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Introduction

Anatomy

Structure

Definition: to cut apart

Physiology

Function

The study of the integrated functions of the body

The functions of all its parts (systems, organs, tissues, and cells)

Orientation

Dorsal/Ventral

Cranial/Caudal

Proximal/Distal

Medial/Lateral

Superficial/Deep

Common Anatomy Terms

Macroscopic Anatomy (gross) - study of the form and relative

positions of the structures of the body which can be seen with the

unaided eye.

Microscopic Anatomy - study of tissues and cells that can only be

seen with the aid of a microscope.

Comparative Anatomy- study of the structures of various speciesof animals with emphasis on characteristics that aid in

classification.

Osteo = Bones

Arthro = Joints

Splanch = Digestive, Respiratory, Urinary, Resproductive

Endo = Hormone

Angio = Blood Vessels

Derma = Integumentary (Skin)Cardio = Heart

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The Big Picture: Systems

Skeletal

Muscular

Digestive

RespiratoryUrinary

Reproductive

Endocrine

Nervous and Sensory

Cardiovascular

Integumentary

The Small Picture: Microanatomy

Cellular anatomy reviewCytoplasm

Nucleus

Cell membrane

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Tissues

Epithelial

Cover the surface of the body

Line body cavities

Form glands

ConnectiveHold structures together

Muscle

Specialized in contraction

Nervous

Specialized in communication

Specialized Cells

In animals, cells are usually specialized to perform one or more of

the functions of the animal body.System

Urinary tract

Organ

Kidney

Tissue

Connective tissue

Cells

Loop of HenleEmbryology

Epithelial Tissue

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Simple

One-cell layer thick

Squamous

Cuboidal

Columnar

Stratified

Many layers

Many cells in thickness

Stratified: Columnar

Pharynx

Salivary ducts

Stratified: Transitional

Must be able to stretchUrinary bladder

Stratified: Squamous

Skin

Hooves

Upper GI tract

Layers:

Stratum basale

Stratum spinosum

Stratum granulosum

Stratum corneum

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Pseudostratified

Columnar Cells

Cylindrical

Vary in length

Appearance of more than one layer

Upper respiratory tract

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Glandular Epithelial Cells

Specialized for secretion and excretion

Endocrine

No ducts

Produce hormones

Circulate in the bloodstream

Exocrine

Have ducts

Empty on to an epithelial surface

Glands in the Horse's Skin

Connective Tissue

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Function:

Connects other tissues

Give form and strength

Elastic Tissue

Contain kinked fibers that regain their original shape after being

stretched

Collagenous Tissue

Has remarkable tensile strength

Fibroblasts produce long proteinaceous fibbers of collagen

Regular, irregular, and loose

Reticular Tissue

Fine fibrils and cells

Makes up framework for endocrine and lymphatic organs

Adipose Tissue

Also known as fat

White fat

Brown fat (hibernating fat - found in neonatal foals)

Adipocytes store fat as inclusions within the cell

Cartilage

Firmer than fibrous tissue but not as hard as bone

Chondrocytes

Three types

Hyaline

Elastic

Fibrous

Bone

Bone is produced by osteoblasts

Osteoid tissue becomes calcified

Arrangements:

Cancellous

Spongy

Compact

Laminated cylinders

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