janowski - are the chamber graves

8/13/2019 Janowski - Are the Chamber Graves

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editedbySlawomirMozdzioch

Blazej StanislawskiPrzemyslaw Wiszewski

InstituteofArchaeology andEthnologyof thePolish Academy ofSciencesWrociaw2013


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Ubucket **(*** sem-F>recious beads bell-shaped pendant6Mkaptorga-amutetcaselwtietstonaOtemPe 9 lconical hoder

r bronzebowldayvesselwooden scoopaxe

giassbeads silvercham

s verbead neckiacedasp

ear-rngclay whotl

T texhediffereni

Fig.l.D istribution of chambergravesat thecemeteryinP ieri(site9) drawingA .Jano wski.


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nos. 32 and 69belonged to females whodied at thematurus an d adultus ag erespectively. Six graves (nos. 37, 38,3 9 , 4 0 , 4 9 , 57) included skeletal remains ofchildrenwho must have been between 2-5 yearsoldat the timeofdeath(infans I ).A c h il daged around 13(infans II ) wasburiedin onegrave. Graves nos. 15, 32, 37,69 an d 71 were oriented east-west,while the others were slightly offset towardsthe south. The deceased individuals from graves no. 15 (a male) and no. 37(achild- possiblyaboy) were bu ried w ith their heads aligned towardstheeast,whilein theothercasesthedeceased(females an dyounggirls) were buried withtheirheads towards the west.O ne characteristicfeature of all the excavated graves was their large size. Thelargestgrav e (graven o. 15)w as3.40mlong,l.90mwideand 0.5 mdeep. Gravesnos. 32, 37, 40, 69 and 71 were slightly smaller and their dimensions were:3.0 x 1.5 m, 2.6 x 1.5 m, 2.8 x 1.6 m, 3.0 x 2.0 m and 3.0 x 1.5 m and the reg-istered depth: 1.26 m, 0.86 m, 1.6 m, 0.9 m and 0.8 m. O ther graves were mu chsmallerandtheir dimen sionsintheir upper levels were 2x l .6 m(grave no. 38),2.2 x 1.4 m (grave no. 39), 2 x l m (grave no. 49) and 1.9 x 0.9 m (graveno. 57). These graves were between0.4 m to 0.8 mdeep.Theareaof theexcavatedgrave-pits ranged between 1.71 to 6.46 m2.A p ar t from their large sizes, the graves from Pien were also rather specialbecause oftheir internal construction that differed from what isusuallyobservedat early medieval cemeteries in P oland. Based on the appearance of the g raves'profiles3, it is possible to argue that th e deceased were buried either insidea coffin or without it, but within a larger wooden structure. The features ofthese wooden structures were especially clearingraves nos. 15,32, 39 and 40 -allbuilt in log framework construction. I n grave no. 15, the chamber was prob-ably made of oak, with corner joint structures of long stumps, ca 0.1 m thick.The construction began with theplacing ofbeamsfor thelongerwalls (northernan d southern). N o traces of a floor were recorded in the chamber. The roof wasattachedto the wallsusingwood en pegs, and traces of these connections remainedin the eastern part of the chamber4. The body was placed within the structureon a bier, the traces of which survived at the level of the skeleton in the formof darker bands, ca0.04-0.l m wide. Between the chamber wallsand the bierthere was empty space ca 0.3 m wide. Fragments of a wooden structure werealso present in grave no. 39.Alongthe longer sides, heavily rotten planks (?)ca0.03-0.03 m were uncovered. A lso in the profiles of graves nos. 32 and 40,darkstains were clearly visible, and these were traces of decomposed wood from

3T he grave-pits were excavatedquarter by quarter. Baulks that separated each ofthemwere left in the central partof the grave-pits (forfurther particulars cf.D rozd, Janowski 2009).4Afragment of a plankwith aholefor awooden peg and the peg itself were found nearby.

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thechamber and the coffin.Additionally,ingrave no. 40, four nails and 10ironferrules in the form ofanglebars5,which connected thewoodenparts of thechamber, were discovered.N otracesof moundswere identifiedabove th egraves, butgrave no. 40 wassurroundedby twofour-sided palisades.The internal palisadewas situatedwithin l m of thegrave chamberand thelengthof itssidewasabout5 m, w hile thesecond, external one waslocatedat adistanceof 2 m andconstituted asquare7 x 7 m. A similar construction, but including asingle row ofposts, probablysurrounded grave no. 15. Therecorded length of thewestern ditch/palisade isca 8 m, and the southernone ca 6 m.Thisstructurewassupposedly quadrilateralin plan an dfencedin thewholeburial,but due to thelargeextent of destructionof theareato thenorthandeastof it, it isdifficult tounderstandhow it mayhaveoriginallyappeared.

The earlymedieval graves excavated in Pienwerevery well furnishedwithdifferentkindsofobjects.In thegraveof a man(graveno. 15),an axedecoratedwithsilvera ndcopper w asfound (typeV aaccordingt o A .Nadolski), aswella sanundecorated bronze bowl insideofwhichawooden scoopandanotherun-identifiedvessel(aplate?)wasplaced.Thegravealsoincludedawooden bucketwithiron bands, a knife, awhetstone and atextile made from silk.T hegrave ofa child(graveno.37), most likelyaboy, containedawooden bucket with silvergilded iron bands and twoironknives.Other graves (nos.32, 38, 39, 40, 49, 57, 69 and 71)contained objects thatallow for thesupposition that th eindividuals buried within them were female.Graveno. 40includedanelaboratebeltmade fromsilk, whichwasthreaded withgold an dwhichhadgold gilded copperfittings at itsendsaswellas two goldgildedcopper bells.Inthis grave,aswellas in twoothers,alarge rangeofsilverjewel-lerywasfound: 17temple rings (graveno.32-6pieces; graveno.39-5pieces;graveno.49 1 piece; grave no.5 7 - 5pieces), 12beads (grave no.32),5amulet cases/kaptorgas (graveno.32-3pieces; graveno. 57 - lpiece; graveno.69 - lpiece),3necklace clasps (graves nos.32,38,57),2chains(graveno.38),l basket-shapedearring(graveno.39), lring (graveno.71).A m on gtheheadandneck adornmentswerenecklaceswithsemi-preciousbeads:21 fromcarne-lian(graveno.32-16pieces; graveno.38-4pieces; graveno.57-1piece)an d22 from rock crystal(graveno.32-15pieces; graveno.38-7pieces)aswellasaround400glassbeads (graveno. 32 - around400beads; graveno. 69 -l piece).Thewidearray ofadornmentsissupplementedbythree bronze bells,whichwere found ingraveno. 50.Moreover,th efemale graves included ceramic

5A similar number of comparable ferrules were found in a chambergrave in Sowinki (Krzyszowski 1995, 10).398


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vessels (graveno. 32) andbuckets (graveno. 32containedawooden bucket withironbands; gravesnos.39 and 40probably included buckets made from leatherortextile) aswellasother itemsofeverydayuse - knives(gravesnos.32, 38,39, 40, 49, 57,71).Graveno. 32alsocontainedahalfof a spindle-whorl, anunidentifiedobject made from bone (acomb?)and an unidentified iron object.Grave no. 40includedtw ocylindrical objects made frombone.Interestingly,the fill ofgrave-pit no. 39containeda tooth of asharkandabelemnite.I t is uncertain,however, whetherthese objects shouldberegardedasbeing associated with th edeceased orwhether theyoccurredaccidentally inth egrave and are aresult of post-glacial soil formation processes.Basedon theanalysis of artefacts that accompanied the deceased and 14Canalysesof thebonesof the child fromgraveno. 40, itappears thatthe cemeterywas in usebetween th esecond halfof the l O t h century and thebeginning of thellthcentury.

A ll earlymedieval graves from th ecemetery inPien, when compared withtheir parallels from otherplaces,wereclassified aschambergraves.A specificfeature ofthese gravesistheir wooden construction (most oftenconsistingofver-tical orhorizontalposts/logs)whichformed akindofsmallunderground buildingerectedoverthebodyof thedeceased. S.Eisenschmidt (1994, 17-24)usestheterm'chambergrave'todenote graves which contain woodenconstructions andwhose dimensions are atleast 2 x l .2 m.When such awooden construction ismissing- achamber grave, accordingto S.Eisenschmidt,isalsoagrave whosewidthisoverl .5 m. Thediscoveriesofso-calledchamber gravesinDenmarkarearound 1.8 4.5 m6long andthey arearound0.9-2.6 mwide, but it is often th ecase thatthese dimensionsare alittlesmaller.Asimilarunderstanding ofcham-bergravesmayalsobe foundin theworkofA.-S. Graslund(1980,27,30).Thegraves fromBirka thatsheexamined were1.5-3.95mlong (about2-2.9m onaverage)and0.9-2.6mwide (aboutl.5-1.9m onaverage).In thecaseofgravesnos. 15, 32, 37, 38, 39, 40, 69, 71 from Pien, it isevident that they ar echambergravesbecause oftheir sizes aswell as the fact that inmost of them (with th eexceptionofgraveno. 38) awooden construction featurewas preserved(Fig.2).Thegraves that cause some interpretationalproblemsarenos.49 and 57.Thisisbecause oftheir smaller sizesand thelackofwooden remains. However, similarto thecaseofseveralsmall graves from Birka,it wasalsodecided toconsiderthemaschamber graves basedonother factors- their alignmentinrelationtoothergravesandtheirsizes,whichweremuch larger thanthebodiesofchildren(aged2^4at thetimeofdeath) buried within them.

6A separate case is the chambergrave from Jelling(Denmark) whoselength w as6.75 m.399


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3

37149 38

Pieh Kaldus

Width[m] 2 3 4Fig. 2. D iagram of the ratio between length an d width ofchamber graves in Pien and Katdus,drawingA . Janowski.

Grave no. 70 was truly exceptional an d deserves amore detailed discussion,ltsshape was octagonal and its dimensions were around 250 x 250 cm. The depthof the grave was l O O c m . The grave-pit included a skeleton of a horse (a stallionaged 2.5 at the time of death) which was laid on its left side, with the head partlybelow the left scapula. The head was unnaturally twisted and directed towards400


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the rear of the animal's body. N o artefacts were found in association with thisanimal, but the northernpart of thegrave-pit and the back shanks of thehorsewere disturb ed by the early modern grave-pit of grave no. 65. O n the basis ofthesefindings,graveno. 70 wasregardedasbelongingto the early medievalphase of theP ien cemetery.A fte rthis brief review of the findsfrom Pien, andafter familiarizing ourselveswith th e construction of the graves from the cemetery as well as their chronol-ogy,wem ay attempt to answer thetitle question - arethey really Scandina-vian?A sm entioned above, burialsinchambersar euncommoninW estern Slavicfunerary practices and up until recently, Polish scholars did not discuss them intheir works. E ven if occasionally such graves had been found, they were neverinterpreted as such. The first and only exception was grave no. 558 in Cedyniaexcavated in the 1970s (cf.M alinowska-L azarczyk 1982a,23-24; 1982b, 132).Inthe 1990s,the finds from Sowinki (Krzyszowski 1995; 1997)and a little laterthe discoveries from Kaldus (Chudziak 2001;2002; 2003; 2004) drasticallychanged this situation. The graves excavated at these sites were interpreted aschamber gravesand it was argued that they were reminiscentof the graves fromthe Swedish site of Birka. M oreover, a theory was proposed that the chambergravesfrom P oland might have belongedtopeople of adifferent, non-Slavic eth-nic origin.The findsfrom Sowinki an dK aldus certainlyheatedup the academiedebates. A mong others, M . K ara (19 91 ; 1992; 1993; 1998; 2001) suggested thatitmightbepossibleto identify thepresence ofScand inaviansin the basinof theO d e r an d V istula Rivers from archaeological remains. Some years ago, I wasalso tempted by this simplisticand indeed very romantic vision (cf. Janowski2003;Janowski,K urasinski 2003),but theproblemnow appearsto bem uch morecomplicated. It must be borne in mind that identifying the origin of a certainartefact issomething completely different from identifyingth e ethnic identityofits owner.I nreality,we do not know what it was exactly that created abasis forgroup identityin the early M iddle A ges.Was it theplace of birth, asettlemen tinwhichone lived,religion, langu ageormaterial culture?Thelatest works devotedtothepossibilities an dlimitso fethnic identification fromarchaeological remainsillustrate these complexities perfectly(e.g. Curta 2007; 2011; D ownham 2012;inPolandcf.U rbaficzyk2001;2008-thereinfurther references). Unfortunately,noneof the participants of theconferenceinWroclaw (which this volume resultsfrom) definedwhom, what and on what basis they consider as being ScandinavianorV ik in gspecifically. The discovery of a pretty object evenif it has parallelsinBirkadoes not immediately make it Scandinavian. Somewhat strikingly, it appearsthat Birkaisgrad ually becoming a curseon P olish early m edieval archaeology.

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For somescholars, it seems to be the only site they know in Scandinavia and atthe same time, a synonym for what istruly Scandinavian.A lthough Birka was und oubted ly Scandinavian in a geographical sense, it wasprimarilyatown u niquefor itstime,multi-ethnic and multicultural,wherethemix-

in g ofdifferent traditionsoccurredon alargescale.I tshould also berememberedthat the end of its existence is now dated to around 970 and therefore, it wou ld beamisunderstandingtoconsider Birkafindsanalogoustoyounger(in a chronologicalsense) materialsfrom other areasofE urope ( including P oland) . A partfrom Birka,a wide ra ng e of Scand inavian sites exists, w hich were e xtan t at the same time, andyet demonstrate completely different characteristics. The works of F. Svanberg(2003a; 2003b) have shown this diversityofV iking culture perfectly, especiallyregardingtheaspect th atis thesubjectof thepresent paper- mortuary practices.In V iking A ge Scandinavia, mortuary practices were varied inboththe treatmen tof the body of thedeceased (cremation graves an d inhumation graves) as wellas the structure of the graves themselves.Among th e cremation gravesone mayobserve, fo rexample, those in which th e remains were buried in an urn, graveswithouturns, graves withburntrem ainsfrom th epyre,pitgraves orgraves whereth e bones and other objects were scattered on the surface. A mong inhumationgraves are, for example, pit graves with or without coffins and chamber graves.M oreover, both types of graves (cremations and inhumations)m ay includediverseexternalorinternalfeatu res. For exam ple, the external structure of the graves maybe completely flat or covered with mounds or stones,while inside the graves, insome instances, th e deceased were buried in boats, ships or bodies of wagons.A s I have tried to demon strate elsewhere (Janowski2 01la ; 2011b), in order to d is-cussth e Scandinavian (V iking) origin of chamber graves outside ofScandinaviawe ought to demonstrate first that this form of burial is unq uestionably Scandina-vian andcommon inthat area7. I tappears, how ever that chamber g raves weren otatall a Scandinavian invention,and m oreover, they werenot the dominant formofburialinScandinavia- thisissomethingman y P olish scholars tendtoignore.O n th econtrary, if we were to exclude Birka (where 111 chamber graves werefound), we are left with only 20 chamber graves in the whole of Sweden, around30 inNorway and 103 in D e n m ar k. I n P o l a n d , if the 49 graves from Bodziawerecorrectly classified as chamber graves (cf. Buko, Sobkowiak-Tabaka 2 011;Buko 2012), and if we were to add the new discoveries from Ciepte(Ratajczyk2011) w e could list at least 79 chamber graves. What matters here are not thenumbers, which we should rather leaveto people dealing with statistics,but

A p ar t from th e relative rarity of chamb ergraves in Sca nd inavian archaeo logical evidence, there ar e also onlya fe w ment i ons of suchstructures in theOldN o rs esagas(cf. J anow s k i 20 1 1 b ;Gardela inthis volume).402


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the differences in thegraves'construction and thegrave goods. Thesimilaritiesbetween chamber graves fromthebasinof theVistulaand theOder Rivers andthose fromScandinaviaare only theverygeneral form of thechamber.A llotherfeatures,suchas the externalconstructionof thegrave (i nScandinavia chambergraves are often covered with mounds or cairns), th eposition of thecadaver (i nScandinaviathepositionin which thedeceasedwasburied wasmainly seated)an dthegrave's furnishings(rich and, naturally, characteristic forScandinavia)8aredifferent. Is thissingle parallel (the general form of thechamber) enough toconsiderth ePolish chamber graves as the finalresting places of therepresenta-tives of a differentethnic group?

W emay assume that differencesin thetreatment of thedeceasedwere oneofthe important factors determininggroup identity. Therefore, theroleof theevidence acquired from th e excavations ofcemeteries isvery significant.I ncemeteries,apart from th esources thatm ay offervaluableinformationaboutthematerialculturea n dbeliefs, w ealsofinddifferentkinds of biological remains(the skeletal remains and soft tissues), whichareunavailable atother sites. Itisth especialist analyses of theskeletal remains that allow for thebroadening ofourdiscussionsa n dconsiderations. Isotope analyses ofover adozen skeletonsfrom Birka revealed that it spopulation w as heterogeneous an d that differentindividualsmayhave come from different geographical areas (Linderholm,Hedenstierna-Jonson, Svensk,Lidn 2008). Even more strikingare the recentresultsof DNAstudiesof the boat graves from Tuna (Sweden) and Oseberg(N or w ay ).They have shown that although these graves were so typical fo rScandinavia, theycontainedtheremains ofpeople w hocame from somewhereelse(Holck2006, 205, 208; Price 2002,237; 2008,265).Asimilar situationmayalsobeobservedwiththemanywarriorsofHarald Bluetooth'sarmythatwereburied in theDanish fortress ofTrelleborg (Price, Frei, Dobat, L y n n e r u p ,Bennike 2011). It is worthmentioning that a newanalysis of theBirka graves(alsochamber graves)hasalso shown thatawide rangeofobjects from theirassemblages have Russian orKhazar analogies. Perhaps, in the light oftheserecentdiscoveries, w eshould think about th enon-Scandinavian origin of thepeopleburiedwiththese objectsin amore nuancedwa y(cf. Hedenstierna-Jonson,HolmqvistOlausson 2006).

8I nfact,noneof the cham bergravesknown fromthe territory ofP olandcontained even asinglefind ofunquestion-ably Scandinavian origin.M any objects from theirassemblages may be regarded as exclusivegoods.Themilitaryequip-ment(swords,spearheads, axes),bronze bowls, silktextiles- although they werea llexpensive an dimported belongtoobjects thathave avery broad distribution and itseemsthat they did notoriginate in Scandinavia.Th e femalejewellery(temple rings, earrings and amuletcases/kaptorgas)are definitely characteristicfor theSlavs (for further discussioncf.Ja n owski2001b,392).403


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In the light of the newly acquired data, itseems that the formal similarity ofPolish and Scandinavian chamber graves cannot be used as a factor that wouldallow fo rdetermining the iden tity of the deceased as people com ing from Scan-dinavia. Scandinavian scholars themselves believe that th e idea of a chambergrave w as imported from N orthwestern E urope (Frisia, L ower Saxony, W est-phalia)and that the r/c/zcham ber graves from trade cen tresinHedeby andBirkaimply in ternat ion al conn ect ion sand maypossibly representfamil ies ofinfluential

foreigners and local merchants (Graslund, M uller-Wille 1992, 187). It is dif-ficult to understand w hy P olish scholars considerevery single chamber graveasbelonging to an individu alfrom Scand inavia. W here then are the representativesof our local, Slavic elites?

Translated by Leszek Gardela

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