introduction to open standards
TRANSCRIPT
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Arun Singh
CIT, UPES
Introduction to Open Standards
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Introduction to Standards
In the early 18th century an English civil and
mechanical engineer, George Stephenson
designed the first public railway. He used a gauge
of 4 feet 8 and half inches.
An American Engineer named Walton W. Evanspursued to find the measurement of Roman
chariots and converted to inches and found that
they were 4 feet 9 inches this is slightly more than
the gauge. This was confirmed by archaeologistlater.
Over the years 4 feet 8 and half inches has
become a gauge standard in railways. From then
on to this day it has become a standard gauge formost railwa s across the world.
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Types of Standards
Broadly standards are classified into 2 types
namely;
De facto standard
De jure Standard
De facto Standard
De facto in Latin it means, in practice,
therefore, this is a standard that has been widely
accepted and has a dominant position in the
market. Mostly these standards are empirical,
meaning they are derived from facts and also
adopted early in the market.
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system keyboard layout has remained the samefrom the typewriters era. The typewriter keys
were placed in specific format to avoid adjacentkeys jamming into each other.
De jure standard
De jure Standards are developed by standardbodies, professional organisation or a consortiumof companies using well defined process. Thestandards developed under this type will strongly
abide by the following attributes-
Openness - Free participation
Process Transparency Fair development
process
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Below are the few examples of ISO (International
standard Organisation) standard;
ISO 8124-1:2000 Safety aspects relating to
mechanical and physical properties
ISO 5775 international standard for the size ofbicycle tires and rims
Many a times De facto standards become de jure
standards, especially which have been in use forlonger period of time. For example railway
gauges.
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Open Standard
Open means, non-secretive. Which means its
available for public knowledge.
A standard is like a blueprint. It provides guidelines
to anyone who wants to follow the specification to
build a product.
Standards are developed to make things work as
the same way even though they are made by
different manufactures.
Open Standards are publicly available
documents that contain implementable
specifications (Wikipedia).
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For example, when we buy a telephone we do notworry about telephone plug and the jack because
we are sure it works.All the telephones manufactured by differenttelephone companies will have the same plug as astandard.
Telephone industries have a blueprint for jack andplug which are mandatory and are followed by allthe telephone manufacturers.
No single vendor can change this standard.
The traffic signaling system is a example of Openstandard, the rules of the road, and bulbetc.Virtue of openness brings in interoperability and
interchange-ability.
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Attributes of Open Standard
Accessibility-Open Standard should be available
for everyone.
No Royalty Fee - No royalty charges to use the
open standard specification to build a product.
Unbiased - Not biased to a particular implementer
open standard is one that exercises openness indevelopment, openness in implementation, and
openness in use.
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Openness in Development: Anyone can
participate in developing the Open standard and
without regard to any external influences likegovernment, credentials etc.
There is no joining fee for the membership.
The procedure followed during the development
will be absolutely transparent. During the course of
development the entire document should be made
available to public.
Openness in Implementation: Once the openstandard is developed with all the specification it
should be made available to all, including vendor
and general public.
There is no fee for obtaining this specification.S ecification share should be same across all the
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Openness in Use: To take the full advantage ofopenness, the implementation should be
interoperable between multiple vendors.
This not only benefits users but also encourage
innovation. Due to the openness and availabilityacross multiple vendors users will have better
service.
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Closed Standard
Closed standards generally are not developed byconsortiums but mostly by single company.
The specifications for these standards are not open
for public viewing. As this is limited to single
company, it completely controls the developmentand maintenance of the standard.
This leads to vendor lock-in. Sometimes when
customers want to adopt newer technologies they
are limited by the availability of that technology withthe vendor, even if its available it might cost him
dearer.
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Closed in Development: All the developmentprocess and specification is not available for
others to review and change.As everything is veiled to the outside world, otherswill never know if there are any deviation withprocedure and process followed.
A completely closed development process alsohas no transparency, Meeting proceedings andintra-company electronic discussions are notpublished and do not become part of a publicrecord.
Closed in Implementation: The closeddeveloped product is not available for others toimplement. Ifits a intellectual property then all therights are reserved.
Due to closed specification other vendors cannot
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Closed in Use: Customers are locked into a
single vendor and many a times they end up
buying other peripheral products from the same
vendor.
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Summary
To summarize this chapter, we saw types of standards
and their attributes. We also looked into open and
closed standards and their characteristics.
The below figure depicts the relationships between the
various standards. It should be noted that De facto
standard can be both Open and closed. However a De
Jure standard can only be Open.
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Examples:
As described in the beginning of this chapter, the railroad gauge and keyboard layout are classic examplesof an Open
De facto standard.
Microsoft word is one of the best known Closed Defacto standard for word processors.
Power supplied to homes are regulated by localGovernment and specifications are available for theimplementers which is an Open De jure Standard.
A De jure standard is developed by groups and theirspecifications are available for vendors to implement.This cannot be a closed standard.