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Internet:Past, present, future

C. PhamUniversité de Pau et des Pays de l’Adour

Département Informatiquehttp://www.univ-pau.fr/~cpham

Congduc.Pham@univ-pau.fr

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Internet usage: e-mail…

Convenient wayto communicatein an informalmanner

Attachmentsas a easy wayto exchangedata files,images…

myresults.dat

Introduction

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…and surfing the web

A truerevolution forrapid access toinformation

Increasingnumber of apps: e-science, e-commerce,

B2B, B2C, e-training, e-

learning, e-tourism …

NEWS

Latest data indicate thatInternet is used by more than1 billion people worldwide!

This represents only 15.7% ofthe total population making

room for much more Internetusers in a near future.

Source www.internetworldstats.com

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The big-bang of the Internet

Introduction

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# Internet host

Introduction

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www.web-the-big-bang.org

Introduction

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A user’s perspective of theInternet

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Internet, in reality...

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Why this presentation?

Ethernet (fast, GE)Token RingToken BusFDDI

X25, FR, ATM, SONET/SDHIP

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Hop-by-hop routing

R3

A

B

C

R1

R2

R4 D

E

FR5

R5FR3ER3DNext HopDestination

DD

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IP-based routing

R3

A

B

C

R1

R2

R4 D

E

FR5

R5FR3ER3DNext HopDestination

D

D DD

16 3241

Data

Options (if any)

Destination AddressSource Address

Header ChecksumProtocolTTL

Fragment OffsetFlagsFragment ID

Total Packet LengthT.ServiceHLenVer

20 b

ytes

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General router architectureLookup

IP AddressUpdateHeader

Header Processing

AddressTable

LookupIP Address

UpdateHeader

Header Processing

AddressTable

LookupIP Address

UpdateHeader

Header Processing

AddressTable

Data Hdr

Data Hdr

Data Hdr

BufferManager

BufferMemory

BufferManager

BufferMemory

BufferManager

BufferMemory

Data Hdr

Data Hdr

Data Hdr

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Towards all IP

From Jim KuroseIntroduction

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A whole new world for IP

Introduction

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The optical revolution!

Introduction

2x / 18 months2x / 7 months

Source « Optical fibers for Ultra-Large CapacityTransmission » by J. Grochocinski

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DWDM, bandwidth for free?DWDM: Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing

< 0,1 nm

2Gbps10Gbps

10, 40, 160 Gbps are available!Introduction

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The information highwaysTruck of tapes

Example from A. Tanenbaum, slide from Cees De Laat

1600 Gbyte/s

5PByteDWDM

320λ40Gbps

Introduction

NEWS of Dec 15th, 2004

A throughput of 1.28 Tbits/s hasbeen achieved on a 430kmsregular monomode fiber betweenFrance Telecom and DeutschTelecom using 8 DWDMchannels (EU project TOPRATE)

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Fibers everywhere?

offices

campus

residentials

Network Providermetro ring

Network Provider

FTTHFTTCFTTP

Core40, 160 Gbps

InternetDataCenter

2.5Gbps

1GbpsGigaEth

10Gbps

10Gbps2.5Gbps

Introduction

NEWS of Dec 15th, 2004

Verizon and SBC aredeploying large optical fiber

infrastructures in the USusing FTTC or FTTP

scenario

NEWS of May 31st, 2005

US Fiber-to-the-home(FTTH) installations havegrown 83% since October2004, now reaching 398communities in 43 states

Verizon is on track to passthree million homes withfiber by the end of 2005

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Optical Fiber or Microwave Link MUXPDH/SDH

Digitalswitch

MUXPDH/SDH

Digitalswitch

n*30*64 Kb/s

n*2048 Kb/s

STM-1 : 155.520 Mb/sSTM-4 : 622.080 Mb/sSTM-16 : 2488.320 Mb/s

SDH :

SONET/SDH in the core95% of exploited OF use SONET/SDH

STS: Synchronous Transport System

STM:Synchronous Transport Module

OC:Optical Carrier

Introduction

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The SONET frame

Basic frame length is 810 bytes (TDM) Sent every 125us, raw throughput of 51.84 Mbits/s (STS-1) Better seen as a block with 90 colomns and 9 lines

90 Bytes90 BytesOr Or ““ColumnsColumns””

99RowsRows

Section Overhead (SOH)

Line Overhead (LOH)Path Overhead (POH)

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SONET/SDH transportnetwork infrastructure

SONET/SDH now offersNative Ethernet interfaceGeneric Framing ProcedureVirtual Concatenation

Add Drop Multiplexer

rings

rings

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SONET/SDH and resiliency

SONET/SDH has built-in fault-tolerant featureswith multiple rings

Ex: simple case

DCS(Digital Cross-Connects)

Healing timeless than 50ms

Introduction

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High availability inSONET/SDH networks

Found in most operators’ networksbi-directional

Introduction

SDH RingsThe Worldcom Belgian Network

065

060

064

071

057

069

056

051

058

059050

068

055

054

053

067

02

09 052

03

061

082

084

083

085

063

086080

010

081

016

019

011015

014

04

012

087

089013

WCOM POP

WCOM POP

WCOM POP

WCOM POP

WCOM POP

WCOM POP

WCOM POP

WCOM POP

WCOM POP

WCOM POP

LUXEMBOURG

Example: IP NetworksRouter

1.2

1.4

1.3 1.1

2.1

3.3

3.24.1

4.3

4.2

5.2

2.2

2.3

6.1

6.2

5.35.1

7.17.2

6.3

Directly linked Routers

General Purpose SDH Networks

PABX PABX

SONET/SDH now offersNative Ethernet interfaceGeneric Framing ProcedureVirtual Concatenation

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High Performance Routers

©cisco

©Juniper

©Procket Networks

©N

orte

l Net

wor

ks

©Alcatel©Lucent

and more…

IP packet

IP packet

Introduction

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0.351.493.131.01GE

14.1259.5212540.0OC7682002-03

3.5314.8831.2510.0OC1922000-01

0.883.727.812.5OC481999-00

0.220.921.940.622OC121998-99

0.0540.230.480.155OC31997-98

354B(Mpps)

84B(Mpps)

40B(Mpps)

Linerate(Gbps)

LineYear

Performance constraints At gigabit rate, millions of packets must be routed

per seconds!

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D

B

A CF

E

Operator’s infrastructure Backbones are optical: OC48 (2.5Gbps), OC192

(10Gbps), OC768 (40Gbps), OC3072(160Gbps) New technologies deployed by operators, POPs

available worldwide

Introduction

From backbone to metro

Example: CDNs

From Alcatel

Example: video broadcasting

From Alcatel

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The new networks

vBNSAbileneSUPERNETDRENCA*NETGEANTDATATAG…much more to come!

Introduction

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GEANT

Introduction

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video-conferencingvideo-on-demandinteractive TV programsremote archival systemstele-medecinevirtual reality, immersion systemshigh-performance computing, gridsdistributed interactive simulations

New applications on theinformation highways

Think about…

Introduction

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Computational grids

user application

from Dorian Arnold: Netsolve Happenings

1PFlops

Virtually unlimited resources

Introduction

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Real-time interactive large-scale scientific collaborations

Multimodality brain mapping

Large data transfersrequire very high bandwidth

require the ability to process, share,and interactively visualize multiple100Gbytes datasets!

Today, to visualize and explore eight3D images require 64Gb/s !

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Wide-area interactivesimulations

human in the loopflight simulator

airport simulator

display computer-basedplane simulator

INTERNET

Interactive applicationsrequire low latencies

(x,y,z,t)

Introduction