international regulatory trends sector specific independent regulators separate from line ministries...
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International Regulatory Trends
• Sector specific independent regulators separate from line ministries
• Competition authorities have been given an enhanced role in the communication sector
• Some countries are beginning to look at integration of regulatory institutions because of convergence
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Two ways to insure regulatory independence
• Full privatization of the incumbent• Establish a regulator that is separate from
industry and from the Ministry or other governmental department with ownership share in incumbent
• Driven by– WTO– EU directive
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Competition authority
• Main responsibility to deal with anti-competitive behaviors like mergers, cartels, predatory pricing
• Not given major responsibility for telecom regulation– Takes action after the fact—need rules in place to
prevent anti-competitive actions
– Social features of regulation don’t fit with competition rules
– Lack of professional knowledge specific to the industry
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Relationship between competition authority and regulatory body
• Authority to competition authority—NZ• Authority to regulatory body to apply competition
rules—rare; UK as an example (OFCOM)• Coordination mechanisms—Switzerland,
Germany, France, Portugal, Denmark, Sweden, Mexico, Spain have official rules in place for coordination and or consultation
• Nothing formal in US, Canada, Japan
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Regulatory responses to competition
• Asymmetrical regulation of dominant carriers
• Forbearance for non-dominant carriers
• Self-regulation (Australia’s Communications Industry Forum sets technical standards, etc.); OFCOM in the UK able to allow self-regulation in any area
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Convergence
• Cable operators allowed to provide full PSTN services in 21 OECD countries; allowed in EU since January 1998
• Move toward horizontal regulatory approach – US, Canada, Japan, Switzerland, UK, and Italy
have same regulator for telecom and broadcasting
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Status of regulator in 29 OECD countries
• 22 countries with regulator structurally separate from Ministry
• Mexico and Czech Republic have functionally separate regulatory body within Ministry
• Japan, Korea, Turkey have regulatory body that is still part of Ministry
• New Zealand had no sector specific regulatory body—only the Kiwi Share Obligations on Telecom New Zealand—until April 2002—created a Telecom Commissioner within the Commerce Commission
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Measures of regulatory independence
• Is it separate from Ministry?• Who appoints the head of the regulatory body?
Are terms guaranteed? What is structure of decision making within the regulatory body?
• To whom does regulator report• How is it financed• Can decisions be overturned, other than by the
courts?• How does the regulator recruit employees?
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Reporting
• Most popular is reporting to Ministry
• Reporting to legislature (Austria, Germany, US)
• Some countries have no reporting requirements except issuance of annual report
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Financing
• Fees used by 15 OECD countries
• Ireland, Spain, Luxembourg, and Sweden have a levy on operators
• Some countries use a combination of fees and government appropriations
• Australia and France have full financing by government appropriation
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Appointment and make-up of regulator
• In most OECD countries, head(s) of regulatory body appointed by Minister or President
• Decision making authority in 22 OECD countries is either a single person, or collegiate body which decides by simple majority– Belgium, Czech Rep, Denmark, Germany, Hungary,
Iceland, Ireland, Luxembourg, Norway and UK have one person
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Ability to overturn regulatory decisions (other than courts)
• Most OECD countries, none• Can be over-ruled in six countries:
– Canada, Hungary, Mexico given ministry or cabinet power to overturn decisions
– Denmark—Telecom Complains and Telecom Consumer Boards can overturn
– Norway—Telecom Appeals and Advisory Board and Ministry of Labour and Governmental Affairs
– UK—Monopolies and Mergers Commission
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Regulatory responsibilities
• Approval of mergers—competition authority• Licensing—either ministry or regulator; growing
tendency for regulator to do so• Interconnection—mostly regulators• Spectrum management and allocation—seems to
be shared between ministry and regulator• Numbering—planning done by either ministries or
regulators; allocation done mostly be regulators
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Trends in pricing and tariffing approval
• Increasing use of price cap regulation• Mostly applied to incumbent, or to carriers with
market power; mostly applied to basic voice services
• Finland, Iceland, Luxembourg have no specific telecom pricing regulation
• In Australia, the competition authority regulates the incumbent through price cap regulation
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More Trends
• Universal Service– Framework in place through telecom law
• Not in Czech Republic, Finland, Hungary, New Zealand, Ireland
– Incumbent responsibility• UK, Norway, Spain, Iceland, Mexico, Sweden
– Shared responsibility—regulator determines cost and the cost allocation among telecom operators
• Service Quality– Monitoring done by regulator in most instances– No monitoring in Turkey and Japan