J UNE 26, I 89 l.] SCIENCE. 36 i

would involve the question of a great Pacific atmospheric whirl,comparable to the supposed general movement during winterabout the area of low pressure in the northern Atlantic. It wouldalso involve a compariso-n of our weather here when we are in theAtlantic whirl with that which comes whein the Pacific circulationpushes eastward over the mountains. There are numerous otberquestions involved in these observations, but they are postponed.

G. H. STONE.Colorado Springs, Col., June 15.

Consecutive Lightning Flashes.

ABOUT 5.45 P.M. yesterday, while travelling over the " Jerseyflats " on the Delawvare, Lackawanna, and Western Railroad, Isaw towvard the south-west no less than sixr strokes of lightningfollowing the same path-a Dearly vertical one-in quick suc-cession. The number was obtained fromnthe grouping or; 'phrasi-i-ng," as it were, of the flashes, wvhich impressed itself on mymnind. First there was a single flash, then a group of tbree, alidthen a group of two. They followed one another so rapidly thattheir separate character could just be distin-uisbed, and the dura-tion of the six must have been less than a second. I was at firstinclined to believe that the naths bad been precisely the same,even to the slightest sinuosity, but I am now inclined to thinkthat they varied slightlv, and that this variation aided me in rec-ognizing their separate character. I am not aware that so manyconsecutive strokes bave ever been noticed before. It may be in-teresting to add that this morning's papers report great dam-age bsr lightni-ng ill Elizabeth, N.J., in the direction of the ob-served flasbes. ARTHUR E. BOSTWICK.New York, June 17.

Mocking-Birds and their Young.Asx educated Soutbern lady made to me the following statement,

wbich seems too extraordinary to be true. My informant bonestlyconsiders it a fact. Is it true, or is she deluded by some accident?I leave the matter for those learned in the lore of birds to deide.My friend says that while living in Mississippi, she frequently

took young mocking-birds from a nest near the house, aud placedthem in a cage hainging on the verandah. The parent birds came,not to feed the young, but to endeavor to liberate them, by pluck-i-ng at the eage. Failing in this, my friend says that thiey invaria-bly brought to their imprisoned young bitter-sweet berries, whichpoisoned tbem, the birdlings only living a very sbort timae afterreceiving the berries. She further said that the captives would dowell as long as the parent birds were kept from the cage, but ifby any inadvertence the cage, was left on the verandah wbile thefamily went into thie house, on returning they would finld the bit-ter-sweet berries in the cage, and the little fledglings in -a dyingstate. My informant further declared that this bad occurredagain and again witbin ber experience, and that her grandfatbergave strict orders that no mocking-birds should be captured, astheir death would certainly be effected by the old birds. This isa 'strange story of bird-ways, that birds should be capable ofchoosing for their progeny death ratEler than captivity !. I wishsome of the Southernl readers of Science would observe in themocking-bird direction, and give us positive and recent iDforma-tion from careful experiment.

JULIA MCNAIR -WRIGHT.Fulton, Mo., June 16.

western horizon and moved eastward, passing three or four milesnorth of the village. In this case the vane pointed directly towardthe storm, throughout, the winds beincg quite brisk. In other in-stances in which the storms passed directlay over the village thesame thing was marnifest, the va-ne shifting sharplyr from west toeast as the storms passed. In previous years I have noticed thepuff of wind in front of an advancing thunder-storm moving inthe same direction as the storm itself and occurring just before therain begins to fall, but my attention has never been called to sucha-n outflow of air in everv direction as has been apparent in con-nection with thunder-storms recently. Whatever may be its ex-planation, it certainlyr is entirely inconsistent with the idea of anindraught and uprush at the centre of the storms in which itoccurs. M. A. VEEDER.

Lyons, N.Y., Junle 22.

BOOK-REVIEWS.

The Modalist, or the Laws of Rationall Conviction. Byi EDWARDJOHN HAMILTON. Boston. Ginn. 8°. $1.40.

THE autbor of this work claims to have perfected the science oflogic. He says in his introductory chapter: II The treatise nowoffered to the public is the result of long-continued stuldies wvhichhave had for their object to place the doctrines of logic on satis-factory foundations; and it would be false humility were theautbor to conceal his. assurance that these studies have been suc-cessful. He claims to bave completed a work which Aristotle leftunfinisbed. " And again be says, speaking of himself: " Heknows wThat he ha~been enabled to do; be is certain that he basfound the truth on every important point " (pp. 1 and 3).When we come to examine the improvements that Mr. Hamil-

ton claims to have made-in the science, we find that thev consistmai-nly in the introduction of modlal syllogisms, that is, syllogismsin which the conclusion is expressed in terms of possibility, proba-bility, or conti-ngency, as distinguished from the ordinarys, or pure,syllogism, in which the conclusion is categorical. Such syllogismswere treated of by Axistotle, but modern logicians have rejectedthem as not properly belonging to the science, since possibility,.probability, etc., belong, inot to the form of thougbt, but to itsmatter. They are properties, not of our thought, but of the factsand events that we think about, and tberefore have Ino properplace i-n a work on theoretical logic. Mr. Hamilton, however,gives such modal syllogisms the foremost place among the formsof reasoDing, affirming that II the pure syllogism is the seconda;rymode of thought, and sbould be interpreted by the modal." Yetbe immediately adds that the pure syllogisna " is the best exrpres-sion of our ordinary reasonings " (p. 262), an admission which isfatal to his whole tbeory.Another of Mr. Hamlilton's innovations consists in treating the

principle of antecedent and consequent, which lies at tlle basis ofthe hypothetical syllogism, as the first principle of all reaso-ning,even in the ordinary syllogism. Such a turning of logic topsy-turvy as Mr. Hamilton proposes seems to us the reverse of an im-provenaent, and we believe it will be so regarded by thinkers gen-erally.

AMONG THE PUBLISHERS.

AN illustrated article by Edwin Checkley, which introducessoine of his -new theories of physical culture, forms one of thefeatures of the July Lippincott.

-Amoing its contents the Chautauqutan for July has the fol-lowing: "1 A Symposium -Where Should a College be Located ? "by Julius H. Seelye, Henry Wade Rogers, James B. Angell, Hjal-mar Hjorth Bovesen, W. R. Harper, and Herbert B. Adams;"Modern Metbods of Treating Inebriety," by H. R. Chamberlain;"Objections to College Training for Girls," by Emily F. Wheeler;and "'Elizabeth Thompson, the Philanthropist," by Frances E.Willard.-The publishers of the Illustrated American of this city an-

nounce a Monthly Illustrated American. The monthly has beenplanned for over a year, and is offered to the public as " thecheapest and best illustrated magazine in the world." It is com-

ThUnder-StOrmS.

IT has been noticed in connection with thulnder-storms in thisvicinity this season that in every instance there bas been an out-flow of 'air in every direction from the storm, extending even be-yond the area of precipitation and cloudiness. For exiample, inthe case of a storm appearing upon the south-western horizon andmoviing due east, and passing then tbree or four miles south ofthis village, the weather-vane pointed directly toward it continu-ously, veering slowly from south-west to south-east, showing thatthe wind came steadily from the storm. The same thing alsooccurred in the case of a storm whicb appeared upon the north-

Publications received at Editor's Office,June 17-23.

HAMILTON, E. J. The Modalist; or, The Laws ofRational Conviction. Boston, Ginn. 331 P. 8°.$1.40

IRON Ore District of East Texras, Reports on the,(Texas Glqol. Survey). Austin, State. 326P 4°.

NEW YORK Agricultural Experiment Station, N-int0hAunual Report of, for 1890. Albany, State. 488p. 8° .

PURIFICATION Of Sewage and Water. ExperimentalInvestigations on, by the State Board of Healthof Massachusetts. Part If. Boston, State. 910p. 8°.

WOODHEAD, G. S. Bacteria and their Products(Contemporary Science Series). New York,Scribner. 459 p. 120. $1.25.

A SYSTEM OF

EASY LETTERING.,By J. R. CH0O XWELL,3 Ph.B.

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362 LVOL. XVI I. NOA. 438posed of the magazine elemlent of the weekly. Although the pic-tures will be, in the main, those employed in the weekly severalImlontbs~ago, there will be new and attractive readinig matter.' Ifit were not for this use of the, plates the, monthly would be an im-possibility, the cost of makiDg it being so great. The expense ofpublisbing a weekly magazine of the character of the IllustratedAmerican is so heavy that its price must necessarily be higberthan the long-establisbed weeklies. This price is the means ofdeterring many thousands from purchasing it, and in order togive people of small means a magazine at a :nominal price it hasbeen decided to issue the mointhly at one, dollar a year. Thosewho do not know the Illustrated American shlould ask for it the/next time they pass a news-stand.

-G. P. Putnam's Sons have in press IIThe LiviDg' World:Whence it Came, and Wbitber it is DriftiDg,'? a review of thespeculations concerning the ori'gin and signiticance of life, of thefacts known iin regard to its development; and suggestioins as tothe direction in which the development is nowv tenading, by H. W.Coinn, professor of biology in Wesleyan University.

-A. E. Seaton, wvho is connected with Earle's ShipbuildingCompany of Hull, England, will contribute to Scribner's steam-ship series an article on II Speed in Ocean Steamers," to appear inthe July number. Commenting on the probability of "1 five-daysteamers " on the Atlantic the author says:' It is always a ques-tion of cui bono, and wben it is taken into consideration that the

voyage between Sandy, Hook and Queenstowtn is -now done in 140bours, and to do the distance in five days would require a speed ofnearly 23i knots, witb an increase in power of sixty:two per cent,and in fuel consumption of thirty-eight per cent, the cry must beregarded as a, very far one at present. At the same time it is notdesirable to believe that there is now finality in the speed of steam-ships, altbough by analogy with railway trains that coneltisionmight be arrived at."- Macmillan & Co. have nearly ready for publication ;4A His-

tory of Human Marriage," by Dr. Edward Westermarck, lectureron sociology at the University of Finland, HelsiDgfors. In an in-troductory nlote the work is commended to the attention of stu-dents by Dr. A. R. Wallace, wbo expresses a bigh opinion of thelearning a-nd insight displayed by the author. Dr. Westermarekdiffers widely in ma-ny respects from, the opinions hitherto heldby most antbropologists as to the development.of the various formsof marriage.-S. E. C:assino, 196 Summer Street, Boston, anDounces that

the D,ext edition of the II International Scientists' Directory " willbe issued in the first half of 1892, two years from the date of pub-lication of the formzer one. It is hoped that the new edition willcontain inearly double the number of addresses given formerly,and the editor will be greatly pleased to receive any names whichshould be included.. The foreign portion will be much'more com-plete than formerly.

Sb"CIENCk;.

SCIENCE.- The most promninent article in the Review of Reviews for July

will be one prepared by Professor Herbert B. Adams of the JohnsHopkins University, entitled " University Extension and its Lead-ers." It is an account of the popular movement for the dissemina-tion of advanced education among the people, in which the lead-ing educators of Anierica are now earnestly engaged, and it isillustrated with portraits of Professor Adams himself, BishopVincent, the head of the Chautauquan movement, Presidents Eliotof Harvard, Dwight of Yale, Adams of Cornell, Gilman of JohnsHopkins, Low of Columbia, Harper of Chicago, Northrop of Min-nesota, Mr. Melvil Dewey, Professor E. J. James, and variousother gentlemen. It may not be generally known in this countrythat the public school boards of Paris, London, and other greatforeign cities, have finally come to the conclusion that it is neces-

sary to feed, once a day at least, in all the public school buildings,the children of the poorer classes, in order to be sure that theymay be in physical condition to receive intellectual instruction.

363

An article in the same number of the Review entitled " Food-Aided Education in Paris, London, and Birmingham," gives an

account of the system under which this novel refornm has beenput into practice.-An interesting paper on the habits of the moose, by Mr. J. G.

Lockhart, appears in the June number of the Zoologist. One ofthe points noted is, that moose generally lie with the tail to wind-ward, trusting to their senses of hearing and smelling, which are

remarkably acute, to warn them of approaching danger from thatquarter. They can use their eyes to warn them from danger toleeward, where hearing, and especially smelling, would be of littleuse. While they are sleeping or chewing the cud, their ears are

in perpetual motion, one backward, the other forward, alternately.They also have the remarkable insight to imiake a short turn andsleep below the wind of their fresh track, so that any one fallingthereon and following it up is sure to be heard or smelt before he

can get witlhin shooting distance.

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364~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~[VOL. XVII . No~438SCIE-NCE,3642YlEW BOOJtS.

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THE AMERIC'AN RACE:By DANIEL G. BRINTON, M.D."The book is one of unusual interest and value."

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of his subject."1-Public Opinion..II Deserves the attentionl of students of natural

science."--Critic.IV. THE CHEROKEES IN PRE-CO-LUMBIAN TIMES. By CYRtIB THOM[AS. 120. S1.Dr. Thomas has already presented to the public

some reasons for believing the Cherokees weremound-builders, but additional evidence bearingon the subject has been obtained. A more carei'ulstudy of the Delaware traditoion respecting the Tal-legwi satisfies him that we have in the Bark Record(Walam Olum) itself proof that they were Chero-kees. EIe thinks the mounids enable us to trace backtheir line of migration even beyond their residenceinOhio to the western bank of the Mississippi. Theobject is therefore threefold: 1. An illustration ofthe reverse method of dealing with prehistorle sub-jects; 2. Incidental proof that some of the Indianswere mouiAd-builders; 3. A study of a single tribe inthe light of the mound testimony. This work will bean important contribution to the literature of theColumbian discovery which will doubtless appearduring the coming two years."Avaluable contribution to the question, ' Who

were,the mound-builders ?I"-~New York Times." Professor Cyrus Thomas unde,rtakes to trace

back the evidences of a single Indian tribe into theprehistoric or mound-building age."2-N. Y. jSun.

*'.An interesting paper."-Christian Union.V. THE TORNADO. BY H. A. HAZEMN.

120. $1."1The little book is extremely Interesting."-Bos-

ton Transcript.,"Ak book which will fnd many readers. The

chapter onI'Tornado Insurance' is of interest toall property-holders in the tornado States."7-BostonHlerald

"1I The Tornado' is a popular treatise on an impor-tant province of meteorology,In which sc ience, theauthor, Professor Hazen of the UnitedStatesS,ignalService, may be regarded as an exrpert."-Philadel-p?hia Ledger.VI. TIME-RELATIONS OF MENTALPHENOMENA. BY JOSEPHRJASTROW. 12°. 50c."1All students of psychology will find the book full

of interesting facts. Professor Jastrow's good qual-ities as a thinker and as a writer are too well anIdtoo wfdely known to require comment."-PitblicOpinion,

II A useful work for psychologists-as well as thegeneral reade,r-by setting forth in brief and easilyintelligible form the present state of knowledge inregard to the time required for the performance ofmental acts-"-The Critic.VII. HOUSEHOLD HYGIENE. BYMARY TAYLOR BissEmL. 120. 75 cents."A sensible brochure."t-Brooklyn Eagle."Practical and sensible.7"-Public Opinion.$*The advice and excellent information which it

contains are tersely andIntelligently exrpressed."1-Boston Medical and Surgical Journal

1'Practical and simply wrltten."-Springfield Re-publican.

1The best monograph on home hygiene." 'St.Louis Globe-Democrat.

In Preparation.VIII. THE FIRST YEAR OF CHILD-HOOD. BY J. MARK BALDWIN.

A'NEW MONTHLYTHE, INTERNATIONAl

JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY ANDNATURAL SCIENCE,

THE JOURNAL OF THEPOSTAL MICROSCOPICAL AND WESLEY

NATURALISTS' SOCIETIES.Edited by ALFRED ALLEN and Rev.

WILLIAM SPIERS.CONTENTS OF JUNE NUJMBER:-

,3arthworms of Scotland.The History of the Microscope.Apparent Reasoning of the Ant.Aquarium.Infusoria' Protozoa, etc., Practical Methods of

Preparation.Aspects of the Hieavens-June, 1891.Pedesis (Brownian Movement).CoUeetors' Notes for June.Selected Notes fSrom the Note-Books of the Postal

Microscopical S;ociety.Pygidium of Flea.Orbulin§,.Cocoon of Psylla.Stainiing.Foraminifera.Tongues of Molluscs.

Sieof Cidaris.Vhiirelwig Beetle.Science Jottings.

Cosmic. Dust.The Sun's Distance.Leap Year.A New Bleaching Fluid.Diamaond Cutting.The Aritbmetic of the Romans.

Reviewvs.Sale and Exchange Columnl.

- $ 1.75 Per Year.To Science subscribers, $1.00 for one year."~~~~" ." a cents for six mos

Sample Copies 10 cents.

zE YHyCD-tA Journal of Entomology, published monthlyby the Cambridge Entomological Club.$2.00 per year, $5'.00 per volume of tbreeyears. Volume VI. began in January, 1891.Back volumes for sale at $5.00 each. Vol-ume I. sold only in complete sets.

READY SOON.

THE LABRADOR COAST,A Journal of two Summer Cruises to that

region; with notes on its early discovery,,on the Eskimo, ona its physical geography,geology and natural history, together witha bibliography of chaits, works and articlesrelating to the civil and natural history ofthe Labrador Peninsula.By ALPHEUS SPRING PACKARD, M.D., Ph.D.

8°, about 400 pp., $3.50.

F;OSSIL R'ESINS.This book is the result of an attempt to

collect the scattered notices of fossil resins,exclusive of those on amber. The work is ofinterest also on account of dlescriptions givenof the insects found embedded in these long-preserved exiudations from early vegetation.

By CLARENCE LOWN and HENRY BOOTH.12°. $1.

THE RADIOMETER,B3y DANIEL S. TROY.

This (will contain a disc'ussion of the reasonsfor their action and of the phenomena pre-sented in Crookes' tubes.

N. D.-C. HODGES, 47 Lafayette Place, New York.