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5/10/2018 1 MODULE 4: ETHICAL/LEGAL ISSUES IN PEDIATRIC PALLIATIVE CARE Pediatric Curriculum Pediatric Ethics in Pediatric Palliative Care What ought to be Determining the best course of action Ethical issues are inevitable Societal changes Pediatric Nurse’s Role in Addressing Ethical Issues Promoting familycentered care Respecting preferences Role models of clinical proficiency, integrity, and compassion Balancing competing objectives

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Page 1: ISSUES IN PEDIATRIC PALLIATIVE CARE - Mercy Online · 2018-05-10 · 5/10/2018 1 MODULE 4: ETHICAL/LEGAL ISSUES IN PEDIATRIC PALLIATIVE CARE Pediatric Curriculum Pediatric Ethics

5/10/2018

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MODULE 4:ETHICAL/LEGAL ISSUES IN PEDIATRIC PALLIATIVE CARE

Pediatric Curriculum

Pediatric

Ethics in Pediatric Palliative Care

What ought to be

Determining the best course of action

Ethical issues are inevitable

Societal changes

Pediatric

Nurse’s Role in Addressing Ethical Issues

Promoting family‐centered care

Respecting preferences

Role models of clinical proficiency, integrity, and compassion

Balancing competing objectives

Page 2: ISSUES IN PEDIATRIC PALLIATIVE CARE - Mercy Online · 2018-05-10 · 5/10/2018 1 MODULE 4: ETHICAL/LEGAL ISSUES IN PEDIATRIC PALLIATIVE CARE Pediatric Curriculum Pediatric Ethics

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Pediatric

Standards of Professional Nursing Practice

ANA Code of Ethics

Nurse Practice Act

Standards for professional organizations

Pediatric

Issues of Decision‐Making and Communication

Capacity

Consent

Children are “legally” capable of giving consent at age 18

Confidentiality

Assent

Disclosure 

Pediatric

Assent: Duties of Healthcare Providers

Assist the child to develop an awareness of the nature of the illness.

Disclose the nature of the treatment, what the child is likely to experience.

Assess the child’s understanding of the situation and forces influencing their response.

Solicit a willingness to undertake the proposed treatment.

Jones et al., 2015

Page 3: ISSUES IN PEDIATRIC PALLIATIVE CARE - Mercy Online · 2018-05-10 · 5/10/2018 1 MODULE 4: ETHICAL/LEGAL ISSUES IN PEDIATRIC PALLIATIVE CARE Pediatric Curriculum Pediatric Ethics

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Pediatric

Disclosure

Previous belief in not discussing diagnosis

Explore reasons for not disclosing

The CHILD’S right not to know 

Hinds et al., 2015

Pediatric

Ethical Dilemmas

Prolongation of life

Curative intent

Acute therapeutic care

Life sustaining treatments (LST)

Jonsen et al., 2015; 

Prince‐Paul & Daly, 2015

Pediatric

Ethical Dilemmas (cont)

Redirection of care (toward comfort)

NOT withholding or withdrawing 

Balancing benefits and burdens

Expected benefit does not outweigh burdens, risks and disadvantages.

Redirection of care is not withdrawal of care

Page 4: ISSUES IN PEDIATRIC PALLIATIVE CARE - Mercy Online · 2018-05-10 · 5/10/2018 1 MODULE 4: ETHICAL/LEGAL ISSUES IN PEDIATRIC PALLIATIVE CARE Pediatric Curriculum Pediatric Ethics

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Pediatric

Ethical Dilemmas (cont)

Redirection of care

Pediatric

Ethical Dilemmas (cont)

Do Not Resuscitate (DNR)‐ considered obsolete?

Do Not Attempt Resuscitation (DNAR)

Allow Natural Death (AND)

Medical Futility

DNI/DNR ≠ Do Not Treat 

Pediatric

Ethical Dilemmas (cont)

Futility

Defined in terms of the goals of care.

– “the unacceptably low chance of achieving a therapeutic benefit for the patient

Futility is not a conclusion but a signal that it is time for a difficult discussion.

Page 5: ISSUES IN PEDIATRIC PALLIATIVE CARE - Mercy Online · 2018-05-10 · 5/10/2018 1 MODULE 4: ETHICAL/LEGAL ISSUES IN PEDIATRIC PALLIATIVE CARE Pediatric Curriculum Pediatric Ethics

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Pediatric

Ethical Dilemmas (cont)

Assisted death

Euthanasia 

Hastening death Principle of double effect 

Pediatric

Principle of Double Effect

An ethically permissible effect can be allowed, even if the ethically undesirable one will inevitably follow.

Clash of values/principles

Nonmalficence: do not hasten death

Beneficence: provide comfort, alleviate suffering 

Pediatric

Issues of Justice in Palliative Care

Provision of quality palliative care

Costs of palliative care

Page 6: ISSUES IN PEDIATRIC PALLIATIVE CARE - Mercy Online · 2018-05-10 · 5/10/2018 1 MODULE 4: ETHICAL/LEGAL ISSUES IN PEDIATRIC PALLIATIVE CARE Pediatric Curriculum Pediatric Ethics

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Pediatric

Research In Pediatric Care

Is research appropriate?

Informed consent

National Commission for Protection of Human 

Subjects

Pediatric

Facilitating Ethical and Legal Practice

The Four Box Method

Jonsen et al., 2015

Quality of Life

Medical Indications

Contextual Features

Patient Preferences

Pediatric

Medical Indications

Indications for and against the intervention

Interdisciplinary team input

Medical specialists

Reflect the goals of care

Common ethical dilemmas

Page 7: ISSUES IN PEDIATRIC PALLIATIVE CARE - Mercy Online · 2018-05-10 · 5/10/2018 1 MODULE 4: ETHICAL/LEGAL ISSUES IN PEDIATRIC PALLIATIVE CARE Pediatric Curriculum Pediatric Ethics

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Pediatric

Child and Family Preferences

Parents as moral and legal agents 

Determine relevant weight of parenteral preferences and child’s best interest

Principle of respect for persons

Autonomy, privacy, veracity

Assess child/family understanding

POLST

Pediatric

Advance Care Planning

Promote ongoing conversations with patient, family and team.

Cultural, ethnic, and age‐related differences

Interdisciplinary

Child Life Specialists, Social Work Workers, Chaplains

My Wishes™/Voicing My Choice ™

Pediatric

Quality of Life (QOL)

Evaluation of prior QOL

Expected QOL with and without treatment

Common ethical dilemmas addressing QOL

Jonsen et al., 2015

Page 8: ISSUES IN PEDIATRIC PALLIATIVE CARE - Mercy Online · 2018-05-10 · 5/10/2018 1 MODULE 4: ETHICAL/LEGAL ISSUES IN PEDIATRIC PALLIATIVE CARE Pediatric Curriculum Pediatric Ethics

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Pediatric

Contextual Features

Social, legal, economic and institutional circumstances

Typically involve issues of justice

Common ethical dilemmas

Jonsen et al., 2015

Pediatric

Managing Disagreement

Intra‐Family

Parent‐child conflict, Parent‐Parent

Family‐physician

Physician‐nurse

Minors

Legal issues, etc.

Pediatric

Parental Insistence on Treatment

Page 9: ISSUES IN PEDIATRIC PALLIATIVE CARE - Mercy Online · 2018-05-10 · 5/10/2018 1 MODULE 4: ETHICAL/LEGAL ISSUES IN PEDIATRIC PALLIATIVE CARE Pediatric Curriculum Pediatric Ethics

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Pediatric

Organizational Ethics & Legal Practices

Organizational ethics

Ethics committees and consultation

Education

Policy development

Case consultation

Pediatric

Preventative Ethics 

Early identification of issues

Know the natural history illnesses

Solicit patient/family wishes

Cultural and spiritual assessment

Communication skills 

Pediatric

Moral Distress 

Feeling distressed:when a practitioner feels certain of the ethical course of action but is constrained from taking action.

Hamric & Blackhall, 2007

due to situations that involve ethical dimensions, and when the individual feels s/he is not able to preserve all interests and values at stake..

Kalvemark et al., 2004 

Page 10: ISSUES IN PEDIATRIC PALLIATIVE CARE - Mercy Online · 2018-05-10 · 5/10/2018 1 MODULE 4: ETHICAL/LEGAL ISSUES IN PEDIATRIC PALLIATIVE CARE Pediatric Curriculum Pediatric Ethics

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Pediatric

Common Causes of Moral Distress 

Clinical situations

Unnecessary treatment, inadequate informed consent, incompetent providers

Factors internal to caregiver

Perceived powerlessness, lack of knowledge about alternatives, fear of reprisals

External factors in the situation

Work environment/culture, legal/regulatory issues, co‐worker issues

Whitehead et al., 2015 

Pediatric

Significance of Moral Distres 

For Nurses

Physical and Emotional symptoms 

Loss of capacity for caring

For Patients

Inconsistent and less attentive care

For Organizations

Employee dissatisfaction, increase turnover

Kuoppala et al., 2008; Sauerland, et al., 2015

Pediatric

AACN’S 4 A’s Model

ASK

ACT AFFIRM

ASSESS

healthy work

environment

Sherman, 2012

Page 11: ISSUES IN PEDIATRIC PALLIATIVE CARE - Mercy Online · 2018-05-10 · 5/10/2018 1 MODULE 4: ETHICAL/LEGAL ISSUES IN PEDIATRIC PALLIATIVE CARE Pediatric Curriculum Pediatric Ethics

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Pediatric

ASK

Am I feeling distressed or showing signs of suffering?

Am I observing symptoms of distress within my team?

Have coworkers, friends, or family members noticed these signs and behaviors in me?

GOAL:  You are aware of moral distress

Pediatric

AFFIRM

Your distress

Commitment to take care of yourself

Validate your feelings and perceptions 

Professional obligation to act

GOAL:  You make a commitment to address moral distress (don’t ignore it)

Pediatric

ASSESS

What is the source of the distress?

Determine the severity.

Contemplate your readiness to act.

The 4 R’s

Relevance, risks, rewards, roadblocks

GOAL:  You establish an action plan

Page 12: ISSUES IN PEDIATRIC PALLIATIVE CARE - Mercy Online · 2018-05-10 · 5/10/2018 1 MODULE 4: ETHICAL/LEGAL ISSUES IN PEDIATRIC PALLIATIVE CARE Pediatric Curriculum Pediatric Ethics

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Pediatric

ACT

Anticipate setbacks

Maintain desired change

Continue to evaluate

GOAL:  You preserve your integrity and authenticity

Pediatric

Moral Distress Thermometer 

Wocial et al., 2010; Wocial & Weaver, 2013

Pediatric

Dealing with Moral Distress

Self awarenessSelf careFocus on changes in the work environment that preserve moral integrity.Three levels of intervention:  Patient careUnit/team cultureOrganization

Page 13: ISSUES IN PEDIATRIC PALLIATIVE CARE - Mercy Online · 2018-05-10 · 5/10/2018 1 MODULE 4: ETHICAL/LEGAL ISSUES IN PEDIATRIC PALLIATIVE CARE Pediatric Curriculum Pediatric Ethics

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Pediatric

Conclusion

Engage in a process of ethical discernment

Apply principles of ethics 

Use ethical process to seek balance in decision‐making

Advocate for children and families