ist international workshop cultural commons · “cultural commons refers to culture located in...
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WORKING PAPER NEW SERIES
CULTURAL COMMONS AND NEW CONCEPTS BEHIND UNESCO WORLD HERITAGE SITES RECOGNITION AND MANAGEMENT
Aldo Buzio and Alessio Re
Dipartimento di Economia “S. Cognetti de Martiis”
International Centre for Research on the Economics of Culture, Institutions, and Creativity
(EBLA)
Centro Studi Silvia Santagata (CSS)
Working paper No. 21/2010
Università di Torino
Ist International workshop CULTURAL COMMONSCentro Studi Silvia Santagata – EBLA, Torino, Italy
Cultural commons and new concepts behind UNESCO world heritage sites recognition and management
dott. Aldo Buzio,
PhD candidate in cultural heritage, Politecnico di Torino
PhD. , arch. Alessio Re,
researcher, Politecnico di Torino - SiTI
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“Cultural commons refers to culture located in time and space -either physical or virtual – and shared and expressed by a socially cohesive community”
The issue of this paper is to contribute to explore, from a multidisciplinary point of view, the concept of cultural commonstowards a reference to the UNESCO vision and approach about culture.
Cultural districts
World Heritage
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Que
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Structure:
Premises and purpose
Evolution of the concept of culture
World Heritage
Cultural landscapes
Cultural routes
Intangible heritage
Governance issues
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Stru
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Cultural districts
World Heritage
Governance issues
Evo
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cultu
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nd c
ultu
ral h
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From an“aesthetic”interpretation
Comprehensiveconcept: history and intangible dimension(not only material components butcultural “value”, opening to creative masterpieces
Civilization
Social inheritance
Pluralism
“The entire corpus of material signs - either artistic or symbolic – handed on by the past to each culture and, therefore, to the whole of humankind.”
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Issues / public and private ownership:
-Conservation
- Fruibility
-Regolamentation of ownership rights
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Egypt: The Al-Sirah Al-HilaliyyahEpic
Wor
ld H
erita
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CCThe World Heritage List includes 890 properties forming part of the cultural and natural heritage which the World Heritage Committee considers as having outstandinguniversal value.These include 689 cultural, 176 natural and 25 mixed properties in 148 StatesParties. As of April 2009, 186 States Parties have ratified the Convention.
EVOLUTION OF NUMBER OF STATES PARTIES BY REGION (1973–2006)
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Cha
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eO
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2005 Complete revision, i.e. among others, combination of culturaland natural criteria
1998 Inclusion of “Groups of Buildings” (e.g. Towns, Historic City Centres)
1994 Inclusion of “Cultural Landscapes“ category
1978 First Operational Guidelines and first inscriptions(Aachen Cathedral, City of Quito, Cracow's Historic Centre, Galápagos Islands, Island of Gorée, L’Anse aux Meadows National Historic Site, Mesa Verde National Park, Nahanni National Park, Rock-Hewn Churches, Lalibela, Simien National Park, Wieliczka Salt Mine,Yellowstone National Park
CC1972 Setting up of the Convention
2006 Vilnius balance in representation of wh:- Limit the number of nominations- Transboundary ( joint custody)- Underregistered- Natural sites- Serial nominations
2002 Budapest declaration: 5 C: credibility, (effective) conservation, communication, capacity buiding., community……..
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2007 The “5th C”: community involvement
Belfries from Belgium and France
Struve Geodetic Arcs (Byelorussia, Estonia, Finland, Leetonia, Lithuania, Norway, Moldavia, Russia, Sweden, Ukraine)
Great attention is paid to the "cultural landscapes" and to the relationships that can be developed between cultural heritage belonging to different countries, sharing a specific characteristic.
The serial sites UNESCO group a certain number of punctual architectural emergencies of historic city centers or cities, natural sites linked by one or more common characteristics.
UNESCO tends to include into the WHL those sites that show the relationship between territory and man presence, as well as man and nature
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Jesuit Missions of the Guaranis(Argentina and Brazil)
Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras Since 2002 on the List of World Heritage in Danger
CCThere exist a great variety of Landscapes that are representative of the different regions ofthe world. Combined works of nature and humankind, they express a long and intimate relationship between peoples and their natural environment.Certain sites reflect specific techniques of land use that guarantee and sustain biological diversity. Others, associated in the minds of the communities with powerful beliefs and artistic and traditionalcustoms, embody an exceptional spiritual relationship of people with nature.To reveal and sustain the great diversity of the interactions between humans and their environment, to protect living traditional cultures and preserve the traces of those which have disappeared, thesesites, called cultural landscapes, have been inscribed on the World Heritage List.Cultural landscapes testify to the creative genius, social development and the imaginative and spiritual vitality of humanity. They are part of our collective identity.
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Cul
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• Cultural routes are based on an array of important points and tangible elements that attest to the
significance of the route itself• Cultural routes necessarily include a number of
material elements and objects linked to other values of an intangible nature by the connecting
thread of a civilizing process of decisive importance at a given time in history for a particular society or
group
ROUTES AS PART OF OUR CULTURAL HERITAGE
REPORT ON THE MEETING OF EXPERTS MADRID 24-25 NOVEMBER 1994
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Camino de Santiago de Compostela (France/Spain)
Incense route (Israel)
Silver route (Spain)
Camino delle Ande
Silk road
Cul
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Cul
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tes:
tang
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herit
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Cul
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tes:
mat
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Slave route
Vikings
Nar
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Crusades
Leipzig
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Nar
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earli
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Bah
rain
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A notion that emerges only gradually, because of:- The ‘Eurocentric’ nature of the World Heritage concept hence the World Heritage List is
necessarily skewed to Europe and North America- Growing ‘culturalism’ across the world and the need for representation and international
prestige in circles such as UNESCO…- Anxieties about the accelerated corrosion of ‘traditional culture’ as a consequence of
globalization- ‘Cultural diversity’
• Convention 2003 (Adopted: October 2003)• Open for ratification since November 2003• Entered into force: 20 April 2006
“Cultural heritage is not limited to material manifestations, such as monuments and objects that have been preserved over time. This notion also encompasses living expressions and the traditions that countless groups and communities worldwide have inherited from their ancestors and transmit to their descendants, in most cases orally.”
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- Representative List of the ICH of Humanity- List of the ICH in Need of Urgent Safeguarding
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-‘the practices, representations,
expressions, knowledge, skills…as well as the instruments, objects, artefacts and cultural
spaces associated therewith – that
communities, groups and, in some cases, individuals,
recognise as part of their cultural heritage’
(Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage,
adopted by the General Conference of UNESCO on 17 October 2003)
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(Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage)
Defining intangible cultural heritage, the UNESCO Convention (art. 2) liststhe domains in which intangible cultural heritage manifests itself:“(a) oral traditions and expressions, including language as a vehicle of theintangible cultural heritage;(b) performing arts;(c) social practices, rituals and festive events;(d) knowledge and practices concerning nature and the universe;(e) traditional craftsmanship”and makes reference to“... the practices, representations, expressions, knowledge, skills – as well asthe instruments, objects, artefacts and cultural spaces associated therewith –that communities, groups and, in some cases, individuals recognize as part oftheir cultural heritage.”
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The Tradition of Vedic ChantingInscribed in 2008 on the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity (originally proclaimed in 2003)Country: India
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The Canto a tenore, Sardinian Pastoral SongsInscribed in 2008
Country: Italy
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The Dragon Boat festivalInscribed in 2009 on the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of HumanityCountry: China
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Where were these photos shot?
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Cultural commons have soft physical boundaries and could be in different spaces
Is that authentic for UNESCO?
A sort of carrying capacity could be easily overlapped, compromising the fragile equilibrium between traditions and local community.
Safeguarding the intangible heritage because negative effects on it are not reversible, once the tradition is compromised it will be almost impossible to move back.
The active involvement of the local community is essential for guaranteeing a sustainable use of the resource.
Federazione Italiana Dragon Boat
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The TangoInscribed in 2009Countries: Argentina - Uruguay
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The Samba de Roda of the Recôncavoof BahiaInscribed in 2008Country: Brazil
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Traditional Li textile techniques: spinning, dyeing, weaving and embroideringInscribed in 2009 on the TheList of Intangible Cultural Heritage in Need of UrgentSafeguardingCountry: China
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Safeguarding intangible cultural heritageof Aymara communities in Bolivia, Chile and PeruSelected in 2009 on the Register ofsafeguarding programmes, projects and activities (Article 18)
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Traditional manufacturing of children’s wooden toys in Hrvatsko ZagorjeInscribed in 2009 on the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage ofHumanity
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Lefkara laces or LefkaritikaInscribed in 2009 on the Representative List of
the Intangible Cultural Heritage of HumanityCountry: Cyprus
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Traditions and practices associated to the Kayas in the sacred forests of the Mijikenda
Inscribed in 2009Country: Kenya
Sacred Mijikenda Kaya ForestsDate of Inscription: 2008Criteria: (iii)(v)(vi)
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Medina of MarrakeshDate of Inscription: 1985Criteria: (i)(ii)(iv)(v)
The Cultural Space of Jemaa el-Fna SquareInscribed in 2008Country: Morocco
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The Cultural Space of the Bedu in Petra and WadiRumInscribed in 2008Country: Jordan
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Novruz, Nowrouz, Nooruz, Navruz, Nauroz, NevruzInscribed in 2009Countries: Azerbaijan - India - Iran (Islamic Republic of) - Kyrgyzstan - Uzbekistan -Pakistan - Turkey
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Vanuatu Sand DrawingsInscribed in 2008 on the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage ofHumanity (originally proclaimed in 2003)Country: Vanuatu
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The Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras
The Hudhud Chants ofthe Ifugao people
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Governance & Management : which objective??
Heritage and culture are powerful resources for community development and empowerment, which can be used in cost-effective projects with a high rate of success and sustainability. evidence from all overthe world indicates that exploitation of material cultural resources, is apromising strategy for economicdevelopment.
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tGoal of transmitting the CC from one generation to the next
Management plans providing a framework fordecision-making and participation in monitoringactivities
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as an object of knowledge and recognitionas an interpretative key
as a tool for managementas a public policies subject
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A huge number of issues have come to the fore and require to be explored
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