The Civil War

James BuchananDates in Office: 18571861Nicknames: Ten-Cent JimmiePolitical Party: DemocratMajor Events:Pony ExpressDred Scott v. SanfordSouthern SecessionEstablishment of the Confederate States of America (CSA)

Blue and GreyThe Civil War2America DividesSecession and the ConfederacyLincolns InheritanceThe election of Lincoln to the Presidency prompted South Carolina to secede from the union.Identified with the revolutionaries that fought against the tyrannical King George IIIInherited a union where 7 states had already left and 8 more stood on the brinkFelt secession was impractical since the south could not geographically separate

Peace out, suckas!4

South Carolina Starting stuff again!Lincoln notifies the Confederacy that he is sending supplies to Fort Sumter in Charleston.CSA took the move as an act of aggression, and fired upon Fort Sumter on April 12, 1861, marking the beginning of the Civil War. Three more states seceded after the attack on Fort Sumter.Lincoln now had a reason for an armed response, and he called upon the Union states to supply militiamen.

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The Confederate States of AmericaThe capital was relocated from Alabama to Richmond, VirginiaJefferson Davis was elected president of the Confederate States

National Flag of the CSABattle Flag of the CSA6Brothers Blood and Border BloodMissouri, Kentucky, Maryland, Delaware, and West Virginia were the Border States. The Border States contained the Ohio River, a vital necessity for both the North and the South. The official statement that Lincoln made for war was to fight to preserve the Union, not to end slavery.

7Brothers Blood and Border BloodThe Five Civilized Tribes sided with the Confederacy. These tribes were allowed to send delegates to the Confederacy congress. Most of the Plains Indians sided with the Union.

8Brothers Blood and Border BloodJohnny Reb

Billy Yank

The Civil War was, unfortunately, a brothers war. The war pitted brother against brother, fathers against sons, cousins, uncles, and friends on opposite sides. This created a unique atmosphere on the battlefield and in the encampments, as well as at home.9Two BrothersTwo brothers on their wayTwo brothers on their wayTwo brothers on their wayOne wore blueAnd one wore grey

One wore blue and one wore greyAs they marched along the wayA fife and drum began to playAll on a beautiful morning

One was gentle, one was kindOne was gentle, one was kindOne came home, one stayed behindA cannonball don't pay no mind

A cannonball don't pay no mindIf you're gentle or if you're kindIt don't think of the folks behindAll on a beautiful morningAll on a beautiful morning

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WAR!11The Balance of ForcesSouthern ScorecardPhysically prepared for warHad a defined reason for fightingBetter military leaders: Robert E. LeeLacked supplies for warSouthern troops could not be forced to fightNorthern ScorecardWell supplied for war of RR and factoriesHad a standing army and navyHad an existing government and money systemPoor military leaders and strategiesLacked motivation to fight

12The Balance of Forces The SouthRobert E. LeeMember of the FFV; Great-great grandson of Richard Henry Lee, introduced the resolution for American independenceGraduated second in his class from West PointLincolns first choice to lead the Union armyMost successful tactician of the warStonewall JacksonVery little formal education, but worked his way up the ranks at West Point to finish 17th in his classOne of the most gifted tactical commanders in US history; master of speed and deceptionEarned his nickname at the First Battle of Manassas when he stood firm against a crushing Union assault

13Dethroning King CottonThe South counted on foreign intervention to win the war.The common people of Britain supported the North, hoping to extinguish slavery (which had been outlawed in British territories). The British manufacturers depended upon cotton from the South, As Union armies penetrated the South, they sent cotton to Britain. King Wheat and King Corn, which were produced great quantities in the North, proved to be more powerful than King Cotton. Britain would not break the Northern blockade, because if it had, it would have lost the grain from the North.

14The Trent AffairA Union warship stopped a British mail steamer, the Trent, and removed 2 Confederate diplomats who were heading to Europe.Britain started to send troops to Canada in retaliation, but the situation was ended when President Lincoln freed the Confederate prisoners.Britain shipyards were unknowingly producing Confederate commerce-raiders. The British ships left their ports unarmed, picked up arms elsewhere, and captured Union ships. One notable ship was the Alabama.

15Foreign Flare-UpsIn 1863, two Confederate warships were being constructed in the British shipyard of John Laid and Sons. Their large iron rams would have destroyed the Union blockade. To avoid infuriating the North, the London government bought the ships for the Royal Navy.The British established the Dominion of Canada in 1867. It was partly designed to strengthen the Canadians against the possible vengeance of the United States.

16President Davis versus President LincolnDavisSouthern states could secede from the Confederacy. Some state troops refused to serve outside their borders.Often had disputes with his own congress. Lincoln Enjoyed a well-established government that was financially stable and fully recognized at home and abroad.

PWNED17Bell RingerWhich side do you think was better prepared for the war at the beginning and why?18

The Economic Stresses of WarThe North increased tariffs and excise taxes to financially support the war. It also created the first income tax. Morrill Tariff Act (1861): A high protective tariff that increased duties 5%-10%. The increases were designed to raise additional revenue and provide more protection for the prosperous manufacturers. A protective tariff became identified with the Republican Party.19The Economic Stresses of WarThe U.S. Treasury issued green-backed paper money, backed by the nation's fluctuating gold supply. Hence, the value of the greenback was constantly changing. In 1863, Congress authorized the National Banking System. Banks who joined the National Banking System could buy government bonds and issue sound paper money backed by the bonds.The Confederate government was forced to print blue-backed paper money that was subject to "runaway inflation."

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The North's Economic BoomNewly invented labor-saving machinery enabled the North to expand economically. Mechanical reapers (farm machines used to harvest grain) allowed for men to leave the farms for the war and provided grain that contributed to Northern profits.The discovery of petroleum in Pennsylvania in 1859 led to a rush of people known as the "Fifty-Niners."The Civil War opened up many jobs for women that were originally occupied by men.

21Limitations on Wartime LibertiesCongress was not in session when the war broke out, which gave the President vast wartime powers.proclaimed a blockadeincreased the size of the Federal armydirected the secretary of the Treasury to advance $2 million without appropriation or security to private citizens for military purposessuspended habeas corpus

22Habeas CorpusLatin, you have the body require a person to be brought before a court or judge, especially to determine if that person is being legally detained "Inter arma silent leges" was a Latin phrase much heard in the North during the Civil War. It translates roughly as, "during war, the laws are silent." On April 27, 1861, about a week after the Fort Sumter surrender, President Lincoln ordered Winfield Scott, then head of the nation's military, to arrest anyone between Washington and Philadelphia suspected of subversive acts or speech, and his order specifically authorized suspension of the writ of habeas corpus. Scott passed the order down the line, and Southern sympathizers in Maryland were rounded up in batches.

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The Civil War1861-186524Differing StrategiesCapture Richmond, the Confederate capitalCut through the heart of the South (Ga. And the Carolinas)Split the Confederacy by gaining control of the Mississippi RiverBlockade the South (Anaconda Plan)Capture Washington D.C.Seize central PennsylvaniaDivide Northwest and NortheastGain recognition of Confederacys independent status

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Anaconda Plan: The Northern plan to squeeze the south into submission by closing its supply routes and blockading its ports26

Bull Run Ends the "Ninety-Day War"Bull Run = Manassas; North/SouthLincoln concluded that an attack on a smaller Confederate force at Bull Run would be worth trying. If successful, the victory would show the superiority of Union arms and might eventually lead to the capture of Richmond. A Union victory was thought to be for sure, as evident when spectators showed up.The Confederates won as "Stonewall" Jackson held his line of Confederate soldiers until reinforcements arrived. Proved that the war would be much longer than either side anticipated.27

Picnic at theBattle of Manassas28"Tardy George" McClellan and the Peninsular CampaignIn 1861, General George B. McClellan was given command of the Army of the Potomac. Lincoln became increasingly impatient with McClellan's slowness to attack the Confederate forces still massed near WashingtonMcClellan began the Peninsula Campaign in VAAttacked "Stonewall" Jackson. General Robert E. Lee launched a counterattack and drove McClellan's forces back to the sea.

29The Many Faces of Union GeneralsGeneral George B. McClellan (1861)His slowness to attack the Confederate forces gave him the nickname of Tardy GeorgeGeneral Ambrose E. Burnside (1862)Better known for his remarkable facial hair, rather than his military successesGeneral Joseph Hooker (1862-1863)Better at boosting morale than creating victoriesGeneral George G. Meade (1864)Secured a victory at Gettysburg, but could not close down the Confederacy.

30Going for Grant!Ulysses S. Grant gained recognition for his successes in the Western Campaign and the siege of Vicksburg. He was promoted to the position of Commanding General of the U.S. Army in 1864.Would be the general to accept Lees surrender in 1865.

31The War at SeaIn order to combat the strong blockades, ships were developed to run through them; speed the initial improvement.In 1862, the Confederates created the Merrimack, renamed the Virginia. It was an old U.S. wooden ship that was plated with metal armor; had the ability to crush through the wooden ships. On March 9, 1862, the Union ironclad, the Monitor, and the Confederate Merrimack met and fought to a standstill.

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You will be re-creating the battle of the Monitor and Merrimack by playing the game Battleship!The pairs will face off, with the winner earning an advantage in the overall naval battle. The two Generals will face off, earning five points towards their teams overall success in the battle.Winning battles will be added to the totals in the class Civil WarBATTLESHIP!33

The Pivotal Point: AntietamLee moved into Maryland, he met McClellan's forces at the Battle of Antietam on September 17, 1862.McClellan managed to halt Lee's forces after his forces discovered Lee's battle plans.Although not a victory, the Union stopped the Confederate march northward.Statistically the bloodiest day of the Civil WarConfederate LossesUnion LossesKilled-1,512 Killed--2,108Wounded--7,816Wounded--9,549Captured/Missing--1,844Captured/Missing--75334Documenting the War: Mathew Brady

Casualties at Antietam35

Look Familiar?36Volunteers and Draftees: North and SouthDue to lack of volunteers, Congress passed in 1863 a federal draft law. Men who were called in the draft could pay $300 in order to buy a replacement. The Confederacy also passed a draft law.

37New York Draft RiotsA period of violenceinNew York Citythat was the culmination of discontent with the new draft laws passed byCongress. The riots were the largest civil insurrection in American history apart from the Civil War itself.The rioters were overwhelmingly working class men, resentful, among other reasons, because the draft unfairly affected them while sparing wealthier men.Initially intended to express anger at the draft, the protests turned ugly and degraded into "a virtual racialpogrom, with uncounted numbers of blacks murdered on the streets". The military suppressed the mob using artillery and fixed bayonets, but not before numerous buildings were ransacked or destroyed, including many homes and an orphanage for black children.

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Life as a Soldier39The Average Union Soldier

Discussion:Why do you think the Civil War is sometimes called the Boys War?

How many Union Soldiers were under 16?

How many soldiers were between 16 and 23?

How many were over 23?

Do you think most soldiers in the Confederate army would have been older or younger? Why?

Life as a soldier

Thick wool uniformsBland, dry, or spoiled foodSparse living quarters41What They Carried

CanteenPanCartridge box (Union)Tooth brushRazorSoapBlanketSilver wearPlateCombMusketMoney (Confederate)PhotographsBibleStamps (Confederate, Jefferson Davis prints)Haversack (Union)

What They Wore

On the left - Confederate:Slouch hatShell JacketPantsBrogans (shoes)

On the right - Union:kepiSack CoatPantsBrogans (shoes)43The Role of Women

The lax medical examination early in the war allowed some women to sneak through and serve in the army disguised as men. Jenny Hodgers, known during the war as Private Albert Cashier joined the 95th Illinois Infantry in August 1862 and served for more than three years. She participated in many campaigns, including those at Vicksburg, the Red River and Mobile. Hodgers continued to wear mens clothes until 1911, when a doctor discovered her identity while mending her fractured leg. She continued to receive a soldiers pension and at her death in 1915 and was buried with full military honors. Notes for the Teacher:44Civil War WeaponryThe rifled musket killed more soldiers than anything else, except disease. The rifled muskets large caliber, soft slow moving slug destroyed and pulverized the flesh and bone it tore into. This weapon made amputation the only practical treatment for saving lives. The Civil War also introduced the Gatling Gun (precursor to the machine gun), submarine, ironclad ships, use of hot air balloons for espionage, as well as modern technologies for communication (telegraph) and transportation (railroads)

45Civil War Hospitals

When a battle took place, every structure, house, barn, yard and field, could become a hospitalSurgeons preferred to operate outside if possible to mitigate the effects of the chloroform and to utilize the light. An operating table was often an unhinged door on top of two barrels. Chloroform and ether were in short supply, so many surgeries were performed using the booze and the bullet46

47Bell RingerWhy was the Union Draft so controversial? What was the result of it?

Defining The CauseGiving the North a Reason to Fight49

Blacks Battle BondageOver 180,000 blacks served in the Union army, most escapees from the Southern statesThe Confederacy allowed blacks to enlist towards the end of the warUsed slaves to produce war materials.50Blacks Battle BondageContraband was a term commonly used to describe a new status for certain escaped slaves or those who came into the possession of Union forces.How might black soldiers be treated differently then white soldiers? What effect might this have on their loyalty or performance?

51Massachusetts 54thThe regiment was one of the first official black units in the United States during the Civil War.

52Massachusetts 54thThe 54th became famous after the heroic, but ill-fated, assault on Fort Wagner, South Carolina. The courage and sacrifice of the 54th helped to dispel doubt within the Union Army about the fighting ability of black soldiers and earned this regiment undying battlefield glory.What reasons might blacks have for joining Union ranks at the risk of execution if captured?

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The Emancipation ProclamationAntietam provided Lincoln with the military victory to issue the Emancipation Proclamation. Lincoln now made the Civil War a war to end slavery.The Confiscation Act of 1862 punished "traitors" by declaring their slaves property of war who shall be free.

54A Proclamation without EmancipationThe Emancipation Proclamation called for the freeing of all slaves, although it did not actually free them. Lincoln did not even enforce the freeing of slaves in the Border States for fear that they, too, would secede.The South said that Lincoln was trying to stir up slave rebellion.The North now had a much stronger moral cause. It had to preserve the Union and free the slaves.

This is who were fighting for.55

Ending the War Siege of Vicksburg

Civilians in Vicksburg lived through a 47 day long siege by the Union under Ulysses S. Grant. Families lived in caves and trenches to escape the bombardment and many starved in the process. Some civilians suffered from shell shock as a result of the constant bombardment.57

Lee's Last Lunge at GettysburgAs Lee moved his Confederate force to the north again (this time to Pennsylvania), he was met by Meade's force at Gettysburg on July 1-3, 1863. The failure of General George Pickett's charge enabled the Union to win the battle. Picketts Charge: After Confederate attacks on both Union flanks had failed the day and night before, Lee was determined to strike the Union center on the third day. Approximately 12,500 men in nine infantry brigades advanced over open fields for three-quarters of a mile under heavy Union artillery and rifle fire. Although some Confederates were able to breach the low stone wall that shielded many of the Union defenders, they could not maintain their hold and were repulsed with over 50% casualties.58

Picketts ChargeFederal ArtilleryFence that will break Confederate formationsPicketts Charge for Confederates59

Gettysburg resulted in 51,000 casualties: killed, wounded, or missing

Over 8,000 deadAlmost 30,000 woundedOver 10,000 captured or missing60The AftermathIn the United StatesThe victories at Gettysburg and Vicksburg increased the morale of the United States and its armies. Many people now felt that the war might be won.In the Confederate StatesThe losses at Vicksburg and Gettysburg decreased the morale of the Confederate States and its armies.

For most of the remainder of the war the Confederates would be fighting on the defensive.61Gettysburg AddressThe speech was delivered by Lincoln at the dedication of the Soldiers' National Cemetery, four and a half months after the Battle of Gettysburg.Edward Everett's two-hour oration that was slated to be the "Gettysburg address" that day. At Lincolns funeral, Senator Charles Sumner commented on Lincolns famous speech. He said Lincoln was mistaken that "the world will little note, nor long remember what we say here." Rather, he remarked, "The world noted at once what he said, and will never cease to remember it. The battle itself was less important than the speech."

62Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent, a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal. Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battle-field of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field, as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this. But, in a larger sense, we can not dedicate -- we can not consecrate -- we can not hallow -- this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us -- that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion -- that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain -- that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom -- and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.

63Discussion Questions:What elements of Lincolns speech are most effective?

How does Lincolns speech reflect traditional American ideals and values?

What effect might this speech have on the war?64Grants VictoriesUlysses S. Grant never wanted to be a soldier, yet graduated from West Point in 1843, ranking 21st in a class of 39.Grant was given command of the Union forces attacking Vicksburg. The city fell and surrendered on July 4, 1863.Grant defeated Lees forces in the Wilderness CampaignUsually described as a draw, it could be called a tactical Confederate victory, but a strategic victory for the Union army. The North suffered large casualties, but they were smaller than the percentage of casualties suffered by Lee's smaller army.

65General GrantGrant was promoted to the position of Commanding General of the U.S. Army the next year.War of Attrition: A strategy in which an army attempts to win a war by wearing down its enemy to the point of collapse through continuous losses in personnel andmaterials.

66Shermans March to the SeaLed by William Tecumseh ShermanSherman was known for his outstanding command of military strategy Shermans March to the Sea: A campaign to conquer Georgia, from Atlanta to Savannah.His forces destroyed military targets as well as industry, infrastructure, and civilian property (scorched earth system) and disrupted the South's economy and its transportation networks.Left his own supply lines and had his soldiers eat food from places they had conquered.

67Shermans March to the SeaThe entire South man, woman, and child is against us. We are not fighting just an army, but a whole people. We must make old and young, rich and poor feel the hard hand of war. The more awful we make war the sooner it will end. main purposes of destroying supplies destined for the Confederate army and to weaken the morale of the men at the front by waging war on their homesSherman captured Savannah on December 21, 1864

The Politics of WarThe Congressional Committee on the Conduct of the War was dominated by radical Republicans who resented the expansion of presidential power in wartime and who pressed Lincoln on emancipation.After Stephen A. Douglas, the leader of the Democratic Party in the North, died, the party split between those who supported Lincoln (War Democrats) and those who didn't (Peace Democrats).Radical Peace Democrats were known as Copperheads

WarDemocratsPeaceDemocratsCopperheadsRepublicansNorthern DemocratsWhat effect mightthis have on theupcoming election?69CopperheadsStrongly opposed the war, for which they blamed abolitionists, and they demanded immediate peace and resisted draft laws. They wanted President Lincoln and the Republicans ousted from power, seeing the president as a tyrant who was destroying American republican values with his despotic and arbitrary actionsSome Copperheads tried to persuade Union soldiers to desert. They talked of helping Confederate prisoners of war seize their camps and escape. They sometimes met with Confederate agents and took money. The Confederacy encouraged their activities whenever possible.

70The Election of 1864Republicans joined with the War Democrats to form the Union Party in the election of 1864. Lincoln's running-mate was Andrew Johnson, a local War Democrat.The Democrats, including the Copperheads, nominated General McClellan as their presidential candidate.The Northern Democrats lost the election of 1864. This was one of the most crushing losses suffered by the South. The removal of Lincoln was the last hope for a Confederate victory.

71The Confederacy CrumblesOn June 3, 1864, Grant ordered the frontal assault on Cold Harbor. Thousands of Union soldiers were killed within a matter of minutes, but Grant's strategy of losing two men and killing one Confederate worked. Grant captured Richmond and cornered Lee. On April 9, 1865, Lee was forced to surrender the Army of Northern Virginia (a significant portion of the Confederate army) at Appomattox Courthouse in Virginia, effectively ending the Civil War.

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The Civil War claimed over 600,000 lives and cost over $15 billion.Casualties of the Civil War73Chart1620000540002000405000112000200058000400013000

Casualties of American Wars

Sheet1Casualties of American WarsCivil War620,000Korean War54,000War of 18122,000WWII405,000WWI112,000Spanish-American War2,000Vietnam War58,000Revolutionary War4,000Mexican War13,000To resize chart data range, drag lower right corner of range.