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Instructional Technology & Design

ZOLKEFLI BAHADOR

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Instructional Design as a Process:Instructional Design is the systematic development of

instructional specifications using learning and instructional theory to ensure the quality of

instruction. It is the entire process of analysis of learning needs and goals and the development of a

delivery system to meet those needs. It includes development of instructional materials and activities;

and tryout and evaluation of all instruction and learner activities.

Instructional Design as a Discipline:Instructional Design is that branch of knowledge

concerned with research and theory about instructional strategies and the process for

developing and implementing those strategies.

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Instructional Design as a Science:Instructional design is the science of creating detailed specifications for the development, implementation,

evaluation, and maintenance of situations that facilitate the learning of both large and small units of

subject matter at all levels of complexity.

Instructional Design as Reality:Instructional design can start at any point in the

design process. Often a glimmer of an idea is developed to give the core of an instruction situation. By the time the entire process is done the designer looks back and she or he checks to see that all parts of the "science" have been taken into account. Then the entire process is written up as if it occurred in a

systematic fashion.

Instructional System:An instructional system is an arrangement of resources and procedures to promote learning. Instructional design is the systematic process of

developing instructional systems and instructional development is the process of implementing the

system or plan.

Instructional Technology:Instructional technology is the systemic and

systematic application of strategies and techniques derived from behavioral, cognitive, and constructivist theories to the solution of

instructional problems.Instructional technology is the systematic application

of theory and other organized knowledge to the task of instructional design and development.

Instructional Technology = Instructional Design + Instructional Development

Instructional Development:The process of implementing the design plans.

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The computer like any other technology is merely a tool, albeit a powerful one. The software that is being developed is crucial and must be suitable for use in education.

To ensure that we have software that meet educators requirement, we have to go through a systematic process called instructional design.

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Instructional Design“A systematic process of translating general

principles of learning and instruction into plans for instructional materials and learning.”

(Kemp et.al,1998)“Instructional Design (also known as Instructional

Development) is a process which is followed throughout the development of an online lesson,

activity or course.” (LTS, 1998)

“How to plan, construct, analyze, evaluate and manage the instructional process effectively so

that it will ensure competent performance from students. This is based on learning theories and

styles and information technology use.”

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Key Players In The Instructional Design

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Instructional Design Models Guidelines or sets of strategies of teaching

approaches.

Effective instructional models are based on learning theories - people learn new ideas and concepts.

Learning theories explain the relationship between information we already know and the new information we are trying to learn.

Instructional models organize combinations of instructional strategy components and integrate them to produce a course of instruction.

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Instructional Design ModelsExamples:

Dick & CareyModel ADDIEHanaffin & PeckModel Jerrold KempRapid Prototyping Waterfall Model

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Hanaffin & Peck (1998)

Aliran kerja pembangunan WBI berdasarkan model rekabentuk instruksi

Hanaffin dan Peck (1998)

FASA 1Analisa Keperluan

FASA 2Reka bentuk

FASA 3Pembangunan dan

Perlaksanaan

Penilaian dan Penyemakan

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1. Analisa KeperluanAnalisis keperluan – pembangunan lebih

terancang dan sistematik.Mengenalpasti masalah dan keperluanMemahami syarat-syarat dan ciri-ciri

utama yang akan dilaksanakan.Kefahaman tentang:

Pengguna aplikasiPersekitaran di mana ia hendak digunakanMatlamat dan objektifBahan atau alat pengukuranKekuatan dan kekangan

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2. Perancangan / Rekabentuk

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InformasiMaklumat atau bahan yang akan dibangunkanStrategi yang akan dilaksanakan

Interaksi / NavigasiFungsi dan operasi aplikasiPapan cerita / storyboard

AntaramukaStail paparan dan susunaturPemilihan warna, media, bentuk, saiz dsbgnya.

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3. Pembangunan / PelaksanaanProses memindahkan segala maklumat yang

telah disediakan Diterjemahkan dalam bentuk aplikasi lengkap

(cth: laman web)Berdasarkan prosedur dan rekabentuk yang

telah disediakan dalam fasa rekabentuk.

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Proses-proses:Pengaturcaraan / PengaranganPemilihan dan penyediaan elemen-elemen

multimedia (grafik, animasi, audio, video)Memasukkan elemen-elemen multimedia ke

dalam aplikasi (import audio, video, fail animasi)

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4. Penilaian dan PenyemakanProses pengujian, penyemakan dan

penambahbaikan secara berterusan.Proses kerja yang merentas semua fasa kerja

yang lain.Dua jenis penilaian dan penyemakan

PengujianPenilaian

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PengujianMemeriksa perjalanan aplikasi berdasarkan

spesifikasi Dilakukan sebelum aplikasi disebarkan /

dipasarkanUji kod aturcara, struktur dan kandungan

program, antaramuka, interaktiviti, sistem navigasi dan fungsi-fungsi lain.

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Bagaimana pengujian dilakukan?pengujian terhadap kumpulan sasaran, pengujian menerusi penggunaan prototaip,semakan semula oleh rakan, ujian kepenggunaan, kajian rekabentuk, percubaan lapangan dan ujian penerimaan.

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PenilaianMembentuk pengadilan mengenai kualiti

sesuatu aspek yg dinilai berdasarkan kriteria2 tertentu.

Pelengkap kpd pendidikan dan syarat kepada rekabentuk pembangunan dan pembinaan aplikasi yg berkualiti.

Penilaian formatif dan sumatif.

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Penilaian FormatifProses penilaian sepanjang proses

pembangunan sesebuah aplikasi.Menilai halangan, perubahan dlm keperluan

pengguna, masalah2 dihadapi pengguna.Penilai – pakar mata pelajaran, pakar psikologi,

pengguna sebenar.Hasil penilaian membolehkan pembangun

mengenalpasti bhgn yg perlu dibaiki atau dikemaskini.

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Penilaian SumatifPenilaian ke atas aplikasi yg telah siap

sepenuhnya.Melihat dan menyemak sama ada sesuatu

aplikasi yg telah dibina menepati permintaan dan keperluan pengguna.

Mengesahkan kesesuaian aplikasi yg tlh dihasilkan.

Memastikan matlamat pembangunan aplikasi tercapai.

Titik rujukan menjamin kualiti dan standard.

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Teknik / pengumpulan maklumat dlm penilaian formatif dan sumatifPemerhatian ke atas penggunaPengumpulan data dari markah latihan / ujian

yg disediakan dlm aplikasiBorang soal-selidikTemubualUlasan pakar

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Waterfall Model

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FeasibilityPurpose

Deciding whether a web site is needed, or whether an existing web as interviewing the organization’s site needs modification. If “yes” determining rough costs and benefits.

Principal Tools Fact-gathering techniques such as interviewing the

organization’s management and proposed visitors. Cost-benefit analysis that ascertains whether the benefits

are worth the associated costs.

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AnalysisPurpose

Determining the purpose, target audience, and proposed content and functionality for the entire site. In short, deciding what is needed.

Principal Tools Fact-gathering techniques. Cost-benefit analysis. Preliminary site architecture models.

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DesignPurpose

Designing a site (both organizationally and visually) that fulfills the requirements determined in the analysis phase. In short, creating a “how” that provides the “what” from the analysis phase.

Principal Tools Site architecture models. HTML, CSS, JavaScript, and integrated web development

environments (such as Adobe Dreamweaver) for site prototyping.

Image editors such as Adobe Photoshop or Fireworks for creating site graphics.

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Construction and TestingPurpose

Building and testing the web site. (Note that construction and testing can’t be separated into independent phases, since testing should begin as soon as the first few lines of code are written. That way, problems are identified early in the process, rather than at the end when the entire site might end up needing major modifications to correct those problems.)

Principal Tools HTML, CSS, JavaScript, and integrated web development

environments (such as Adobe Dreamweaver) for site prototyping.

Image editors such as Adobe Photoshop or Fireworks for creating site graphics.

Accessibility validators. Live testing with prospective visitors.

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LaunchPurpose

Uploading the site to the server, performing final site-wide tests, and bringing the site live.

Principal Tools FTP or its equivalent.

MaintenancePurpose

Repairing, upgrading, and overhauling the system as necessary.

Principal Tools All of the tools mentioned in the prior phases.