ivory coast (1) history population : 18 million people : 25 per cent of them in abidjan (the size of...
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Ivory Coast
(1) History
• Population
: 18 million people
: 25 per cent of them in Abidjan (the size of Toronto)
• for the first 20 years after independence,
: Ivory Coast - the envy of Africa, with its economy growing, eight per cent a year.
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• France
: its initial contact with Ivory Coast in 1637
: Ivory Coast - a source of slaves
• Ivory Coast
: a French colony in 1893
: in 1958, an autonomous republic within the French community
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(2) Politics• Ivory Coast: political stability from its independence
until late 1999.
• but, potential instabilities from a country whose ethnic unity is fragile: the northerners - mainly Muslim : the southerners - mainly Christian: Christian southerners prevailed against the
mainly Muslim northerners : constructed by the colonialists without regard to the
local people
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• the more than 5 million - non-Ivorian Africans
: one-third from Burkina Faso
: the rest from Ghana, Guinea, Mali, Nigeria, Benin, Senegal, Liberia, and Mauritania.
: the northerners and immigrants - the backbone of plantation labor force
: a civil war between the northerners and the southerners
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(3) Economics
• the Ivorian economy
: the agricultural sector
: Ivory Coast produces 40% of the world's cocoa crop
: almost 70% of the Ivorian people - agricultural activity
: reliance on raw cocoa and coffee exports, which account for 40% of total exports
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: the economy performed poorly in the 1980s and early 1990s
- falling world market prices of Cote d'Ivoire's primary export crops of cocoa and coffee
- a steady fall in living standards
- recession
- an important cause of the political instability
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Some Definitions
• Global South: less-developed countries primarily in the Southern Hemisphere
• Global North: wealthy industrialized countries primarily in the Northern Hemisphere
- Global South: “developing countries,” the “have-not,” “underdeveloped,” “less-developed,” “nonindustrialized,” “Third World,” “Other World.”
- most of the countries in Latin America, Africa, Asia, and the Middle East.
- more than three-quarters of the world’s population
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Characterizing Global South
1. Dependence on Western powers
2. Population explosion
3. Delayed modernization
4. Unequal Distribution of Wealth
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Global Imperialism, 1914
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1. Dependence on Western Powers/Colonialism
• most of Global South: historically colonies of major Western powers.
• their economic, educational, religious, and political system
: heavily influenced by their histories
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(1) The first wave of European Colonialism (15C –18C)• late 1400s: Europe used transportation and military technology to
conquer colonies
(2) The Second Wave of European Colonialism (1870s – the outbreak of WWI)
• the portion of the globe that European controlled: one-third in 1800, two-thirds by 1878, and four-fifths by 1914
• 1880s: final burst colonizes most of Africa• all of the Far East and the Pacific except: China, Japan, Siam
(Thailand) • Great Britain: one-fifth of the earth’s land, one-fourth of its
population
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(3) Decolonization from 1947-1960s
• the British relinquished India and Pakistan (1947)
• the French gave up Indochina, Algeria (1950s and 1960s)
• Yet, neocolonialism: continued domination of the Global South by the Global North through economic means
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Global Imperialism, 1914
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Colonialism
(1) Supporters of empire• the colonialism brought the benefits: education,
science, the rule of law, and efficient administration.
• “The act is virtuous, the exercise invigorating, and the result often extremely profitable.” - Winston Churchill
• President William McKinley justified the annexation of the Philippines: “the United States would bring Christianity to the
islands”
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(2) Critics of colonialism
• “the colonizers justified their empires with the claim that they were bringing the benefits of Western civilization to a backward world.”
• “almost all the imbalances that now cripple the economies, societies, and politics of Global South had their origins in colonialism.”
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The Colonial Origins of the Global South’s Plight
• both dependency theory and world system theory
: the poverty facing Global South is partly a product of imperial pasts
: the European powers exploited their overseas territories
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The Legacy of Colonialism
• the history of colonial rule
: the bloody wars of conquest
: the suppression of rebellion
: the murder of local rulers
: the massacre and enslavement of entire populations
: the expropriation of land
• traditional authority and status system: undermined.
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• the colonialists
: wiped out indigenous industry
- the self-sufficiency of the Global South
: transformed it into a source of raw materials for western industry.
: the introduction of western technology and techniques.
- initiated the technological dependence in industry.
• the economies of the colony
: became permanently dependent upon those of European and North America.
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• the colonialists
: introduction of western styles of education which unfitted people in their own rural societies.
: the elites they handed over power to were schooled in western ways.
• instead of pursuing indigenous models, almost all of them
: imitation western societies.
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• many of the historical artifacts and treasures were lost.
- Egyptians artifacts and mummies
: more abundant in European and American museums.
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2. Population Growth
• 6.2 billion people
• the Global South: 80 percent of global population
• The U.S.: less than 5 percent of the world population
- One-fifth: Chinese
- 17 percent: Indian
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Population
Source: From WORLD DEVELOPMENT REPORT 1999/2000: by World Bank, copyright 2000 by the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank. Used by permission of Oxford University Press, Inc.
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• all the population growth occurs in the Global South - 95% of total added population (77 million)
: were appended in the Global South
- Sub-Saharan Africa: one of rapid population growth
- the surge in the Global South’ population: a combination of high birthrates and relatively low death
rates
• often unable to deal with social, economic and environmental problems of larger population
• the larger families, the lower incomes
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3. Delayed Modernization
• high rates of illiteracy and a shortage of skilled teachers, and technicians etc.
• a lack of capital and technology
• only one-third of the Global South
: access to adequate sanitation of food, water, and environment
: in India, less than 10% of population has toilets
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4. Unequal Distribution of Wealth
• the Global South live at a subsistence level• 1.1 billion people’s (one-fifth of the world population)
annual incomes: less than $370 (the U.S.: $38,000)
• conditions in Africa: its share of the world’s poor doubled from 16% to 32%
in the last decade• civil wars in Liberia, Angola, Namibia, Mozambique,
Ethiopia, Somalia, and Sudan• over 43% of the population south of the Sahara
: in poverty in 2000
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Why Global South did not develop
• all three continents of what is now Global South: the home of civilizations: mathematics, astronomy, and medicine were highly
developed: in an intellectual, moral and spiritual sense, several
of them were in advance of the West• Europe was able to be ahead of them because of
: development of material respects: breakthroughs in the technology of war and of sea travel: evolution of industrial revolution
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Summer Palace
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Emperor’s Residence Hall
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Asia: Oriental despots
• China - more advanced than Europe in technical respects until the 16th century
: the Great Wall - stretches for more than 4,000
miles, the Qin Dynasty (221 BC - 206 BC).
: many of the preconditions for industrialization
existed
- automatic water-driven machines
- large concentration of capital in the hands of merchants
- banks with branches all over China
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Automatic Water-Driven machine
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Merchants in Hong Kong
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• The impediment to the emergence of industrialization
- the institution of oriental despotism
- the despot : suppressed all sources of power and wealth independent of himself.
: appealed to straightforward power lust.
: lived in luxury.
: took the agricultural surplus
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- little motivation for private enterprise.
• the people
: invested their ambitions in passing exams rather than expanding enterprises
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Zheng He (1405 – 1433)
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• General Zheng He
: several famous naval expedition during the early Ming dynasty.
: in 1405 his fleet of 300 ships and 27,000 men
- visited Vietnam, Siam, Java, Ceylon, and the West coast of India.
: six more such voyages in the following 24 years
- sailing all the way to Arabia and Egypt.
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• no interest in oversea expansion: Middle Kingdom: the Chinese saw no use for anything foreign
• all outlying countries : barbarians who were permitted to pay tribute to the
emperor
• expeditions brought back the news : “there wasn’t anything worthwhile beyond the seas”
• for centuries, China remained a stay-at-home country
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Why Europe did develop: free cities and bourgeois merchants
• The essential elements
1. a healthy agricultural surplus by innovation
: provided the basis on which cities and industry could grow
2. Western cities
: evolved as market centers for the exchange of agricultural surplus
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3. a class of merchants and entrepreneurs free to pursue wealth.
: more freedom to act independently of their rulers.
: their eye for profits
- motivated the voyages of discovery
: the merchants
- massive profits from their trade with the other world by the unfair terms of trade.
- it made possible the accumulation of capital to finance larger manufacturing enterprise.
- the tainted profits of conquest and of slavery in colonies added to the pile of capital.
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4. the development of a practical science: based on mathematics, experiment and mechanics.
5. the availability of markets in the colonies: encouraged the rapid development of machine
production.6. the final key to Europe’s world hegemony
: her military superiority on land as well as at sea.
“Without exploitation, the West would never have industrialized in the first place.” - Harrison
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A. Modernization Theory
• modernization theory: dominant in the 1950s and 1960s.
• the underdevelopment: posed by the Global South’ own internal characteristics
• after independence, many advocates of economic development: the former colonies
- emulate the Global North : a central belief
- all societies go through similar stages of development. (1) underdevelopment (2) take-off, and (3) modernity
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• “Washington consensus”: free markets
- bring about economic growth and wealth: create conditions for efficient production, free
enterprise, and free trade: pass through stages of development and reach “take off”: everyone would enjoy the benefits: the gap between the rich and the poor is reduced: the Global South
- similar to the Global North
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• Western Europe and the U.S.: models of development for the rest of the world
• critics: ignore specific problems and conditions in Global
South: disregard these areas’ historical, cultural, economic,
and political differences: tend to treat African, Asian, and Latin American
societies as a monolithic group
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The Great Divide in the Global Village
• critics
: historical conditions that allowed the North to do this in the 19th century do not exist now
• per capita incomes between 1970 – 1995
: in the richest one-third of countries rose by annual 1.9 %
: in the middle third went up by 0.7 %
: the bottom third no increase
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• foreign direct investment rose sevenfold between 1980 and 1997
: but little has gone to the poorest countries
: 70% between rich countries
: 8 Global South received 20%
: 100 poor nations received only 10%
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• free markets offer opportunities for all
: but opportunities do not guarantee results
• most of poor countries
: not able to take advantage of free market access
• the traditional advantage of the Global South
: in primary commodities (agriculture and minerals)
- they have shrunk from 70 % of world trade in 1900 to 20% in 1990s
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B. Dependency Theory and World System Theory• based on Marxism
: capitalism is a cause of inequality• Latin America• the relationship between the advanced
capitalism (the core) and the Global South (the periphery): exploitative
• underdevelopment: a product of the Global South’ structural
position / colonialism
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• Andre Gunder Frank • the study of chronic underdevelopment in
Latin America• dependency
: a condition of retarded economic growth - results from the Global South’
subordination - structural exploitation by the Global
North
a. Dependency theory
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• Dominance-dependence relationship between North and South
• dependent countries
: vulnerable to penetration by outside forces (MNCs, IMF, World Bank)
• Global North keeps Global South poor through
: terms of free trade and finance (international market, IMF’s loans)
: exploitation by multinational corporations (Exxon Mobil, GM etc.)
: foreign direct investment
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• share dependency theorist’s view
• Wallerstein
• core
: advanced capitalist states
: specializes in producing “advanced goods”
• periphery
: developing states
: specializes in producing commodities and low-technology goods
• semiperiphery
: states either advancing toward core (Asian Tigers) or descending to periphery
b. World System Theory
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• the relationship between the core and the periphery
: established by colonialism.
• Global South continue to be
: suppliers of raw materials
: importers of manufactured products from rich industrial countries.