiAnnan, believeis necessary

to addressworld foodshor tages

causedbyclimatechange.

More InforMatIon:

www.landcatch.co.uk

AgriMarineandAkvatech

joinforces

withpurchaseandlicensingagreement

4 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | Juy-Fbuy 2013

Aqua News

Internationalmatchmakingacceleratesgeneticadvances


7/68

BigDNAgetsshareofsixmillionEuroEuropean

projecttodevelopnewfishvaccines

S

cottish life sciences firm Big DNA,

located at the Rosl in B ioCentre,

Edinburgh,ispartofaEuropeanwide

consortiumthathasbeenawardedEuropean

Unionfundingunderthe6millionTargetfish

project.Thismajorprojectisaimedatdevel-

opingnew aquaculturevaccines, of which

BigDNAs proprietary phage M13 based

chimericvaccinetechnology,willbepart.

TheFramework7TargetfishProject,which

lastsforfiveyears,includes30collaborators,

bothindustrial andacademic, across 10 EU

countries,andaimstodevelopaffordableand

effectivevaccinesagainstarangeofeconom-

icallyimportantfishdiseases,includingthose

affectingsalmon,troutandseabass,amongstothers.

Scotland is particularly wellrepresented

in theprojectwhich involvesfour Scottish-

basedcommercial companies and research

institutes.

DrJohnMarch,CEOofBigDNAcom-

mented,We aredelighted tobe part of

thissignificantEuropeaninitiative,whichrec-

ognisesthepotentialofourchimericM13

phage-basedvaccine technologyfor usein

applicationssuchasaquaculture.Thisfurther

expandsthe utilityof ourplatform tech-nology in addition to ourcore interestin

developinghumanhealthcareproducts.

RhonaAlison,seniordirectoroflifesciences,

Scottish Enterprise, says, "Thisnews is very

excitingfor bothScottish Life Sciencesand

BigDNA.ThelevelofScottishparticipationas

awholeinthisEuropeanprogrammeunder-

linesthestrengthoftheaquaculturesector

hereandbuildsonScotland'sincreasingrep-

utationasaleadinginternationalhuboflife

sciencesexpertise."

Big DNA has developed f ish vaccines

which areable to be administered throughimmersingthefishintanksof watercon-

tainingthevaccines,thuseliminatingtheneed

foruse of needles which candamage the

fish.

More InforMatIon:

Website: www.bigdna.co.uk

Aqua News

ScotlandScottishfishproducer,LochDuart

istoreceivea4millioncashinjec-

tion from Scottish Investment Bank

andCapicornInvestmentGroup.The

companywill upgrade equipmentandinfrastructurewiththehopeof

increasingexportsales.

http://bit.ly/10Opn8l

USAR e se a rc h a t C a li fo r n ia S t at e

University,Fresnointothebiology

oftilapia,willgeta$349,000boost

tha nks to a U.S. Dep ar tme nt of

Agriculturegrant.LarryRiley,assistant

professor of biology,is researching

the hormona l control of appe titeandgrowthduringstress intilapia.

http://bit.ly/TiJe9T

PakistanA three-year project examining

the pro spect of int rod uci ng the

catfish (Pangasius pangasius) into

Pakistan has received a Rs3.954

mill ion research grant from the

Higher Education Commission.The

researchwillbeleadbyDrNoor

Khan,The University ofVeterinary

and Animal Sc iences AssistantProfessor Department ofFisheries

andAquaculture,Pakistan.Underthe

projectartificialfeedwillbeformu-

latedand preparedfor variousage

groupsandevaluatedforitseffect

on the growth, nutrient profile and

breeding potentialof this species.

http://bit.ly/UTmOh6

New ZealandResearch to domest icate the

New ZealandGreenshell musselisnow marketable thanks toa new

NZ $26 million agreement.The

MinistryforPrimaryIndustriesand

SPATnzhave signed a seven year

innovation contract to selectively

breedmusselspatattheCawthron

Aquaculture Parknorth ofNelson,

u s in g r e se a rc h e s ta b li s he d b y

Cawthrons MBIE-funded Cultured

Shellfish Programme.Its fantasticthatresearchinto productenhance-

mentfor Greenshell mussels will

nowbeabletobeusedtobenefit

the New Zealand mussel industry

and helpit take off internationally,

CawthronChiefExecutiveProfessor

CharlesEasonsays.Itspossiblythe

mostexcitingthing to happen in

the mussel industr y for decades

itwill propel itforward. http://bit.

ly/UTpsU5

CanadaCanyougrowAtlantichalibutto

market size onshore?PaulMerlin,

president of Canaqua Seafoods,

Canada,certainlythinksit'spossible.

Merl in has secured a $496,584

loan from the At lantic Canada

Opportunitiesfor his project.The

money comes on topof Merlin's

initial$2.9 million investmentand a

$1.2-millionfederal grant in 2010.

Thesitehaseight,15-metrerecircu-

lationtanksandisexpectedtoopeninMarch.http://bit.ly/UZu7li

JamaicaJa ma ic an fi sh er ie s ar e se t to

benefitfromgrantfundingandtech-

nical support totaling$36 million

Jamaicandollars.Themoneyispar t

ofafouryear$302millionproject,

w hi ch w i ll s u pp o r t t he o pe r a-

tions of fish sanctuaries in Jamaica,

Grenada,StLucia,Dominica,andSt

Vincent and the Grenadines.TheCaribbeanClimateChangeCentre

willspearheadtheprojectsimple-

mentationacrosstheregion.http://

bit.ly/VaYpre

Aregularlookinsidetheaquacultureindustry

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This month we take a closer look at cash injections and grantsawarded to aquaculture project worldwide. You can find out moreabout these stories, and others, by visiting the blog

www.theaquaculturists.blogspot.com

FEATURESEveryissueofInternationalAquafeed

isavailabletoviewonlineinour

Archivesection.Bothfullonlineedi-

tionsandindividualfeaturescanbe

viewed,anditiscompletelyfree.

www.aquafeed.co.uk/archive.php


8/68

view

AQUACULTURE

by Dominique P Bureau, member

of the IAF Editorial Panel

Increasing the emphasison quality assurancefor raw materialsused in aquaculturefeed production

Thehighpriceandrelativevolatilityinthesupplyofsomefeedstuffsare

forcingaquaculturefeedmanufacturerstoplaywithanincreasinglydiverseportfolioofeconomicalrawmaterials.Largermanufacturersoftenneedtosourcetherequiredhighvolumesofcertainrawmaterialsfrommultiplesuppliers.Smallmanufacturersduetotheirlesserneedsmaybeabletosourcefromsinglesuppliersbut,atthesametime,maybeevenmoreatthemercyofcapriciousnessof

themarkets.Tomaintaintheircompetitiveness,formulatorsmustformulatefeedstolowerornarroweressentialnutrientspecificationstominimizecostsbuttheymustensurethatthefeedscansustainhighgrowth,feedefficiency,health,andproductqualityoftheanimalsatthefarm.Theproductionofhighlynutritiousandcosteffectivefeedswithanincreasinglywidearrayoffeedingredientsobtainedfrom

differentsuppliersisclearlynotaneasytask.Thisiscertainlykeepingsomefeedformulatorsawakeatnight.

Sourcingofrawmaterialsfromdifferentcountries,

manufacturersorbrokersarguablyresultsingreaterprobabilityforsignificantvariationsinthequalityoftherawmaterialspurchased.Thehighpriceofcertainfeedstuffs(forexamplefishmeal)mayalsoincite(unscrupulous)supplierstoadoptdeceptivepractices,suchasproductadulteration(forexample

blendinglessexpensiverawmaterialswithmoreexpensiverawmaterials).SomerecentexperiencesIhadinthefieldandaswellasrecentdiscussionwithexpertsindicatedthatvariabilityinthenutritivequalityandadulterationoffeedstuffsarenotathingofthepast.Inthisverycomplexcontext,qualityassurance(QA)playsanextremelyimportantrole.

QAusuallyinvolvesthe

definitionsofspecificationsforthepurchasingoftherawmaterialsandfortheinspectionandanalysisoftheserawmaterialsastheyarereceivedatthefeedmill.Most,ifnotall,aquaculturefeedmanufacturershaveadoptedsomesortofQAprocessandinvestverysignificantfinancialandstaffresourcesinthis.ThemainemphasisofQAsystemsinplaceisonchemicalcomposition,mainlyonproximateanalysis(crudeprotein,crudelipids,crudefibre,etc.),oftherawmaterials.Relativelylittleemphasisisplacedondirectmeasurementsofindividualnutrientorcontaminantlevelsduetotheoftenprohibitivecostofthistypeofanalysis.NearInfraredReflectanceSpectroscopy(NIRS)iswidelyusedbymostaquaculturefeedmanufacturersaround

theworldtoobtainrapidandgenerallyaccurateestimationoftheproximateandindividualnutrientlevelsofbatchesofrawmaterials.

Relativelylittleemphasisisplacedonassessmentofthenutritivevalueofdifferentbatchesofrawmaterials.Thereissomeexperimentalevidencethatsignificantvariabilityexistsinthedigestibilityandbio-availabilityoftheindividualnutrientsofdifferentbatches

commonaquaculturefeedingredients.Fishmeals,feathermeals,meatandbonemealsandDDGSoftencometomindasingredientsthatcanvaryquitesignificantlyinterms

ofdigestibilityandnutritionalquality.However,variabilityindigestibilityandnutritivevalueisnotonlylimitedtotheseingredients.

Ifinditunfortunatethatsofewresearcheffortsareinvestedbyaquaculturenutritionresearchersontheseissuesthataresoimportanttotheaquaculturefeedindustry.

BetterresearchandmoredatawouldreallyhelpguideQAeffortsofaquaculturefeedmanufacturers.Forexample,NIRSishighlydependentontheavailabilityofhighqualityrawdataonthecompositionandnutritivevalue(forexampleaminoaciddigestibility)ofdifferentrawmaterialssothatreliablecalibrationoftheinstrumentscanbedone.Thisisoneareawhereacademicresearch

groupscouldplayaveryimportantroleandyetarevirtuallyabsent.

Otherrapidbutmoredirectwaysofassessingthenutritivevalueofdifferentbatchesofrawmaterialsarealsorequired.Pepsindigestibilityisprobablyoneofthemostwidelyusedteststoestimatedigestibilityofprotein.However,thereissomecontroversyastotheproperconcentrationofpepsin

tobeusedandtheapplicabilityofthistypeofteststodifferentaquaticanimalspeciesanddifferentrawmaterials.Thereisverylimitedpublishedexperimental(animal)studiesexaminingthereliabilityofpepsindigestibilityassaysanddefiningtheirlimitations.Otherinvitrotests,suchaspH-statproteindigestionassayshavebeendevelopedbuttheyalsosufferfromalackofstandardisationand

lackofvalidation.Rightnow,effortsarereallydisparateanddifferentgroupsareproposingverydifferentapproaches.Thereshouldbesystematicandconcertedeffortsonthistopic.

Turningawayrawmaterialshipmentsisnotalwaysfeasibleinthecurrentclimate.Itisperhapsmoreimportantforfeedmanufacturerstolearnhowtobetteridentifyanddeterminetheconsequenceofvariabilityincompositionandlearnhowtosafelyandappropriatelyuserawmaterialsthatdifferfromtheestablishedspecifications.Thisisanotherimportantroleinwhich

academicresearchlaboratoriescouldplayarole.

Iamsometimefeelingthattoomuchrelianceonlaboratoryteststoassessqualityofrawmaterialsmayresultinacertainlostoftouchwithreality.ItismyexperiencethatfrontlineQApersonnelandgeneralfeedproductionstaffsarenotalwayshighlyaware

ofhowdifferentrawmaterialsshouldlook,smellandfeellike.Theseareprimaryindicatorsthatsomethingmaynotberightwiththequalityofrawmaterialreceived.Clearly,moretrainingoffrontlinestaffisneeded.

Finally,howunfortunateisthefactthatthetechniquescommonlyusedbyfeedmanufacturersforQAarenotcurrentlytaughtinmostacademicinstitutions?IwonderhowmanyaquaculturenutritionistshavebeenproperlytrainedintheuseofNIRSequipmentorhavereceivedbasictraininginfeedmicroscopy?Howcanweexpecttoprogressasanindustryifthenewblooddoesnothavetheproperacademicbackgroundandtraining?

AmIsofarinleftfield?Anyfeedback?Letmeknowbyemail:[email protected]

AQUACULTUREUPDATES

The final report from the

B i o M a r i n e B u s i n e s s

Conventionis nowavailable

online.The report includes

theproceedings fromthe five

thinktanks.Invaluabletothose

whowerethere,interestingfor

thosewhoweren't.Download

the repor t and view photosfromtheconventionatwww.

biomarine.org.

BrazilsIndustrialTechnology

CoreFoundationofCearhas

launchedasystemtoconvert

fishwasteintooilforbiodiesel

f e e ds t o c k . T h e B i o p ei x e

Machineconverts 50 percent

of fish viscera intofats which

willbechangedintobiodiesel.

Theequipment willbe used

to dispose of waste made by

Niletilapiagrownintanksinthereservoirs of theStateof

Cear.


9/68

The offshore aquaculture

industry has requested

thatUnitedNationsFAO

conduct anassessment ofthe

accessand operational frame-

worksfor openocean maricul-

ture in the High Seas, and make

recommendations asto how to

betterencourage work towards

maricultureinwatersbeyondany

onenations EEZs.A statement

to this effectwas drafted atThe

OffshoreMaricultureConference,held in Izmir,Turkey,over three

daysfrom October 17-19, 2012

and theTurkish government

offered toformally conveythe

requesttoFAO.

The statement adopted at the

conclusionoftheconferencedrew

fromanumberofprecedingdecla-

rationsincludingthe2010Global

Conference onAquaculture, the

PhuketConsensusof2010,andthe

ColomboDeclarationof2011,allofwhich have emphasisedthe critical

rolefor aquaculturein feedingthe

world, stimulating economicdevel-

opment, providing employment

and reducing existing negative

impactsonthemarineenvironment.

Most recently, the Bremerhaven

Declaration of 2012 spoke spe-

cificallyof theneed forincreased

research, development, investment

and policy frameworks foropen

oceanaquaculture.

Deeper, and further offshoreThereisgrowinginterestfrom

theprivatesectorinexploringthe

potentialforaquacultureinwaters

that are increasingly deeper,and

further offshore saysconference

chairman, NeilAnthony Sims, of

KampachiFarms,LLC.Giventhat

manynationssuchasthosein

the Medi ter ranean sti ll only

exert national authority asfar as

12 miles offshore, then there isa loomingquestion about what

happens in theAreas Beyond

National Jurisdiction (ABNJ).We

needtostarttoaddressthisin

anticipation of , and in order

to enc oura ge the se dev elo p-

ments.

Theconference heard keynote

presentations from Alessandro

Lovatelli,FAOAquaculture Officer;

Paul Holthus ofWorld Ocean

Council;andHaraldRosenthalwho

had Chaired the Bremerhaven

Conference. Each spoke of the

opportunityandtheimperativefor

aquacultures rightsandresponsibil-

itiesto bebetter defined inABNJ.

MrHolthus described howmanyinternationalconventionsandagree-

ments regardingABNJare either

alreadyestablished,orareunderdis-

cussion, without anyreal consider-

ationofthepotentialforaquacul-

ture,andwithminimalconsultation

withindustry.

The conference was officially

opened byDr Durali Kocak, the

Director-General of Fisheries

andAquacultureattheTurkish

Ministry of Food,Agricultureand Livestock, whodescribed

howtheTurkish government

had prioritised aquaculture

development.Theindustry in

Turkeyis expandingat a phe-

nomenalrate,asitindeedmust,

tomeet the growingdemand,

but care is being taken to

ensure that such growth is

withintheseasecologicallimits,

hesaid.

O t he r p r e se n ta t io n s

exploreda rangeof planningandmanagementtoolsthatare

beingsetuparoundtheworld

to better integrate aquacul-

tureintocoastalplanning initi-

atives. Newspecies develop-

ment, provisionof seed (fish

fingerlings or bivalve spat)

and feed developments for

offshoremariculturewerealso

reviewed.

Michael Ebeling, of the

Wegner Institute inGermany,and Dr Amir Neori of the

IsraeliOceanographicInstitute

(togetherwithGamzeTuranof

EgeUniversity)spokeon the

potential to co-locate aquac-

ultureand offshoreenergyprojects

suchaswindfarms,andtheprospects

andneedformacroalgaeculturein

offshorelocations.

Ontheseconddayofthecon-

ference, a number of presen-

tati ons highlig hted engi neerin g

improvementstooffshorenetpen

systems, including dramatic video

footageofsharkstryinginvainto

breakthroughDyneemasPred-X,

andAKVAs Econet / Kikkonet,

along with datademonstratingtheantifoulingpropertiesof brass

alloymeshes

Thedayalsoincludedreviewsof

newdevelopmentsin single-point

mooringsystemsforself-submerging

surfacepensandforshrimpculture

inAquapods,tensionlegcagesand

testingofmorerobustsurfacepens

andunanchoreddriftercages.New

advancesin net pens and service

vessels for exposed Norwegian

salmonfarm sites werepresented

byFinnWillumsenofAquaCulture

EngineeringAS,andMatsHeideof

SINTEFFisheriesand Aquaculture,

respectively.

On the final day, conference

attendeesweregiveafirst-handlook

attheboomingTurkish aquaculture

industry, astheywerehostedona

touroffishprocessingfacilities;aboat

trip outtoexposedfarmsitesforseabass, seabream andtuna; anda

walk-throughofmarinefishhatchery

facilitiesintheIzmirarea.

Thedatesandvenueforthe2014

Offshore Mariculture Conference

willbereleasedshortly.

More InforMatIon:

www.offshoremariculture.com

Offshore mariculture industry

looks to high seas opportunities


Aqua News


10/68

Newvideohighlightssustainable

aquaculturehatch-to-harvest

Anewvideoproducedby

the US Soybean Expor t

Council(USSEC) takes

an in-depth look at Pac i fico

Aquacultures operationat Isla

Todos Santos, Baja, Mexico,

which raisesnative white bass

andhybrid striped bass, among

otherspecies.Thevideocanbe

viewed at: www.soyaqua.org/

video

The mini-documentary follows

the par tnership involved in the

entire hatch-to-harvest process,includingafingerlingtransferfrom

thehatcheryatHubbsSeaWorld

Research Institute, stocking at

the Paci fico site for grow -out,

harvesting, processing at Santa

Monica Seafoods, andend con-

sumptionat theSushi School of

LosAngeles.

U SS EC h as f un de d f ee d

research at Hubbs and Pacifico

Aquacultureto reduce reliance

onfishmeal and fish oil. Soy-

based feeds have proven suc-

cessfulat increasing the sustain-abilityandaffordabilityofaqua-

feeds.

Webelievethisvideowillgive

people a close-uplookat the

fish farmers,hatcher y biologists,

andothersupplystreampartic-

ipants who arecommitted to

makingaquacultureasustainable

resource, said Michael Cremer,

International Program Director

ofUSSEC.

With global aquaculturepro-

jected to supply 60 percent of

all seafoodconsumed by 2020,C re me r s ay s, we n ee d t o

educatethepublicbyshowcasing

more operations like Pacifico

that are producing high quali ty

seafood in an environmentally

soundmanner.

ShrimpfarmsthreatenmangrovesaccordingtoaUNreport.

Mangroveforestsoffernaturalprotectiontocoastlines,providehabitatsofsealifeandhelpslowclimatechange.However,since

the1980s,afifthofmangroveshavebeendestroyeddue, in

part,tothespreadofshrimpandfishfarms

A$16millionorganicshrimpfarmpromisestobring'green'

jobstoFellsmere,Florida.It'shopedthatthejumboshrimpcan

helprejuvenateanddiversifyacitrus-basedeconomyoften

plagued bycanker, citrus'greening'and weatherextremes.

IfgrantscomethroughandthemethodsFloridaOrganic

Aquaculturetests prove effective, shrimpcould beonthe

marketbythemiddleofnextyear.Companyexecutivessay

thefarmwillcreateanestimated60jobsonthefarmandan

additional512jobsfromassociatedeconomicactivity.

AnaquaculturezoneinVietnamistobeturnedintoaport.ThePeople'sCommitteeofcentralsouthernPhuYenProvince

planstoturna1,460-hazoneintheVungRoareaofDongHoa

Districtintoaseaport.About460householdsandbusinessmen

currentlyraiselobstersandotherfishinthearea.

AQUACULTUREUPDATES

1969TheyearbrothersOveand

SivertGrntvedtopenedtheworldsfirstsalmonfarminHitra

1.200FishfarmswerelicensedtofarmsalmonandtroutinNorway

in1995

22,700NumberofjobssupportedbyNorwegian

aquaculturein2009

343,000tonnesNorwaysalmonexportsin2000

41StrainsofNorwegiansalmonproducedtoday40OfthesestrainsareNorwegian.Oneis

Swedish.

NOK30millionThetotalof

theNorwegianSeafoodFederationsenvironmentalfunddedicated

toremovingescapedfishfrom

watercourses

90,000squarekilometresSeawithinNorwaysseabaseline;

thesamesizeasthetotalagricultural

areaofItaly

250%TheincreaseinNorwegianseafoodexports

between1986and1991

40%Decreaseinaquaculturesitesbetween2000and2010

Source: Norwegian Seafood Federation,

Norwegian Seafood Council

NumberCrunching Norway

AquaPortugal

Following the adoption

o f t he U N s L aw -o f-

the-Seawithitsexclusive

economicfishingzones, today

Portugal catches less halfit

didpriortotheadoptionof

thelawdownfrom 500,000

tonnes per year to 200,000-

250,000tonnes/year-inits

ownwaters.

Fish, andcodfishin particular,

aretraditionalinthePortuguese

diet,saysManuelPintodeAbreu,

Secretaryof State ofthe Sea,

Portugal, whowas in London

recently for the BioMarine

BusinessConvention2012.

Withmorethan60kgoffish

beingconsumed per head of

population peryear, Portugalisthethirdlargestconsumeroffish

globallyandyetisstrugglingto

supplyitsownneedsfrom

itsfishingactivities.

Whatcan we doabout

thi s? Is not a rhe tor-

icalquestionbutoneMr

PintodeAbreuiskeento

answer.

MyMinistryisplanning

anew legal frameworkto

encourage investment in

fish farming developments

in Portugal; to set up a

newresearchinstitutewithotherstomoveonresearch

andinnovationforwardand

to develop fish farming

techniques for species

naturaltoourwaters,such

astheCovena.

Heisalsoreducingthe

timeperiodprojectstaketo

receiveapprovalandissim-

plifyingthelicensingprocess:

insteadof multiple licences farmers

willneedjustoneinfuture.

Weneedtoworktoattractinves-

torsto Portugal and Imconfident

theywillcomeifwedothesethings

correctly.Butweneedtomoveasfast

aspossibleandinkeepingwithEU

regulations.Ihopewewillhaveeve-

rythinginplaceforthissummer.

Portugalmaynolongerbethe

ocean fishing andmaritime nation

ofEuropeitusetobe,howeverit

iskeentoclaimthetitleofaquacul-turecountryofEurope,MrPintode

Abreuadds.


Aqua News Watch the interview onyour smart phone

Simply download theAurasma light app, and thensubscribe to our channel athttp://auras.ma/s/1shRr

Point your phone at theimage below andwatch it come tolife with the fullinterview


11/68

Upcoming

Eventsfor2

013

Making Sense of Science

February 21 - 25, 2013

Nashville, Tennessee

USA

For all info contact us on

[email protected]

The international triennial

conference & exposition ofWorld Aquaculture Society

August 9 - 12, 2013

Trondheim, Norway

Organised by European Aquaculture

Society


www.easonline.org

Asia Pacic AquacultureDecember 10-13th,

2013Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam

Aquaculture Europe

World Aquaculture


[email protected]


12/68

Fish as a source of animal protein

has played an important role in

the nutritional budgeting of many

nations.Fishproductionisbecoming

averyimportantsourceofvaluableprotein

food.Fishmealisthemajorproteinsourcein

aquaculturefeeds.

However, the supply of fishmeal is not

growingworldwideandthepriceisoftenhigh,

sothereplacementoffishmeal withcheaperprotein sources is needed. Chicken viscera

areamongsuchproteinsourcesreplacingfish-

meal.Visceraarethelargeorgansinsidethe

body: such as theheart, lungs and stomach.

Research findings has revealed that certain

chickenvisceralorganssuchasheartcontain

over80 percent protein of excellentquality

whiletraditionalfishmealnormallycontain60

80percenthighqualityprotein.

FishmealFishmealisthemostimportantcomponent

in fish feed formulation. It is a commercial

product made from fish and the bonesand

offalfromprocessedfish.Itisabrownpow-

der or cake obtained by drying the fish or

fishtrimmings, often after cooking,and then

grindingit.Ifitisafattyfishitisalsopressed

toextractmostofthefishoil.

F ishmeal is a nutrient-rich and high

protein supplement feed ingredient that

stores well, and is usedprimarily in diets

fordomesticanimalsandsometimesasa

high-qualityorganicfertilizer.Fishmealand

fishoilreplacementhasbeenthefocusofvery significant research efforts and hun-

dreds of scientific papers in recent years.

Despite years of research, f ishmeal and

fishoilremainveryimportant,quasiessen-

tial , compone nts of successful comm erci al

feedsformostfishandcrustaceanspecies.

This generally has animpact onthefeed

andproductioncostsformanyaquaculture

products.

Over the past five decades, dozens of

differentproteinandlipidsourceshavebeen

evaluated in hundreds of practical feeding

trials.Many ofthese trialsfocused onreplac-

ing fishmeal, fish oil or other high quality

proteinandlipidsourcesbyputativelymore

cost-effectiveproteinandlipidsources.Whatis often overlooked in many trials is that

fishmealandfishoilarecomplexingredients

that are known to vary greatly in chemical

composition.

Therawmaterialsourcesandtypes,sea-

sons, and processing equipment and condi-

tions used in the manufacturing of these

ingredients all have great impacts on the

chemical composition and nutritive value of

these ingredients. Incorporating 20 percent

fishmealinthedietorreplacing50percent

ofthe fish meal orfishoil ofthe dietmay

meanverydifferentthingsdependingonthetype and chemical composition of the fish

meal and fish oil used inthe studyand the

fishmealandfishoillevelsinthecontroldiet

for such a reason, the composition of the

ingredientstobeusedforreplacingfishmeal

mustbedetermined.

Protein and aminoacids utilisation

Proteinistheprincipalconstituentofthe

tissuesandorgansof fishbodyandtherefore

anessentialnutrientforbothmaintenanceandgrowthinfish.Therequirementforproteins

infishisthereforeveryobvioussinceprotein

constitutesmorethan45-47percentofthe

tissuesdrymatter.Acontinualsupplyof pro-

teinisneededthroughoutlifeformaintenance

andgrowth.Catfish,likeotheranimals,actually

donothavea proteinrequirement,butthey

requireasourceofnon-specificnitrogenand

indispensableaminoacids.

Usually, the most economical source of

these elements is a mixture of proteins in

feedstuffs.Ingestedproteinsarehydrolyzedto

releaseaminoacidsthatmaybeusedforsyn-

thesisoftissueproteinorifinexcess,usedfor

energy.Useofproteinforenergyisexpensive,

thuscatfishfeedshouldbebalancedtoassurethatadequatelevels of non-specificnitrogen,

aminoacidsandnon-proteinenergyaresup-

pliedinproperproportion.

It i s more precise to formulate f ish

feed based on amino acid requirements.

Nutritionally,aminoacidsmaybeclassifiedas either indispensable (essential) or dis-

pensable(non-essentials).Anindispensable

amino acid is one that the animal cannot

synthesizeinquantities.Sufficientforbody

needs, thus they must be supplied in the

Chicken viscera for fishfeed formulationby M.G Imam, Bau Chi State University, Nigeria

Table 1: Amino Acids Requirements o Catfsh

mino acidsequirement(% of dietary

protien)

rginine 4.3

Histidine 1.5Isoeucine 2.6

lysine 5.1

leucine 3.5

Methionine+cystine 2.3

Phenyaanine+tyrosine 5.0

hreonine 2.0

ryptophan 0.5

Vaine 3.0


FEATURE


13/68

diet.A dispensable aminoacidis one that

canbesynthesizedbytheanimalinquanti-

ties suffic ient for maximal growth. Most

simple - stomach animals, including catfish

require the same 10 indispensable amino

acids.

Justification for chicken visceraas a replacement for fishmeal

Fishmealisthemostimportantcompo-

nentinfishfeedmaking.Fishmealcontains

60-80percentproteinofexcellentquality,

whichishighlypalatabletofish.Sincefish-

meal is a good source of essential amino

acids,itisoftenusedtosupplementfeeds

containing plant proteins. Fishmeal is also

rich inenergy, minerals andessentialfatty

acids.Itisusedatlevelsupto50percentin

catfishfryfeeds,upto12percentincatfish

fingerling feeds and from 0-8 percent in

grow-outfishfeeds.

Fishmealremainsthemajordietarypro-

tein sour ce in fish feed but esca lati ng

cost, uncertainty unavailability and lesser

quantity has necessitatedthe use of other

proteinsourcestoreducefeedcostwithout

compromising growth. Therefore, efforts

have long been directed to find alternate

protein sources ofgoodquality whichare

lessexpensiveandreadilyavailableassub-

stitutesforfishmealcomponentinpractical

diets.

A chief and readi ly available source

of high quality animal protein is chicken

viscera which are considered as a waste

in the poultry industry. In the poultry

processing industry, viscera accounts for

n ea rl y 3 0 p er ce nt o f t he b yp ro du ct s.

Fishmealisamajorproteinsourceinaqua-

feed especially for carnivorous species.

Increasing demand, unstable supplies and

highpricesoffishmealwiththeexpansion

of aquaculture have made it necessary

to search for alte rnat ive protein sour ces.

Moreover,priceoffishmealisoftenhigh.

It is necessary to replace f ishmeal with

cheaperproteinsources.

Plantproteinsourcessuchasdefatted


FEATURE

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14/68

soybean meal and corn gluten meal are

good candidates as fishmeal substitutes.

However,those ingredientscontain anti-

nutrit ive substances such as phytic acid

and also lack essential nutrients such as

tau rin e. For suc h rea son s, tha t iswhy the

useofanimalproteinsourcesisnecessary

andthecheapestandmostreliableanimal

proteinsourcethatis readilyavailablein

most countries of the world is chicken

viscera.

ConclusionOne of the greatest challenges incon-

temporary aquaculture especially in rela-

tion to fish nutrit ion is finding a desirable

replacementforfishmeal.Researchersfrom

all over the world have been conducting

researches in order to find replacement

for fish meal from both animal and plant

sources.

However, there are certain disadvan-

tages that are associated with the replace-mentsfromplantsourcesrangingfromlow

nutritious value to lack of essential amino

acids.Ontheotherhand,ananimalsource

gives better results. Research on chicken

viscera has revealed fascinatingresults and

scientistsfromallovertheworldaredoing

morework.Mycurrentresearchfocuseson

proximate analysis of chicken viscera as a

potential replacement for fishmeal in pan-

gasiusculture. It is hoped that the ending

resultswillrevealmorecluesthatwilljustify

chicken visceraas a potential replacementforfishmeal.

References

ThanhHungLe.SubagjaJ,SlembrouckJ.&

LegendreM.(1998)Studyonmassmortalityof

Pangasiushypophthalmusduringlarvalrearingand

itscontrolandprevention.Abstract27,National

WorkshoponAquaculture,September2930,

1998,BacNinh,Vietnam.

S.N.Jamdar,M.H.KishoreAndP.Harikumar

(2005)InfluenceOfIonizingRadiationOnProtein

DegradationByEndogenousProteasesInPoultry

Viscera.NAARRIAnnualConference(NAC2005),

HeldAtMumbai,IssueNo.273October2006.

SubagjaJ.,SlembrouckJ.,HungL.T.&Legendre

M.(1999)LarvalrearingofanAsianPangasius

hypophthalmus(SiluroideiPangasiidae):analysis

ofprecociousmortalityandpropositionof

appropriatetreatments.AquaticLivingResources

12,3744.

FergusonH.W.(1989)SystemicPathologyofFish.

ATextandAtlasofComparativeTissueResponses

inDiseasesofTeleosts.IowaStateUniversityPress,

Ames,Iowa,USA.

BabatopeA.F.(2009).Appliednutritiontechnology

infishandlivestockseries(2)PublishedbyB.A.

Falayi(Ph.D).NationalInstituteforFreshwater

FisheriesResearch(N.I.F.F.R)P.M.B.6006,New

Bussa,NigerStateNigeria63-108pp.

BabatopeA.F.(2009).FeedFormulation

ManufactureandQualityAppraisalforFish

andLivestockSeries(4).NationalInstitutefor

FreshwaterFisheriesResearch(N.I.F.F.R).PMB

6006NewBussa,NigerStateNigeria.1-6Ipp.

BabatopeA.F.(2009).Tropicalfeedstuff

compositiontablesandsomebiologicalcatalogues

infishandlivestockproductionseries(3).Publishedby-B.A.Falayi(Ph.D).NationalInstitute

forFreshwaterFisheriesResearch(N.I.F.F.R).PMB

6006NewBussa,NigerState,Nigeria.5-16pp.

ShibaShankarGiri,SangramKetanSahooand

SatyendraNathMohanty(2010)Replacementof

By-CatchFishmealwithDriedChickenVisceraMeal

inExtrudedFeeds:EffectOnGrowth,Nutrient

UtilisationandCarcassCompositionofCatfish

ClariasBatrachus(Linn.)fingerlings.Aquaculture

InternationalVolume18,Number4(2010),539-544,

DOI:10.1007/S10499-009-9265-3.

PreedaPhumee,RoshadaHashim,Mohammed

AliyuPaiko&AlexanderChongShu-Chien(2009)Effectsofdietaryproteinandlipidcontent

ongrowthperformanceandbiologicalindices

ofiridescentShark(Pangasiushypophthalmus,

Sauvage1878)fry.Aquacultureresearch2009.40,

456-463.

Balogun,A.M.,Adebayo,O.T.,Madu,C.T.,andEyo,

A.A.,Falayi,B.A.,(2003).Leachingoffeednutrients,

economiclossestofishfarming.JournalofAquatic

Science,18(2):119-123.

Li,M.H.andE.H.Robinson,(1996).Phosphorus

availability(digestibility)ofcommonfeedstuffs

tochannelcatfishasmeasuredbyweightgainandbonemineralization,JournaloftheWorld

AquacultureSociety,27:297-302.

Crumlish,M.&Dung,T.T.2006.Strategiesto

reduceriskandlivelihoodimpactassociatedwith

outbreaksofBacillaryNecrosisofPangasiusspp.

(BNP)farmedintheMekongDelta,VietNam.

DFIDAquacultureandFishGeneticsResearch

Programme,FinalTechnicalReport(R8093).DFID,

London,England.186pages.

Abbas,I.I.andUkoje,1.A.(2009).Ruralwater

utilizationfactorsaffectingaquacultureinOwolocal

governmentareaofOndoState,Nigeria,Journalof

GeographyandRegionalPlanning2(8)190-197.

Pauly,DanielandWatson,Reg(2009)"Spatial

DynamicsofMarineFisheries"In:SimonA.Levin

(ed.)ThePrincetonGuidetoEcology.Pages

501509.

GoodwinA.E.,RoyJ.S.,GrizzteJ.M.&GoldsbyM.T.

(1994)BacillusMycoides-abacterialpathogenof

channelcatfish.DiseasesofAquaticOrganisms18,

173179.

DominiqueP.Bureau(2012)Deconstructingthe

FishMealandFishOilReplacementStoryin

Aquaculture:FocusingonNutrientRequirements,

CharacterizationofFeedIngredientsandPragmaticApproaches,theAlltech28thInternational

SymposiumMay20-23,2012,Lexington,Kentucky.

ShuichiSatoh(2012)ReplacingfishmealAn

imperativethataquaculturemustsuccessfully

address,theAlltech28thInternationalSymposium

May20-23,2012,Lexington,Kentucky.

M.GImamandB.SAudu(2012)Proximateanalysis

ofchickenviscerawasteasapotentialreplacement

forfishmealinfishfeedformulation.(Unpublished).

HenkenAM.,LucasH,TijseenPATandMichiels

MAM1986Acomparisonbetweenmethods

usedtodeterminetheenergycontentoffeed,fishandfaecalsamples.Aquaculture58:195-201

AKumar,ABhatnagarandSKGarg(2009)Growth

performance,carcasscompositionanddigestive

enzymeactivityofpearlspot,Etroplussuratensis

(Bloch)rearedininlandsalinegroundwaterponds

providingsubstrateorfeed.LivestockResearchfor

RuralDevelopment21(10)2009.

Thisarticlewasoriginallypublishedon


FEATURE


15/68

Making Sense

of ScienceKnowledge managementto support technological

development and innovation

Organised by the European

Aquaculture Society in cooperation

with the Nor Fishing Foundation

Trondheim, Norway August 9-12, 2013just before Aqua Nor 2013

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16/68

Aquafeed producers are losing

about $4 to $10 per ton of

product produced in terms of

lost production, higher energy

consumption and lowered product quality.

Theselossescanberecoveredbysubstitut-

ingamoreeffectivemoisture(MC)sensing

and control technology for currently used

traditionalMCsensingandcontrol.

The control problemTwo main problems prevent traditional

MC sensing and control technology from

being effective. Firstly, the lack of timely

and accurateMC data upon whichto base

control action (poor MC sensing).Secondly,

theinabilitytocorrectlyadjustforevaporative

loadchangesenteringwiththefeed.

Figure1showsatypicalnormalMCdis-

tribution curve produced bytraditionalMC

sensingandcontroltechnology.Thecurveisrelativelywideasaresultoftheeffectof

high MCstandard deviation. Itis obvious

that the wider the MC varia tion the lower

the target mean MC must be to prevent

production of wet product. Consequently,

use of currently available control technol-

ogyforcesmanufacturerstooverdrytheir

products which causes significant costs in

terms of lower production, higher energy

usage,andpoorerquality.Figure1illustrates

the effect of poor MC sensing and contro l

onMCvariation.

The control solutionLosses caused by poor MC sensing

and control may be recovered if the MC

variation (standard deviation) is reduced

suchthatthemeanMCcanbemaximized

without exceeding the upper specification

limit(USL).Fortunately,asolutionforpoor

MC sensing and control was supplied by

the derivation of a MCsensing and control

model from first principles. The Delta T

model:

MC=K1(T)pK2/S

q

relates the product MC exiting a dryerto the temperature drop (T) of hot air

aftercontactwith the wet product and the

productionrateorevaporativeload(S).The

model solved the two main problems with

MCsensingandcontrolbyproducing.Firstly,

a rugged, reliable inside-the-dryer moisture

sensor; and secondly, a new and powerful

controlalgorithmthatpreciselyadjuststheset

pointforevaporativeloadchanges.

A new type of MC sensor

Figure 2 describes how the DeltaT MCsensor continuously measures the MC of

aquafeed inside the harsh environment of a

dryerwhileitisbeingdriedwithabeltdryer.

AsillustratedbyFigure2,patentedDeltaT

technologyinventedanewtypeMCsensorthat

canbeinstalledinside-the-dryerwhichreduces

the dead time (time to detect a disturbance

enteringwiththefeed)byatleast30percent.

Sincedeadtimeisdirectlyproportionaltothe

product standard deviation,useof this inside-

the-dryersensorreducesthestandarddeviation

atleast30percentbelowthatachievedbyuseofcurrentlyusedMCsensingmethods.Itshould

benotedthatuseofrawDeltaTdatawillnot

workit must be processed by the model

beforeuse.Figure3illustratestheadvantageof

reducingdeadtimeforaquafeeddrying.

Threepossiblelocationsareshownforinstall-

ingtheMCsensor.Deadtimeforeachinstallation

point isthetimeit takesforthe individual MC

methodtodetectachangeinevaporativeload

entering with the feed. The lowest dead time

is14minutesfortheDeltaTsensorinsidethe

dryer;thenextlowestdeadtimeis20minutesforaMCmeterlocatedatthedryerexit;thelongest

Profitable aquafeed

moisture controlby John Robinson, President, Drying Technology Inc, USA

Figure 1: Typical MC

distribution curve

produced by poor MC

sensing and control

Figure 2: Delta T inside-the-dryer MC sensor

Figure 3: Delta T reduces dead time on belt dryer


FEATURE


17/68Juy-Fbuy 2013 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 15

FEATURE

Extruder OEE for the Production of Fish FeedExtruder OEE for the Production of Fish Feed

AMANDUS KAHL GmbH & Co. KG, Dieselstrasse 5-9, D-21465 Reinbek / Hamburg,

Phone: +49 40 727 71 0, Fax: +49 40 727 71 100, [email protected] www.akahl.de

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deadtimeis30 min-

utes for MC samples

takendownstream of

the dryer and ana-

lyzedby a laboratoryinstrument.

For the a bo ve

conditions,theDelta

Taccomplishesdead

time reductions of

30 percent and 53

percent below that

for the mois ture

meter method and

the laboratory MC

sample method

respect ively. The

standard deviationreductions would

also be reduced 30

percentand53per-

centrespectively.

A new MCcontrolalgorithm

As a result of

its theoretical basis,

theDeltaTtechnol-

ogy providesa newcontrol algorithm

that enables precise

calculationoftheset

point necessary to

maintain the target

MCinspiteoffrequentchangesinevapora-

tive load entering the dryer with the feed.

Proprietarymethodsareusedinadaptingthe

modeltothedryerandproduct.

Application of Delta T toaquafeed manufacture

Theabove-mentioned reduction instandard

deviationenablesthetargetMCtobeincreased

by0.5percenttoasmuchas1.25percentwith-

outfearofproducingwetproductwhichmight

moldintransitorstorage.Figure4showssche-

matically how reducing the standard deviation

enablesthemeanMCtobeincreasedbyshifting

theDeltaTcurverightwarduntiltheupper+3

standarddeviationpoints(USL) ofbothcurves

coincide.ThedifferenceinmeanMCsrepresents

theeconomicgainfromusingDeltaTtechnology.

Results and conclusionsFrom10to25lbsofadditionalwatercanbe

safelysoldwiththeproductpertonofproduct

producedwithoutexceedingtheupperspecifica-

tionlimitusingthisnewtechnology.Thereturnto

theaquafeedmanufactureris$4to$10perton

ofproductforawholesaleproductpriceof$800

per ton. Inaddition, energy savings ofapproxi-

matelyfourtosevenpercentpossible.TheDelta

ThasbeensuccessfullyappliedintheUSforMC

sensingandcontrolofmanyproducts,includingaquafeedusingaBeltomaticconveyordryer.

More InforMatIon:

Website: www.moisturecontrols.com

Figure 4: Delta T MC control allows mean MC

to be maximized without exceeding USL

Figure 5:

Outside

view of

Delta T MC

system

Current

Delta T

MC


FEATURE

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20/68

Since the late 1970s,Atlantic salmon

aquaculture has grown into a global

industrythat annually producesover

1.4milliontonnesofsalmonwithan

estimatedvalueofUS$7,812millionaccording

to2012FAOstatistics.Thegrowthofsalmon

aquaculturehasbeenaccompaniedbyacon-tinuousimprovementinfeedformulationand

technologytomaximizegrowthandsurvivalof

salmonatdifferentstagesofdevelopment.The

searchfornewandalternativefeedingredients

andformulationscontinuesinordertoensure

sustainabilityofthisindustry.

A major challenge for the aquaculture

feed production industry is to identify and

validate stable, predictable and high qual-

ity sources of alternative proteins for the

manufactureof aqua feeds. In this context,

any satisfactory alternative feed ingredientmust be able to supply comparable nutri-

tional value at a competitive cost. Global

recognitionthatterrestrialanimalby-product

meals, especially non-ruminant blood meals

and blood products, represent the largest

andlargely untapped safe source of animal

protein available within the international

aquafeedindustry.

Despite the fact that blood meal and

bloodproductshavebeenshowntobecost-

effectivenutrientsourcesforfarmedfishand

shrimp,itwasestimatedthatlessthanfiveper-centof totalglobalmanufacturedaquafeeds

(21milliontonnesin2005)containedblood

meal (25% average dietary inclusion level).

Bloodmealismainlyusedasacost-effective

sourceofhighlydigestibleanimalprotein,asa

fishmealreplacer, and asa

pelletcolouringagent.

On a nutritional basis,

bloodmealswiththehigh-

est digestibility are gener-

allythosewhichhavebeen

spray dried. Spray-driedproteins are subjected to

lessheatdamageanddena-

turingofthe proteinduring

the drying process com-

pared to traditional ren-

deredorring-driedproteins.

Aquaculture feed manu-

facturers that use blood

meal and blood products

in their feeds are mainly

concentrated in Asia and

North andSouth America,

whereas European feedproducers are using non-

ruminant blood products

mainly in marine fish feed

because it is now legally

accepted by EU regulation

(Tacon,2005).

Spray dried-plasmaas a feed ingredient

Spray-dried blood, red

blood cells (haemoglobin)

and plasma proteins havelongbeenrecognizedashigh

quality feed ingredients for

swine, cattle and poultry.

Spray-driedplasma(SDP) is

a feed ingredientcomposed

Spray-dried plasmafrom porcine blood in diets for

Atlantic salmon parrs

Figure 1: Final size distribution in body weight

(BW) of Atlantic salmon fed diets containing

graded levels of spray dried plasma (SDD)

by Enric Gisbert PhD, Research Scientist, IRTA-San Carlos de la Rpita,Spain and Javier Polo PhD, APC Europe SA, Granollers, Spain


FEATURE


21/68

ofa diversemixtureof functionalproteinsand

other biologically important components.SDP

has an excellent amino acid profile with high

(99%)digestibilityofaminoacids(Bureauetal.,

1999)andithasbeennotedinmultiplepublica-

tionsthatitimprovesanimalgrowth,feedintake

andfeed efficiency.In addition, SDPhas been

recommendedforinclusioninanimaldietsasa

source of immunological supportdue to their

high levels of globulin proteins (Campbell et

al.,2010).Althoughbloodproductshavemany

goodqualities, thereis scarceliteratureon the

effects of dietary SDP inclusion in fish feeds

(JohnsonandSummerfelt,2000).

Effects of SDP on Atlanticsalmon smolts

Inarecentstudy,weevaluatedtheinclu-

sion of SDP derived from porcine blood

(AP820P;APCEurope,SA)asafeedingredi-

entin commercial feeds for Atlantic salmon

(Salmo salar) parr and its effect on growth

performance,feedutilization,organisationandfunctionality of the digestive system and

haematological parameters. SDP was incor-

poratedintodietsatincreasinglevels(0,3,6

and9%)andwaspreparedbydispersingitin

oliveoilandthensprayingitoncommercial

salmon feed (Skretting T2 Select, Skretting).

Diets were named SDP0, SDP3, SDP6 or

SDP9consideringtheinclusionlevelsof SDP

inexperimentalfeeds.

Thequantityofoilneededtodissolvethe

highestlevel(9%)ofSDPwasalsousedfor

incorporating lowerlevels ofSDP inall the

experimental feeds. This strategy assured

that diets were isolipidic (31%), although

they did not have similar levels of dietary

proteins(rangedfrom43.3%inSDP0dietto

50.1%inSDP9diet).Thisvariationinprotein

content of diets did not invalidate the pos-

sible results of this study, since the dietary

proteinlevelstestedwerehigherthanthose

generallyrecommendedforthisspeciesatthis

developmentalstage(Bendiksenetal.,2003).

Different studies have reported that dietary

protein levels higher than 39-40percent do

notaffectgrowthperformanceinthisspecies

atthetesteddietarylipidlevel.

Evaluating SDP effectDiets were tested in triplicate in Atlantic

salmonparr(45.45.76g)foraperiodof

86days(0gsalinity/l,12.5C,12hL:12hD),

thenfish weresmoltifiedand kept inmarinewater(35gsalinity/l,16C,18hL:6hD)for

twoweeksinaIRTAMARrecirculationunit.

Fishwerefedfourtimesperday(0830,1200,

1600and2000h)withautomaticfeedersset

atthefeedratioof0.9%ofstockedbiomass.

The feed ratio was periodically adjusted by

means of intermediate samplings for weight

andgrowthperformance.

The effect of SDP in salmon was evalu-

atedbybiological,histologicalandbiochemical

parameters, such as growth, survival, feed

conversionratio(FCR),proteinefficiencyratio

(PER), organisation of the intestinal mucosa,

proximate body composition, haematocrit,

serumproteinprofileandbloodcellcount.In

addition, smoltification success was assessed

byevaluatingfishsurvival,aswellas,thehisto-

logicalorganisationofgillfilamentsandplasma

osmolalityandelectrolytecomposition.

Weight and sizeAttheendof the trial, the meanweight

of salmon fed different diets was similar

(92.8-98.5 g) regardless of the SDP level

incorporatedonthefeed.However,thesize

distribution of individual body weight was

significantly affected by the diet. Size het-

erogeneityisacommonfeatureinsalmonid

farming that affects the overall performance

oftherearingprocess.

The results of the hierarchical size effect

aretheestablishmentofagroupofdominantfish that do not allow smaller (subordinate)

ones to feed normally. Therefore, under

conditions promoting hierarchy formation,

thelargest fishat thebeginningare expected

togetthe largestshareofthefeed,growthe

fastestandhavethehighestweightattheend

oftheproductionprocess.

Under the present experimental condi-

tions,salmon fedSDP6 hadthe mosthomo-


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Hydrolyzed feather protein a fish meal alter-

native, especially for carnivorous fish species.

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Gelko a spraydried attractant and binder.

Blood meal and Hemoglobin Powder high protein content

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geneous distribution in body weight among

the tested diets. Thus, fish fed SDP6 had a

higher proportion of fish within the mode

of the population (81-120 g), and a lower

proportionoffishbelongingtosmaller(40-80

g)orlarger(121-170g)sizeclassesincom-

parisontothecontrolgroup.Thesametrend

wasobservedwhendatawereexpressedin

standardlengthorusingtheFultonscondition

factor.Thesefindingsareofpracticalimpor-

tance since the improved size distribution

mightreducethetasksofsizeselectiondur-

ingprocessing, andalso diminishhierarchical

dominancesituationsthatultimatelymaximize

the harvested biomass and reduce the cost

associatedwithgrowingfishtoharvestsize.

Survival and FCRAllfishfromdifferentexperimentalgroups

were able to successfully osmoregulate and

keeptheir hydromineral equilibrium of their

body fluids after smoltification, as data on

plasma osmolality and electrolyte contentindicated.Althoughtherewerenodifferences

in survival among salmon feddifferent diets,

parrfeddietscontainingSDPshowedaslight,

butnotsignificant,highersurvivalaftersmol-

tificationin comparisonto thecontrol group

(SDP0),whichmaybeduetothehigherpro-

portionofsmall-sizedparrintheSDP0group.

TheenhancednutritionsuppliedbySDPin

dietsalsoimprovedFCRandPER;salmonoids

fedSDP3andSDP6dietshadthelowestFCR

and highest PER values, respectively. These

results indicated that the nitrogen contentfrom these diets was much more efficiently

usedbyfish.Growthperformanceandproxi-

mate biochemical composition of fish were

similar among dietary groups, although fish

fed SDP3 and SDP6 consumedless feed in

comparisontothecontroldiet.Thereduction

in feed consumption and high PER coupled

with the high digestibility of SDP may also

resultinlessnitrogenwasteintheeffluentsof

aquaculturefacilities,whichisconsideredakey

elementforthelong-termsustainabilityofthe

aquacultureindustry.

Digestion and intestinal mucosaFunctionality of the digestive system was

notaffectedbydiets,asfishhadsimilaractiv-

ity levels of pancreatic and intestinal diges-

tive enzymes. However, fish fed SDP9 had

increasednumberofgobletcellsintheintes-

tinalmucosa,butheightof intestinalvilli was

not modified in thisgroup. Themajor func-

tion of intestinal goblet cells and their main

secretoryproducts, mucins, is theformation

ofmucuslayerswhichserveasthefrontline

fortheinnatehostdefensemechanism.Thesemucus layers playkey roles in theestablish-

mentofthecommensalintestinalmicrobiota

andprotectionfromcolonisationandinvasion

by the pathogenic microbiota. Thus, the

reportedhigherabundanceofgobletcellsin

theintestinalmucosaoffishfedtheSDP9

dietmaybelinkedtotheabilityofSDP

to support the immune-competence of

the fish. This hypothesis needs further

researchinordertobevalidated,although

previous studies on other fish species

seemtosupportthisidea.

The nutrition provides by SDP has

beenreportedtoimproveimmunecom-

petenceinshrimp(RussellandCampbell,

2008),eel(JensenandNielsen,2003)and

introutchallengedbyYersiniaruckeri,that

inadditionoftheconsistentresultsinter-

restrialanimals,indicatetheimproveper-

formanceoftheseanimalsunderstressed

farmingconditions.

ConclusionsSDP is an excellent ingredient for

Atlanticsalmonparrandsmoltdietssince

itisahighlydigestibleproteinsourcethat

improved feed and protein efficiency

ratiosandpromotedamorehomogene-ous distribution of body weight in the

tested population. TheSDP9 dietresult-

edin anincrease ingobletcell number

intheintestinalmucosa,whichsupports

the idea that SDP may provide support

to the innate host defense mechanism

of the gut. Based upon the FCR and

PER results of this study, the optimal

dietaryinclusionlevelofSDPindietsfor

Atlanticsalmonparrwascalculatedtobe

4.1 percent. Research is being currently

conducted on the use of SDP in dietsfor marine fish species,in particular for

gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata), and

thepreliminary results are really encour-

agingandwithinthesamelinetothose

obtainedinAtlanticsalmon.

References

APCInc(2003).EvaluationofBIOFEND

(spray-driedplasma)ongrowthand

survivalofrainbowtrout( Oncorhynchus

mykiss)challengedwithYersiniaruckeri.

DiscoveriesTechBriefs,Volume6,2

pages.Februar y2003,APCInc.,Iowa,IA

50010,USA(www.americanprotein.com/

products/biofend/images/Discoveries621803.

pdf).

Bendiksen,E.A.,O.K.Berg,M.Jobling,A.M

ArnesenandK.Masoval.2003.Digestibility,

growthandnutrientutilisationofAtlanticsalmon

parr(Salmo salarL.)inrelationtotemperature,

feedfatcontentandoilsource.Aquaculture224:

283-299.

Bureau,D.P.,A.M.Harris,andC.Y.Cho.1999.

Apparentdigestibilityofrenderedanimalprotein

ingredientsforrainbowtrout(Oncorhynchusmykiss).Aquaculture180:345-358.

Campbell,J.M.,J.Polo,L.E.RussellandJ.D.Crenshaw.

2010.Reviewofspray-driedplasma'simpacton

intestinalbarrierfunction.LivestockScience133:

239-241.

Jensen,S.andM.Nielsen.(2003).EffectofAPC

plasmaadditivesoneelsbeingintroducedto

redheaddisease.Posterpaperpresentedat

AquacultureEurope2003,8-12August2003,

Trondheim.

Johnson,J.A.and R.C.Summerfel t.2000.Spray-

driedbloodcellsasapartialreplacementfor

fishmealindietsforrainbowtroutOncorhynchus

mykiss.J.WorldAquac.Soc.31:96-104.

Russell,L.andJ.M.Campbell.(2000).Trialsshow

promiseforspray-driedplasmaproteininshrimp

feeds.TheGlobalAquacultureAdvocate,3(6):42-43.

Tacon,A.G.J.2005.TheCurrentandPotentialuse

ofBloodproductsandBloodmealinAquafeeds.

ReportPreparedForEuropeanAnimalProtein

Association,53.

Figure 2: Broken analysis of food

conversion (FCR) and protein efficiency

rates (PER) from Atlantic salmon fed

different diets containing graded levels

of spray-dried plasma (SDP). The value

within the inner rectangle indicates

the estimated level of SDP inclusion in

diets considering the results of the used

methodology.


FEATURE


23/68Juy-Fbuy 2013 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 21

FEATURE

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high quality conferencesat www.viv.net

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Natural Protein Nutrition for Optimal Growth

For more information about using AP 820P spray dried animal plasma or

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24/68

W

ith more than 50 years of

culture history in China,

shrimpisimportantseafood

the country. Nowadays, the

Chineseshrimpindustryhascaughttheworldseyes,foritslargestproductionandexport,as

wellasthepotentialChinesedomesticmarket

withapopulationofmorethan1.34billion.

The main species cultured in China are

Penaeus vannamei, P. chinensis, P. monodon,

P. japonicus, P. merguinsis andP. penicillatus,of

which more than 70 percent comprised the

whitelegshrimp,P. vannamei.

The modern shrimp farming industry in

Chinahasahistoryofonlyaboutthreedecades

butithasgonethroughanextraordinaryexperi-ence which can be roughly divided into four

stages: beginning (1978-1984), rapid increase

(1985-1992),recession(1993-1997)andrecov-

eryanddevelopment(1998-present)

Therewereonly1,300haofshrimpponds

inChina in1978, howeverthe area ofponds

reached 300,000 ha in 2011. Total shrimp

output increased by more than 6,900 times,

from450MTin1978to3,110,000MTin2011,

andtheaverageyield increased from 350 kg/

hato7,000kg/ha.Thedevelopmentofshrimp

farmingalsopromotesrelatedbusinesses,such

as broodstock,breeding, feed nutrition,animalhealth,processing,transportationandmarketing.

The shrimp feed industry has been devel-

oping with the shrimp farming and boosts

thedevelopment of thetotal Chinese shrimp

industryconversely.

Ingredients and shrimp feedTheprimaryfeednutritioncompaniesmade

Chineseshrimpfeedwithahighnutritionlevel.

In order to producefeed withmore than 40

percentprotein,alotofgoodanimalingredients

havetobeused.Therearemanyrawingredi-entscanbeusedinfishfeed,suchascarpand

tilapia, butusuallyonly fishmeal,soybeanmeal,

peanutmeal,wheatflour,shrimpshellpowder,

squidpaste,someotherrawmaterialsandaddi-

tivesarepopularin the shrimpfeed.Although

the ratio of fishmeal isdecreasingyearlyas its

increasingprice,itstillholdsmorethan30per-

cent.Chinaistheworld'slargestuserofsoybean

mealandfishmealandreliesheavilyimports;the

highpricesofthesetwoingredientsin2012eatintoChinesefeedmanufacturersprofit.

Almost every feed producer hasits quality

controllab,nomatterhowbigorsmall,tocheck

andcontroltheingredientsandfeedquality,as

theingredientsareexpensivetheproducerneed

to buy them with reasonable price according

t

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