march | april - international aquafeed - full edition

8/9/2019 March | April - International Aquafeed - FULL EDITION

1/68

Extrusion of aquafeeds

- the benefits of extrusion

technology over pellet milling

Wheat proteins

- high quality proteins foraquaculture feeds

Immunostimulation

in aquatic animals

Rotifers- Exploring this important species

VOLUME 18 ISSUE 2 - MARCH | APRIL 2015

Fish Farming Technology supplement

- Safety on aquaculture farms

INCORPORAT INGF ISH FARM ING TECHNOLOGY


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3/68

Editor

Professor Simon Davies

Email: [email protected]

Associate Editors

Dr Albert Tacon


Dr Yu Yu


Dr Kangsen Mai (Chinese edition)


Editorial Advisory Panel

• Abdel-Fattah M. El-Sayed (Egypt)

• Dr Albert Tacon (USA)

• Professor António Gouveia (Portugal)

• Professor Charles Bai (Korea)

• Colin Mair (UK)

• Dr Daniel Merrifield (UK)

• Dr Dominique Bureau (Canada)

• Dr Elizabeth Sweetman (Greece)

• Dr Kim Jauncey (UK)

• Eric De Muylder (Belgium)

• Dr Pedro Encarnação (Singapore)

• Dr Mohammad R Hasan (Italy)

Editorial executive

Olivia HoldenEmail: [email protected]

Editorial assistance

Malachi Stone


Editor - Asia Pacific

Roy Palmer


Circulation & Events Manager

Tuti Tan


Design Manager

James Taylor


International marketing team (UK)

Darren Parris


Tom Blacker


Tilly Geoghegan


Latin America

Ivàn Marquetti


Pablo Porcel de Peralta


India

Raj Kapoor


Africa

Nathan Nwosu


More information:

International Aquafeed

7 St George's Terrace, St James' Square

Cheltenham, GL50 3PT, United Kingdom

Tel: +44 1242 267706

Website: www.aquafeed.co.uk

REGULAR ITEMS

3-9 INDUSTRY NEWS

5 THE AQUACULTURISTS

28 PHOTOSHOOT

36 EXPERT TOPIC - CARP

44 INDUSTRY EVENTS52 THE MARKET PLACE

54 THE AQUAFEED INTERVIEW

56 INDUSTRY FACES

FEATURES10 Extrusion of aquafeeds

14 Wheat proteins - high quality

proteins for aquaculture feeds

18 Immunostimulation in aquatic animals22 AWF at ten - gearing up

for new challenges

30 Rotifers

34 Tour of a fish farm

FISH FARMING TECHNOLOGY

SUPPLEMENT

002 Safety on aquaculture farms

10 Extrusionof aquafeeds

CONTENTSVolume 18 / Issue 2 / March-April 2015 / © Copyright Perendale Publishers Ltd 2015 / All rights reserved

International Aquafeed is published six times a year by Perendale Publishers Ltd of the United Kingdom.

All data is published in good faith, based on information received, and while every care is taken to prevent inaccuracies,

the publishers accept no liability for any errors or omissions or for the consequences of action taken on the basis of

information published. ©Copyright 2015 Perendale Publishers Ltd. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may

be reproduced in any form or by any means without prior permission of the copyright owner. Printed by Perendale

Publishers Ltd. ISSN: 1464-0058

36 EXPERT TOPIC

- CARP 30 ROTIFERS


4/68

World Aquaculture 2015 - International Aquafeedwill be exhibiting at World Aquaculture this year!

See the latest news on this event on page 44 of this edition of

International Aquafeed

Meet the team and pick up a free copy of the magzine on the beutiful Jeju

Island, Korea - between May 26 - 30, 2015

I am writing this editorial from Llanelli, a coastal townin South Wales on a Spring visit to my home region.

A view of the ocean provides much inspiration along

with the wonderful Welsh culture, cuisine and the

locally famous beer (Felinfoel), and also the heart of our

rugby heritage in Wales - the famous Llanelli Scarlets team.

Fishing has always been a major recreation here and

we have some of the finest beaches in Europe and water

sports activities.

Aquaculture in Wales has much potential and I hope it

is encouraged in future.

The magazine has always tried to bring innovations to

the forefront and we always focus on the most excitingdevelopments and technologies embracing aquafeed tech-

nology and the latest news and interviews of major figures

and those making waves in this dynamic industry. After

periods of uncertainty and austerity, we see encouraging

trends and a surge of interest in the fish nutrition domain

and applications to feed production.

As usual, we span some hot topics and articles from

experts in various fields.

In our news section we report on a new generation of

BioMar’s ORBIT feed concept targeting the specific chal-

lenges of the production of salmon smolt in Recirculation

Aquaculture Systems (RAS) that will become available

from the beginning of April.Our feature on extrusion of aquafeeds by Gordon

Young, Food Stream Pty Ltd, Australia and Dennis Forte,

Dennis Forte & Associates, Australia, outlines a number

of major benefits over the more traditional pellet mill-

ing processes. But extrusion is a very complex process.

Technology is ever changing to deal with this and we

report on these new developments.

Wheat proteins offer high quality proteins for aquacul-

ture feeds, and a feature by Dr Emmanuelle Apper, MSc

Aurélien Feneuil and Dr Frédérique Respondek of Tereos

provides an interesting scope for this interesting ingredient.

Immunostimulation in Aquatic Animals by Philippe

Tacon, Global Aquaculture Manager, Phileo reveals a new

applied perspective on natural solutions to combat emerg-

ing diseases in aquatic farmed species.

In our Fish Farming Technology section my very good

friend, Robert M Durborow, Professor and Aquaculture

Specialist, Kentucky State University, and Melvin L. Myers,

Associate Professor and Safety Engineer, Emory UniversityRollins School of Public Health, Atlanta review safety

measures on aquaculture farms, a very important topic as

the industry expands.

Our special species focus in this issue is on Carp. This

feature covers specific areas: Fish and finance: How China

dictates the size of your carp farm, by Malachi Stone of

International Aquafeed, and Carp production in India:

Present status and prospects, by Dr B. Laxmappa of the

Department of Fisheries in Mahabubnagar, India.

The significance of gender in aquaculture will be

addressed at the WA2015 on Jeju Island, Korea 26-30

May. Entitled ‘Women in Fisheries and Aquaculture’, itwill have a particular significance to Jeju, given that histori-

cally, the role of seafood-gathering on the island has been

dominated by women.

We also report on the recent Aquaculture America

2015 (AA15) in New Orleans. The Aquaculture America

conference is the best place to learn about the latest

aquaculture research and issues, newest technology and

associated aquaculture trade show.

Our Interview section is with Nils Einar Aas, Sales

Director, Aker BioMarine. He explains why krill is so ben-

eficial, krill’s future and how Aker BioMarine is working to

protect the krill resources of tomorrow.

Please enjoy the latest edition and keep sending us yourviews and articles for possible publication.

Creoso - welcomeProfessor Simon Davies


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Energy fromsalmonsperm?Ioannis Zabetakis,assistant professorof food chemistry,university of Athens,Greece

In aquaculture, we are looking at issues of functionality and

sustainability in order to produce more fish at affordable

prices to feed the World. But there are some other applica-

tions that are promising and fascinating.

For example, have you ever thought how fish and batteries

are connected?

A research group in China have turned to nature to help

overcome one of the key challenges facing the most probable

successor to the lithium ion (Li-ion) battery by using salmon

sperm!

Today, lithium–sulphur (Li–S) batteries are cheaper, more sus-

tainable and already capable of delivering up to three times theenergy density of most Li-ion cells. However, they are not stable

and this is a major problem for further development.

Li–S cells typically consist of a lithium metal anode and a

carbon–sulphur cathode separated by a liquid electrolyte.

Lithium ions dissolve from the anode during discharge, reacting

with sulphur to form lithium polysulfides (Li2Sx) at the cathode,

while the reverse occurs on charging. Some of the polysulfide

intermediates are unfortunately soluble in the electrolyte and

their dissolution from the cathode leads to irreversible loss of

the active sulphur, adversely affecting cell performance.

Several strategies have been tested to reduce the Li2Sx dis-

solution problem, which often involve coating the cathode toisolate sulphur from the electrolyte, or hybridising it with third

party materials that can help to anchor Li2Sx to the cathode

surface through electrostatic interaction with the lithium ions.

The drawback with these approaches is that there is substitu-

tion of the active materials that can increase internal resistance

or reduce capacity.

In a important development, though, Chenggang Zhou and

his colleagues at the China University of Geosciences, Wuhan,

have been looking for an additive that was molecularly light-

weight, dispersible on the carbon–sulphur cathode material,

and rich in sulphur-loving functional groups, they thought of

DNA. Computational chemistry verified that functional groups

common in all four of the nucleobases that comprise DNAwere sulphur-loving, with phosphate groups exhibiting the

strongest adsorption. Having confirmed their suspicion, the

team then observed experimentally a three-fold enhancement

in capacity retention after 200 discharge cycles by dispersing a

small amount of DNA derived from salmon sperm onto the

carbon–sulphur surface.

This development is quite exciting in terms of crossing species

barriers but also on joining forces of material scientists with bio-

scientists.

The future is definitely holistic and “salmony”!

Further reading

High-performance lithium/sulfur batteries by decorating CMK-3/Scathodes with DNA

http://pubs.rsc.org/en/Content/ArticleLanding/2015/TA/

c4ta06083k#!divAbstract

[email protected]

@yanzabet

A t the recent VIV Asia in

Bangkok, Nutriad CEO Erik

Visser formally announced

new distribution partnerships in

Thailand and the Philippines: “Asia

Pacific is an important region for

our company…. In the coming years

we aim to double our presence in

this dynamic market and are there-

fore extremely pleased to partner

with recognized companies that

share our ambitions.”

In Thailand Nutriad appointed

Brenntag as its distributor. BK Chew,

Regional Director APAC, high-

lighted: “We are confident that the

Nutriad - Brenntag partnership will

bring enormous benefits to both

companies and our customers. We

see much synergy with this associa-

tion, with the depth of reach, from

small to major customers that this

partnership will bring.”

In the Philippines Nutriad agreed

for Enovet to be the sole importer

and distributor of all major product

lines. Stated BK Chew: “The part-

nership is very timely as the market

has already recognized the need

to move from AGPs on which

NUTRIAD products will be a

perfect fit.”

Erik Visser, CEO

Nutriad: “Our new

partnerships al low

Nutriad to get even

more involved in the

key feed markets inThai land and the

Philippines. Nutriad’s local sales

management, regional technical

management and global product

management will support our

experienced distribution partners

to establish product leadership in

the market.”

Nutriad announces

new Asian partnerships

Erik Visser Boon Kee Chew

March-April 2015 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | 3

NEWS

New edition of AMINONews®

by Evonik is out now

Threonine, an essential amino

acid, is not only a building

block in meat production

but has also a key function in the

metabolism of the intestine and

in immune responses. The current

knowledge about this subject and

the consequences for an ideal

amino acid profile of pigfeed is

explained by Dr John Htoo in the

latest edition of Evonik’s customermagazine AMINONews® for the

feed industry.

Amino acid supplementation

is also catching on in aquaculture.

But how to define a species’ amino

acid requirements? Dr Andreas

Lemme provides an insight into test

approaches for tilapia feeding. As the

results show, the optimum methio-

nine concentration for this African

cichlid fish is significantly above

current recommendations.New approaches to animal nutri-

tion also come along with new

findings on the topic of oxidative

stress. Dr Behnam Saremi summa-

rises the basic mechanisms for the

latest AMINONews®.

Evonik is the only company

in the world that produces

and markets all four essen-

tial amino acids used in advanced

animal nutrition: MetAMINO®

(DL -me t h i on i ne ) , B i o l y s ®

(L-lysine source), ThreAMINO®

(L-threonine) and TrypAMINO®

(L-tryptophan). Mepron®, a rumen-

stable DL-methionine for high-

performance dairy cows, and

CreAMINO®, a creatine source for

broilers complement the product

portfolio. The company marketsinnovative products and services in

more than one hundred countries

and thus makes a valuable contribu-

tion to the cost-efficiency of its cus-

tomers and to healthy and environ-

ment-friendly animal nutrition.


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Aller Aqua Group

inaugurates its new

Egyptian factory

Aller Aqua Group A/S,

situated by Christiansfeld

in Denmark, is one of

Europe’s largest producers of

environmentally friendly fish feed.

The company officially inaugu-

rated the new Egyptian factory

on Tuesday 3rd March 2015.

Biggest in all of AfricaIn cooperation with the IFU

(Investment Fund for Developing

Countries), Aller Aqua Group

bought the majority of an

Egyptian family company in 2011.

In 2014 the company finished a

brand new state-of-the-art fishfeed factory in Egypt. It is this

factory – Egypt’s largest and most

modern producer of environ-

mentally friendly, extruded fish

feed – which was inaugurated on

3rd March.

Aller Aqua Egypt, as the

Egyptian company is called, has in

this connection invested a large

sum of money in the area known

as ‘6th of October City’, situated

a 1-hour drive from Cairo.“The momentum we have

managed to create in Egypt since

2011 creates the basis for this

extraordinary expansion, giving us

the oppor tunity to triple sales,”

explains Henrik Halken, Chairman

of Aller Aqua Egypt.

“We have settled well in Egypt,

where the daily management, with

great experience and a huge drive,

are co-owners and thereby moti-

vated to create a success story.

“Since 2009, when we first

travelled to Egypt, a great deal

has happened politically in the

country. We experience daily

challenges, which we wouldn’t

even contemplate in Denmark.

For the first year it could take up

to 3 days to get petrol for the

trucks transporting raw materials

to the factory – great planning

was essential for success! We

have also had to accommodateall our employees at the factory

during the most recent revolu-

tion, during which President Mursi

was overthrown.

“Managing a company in Egypt

requires that we make frequent

visits, staying close to the cus-

tomers and allocating the nec-

essary resources for training and

education of both our staff and

our customers.

“Further it is crucial to haveskilled local management – which

we have!

“We believe in the market and

a bright future for Egypt, and

the growth during the last year

strengthens this belief.

“We exper ience a great

interest in our project from

various politicians, and thus we

have had visits from both the

Danish Minister for Trade and

Development Cooperation, the

Danish Ambassador and several

local Egyptian politicians. It should

come as no surprise that we -

with our production which helps

create jobs, healthy food and a

significantly better environment

for our customers - experi-

ence a great deal of attention in

Denmark and Egypt, as well as

internationally.”

An expandingcompanySince commencing fish-feed

production 50 years ago, Aller

Aqua has experienced continuous

growth. Besides their factor y

in Christiansfeld, Denmark, they

have built a factory in Poland in

2001 and another in Germany in

2007 which integrates a modern

fish-feed factory with a facility

producing protein derived from

peas and broad beans.Hans Erik Bylling, majority share-

holder and managing director of

the Aller Aqua Group, expla ins

that the company now sells its

fish feed to more than 50 coun-

tries worldwide.

“We have a clear and concise

strategy at Aller Aqua, designed

to create further growth over the

coming years – and investments

like the one in Egypt is one of

the tools to reach our targets, as

well as the continued growth in

existing and new markets.

“2014 has been a busy year for

us, as we have further inaugu-

rated our new research center in

Büsum, Germany. This helps bring

us to the forefront in the devel-

opment of new efficient types of

feed – with increased focus on

better utilisation of raw mate-

rials.”

The company are proud to havebeen awarded a German inno-

vation award for this particular

effort.

Fastest growing foodsector

“Aquaculture is today the fastest

growing food sector – and more

than half of the fish consumed

globally are farmed fish. Thus we

focus on growing our activities in

several of the world’s emergingmarkets,” Hans Erik Byl l ing

explains.

Second edition

of ‘Mycotoxins in

Focus’ comes to

VIV Asia 2015

The “Mycotoxins in Focus:

Trends, Facts, and Effects”

conference is set to

provide an insight into the latest

mycotoxin trends and occurences

to delegates at VIV Asia 2015 in

Bangkok, Thailand.

Biomin will host the second

edition of the “Mycotoxins in

Focus: Trends, Facts, and Effects”

conference on 12 March 2015

in the afternoon of second day

of VIV Asia 2015 at BITEC, inBangkok, Thailand, in partnership

with All About Feed, Pig Progress,

and VIV.

With i t s annua l B iomin

Mycotoxin Survey running

for over a decade, Biomin has

become the leading authority on

mycotoxins. The second edition

of the “Mycotoxins in Focus” con-

ference builds upon the success

of the inaugural edition held at

VIV Europe 2014 in Utrecht, The

Netherlands.The educational presenta-

tions from Biomin exper ts and

renowned academics from Asia

will provide new insights into

mycotoxin risk management, an

overview of developments on

mycotoxin occurrences in Asia

over the last decade, and their

effects on animal production.

The conference begins at 2pm

with opening remarks from Dr. Jan

Vanbrabant, Managing Director ofBiomin Asia Pacific. Dr Shu Guan of

Biomin Singapore will present key

points from the latest mycotoxin

survey, including trends in myco-

toxin occurrence and the prolifer-

ation of mycotoxins in feed and

feed raw materials in Asia.

Next, renowned industry

experts from Asia will deliver

species-specific presentations.

Dr Pariwat Poolperm, from

Kasetsar t Univeristy, Thailand,

wi l l d iscuss the economicimpact of mycotoxins in swine

farms. Prof Dr Charles Rangga

Tabbu from Universitas Gadjah

Mada, Indonesia, will present

on the common patholog-

ical lesions of mycotoxicosis in

poultry.

The presentations will be

followed by an open Q&A

session. The afternoon con-

ference will conclude with an

Austrian wine tasting.All VIV Asia 2015 delegates

are welcome to attend the con-

ference, and to visit the Biomin

booth J002 located in hall

102.

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Get more daily industry news at the

Aquaculturists

www.theaquaculturists.blogspot.com

4 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | March-April 2015

EWS


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BioMar launches new ORBIT diets to salmon smolt

farmed in recirculation systems

Anew generat ion of

BioMar’s ORBIT feed

concept targeting the

specific challenges of the pro-

duction of salmon smolt in

Rec i rcu la t ion Aquacul ture

Systems will become available

from the beginning of April.

Wi th the rap id expans ion

of recirculation systems used

for smolt production and even

in some cases for on-growing

of salmon BioMar has decided

to apply the successfu l ORBIT

concept to salmon feed and

launch a new range of ORBIT

products to salmon.

“BioMar’s ORBIT concept has

for long been the ultimate feedfor trout farming in Recirculation

Aquaculture Systems (RAS).

Fish farmers have praised it

for optimal feed performance

combined with optimal bio-filter

performance. Both contribute to

an increased biomass production

in farms with RAS and as a con-

sequence, an improved return

on investment,” says BioMar’s

Norwegian Product Manager

for fresh water diets Kristian Tuff

Carlsen.

The new diets focus on deliv-

ering high growth and an optimal

water quality with a minimal load

on the biofilter. This is achieved

mainly through a combination of

changes in the digestible energy

to protein ra tio, a perfec tl y

balanced and very precise amino-

acid profile and a careful selection

of raw materials.

The launch of the new product

range follows three years of

research and development with

tria ls performed in laborator ies

and recirculation farms in places

such as Norway, Denmark, and

Chile.Kristian Tuff Carlsen explains

that good water quality has been

a key success factor in the devel-

opment of the ORBIT diet for

salmon smolt and several changes

have been made compared

to standard die ts used in the

sector.

“The result is that we can both

reduce the nitrogen load and

the amount of organic matter in

the water column

and we make the

removal of faeces

in sludge cones

a n d m e c h a n -

ical filters easier.

This improves the

growth conditions

for the fish and

it increases the

capacity of the biofilter allowing

for a larger production,” he

says.

“Our researchers have refined

our raw material matrix to per-

fection to ensure that we have the

right information regards to the

amino acid profile and digestibility

for each raw material type. Andwe have identified within each

raw material type the specific

products which have the optimal

profile with regards to these

parameters, and at the same time

we have identified their potential

impact on the faeces’ structure.

This allows us to create a very

unique diet for smolt in recircu-

lation systems,” concludes Kristian

Tuff Carlsen.

The new diets are being pre-

sented to fish farmers with recir-

culation systems at customer

meetings during March with

the par tic ipa tion of rec ircula-

tion specia lis ts from BioMar’s

global recirculation team. In

September BioMar is again the

main sponsor for the NordicRAS workshop, which this year

takes place in Molde, Norway. The

workshop will gather recirculation

experts from the whole world

and Kristian Tuff Carlsen looks

forward to an event which is an

optimal forum for experience

sharing and networking between

farmers, researchers, and other

key persons within recirculation

aquaculture.

Skidmore College is the first liberal arts college in the state of

New York to achieve MSC certification

On March 12, Skidmore

College became the

first liberal arts college

in New York to achieve Marine

Stewardship Council (MSC) Chain

of Custody certification, the world’s

leading certification program for sus-

tainable, wild-caught seafood.

Skidmore’s Dining Services offersMSC certified sustainable seafood

in the full-service Murray-Aikins

Dining Hall, which serves more

than 4000 meals to students, faculty

and staff on a daily basis.

A variety of seafood is offered

weekly on the dining hal l

menus and includes MSC certi-

fied haddock, pollock, and cod.

Skidmore plans to add more

species of sustainable fish to the

menu in the future. Star ting today,MSC certified haddock and other

MSC certified species will be reg-

ularly featured on the Dining Hall

menu cycle .

MSC Chain of Custody certifica-

tion ensures that in every step of

the chain – from the fishers, to the

processor, to the distributor and the

end user – MSC certified seafood

is not mixed with or substituted

for non-certified seafood. It also

provides assurance that seafood

bearing the blue MSC ecolabel can

be traced back to a fishery that hasbeen certified as sustainable and

well-managed against the global, sci-

ence-based MSC standard.

Commitment tosustainability initiativesis key

“Sustainability is a key theme

in our dining facilities and we’re

committed to reducing impact on

the environment and increasing

sustainable initiatives,” said MarkMiller, director of Skidmore’s

Dining Services.

“MSC Chain of Custody certifi-

cation is a sign of our commitment

to sustainability. Skidmore’s Dining

Services believes that by obtaining

MSC certification, college students

and staff are able to contribute to

the health of the world’s oceans

by choosing seafood that can be

traced back to fisheries that have

achieved the MSC standard for

sustainable fishing.”

Skidmore Dining introduced MSCcertified seafood at Skidmore’s

fourth annual American Culinary

Federation (ACF) Conference

and Competition held in January.

The three-day event offered chefs

in the industry the opportu-

nity to participate in demonstra-

tions, educational sessions, and an

ACF-sanctioned culinary compe-

tition during which MSC certified

sea scallop samples were served

and Skidmore’s team won a goldmedal.

Additional sustainability initi-

atives led by Skidmore Dining

Services include composting

coffee-grounds, zero-sort recy-

cling, efforts to repurpose fryer

oil product as fuel, eliminating

trays from the din ing hal l, and

re-fillable water-bottle stations

that have saved the equivalent

of 171,816 bottles to date from

being used and discarded.

Culinary leadershiprewards sustainablefishing

“We congratulate Skidmore

College for their leadership

and efforts to recognize and

reward sustainable fishing prac-

tices through the achievement of

MSC Chain of Custody certifica-

tion,” said Geoff Bolan, MSC's US

program director.

“Skidmore Dining’s commit-

ment to offer seafood that hasbeen certified to the global, sci-

ence-based MSC standard,

will help to ensure sustainable

seafood for this and future gen-

erations.”


NEWS


8/68


9/68

Problems with communications over the

festive season meant that we had to delay

our processes for our monthly award and

had to miss January.

February sees another unanimous approval for

Dr Anna Mercy, a professor at College of Fisheries,

Panangad since 1984 and there can be no doubting

that Dr Mercy has made a longstanding and signifi-

cant contribution in aquaculture with over 30 years

engagement in research and teaching.

Anna has spent invaluable time studying the

indigenous ornamental fishes of the Western Ghatsof India, originally starting her research with the

blind catfish, Horaglanis krishnai (Menon) but over

the years Anna is accepted as the ‘God Mother’ of

Miss Kerala (Puntius denisonii), considered the most

beautiful ornamental fish of the Western Ghats of

India. Dr Mercy with her team showed how Miss

Kerala could be successfully bred under captive

conditions.

Having successfully pioneered the development

of technology for raising 15 different species of

ornamental fish in the Ghats region Anna then

decided to initiate rural women in the breeding of these fish.

Her teaching obligations at the university did

not prevent Anna from developing a highly original

pioneering project to improve the living conditions

of the village of Kumbalam in the State of Kerala,

whose residents were daily wage earners. During

lean seasons where work was not available, the

families here would often struggle to even have

one square meal in a day, as is the case in most

circumstances.

Anna succeeded in convincing the Indian

Government Department of Technology to fund

five-day training to 20 women, teaching them all thedifferent aspects of this process, from the building

of aquariums to the production of food for the

fish. The training continued and many hundreds of

people have been able to be able to engage in this

opportunity.

Anna encouraged participants to start breed-

ing the fish in their own ponds and on their own

terraces and about 20 percent of those who are

trained establish aquariums in their own homes

and many others have started building molded

glass tanks. Aquarium keeping is a famous hobby

worldwide but its popularity has still not reached the majority of households of Kerala, however, for

a village such as Kumbalam where almost every

other house had a natural water body, there could

not have been a better area to be converted to an

ornamental fish village.

A report of this training states “the majority of

participants in this experiment earn an income of

around USD 100 per month thanks to the sale

of fish, aquariums and plants for aquariums or fish

food. Shops have been opened to sell fish and

accessories for aquariums, which increases local

income. The project has not only had a significant

financial impact, but has also had other positive side

effects. For instance numerous women suffering

from hypertension or asthma have acknowledged

the positive effects of this activity on their health.

There has also been a drastic decrease in domestic

violence and - especially important - most familiesnow send their girls to school. To insure the con-

tinued success of the project, participants receive

regular follow-up visits. Worldwide, ornamental fish

breeding is worth hundreds of millions and possibly

billions of US dollars and India could certainly turn

this into a significant source of income both for

individuals and the country.”

Through a series of popular articles, radio talks,

public talks in different seminars, television pro-

grams and training programs Anna generated an

interest among the rural people especially women

to adopt this activity. Her work on the socio

economic development of the rural population of

Kumbalam Panchayat, Ernakulam District of Kerala

saw her chosen as one of the eleven laureates of

the world in 2010 for her creativity in rural li fe by

World’s Women’s summit Foundation of Geneva

(WWSF).

Currently Anna has retired from the service of

College of Fisheries and working as a guest faculty

in Sacred Heart College, Thevera, Cochin in the

Department of Aquaculture and continuing her

passion in the field of ornamental fishes through

conducting training programs in ornamental fish

culture for the rural people.Our Executive Director, Roy Palmer, first met

Anna when the APC Conference was held in Kochi

in 2011 and last year he was able to listen to her

in Adelaide where she made a presentation at the

AwF Session ‘Finding livelihood through ornamental

fish culture – a success story from Kerala, India’.

At Jeju Anna is Co-Chairing the Ornamental Fish

sessions and may also be presenting a paper in the

Women in Aquaculture and Fisheries session so

look out for her there.

These awards are organised so that we recog-

nise achievements such as those accomplished byAnna not only covering aquaculture through her

research and technology and teaching but also in

other important issues such as poverty, gender and

promoting aquaculture as a solution in the world.

Congratulations Dr. T.V. Anna Mercy

Woman of the monthRoy Palmer, director, Aquaculturewithout Frontiers

Major Korean processor gains MSC

Chain of Custody certification,

launches new surimi product

Hansung Enterprise Co, Ltd, a seafood

processor based in Busan, South Korea,

has achieved Marine Stewardship

Council (MSC) Chain of Custody cer-

tification for sustainable, wild-caught

seafood.bit.ly/18IftNr

Mexican Southern Gulf of California

thread herring fishery enters MSC

assessment process

The Southern Gulf of California

thread herring (Opisthonema lib-

ertate, Opisthonema bulleri and

Opisthonema medirastre) fishery

located in Mexican territorial waters

has voluntarily entered the Marine

Stewardship Council’s (MSC) fullassessment process.

bit.ly/1MKgnIi

A regular look inside

the aquaculture

industry

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www.theaquaculturists.blogspot.com

Number crunching – Carp

67lb 14oz - The weight of Two

Tone, the UK’s biggest known carp

who died in 2010. - http://carp-uk.

net/forum/articles/carpfacts.htm

75lb - The largest reported grass

carp in Florida, USA.

1972 - The year Chinese grass carp

were imported and stocked into

Florida lakes as an experimental

effort to control hydrilla - http://

plants.ifas.ufl.edu/manage/control-

methods/biological-control/chinese-

grass-carp

114 - The amount of calories in

100 grams of Chinese grass carp

- http://www.fatsecret.com/calories-

nutrition/generic/chinese-grass-carp


NEWS


10/68

Dr Nigel Preston is the

Resear ch P rogram

Director for Aquaculture,

one of eight new programs in the recently created Agriculture

Flagship in the Austral ian

Commonwea l t h Sc i ent i f i c

Industrial Research Organisation

(CSIRO).

The restructure of CSIRO and

formation of the Agriculture

Flagship followed a reduction of

Aus$111 million to CSIRO in the

May 2014 federal budget, with sig-

nificant reduction in science and

support staff.

Dr Preston acknowledges that itis always difficult to meet the chal-

lenges of funding cuts, especially

the departure of close colleagues,

however, he and his research

team are determined to focus

on responding to the increasing

national and international demand

for aquaculture research and

development.

His research experience includes;

marine biology, marine ecology,

environmental management ofaquaculture and the develop-

ment and application of advanced

genetics and nutrition technolo-

gies in aquaculture.

He is an acknowledged world

authority in aquaculture and has

contributed to the sustainable

growth of aquaculture industries

in Australia and overseas. His pro-ficiency in assembling multidiscipli-

nary research teams to tackle key

research issues has been invaluable

in developing CSIRO’s research

portfolio and delivering realised

impacts to industry.

The programThe CSIRO Aquacul ture

Research Program covers a

large area within Australia, from

tropical aquaculture in the north

to temperate aquaculture in thesouth.

The program has also established

collaborative research partnerships

in many other countries.

The goal of the Program is to

transform the productivity, profita-

bility and sustainability of Australian

and global aquaculture industries

via whole of system collaborative

research. The Program integrates

capabilities in applied selective

breeding and quantitative genetics,molecular genetics bioinformatics

and genomics virology and immu-

nology, physiology and biology,

nutrition, nutrigenomics, feed tech-

nologies, microbiology, organic

chemistry, sensor based technology

and decision support systems.

At the World Aquaculture

meeting in Adelaide in June 2014,Dr Preston was honoured by

the World Aquaculture Socie ty

and made a Fellow of the

Society. Matt West, President of

the Australi an Prawn Farmer s

Association (APFA) said that

making Dr Preston a Fellow of

such an important body is a well-

deserved honour in recognition

of his contributions to Australian

and global aquaculture over the

last 25 years.

"Nigel has been at the fore-front of driving Australia's aquacul-

ture industry and his decades of

research work have encompassed

most aspects of the industry from

water quality to selecting brood-

stock. However the success of

recent commercial trials of the

new fish-meal-free feeds for

farmed prawns, the result of a

Aus$10 million CSIRO research

program headed by Nigel is a

standout achievement.”Nigel is rightly proud of leading

the CSIRO team that created the

Novacq prawn feed additive. The

research was a truly multidiscipli-

nary team effort.

Dr Brett Glencross turbo-

charged the research with his

comprehensive knowledge and

experience of feed technologies

and nutrition. Stuart Arnold and

Simon Irvin played critical roles in

testing the technology in China

and Vietnam. Andrew Chalmers

skillfully negotiated all aspects of

commercialising the Novacq tech-

nology. Every other member of

the team has also contributed to

the success of Novacq.

After 10 years of research,

the CSIRO team delivered the

Novacq technology.

Prawns (shrimp) fed withNovacq grow on average 20-30

percent faster, are healthier and

can be produced with no fish

products in their diet, a world-first

achievement in sustainability.

Major globalbreakthrough

Matt West considers that this

achievement by Nigel’s Program

in Australia is a major global break-

through in the prawn aquafeedindustry – something which is

viewed by the APFA as "a game

changer” that will deliver direct

benefits to the industry.

"This means that Australian

"Preston positive despite restructure"

- Australia responds to increasednational and international demand

for aquaculture technology despite

limited funding


EWS


11/68

prawn aquaculture; already a

world leader in sustainability and

environmental management, is

now set to become even better,

and really solidifies aquaculture

as a sustainable source of protein

to help meet the ever growing

demand for food."

"When we are talking about

relieving pressure on our ocean

stocks of fish, every little bit helps.

Novacq will mean that the prawn

farming industry could poten-

tia lly no longer be rel iant on

wild-caught fishery products," Dr

Preston said.

Novacq is an entirely natural

food source based on the smallest

organisms in the marine envi-

ronment, the marine microbes

which are the foundation of the

marine food pyramid. Working on

understanding the natural marinemicrobial processes that occur in

prawn farm ponds and natural

marine estuaries, and the role of

microbes in prawn nutrition also

won the CSIRO team the prize

for the Environment, Agriculture

and Food category in The

Australian Innovation Challenge

in 2014.

Natural extension

Nigel sees his work as ResearchDirector of CSIRO’s Aquaculture

Program as a natural extension of

his career in science research and

management, with new challenges

in critical thinking and nurturing

partnerships that deliver practical

outcomes for aquaculture.

Research and industry part-

nerships have proven vital to Dr

Preston 's research in domesti-

cating the Black (Giant) Tiger

Prawn (Penaeus monodon) in

close collaboration with industryorganisations Gold Coast Marine

Aquaculture, Australian Prawn

Farms and Pacific Reef Fisheries,

is relieving the dependency of

Australian prawn farmers on wild

broodstock.

Subsequent genetic improve-

ments made through selective

breeding have improved repro-

ductive performance by 200

percent and doubled the harvest

yields of domesticated farmedprawns.

Australia is a minor player in

the global business of prawn pro-

duction, accounting for around

4500 of the three million tonnes

produced annually. The country is

a net importer of seafood (and

prawns) but, looking at the bigger

picture, Preston realises a rising

global population and greater

demand than ever for protein

that can be produced sustain-

ably, seafood is growing in impor-

tance.

“Although the Australian aqua-

culture industry is small by global

standards it has an excellent rep-

utation for sustainably producing

high quality seafood. There is

growing awareness the oppor-

tuni ty for a step-change in the

sustainable growth of Australian

aquaculture and to respond to

the increasing global demand for

advanced aquaculture knowledge

and technology.”

Novel technologyThe success of Novacq has high-

lighted the opportunity for the

development of novel Australian

aquaculture technology and

products for global markets.

In responding to this opportu-

nity it will be important to work

with effective commercialisation

partners.

An excellent example is Ridley

Agri-Products, the Australian

licensee for Novacq, who havealready enhanced the efficiency

and effectiveness of the tech-

nology for Australian and global

markets. Likewise, the commer-

cialisation partners in Vietnam,

China and other major prawn

farming countries are helping to

obtain maximum market pene-

tration via exclusive licenses.

Preston says “The CSIRO

Aquaculture Program is cur-

rently working a portfolio of new

technologies to fur ther enhanceadvances in; applied selective

breeding technology, reducing the

impacts of disease, relieving the

pressure on wild harvest fisheries

and sustainably enhancing pro-

duction efficiency.“

The business model that CSIRO

operates in today is so very dif-

ferent to the old days when

they were solely financed by the

Australian Government.

Commentators have highlighted that prior to the latest cut-backs

the CSIRO operated under a

matrix management system that

is overly complex. They claim it is

more or less bound to maximise

both the scale of the manage-

ment process and the number of

its management personnel and its

major characteristic is a diffusion

of the lines of responsibility.

There are multiple reporting

avenues that vastly increase the

time a scientist spends on bureau-

cracy rather than research. Whilst

governance is essential much of

the paperwork shuffl ing is not

necessarily conducive to good

and original research an adds to

the cost burdens.

The operation of the matrix

system with its inputs and outputs

and themes and streams and flag-

ships and business units and the

like would be a nightmare to the

CSIRO’s staff, let alone to poten-

tial c lients that have to deal with

and negotiate with the organisa-

tion.

Changing financescauses comments

The changing financial environ-

ment caused comments from

financial media who raised the

issue some time ago that CSIRO

is no longer as independent and

unbiased as it once was due to it

having to obtain external funding

and suggesting that its advice

might be compromised.Conflicts, however, are not nec-

essary an issue as long as there is

good transparency.

Whilst Australia still has good

intellectual capability in its aqua-

culture research area the finance

streams for industry to connect

with are becoming drought like

and when funding is available the

paper war that ensues can be

overly costly.

Many industry operators have

indicated frustration as theysay that Fisheries Research &

Development Corporat ion

(FRDC), a co-funded partner-

ship between the Australian

Government and the fishing

industry (commercial wild catch,

aquaculture, recreational and

indigenous) program is also

locked down in bureaucracy and

when you add the criticism men-

tioned above regarding CSIRO it

has become very difficult for smallbusiness to get direct access to

the needed expertise.

Another major complaint from

business has been the overall

aversion to risk.

Added to all this negativity

there has been a feeling in univer-

sity circles that the very presence

of the CSIRO was cutting them

out of their natural constituency

of pure research and that FRDC

are controlling who is awarded

the funding for various research

projects.

CRC falls short on vitalrole outcomes

Furthermore, The Australian

Seafood Cooperative Research

Centre (CRC) which started

in 2007 is in its last months of

existence. According to doc-

uments from the Australian

Government’s Senate Legislation

Committee this CRC aimed to

play a vital role in the seafood

industry by developing technol-

ogies to improve productivityand quality in the high-end of the

market, and delivering improve-

ment the entire value-chain.

Based on the planned seven year

investment of Aus$160 million

which included significant industry

cash contributions of Aus$37

million the CRC projected deliv-

ering a NPV of Aus$1.05 billion

over 12 years.

Whils t the CRC has under-

taken and suppor ted over 400projects during its existence it will

not go close to the NPV it pro-

jected.

Whilst there can be no doubt

that some sectors have profited

from engagement it would be

taking a very long bow to suggest

that is has played ‘a vital role in

the seafood industry’ during its

existence. At the grass roots end

of the industry there has been

minimal change and from a con-

sumers perspective it wouldbe hard to suggest any massive

improvements in the offering.

So in this atmosphere there can

be no doubts about Preston and

the work he and his team have

done at CSIRO. They have been

a shining light considering the dif-

ficulties relating to funding and

industry engagement have been

a constant.

Dr Nigel Preston wil l be

International Chair of the ShrimpGenet ics , Broodstock and

Hatchery Management Session

at the World Aquaculture 2015

Conference & Trade Show in Jeju,

Korea in May 2015.


NEWS


12/68

Extrusionof aquafeeds

But extrusion is a very complexprocess – and we only have

“indirect” control over that

process. That is, we have full

control over some variables – eg screw

speed and amount of water added. But

there are other inputs over which we have

“limited” control. For example, we specify

a formulation, and within limits we control

the specifications of ingredients that go into

it – but ingredients do vary, so our process

needs to cope with “normal variation”. We

set up the extruder and die to a known con-

figuration – but the machine and the die-plate

wears, so that over time the process changes.

In addition, we never get just one param-

eter changing during extrusion – if ingre-

dients vary, it doesn’t just change the final

product composition – it changes the rheol-

ogy of the mix and therefore changes how

the melt moves through the extruder and

the die, which in turn affects the residence

time and temperature developed in the melt,

which changes degree of cook and expan-

sion – and therefore affects digestibility andfloating/sinking characteristics. Within this

complex relationship, we need to achieve

consistency – of nutrition, of digestibility, of

physical characteristics. It is the cumulative

effect of these parameters which ultimately

determine the feed conversion ratio (FCR)for the product.

So to use extrusion effectively – and take

full advantage of the opportunities offered

by the technology – the extrusion process

needs to be properly understood. This article

discusses just a couple of the issues relating to

successful extrusion of aquafeeds.

Extrusion chemistry &aquafeed ingredients

In the area of ingredients, the aquafeeds

industry faces a series of contradictions.

Marine meals provide the best nutritionalbasis, but are increasingly difficult to obtain

and are therefore expensive. Selected plant

sources of protein can provide required

proteins, but tend to come with fibre and

starch which can interfere with the extru-

sion process and affect digestibility. We

generally require very high fat (energy) con-

tents in the feeds – but high fat levels are a

problem in extrusion. Following are some

basics of “extrusion chemistry” that relate

to the way we design aquafeed extrusion

processes:

by Gordon Young, FoodStream Pty Ltd, Australia and Dennis Forte, Dennis Forte & Associates, Australia

Extrusion technology provides a number of major benefits over the more traditional

pellet milling processes commonly used for aquaculture feeds. In particular, extrusion

can provide a much higher degree of control over the “cook” achieved, as well as better

control of the product density (therefore controlling the floating/sinking characteristics).

Figure 1


EATURE


13/68

StarchMany fish species do not tolerate starch –

especially uncooked starch. But starch comes

with many of the alternative plant-based

protein ingredients. Also starch can be an

important “binder” to help achieve pellet

durability.

Firstly, realise that starch does not truly

“gelatinise” during extrusion – there is not

enough water present for the swelling and

unravelling of granules that characterise the

gelatinisation reaction. In addition, the starch

is easily damaged by excessive “shear” during

extrusion. So we promote conditions that

will “cook” the starch – achieving sufficient

temperature with sufficient water, and with

sufficient time, but without excessive shear

– therefore use of a preconditioner can be a

major advantage.

Another option – if we require starch for

pellet binding – is to choose a starch that

cooks and binds more effectively at a lower temperature – such as use of tuber starches

instead of grain starches. Therefore effective

selection of both the source and the amount

of starch can be used to optimise the pro-

cessing and nutritional characteristics of the

product formulation.

ProteinDuring extrusion, the protein dena-

tura tion reaction is not unl ike that of

starch – that is, with respect to good“functional” protein (here referring to

protein functionality from a physical, rather

than nutritiona l, perspective). The globu-

lar proteins unravel and, under the right

conditions (optimal moisture content and

temperature), can cross- link. Therefore

“functional” protein contributes to binding

and pellet durability. But many of the tra-

ditional fish meals, while good nutritionally,

contain denatured protein, and contribute

little to the “binding” function.So while the scarcity of traditional

marine proteins (eg fish meals) is an

issue for nutritional balance, the sub-

stitution of “functional” plant proteins

can have the added benefit of assisting

pellet durability – as long as the process

promotes rather than destroys that

functionality (temperature and shear not

excessive).

Figure 2


FEATURE

Effect of Density on Sink / Float

Pellet Behaviour Sea Water (3% Salt) Fresh Water

Fast Sinking 640 g/L > 600 g/L

Slow Sinking 580 to 600 g/L 540 to560 g/L

Neutral Bouyancy 520 to 540 g/L 480 to 520 g/L

Floating < 480 g/L < 440 g/L

ANDRITZ Feed & B iofuel A/S

Europe, Asia, and South America: [email protected]

USA and Canada: [email protected] www.andritz.com

Your global technology process supplier

for the aqua feed industry ANDRITZ is one of the world’s

leading suppliers of techno-

logies, systems, and services

relating to advanced indu-

strial equipment for the aquafeed industry. With an in-depth

knowledge of each key pro-

cess, we can supply a compa-

tible and homogeneous solution

from raw material intake to nis-

hed feed bagging.


14/68


15/68March-April 2015 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | 13

FEATURE

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Wheat proteinshigh quality proteins for aquaculture feedsby Dr Emmanuelle Apper, MSc Aurélien Feneuil, Dr Frédérique Respondek Tereos, Innovation department

Many fish feed producers now formulate low fishmeal

diets. To ensure high growth performance, the use of

high quality alternative protein is then required. Both

Vital and Hydrolysed Wheat Gluten are high quality

proteins. While they don’t exhibit the same behaviour at extrusion,

they can both ensure good physical quality of pellets and high level

of growth performance with high nitrogen and energy retention.

Additionally, Vital and Hydrolysed Wheat Gluten may have some

functional health benefits at gut level, especially by stimulating gut

cell proliferation and antioxidative system without damaging gut

structure.

Intensive production of farmed fish fed with compound feeds has

increased greatly, mainly due to the growth of aquaculture production,

but also because it is the most efficient way of production (Olsen

and Hasan, 2012). In such feeds, Fish Meal (FM) used to be the major

source of proteins, especially for marine fish and salmonids (Tacon et

al., 2011). Nevertheless, because of the limited amount of available FM

on the market, its impact on the environment and marine diversity, and

its increasing price, its utilisation has been progressively reduced in the

formulation of diets.

In order to achieve a low FM incorpora-

tion (below 10 percent in formula) with-

out impairing growth performance, activeresearch was conducted on plant proteins

(PP), which represent an interesting alterna-

tive to FM. In this context, many studies

were undertaken to evaluate the effects

of replacing FM with different types of PP,

tested one by one or in mixture, on fish

growth and health. Among the tested PP

being considered to replace FM, Wheat Proteins (WP), including Vital

Wheat Gluten (VWG) and Hydrolysed Wheat Gluten (HWG) are

easily available PP sources that have given very promising results from

technological, nutritional and health points of view.

Vital and Hydrolysed Wheat Gluten exhibit different behaviour inextrusion and both proteins allow obtaining pellets of high physical

quality

VWG has already been described elsewhere (Apper-Bossard et al.,

2013) as an effective binder in fish feed, imparting good mechanical

properties (i.e. durability and hardness) to the fish feed pellets as well

as good water stability. Moreover, increased VWG inclusion rate in

replacement of soy protein concentrate results in decreasing extruder

motor load. Indeed, extrusion behaviour of 2 commercial salmon

feed diets has been explored both at small scale (Application Centre,

Tereos, Marckolsheim, France) and at a fish feed Technology Centre

(scale-up; Nofima, Fana, Norway). One diet contained 10 percent

VWG and the other 20 VWG. The two diets were extruded in the

same processing conditions. This resulted in a lower motor load (i.e.

torque) for 20 percent VWG compared to 10 percent VWG (36

percent versus 41 percent motor load). Higher inclusion of VWG

in formulation leads to a decrease in motor load due to the lowerwater holding capacity of VWG compared to soy protein concentrate

(Draganovic et al., 2011).

The technological properties of HWG had not yet been reported

in the literature while VWG and HWG have different impacts on

extruder system parameters, especially on motor load and pressure

at the die. Indeed, replacing 25 percent of Crude Protein (CP) of a

FM diet by either VWG or HWG (Voller et al., in preparation) results

in lower motor load with HWG (283 and 376 Nm with HWG and

VWG respectively). The higher effect of VWG on the motor load

can be attributed to the higher water holding capacity (table 1) of this

ingredient (1.5 g of water/g) compared to HWG (0.6 g of water/g).

The reduction in motor load can be seen as a direct process advantage

allowing reduction of energy consumption during extrusion (Specific

Mechanical Energy reduced from 65 to 50 Wh/kg). An alternative is torun the HWG diet at the same motor load as the VWG diet with the

potential to increase the extrusion capacity.

Wheat Proteins: Amino acid profile Wheat proteins are a source of functional amino acids, especially

Table 1: Water Holding Capacity (WHC) of different vegetable proteins

Amytex® (VWG) Solpro 508® (HWG)Soy Protein

Concentrate (Imcosoy62, Imcopa)

WHC in g of water/g ofcommercial product (Mean

+/- Standard Deviation)1,5 +/- 0,0 0,6 +/- 0,0 3,0 +/- 0,0


EATURE


17/68

sulphur amino acids and leucine. They contain rather low levels of

lysine, tryptophan, and arginine meaning that they should be comple-

mented with these amino acids when used at high level in formulae.

Several experiments showed WP can successfully replace a large part

of FM when diets are supplemented with free lysine in salmonids

(Davies et al., 1997).

WPs contain a relatively high concentration of sulphur-containing

amino acids, due to the numerous di-sulphur bonds (1.8 percent CP

of methionine and 2.6 percent CP of cysteine), whereas PP sources

are generally low in sulphur-containing amino acids. For instance, soy-

bean meal and soy protein concentrate respectively contain 1.4 and

1.3 g/100 g CP of methionine and 1.3 and 1.4 g/100 g CP of cysteine.

Furthermore, WPs are high in leucine, with about 7.9 g/100 g CP.

Leucine is considered as the main amino acid triggering muscle protein

synthesis and inhibiting proteolysis in mammals (Li et al., 2009) and

probably in fish. Indeed, in different species, amino acids regulate the

TOR signalling pathway (Seilliez et al., 2008). Furthermore, supple-

menting media containing 0.6 mM leucine with an additional 2.5 mM

leucine reduced rates of protein degradation in rainbow trout primary

myocytes by 8 percent (Cleveland, 2010).

WPs are also rich in glutamine: from 35 to 40 percent CP.

Glutamine is a major substrate for all rapidly proliferating cells andplays an important role in maintaining intestinal trophicity (Verlhac-

Trichet, 2010). In addition, glutamine is one of the most important

energy substrates of enterocytes. Free glutamine significantly increases

enterocyte and microvilli length in catfish gut (Pohlenz et al., 2012),

hybrid striped bass (Cheng et al., 2012), and juvenile hybrid sturgeon

(Zhu et al., 2011). Glutamine also constitutes a major substrate for

immune cells, thus modulating immune response (Verlhac-Trichet,

2010; Zhu et al., 2011; Cheng et al., 2012). Moreover, glutamine

plays a role in eliminating free radicals as it acts as a precursor for glu-

tathione synthesis (Wu, 1998). Such effects are reported for juvenile

hybrid sturgeon (Zhu et al., 2011) and hybrid striped bass (Cheng et

al., 2012). Glutamine has proven to stimulate muscle synthesis in ter-restrial vertebrates but such results are not available for fish. However,

dietary glutamine supplementation increases growth performance in

juvenile hybrid sturgeon (Qiyou et al., 2011) and in hybrid striped bass

(Cheng et al., 2012).

Effects of wheat proteins on growth performanceBecause of its high digestibility and its absence of anti-nutritional

factors, replacement of a large proportion of FM with VWG results

in similar growth performance and fish composition whatever the

species are. The apparent CP digestibility of VWG is high, between


FEATURE

Figure 1: Nitrogen apparent digestibility of a fish-meal baseddiet where fish meal is replaced from 0 to 75% by hydrolysed

wheat gluten (HWG), on a Crude Protein basis. Nitrogenapparent digestibility curvilinearly increases with increasing

HWG in diet.

P.O. Box 8

100 Airport RoadSabetha, KS 66534, USAPhone: 785-284-2153

Fax: [email protected]

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92 and 98.5 percent (Apper-Bossard et al., 2013). In rainbow trout,

VWG successfully substitutes more than 50 percent FM providing

diets supplemented with lysine without affecting protein and lipid

composition of the carcasses (Davies et al., 1997). Furthermore, the

inclusion of 14.5 percent VWG in diets does not adversely affect

the flavour of fillets (Skonberg et al., 1998). In Atlantic salmon, the

replacement of 35 percent FM with VWG without supplementing by

lysine results in similar final body weight and growth (Storebakken

et al., 2000). These authors estimate the replacement of FM withVWG without amino acid supplementation can go up to 50 percent

based on the amount and the availability of lysine in VWG and on

the requirement of fi sh.

In European sea bass, substituting more than 50 percent FM with

VWG does not impair palatability, growth performance, and nitrogen-

energy retention (Tibaldi et al., 2003). In gilthead sea bream, the

use of 88 percent CP from VWG not only successfully replaced FM

but also produced better growth and feed conversion ratio, prob-

ably related to higher protein and energy intake of fish (Allan et al.,

2000). In Nile tilapia fed with diets differing in their protein sources,

the highest growth is reported for VWG, FM, and soybean extract

diet. In shrimp, results are scarce but the replacement of up to 20

percent marine protein with VWG does not significantly affect feedefficiency and growth performance (Molina-Povida et al., 2004; Tereos i

nternal data).

HWG also seems promising in aquaculture feeds as it results in high

growth performance. CP digestibility of HWG has recently been meas-

ured. It is very high and further increases with higher HWG inclusion

rate in FM-diet for rainbow trout (figure 1; Apper et al., 2014). Recent

studies on juvenile hybrid sturgeon show that the replacement of 1 to

5 percent of soy protein concentrate by 1 to 5 percent of HWG in a

diet containing animal and plant proteins significantly increases growth

performance (Qiyou, 2011). The use of 12.5 to 50 percent CP of

HWG to replace high quality FM does not modify growth performance

and feed efficiency in rainbow trout (Apper et al., 2014). In the sameexperiment, authors compared energy and nitrogen retention obtained

with either VWG or HWG. Nitrogen retention was similar for the 2

protein sources, with very low metabolic losses of nitrogen (35.1 and

43.4 kg/ton of fish produced for HWG and VWG respectively). Energy

retention was higher with HWG than with VWG.

Effects of wheat proteins on guthealth and microbiota

Compared to a fishmeal-based diet, the use of Wheat Proteins

does not damage gut morphology and microbiota. In Rainbow trout,

the replacement of up to 50 percent high quality FM by either VWG

or HWG results in no modification of gut structure (figures 2 and

3; Apper et al., 2014). Indeed, no areas of necrosis were observed

in enterocytes, all appearing uniform, regular, and healthy. Microvilli

observations confirmed such results, all microvilli being packed andshowing the same density. Similarly, in the same study, microbiota was

not significantly different between FM, HWG and VWG diets, with a

predominance of Firmicutes. Richness, OTUs, and diversity of micro-

biota were not different across treatments, suggesting that replacing up

to 50 percent of high quality FM by WP is without consequence for

gut health. Such results are typical of wheat proteins as soy-proteins

or pea proteins have been demonstrated to impair gut morphology or

microbiota at high inclusion rates (Mc Kellep Bakke et al., 2007; Penn

et al., 2011).

In soy-based diets, the inclusion of hydrolysed wheat proteins mod-

ulates gut function and morphology, the anti-oxidative system, and the

non-specific immune system. The replacement from 1 to 5 percent of

soy protein concentrate in a diet based on 20 percent FM, 20 percentsoybean meal, eight percent corn gluten meal and 10 percent blood

meal increased digestive enzyme activities and fold heights, modulated

non-specific immune response and stimulated anti-oxidative status

(Qiyou et al., 2011; Zhu et al., 2011). Interestingly, in these studies,

the results of 3 percent of HWG inclusion were equivalent to results

obtained when authors added one percent free glutamine in the soy

protein concentrate diet. Such results suggest that HWG may have a

bioactive role, by acting on highly proliferative cells or by saving energy

as a glucose precursor.

Due to their technological and nutritional properties, Vital and

Hydrolysed Wheat Gluten already appear as high value protein sources

for fish feeds. Furthermore, new insights on gut morphology, micro-biota and health highlight a potential functional role of these proteins

on the antioxidative system and on digestive enzyme activity and reveal

that wheat proteins do not disturb carnivorous fish microbiota signifi-

cantly. Further research is needed to confirm these functional benefits

and to fully understand the underlying mechanisms.


EATURE

Figure 2. Posterior intestine of rainbow trout fed with adiet containing only fish meal (FMC), 50% hydrolysedwheat gluten, 50% vital wheat gluten, or a blend of

hydrolysed and vital wheat gluten, on a crude proteinbasis (electronic microscopy, × 900). No large areas ofnecrosis whatever the treatment. Enterocytes appear

uniform, regular and healthy.

Figure 3. Microvilli of posterior intestine ofrainbow trout fed with a diet containing only fish

meal (FMC), 50% hydrolysed wheat gluteTable1Formulation and compositions of experimentaldiets (%).tein basis (electronic microscopy, × 20

000). Microvilli are uniform and densely packed forall treatments.


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A survey made at the end of an aqua industry forum

meeting in Vietnam last year has shown that for 63

percent of the participants, the most limiting challenge

for developing aquaculture was health and disease

management. Indeed, in recent years, we have seen numerous

diseases appearing and impacting aquaculture production, such

as WSSV and EMS in shrimp, or Infectious Salmon Anemia

(ISA) in salmonids. Working around the classic Host-Pathogen-Environment triad, new technologies and management techniques

have been developed to better control diseases in aquatic

animals: vaccination, which has led to the decrease of antibiotic

use in salmonids; biosecurity procedures in hatcheries and in

farms; biofloc technology. All of these technologies have proven

successful. Their further development and expanded use will

certainly improve the way aquatic animals are farmed.

Another strategy is to increase the health of the animal through

feeding, and this magazine might be a good place to discuss it. Well

balanced diets can certainly improve the health status of a fish or a

shrimp, but in some challenging conditions, like a pathogen infection,

the use of immune stimulants can be required to enhance theresponse of the immune system.

When studying immune stimulation, it is important to understand

that the immune system of aquatic animals differs not only between

theirs and the mammalian one but also between teleost and

crustacean. Fish are the first group in which a specific immune

system appears in the evolutionary tree. The fish immune system

therefore has a greatly inferior performance to that of mammals

(see Tort et al 2003). It is less specific, less sensitive and has only

oneclass of antibodies (IgM). Fish being poikilothermic animals, it is

highly dependent on temperature, low temperature slowing down

the immune response up to 10 to 12 weeks. Fish rely by then more

on their non-specific immune system (also called innate immunity) tofight against pathogens. The innate immune system recognises non-

self molecules that could be of foreign origin - also called pathogen

associated molecular patterns (PAMP) - and molecular patterns

exposed though damage to the host. These patterns are recognised

by germline-encoded pattern recognition receptors (PRR) or pattern

recognition proteins (PRP). These molecular patterns can be for

example peptidoglycans and lipopolysaccharides from bacteria cell

walls, fungal b1, 3-glucan, viral double-stranded RNA and bacterial

DNA (see Magnadottir 2006 for an overview of fish innate immunity).

Fish innate immunity starts with first barrier defences such as mucus;

it traps pathogens and includes lysozymes, antibacterial peptides

which can eliminate pathogens. Neutrophils and macrophages are

key cells of the innate immune complex as they can phagocytosepathogens (a mechanism which is not temperature dependent) and

release Reactive Oxygen species, which are toxic to pathogens.

Completing this cellular response, the humoral response implicates

the synthesis and release of antimicrobial components.

In shrimp, where the picture is even simpler as they rely only on

innate immunity, we find the same type of mechanisms in place as

in fish with phagocytosis performed by granulocytes (a specific form

of the blood hemocyte cells) and humoral response. However the

most effective mechanism of invertebrates (as arthropods) is cellular

melanotic encapsulation. This requires the combination of circulating

hemocytes and several associated proteins of the prophenoloxidase

(proPO) activating system. Recognition of PAMPs such as LPS and

β-1, 3 glucans by PRPs is an essential step for the activation of theproPO cascade (Amparyup et al 2013).

Stimulation of the innate immune system, which would enhance

the speed and the effect of the immune response, is therefore

possible by mimicking the effect of PAMP on PRR and PRP. In

that regard, beta glucans have been studied for a long time in

aquaculture and seem ‘the ideal’ immune stimulant in aquaculture

(see Meena et al 2013 and Ringo et al 2012) as they can specifically

activate macrophages in fish and the proPO cascade in shrimp.

Parietal fractions, such as Safmannan® are extracted from

a selected Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain respecting strict EU

manufacturing control standards. They contain beta glucans,

mannan oligosaccharides that are all activators of the immunesystem (Song et al 2014).

Earlier internal trials have shown that yeast cell walls and parietal

fractions have different effects in mycotoxin binding and immunity

in aquatic animals. Indeed several trials done at the Hellenic Center

for Marine Research in Greece have shown that yeast fraction

Immunostimulationin aquatic animalsby Philippe Tacon, global aquaculture manager, Phileo


EATURE


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maintained. Fish were fed to apparent satiation twice daily at 08:00

and 15:00 for 72 days.

At the end of the treatment period fish were anesthetsed, weighed

and viscera and blood were sampled. Intestine samples from the FM,

Y0, Y4 and Y5 groups were removed from 2 fish in each replicate tankat the end of trial (12 fish per treatment) and processed for histology

analysis (H & E staining). Morphological parameters associated with

SBM-induced enteritis of anterior and distal intestines, including the

height of mucosal folds (HMF), width of mucosal folds, lamina propria

and connective tissue were quantified.

After all samples were taken, 40 fish of each treatment (6–7 fish

per tank) were divided into 2 groups and transferred into a still water

system with temperature at 26 ± 1 °C. The fish were fed as before and

recovered from weighing and sampling stress by a 2-week acclimation.

Then they were challenged by intramuscular injection with Aeromonas

veronii (CGMCC No. 4274) at 8 × 104 cells/100 g body weight. Ten

fish from each tank were sampled for plasma immune parameters two days after challenge and the others (20 fish per treatment) were

recorded for 7-day cumulative survival rate without any food.

This study showed a lower growth of SBM diets as expected

compared to HFM diets, but an even lower growth with the 500g/T

treatment, and a much better growth at 2000 g/T (Fig1). These results

can be correlated to a wider width of mucosal folds in anterior and

distal intestinal in SBM diets compared to HFM diets suggesting a

negative effect of these diet on intestinal health, and also to a higher

height of mucosal folds in the 2000 g/T group (Fig1). This suggests that

Safmannan® at 2000 g/T was able to compensate the negative effect

of soybean meal and increase gut health leading to a better growth.

The study also shows that IgM levels were significantly elevated

after the bacterial challenge in the diet containing parietal fractionsat 500g/T (Fig2) indicating a strong immune stimulation. The levels

decrease as the yeast parietal fraction concentration is increased

showing a potential fatigue of the immune system. This is confirmed

by the survival of the fish after the challenge. The optimum dosage

was 500g/T of Safmannan®, whereas higher dosage did not improve

survival. Remarkably, we can see this optimum dosage for immune

stimulation was also the one giving the lowest growth, confirming

hypothesis that the strong stimulation of the immune system is at the

expense of the growth potential of the fish.

This study highlights the duality of role of parietal fractions in fish

depending on the dosage and feed composition: they can be used

either as gut health enhancer (high dosage) or immune enhancer (lowdosage).

Formulators and farmers can benefit from using this efficient

and sustainable solution against pathogens but they need to choose

quality products and work with proper (and proven) dosages and

administration durations.


EATURE

Figure 1 growth and intestinal health parameters inJapanese seabass following a treatment with yeast parietalfractions. Values with different subscripts are significantly

different (P


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AMINOSalmonid ® –Be a step ahead in feed formulationfor Atlantic salmon and rainbow trout!

www.evonik.com/animal-nutrition [email protected]

No w a va i la b le!


24/68

Born and bred from the Aquaculture sector in order to

create a voluntary organisation to contribute to the

alleviation of poverty through small-scale aquaculture,

Aquacultur

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