innovation excellence for brilliant generations 15
TRANSCRIPT
v
e-PROCEEDING ICON 2020
Organised by
Department of Industry, Community and Alumni Network (ICAN)
15 November 2020
Innovation Excellence for Brilliant Generations
https://terengganu.uitm.edu.my/icon2020/
vi
e-PROCEEDING 3rd International Innovation,
Invention & Design
Competition 2020
Department of Industry, Community and Alumni Network (ICAN)
Universiti Teknologi MARA Cawangan Terengganu
https://terengganu.uitm.edu.my/icon2020/
vii
WELCOME FOREWORD BY RECTOR
i
FOREWORD BY DEPUTY RECTOR RESEARCH INDUSTRIAL AND LINKAGES ii
FOREWORD BY CHAIRMAN ICON 2020 iii
PROJECT EXTENDED ABSTRACTS 1 - 279
INNOVATION:
VIID2023 - INTERNAL MODEL CONTROL USING NEURAL NETWORK
(IMCNN) FOR DISSOLVED OXYGEN CONTROL IN BIOREACTOR
1
VIID2028 - TOSUCO VIA FACEBOOK 9
VIID2290 - MATHS ROOM CHALLENGE 12
VIID2291 - CONTINUOUS MARKS TEMPLATE (AUTOMATION) 15
VIID2294 - EZ-COMIC: KAIFA HALUKA 18
VIID2295 - FI KIT 22
VIID2298 - STUDENT APPLICATION FOR SPONSORSHIP LETTER IN CLOUD
(STALIC)
25
VIID2300 - TEGASKAN DIRI: INI HAK SAYA! 29
VIID2301 - BIZMART PENDING (BIZPEND) 32
VIID2302 - BIZMART BOOKS AND SUCH (STRATEGIC
ENTREPRENEURSHIP)
35
VIID2305 - COMPREHENSIVE EXAMINATION SLIPS (COMPRESS) 38
VIID2308 - SHOOH LALAT ! 41
VIID2321 - RISK ASSESSMENT OF HEAVY METALS IN STREET FOOD 44
VIID2322 - HANDY STACKABLE PINEWOOD PALLETS KEEPER 47
VIID2328 - ALLUDIT 52
VIID2331 - PAPAW SEEDS TEA 55
VIID2333 - ENHANCED HOUSING DELIVERY SYSTEM (EHDS) 58
VIID2335 - VIRTUAL COFFEE TALKS FOR ENGLISH CLASS: CONNECTING
THE DOTS BETWEEN ACADEMIA AND INDUSTRY
61
VIID2377 - THE CONCEPT OF USE OF ONLINE LEARNING MEDIA TO
IMPROVE STUDENTS KNOWLEDGE AND UNDERSTANDING
DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC AT MBI AMANATUL
64
viii
UMMAH, PACET, MOJOKERTO (GENDER AS MODERATING
VARIABLE)
VIID2379 - COFFEE GROUND WASTE COMPOSTED AS BIO-FERTILIZER 68
VIID2380 - CARBONIZE RICE HUSK AS ACTIVATED CHARCOAL FOR
PORTABLE WATER PURIFICATION SYSTEM
71
VIID2381 - ORGANIC DEODORANT ALOE VERA-BASED 74
VIID2386 - CAFOB (COAL ASH FOAMED BRICK) 77
VIID2388 - IMPROVING ONLINE TEACHING METHOD WITH LABORATORY
DEMONSTRATION VIDEO
80
VIID2389 - VIRTY SURVEY: A VIRTUAL REALITY FOR SURVEY TRAINING 83
VIID2391 - LET'S SPELL IT RIGHT (LESPIR) DIGITAL SPELLING
APPLICATION
86
VIID2399 - WASHING MACHINE TRAINER 90
VIID2407 - CIKGUAIBOT: A DIALOGFLOW-BASED CHATBOT TO TEACH AI
IN MALAY
93
VIID2408 - AUGMENTED REALITY (AR) DEVELOPMENT FOR
ENGINEERING EDUCATION
99
VIID2412 - UTILIZATION OF BANANA PEELS AS A FUNCTIONAL
INGREDIENT IN MAKING COFFEE
105
VIID2413 - EMPIRICAL MODE DECOMPOSITION FOR GEOMETRICAL
SHAPE RECOGNITION OF BURIED TARGETS USING GROUND
PENETRATING RADAR IMAGES
109
VIID2414 - BODY MASS INDEX CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM BASED FACIAL
IMAGES USING EMPIRICAL MODE DECOMPOSITION FOR
SOCIAL HEALTH AWARENESS
112
VIID2426 - APLIKASI E-KHUTBAH 116
VIID2432 - DEVELOPMENT OF BAKERY PRODUCTS USING GLUTEN FREE
FLOUR DERIVED FROM COCONUT DREG THROUGH DRYING
AND GRINDING PROCESS
119
VIID2434 - ELECTRONIC ORDERING SYSTEM FOR SME COMPANY 123
VIID2439 - KOSISWA E-MARKETPLACE MOBILE APPLICATION 126
VIID2440 - MUCA: A POTENT OF INFLAMMATION REDUCER AND
INFECTION FIGHTER CREAM
129
VIID2442 - E-CLINE ( ELECTRIC- CLOTHES LINE) 132
VIID2454 - CONTROLLING A COOKING GAS VALVE (CGGV) USING
SMARTPHONE
137
VIID2456 - VOC-A-TAC! 140
VIID2461 - WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM BY IOT 143
VIID2468 - “STEW” SMART-ASSISTANCE TEACHING WORKSTATIONN 146
VIID2469 - ARISE ARCHERS SCORE 152
ix
VIID2472 - STUDENTS' ATTENDANCE NOTIFICATION ALERT 155
VIID2477 - SNAP-IT!: AUGMENTED LETTER CARDS TO IMPROVE LETTERS
RECOGNITION SKILLS
158
VIID2482 - CoSB GAME (CONSTRUCTION SITE BOARD GAME) 161
VIID2485 - UPCYCLING IDEAS: TURNING PLASTIC THRASH INTO WOOD
PLASTIC COMPOSITES
164
VIID2486 - KLAPPER CHEESELIKE SPREAD 167
VIID2496 - UTILIZATION OF EXTRACT MORINGA OLEIFERA AND ALOE
VERA TO REGENERATE WOUNDS AND INHIBIT INFECTION IN
WOUNDS CAUSED BY PSEUDOMOAS AERUGINOSA BACTERIA
170
VIID2497 - NETGUARD: SECURING ONLINE ACTIVITY USING INTEGRATED
OPENVPN, PI-HOLE, AND IPS ON RASPBERRY PI
174
VIID2504 - ‘LOW CARB’ KEROPOK LEKOR 177
VIID2506 - COVID-19 WARGA LOGGER 180
VIID2511 - CODING LINGO 183
VIID2514 - HEALTHY MIND APPLICATION (HEMA) BASED ON COGNITIVE
BEHAVIOURAL THERAPY (CBT) FRAMEWORK
187
VIID2519 - GET GRADUATES TO BECOME AGROPRENEURS 191
VIID2523 - ALOE COAT: EDIBLE SHELF LIFE EXTENDER 196
VIID2526 - THE IMPACT OF MATHEMATICS INNOVATION GAME ON
STUDENTS'PERFORMANCE: NAME THE NUMBERS!
199
VIID2544 - MATCH-IT 2.0: A CARD GAME FOR LEARNING LEGAL CASES 203
VIID2551 - “LOVE ME” KIT: PREVENTION IS BETTER THAN CURE 206
VIID2555 - DAKOVID19 (DAKON COVID-19) IS AN EFFORT TO PRESERVE
TRADITIONAL GAMES IN PREVENTING THE TRANSMISSION OF
COVID-19 FROM AN EARLY AGE DURING THE PANDEMIC
210
VIID2562 - INTERACTIVE LEARNING THROUGH BUSINESS BOARD GAMES:
SHAREHOLDERS
217
INVENTION:
VIID2364 - STUDENT’S IMPROVEMENT IN PERFORMANCE, CONCEPTION,
AND INTEREST IN COMPOUND NOUNS LEARNING VIA INOMAJ
220
VIID2382 - HIDDEN STORAGE SIDE TABLE 226
VIID2419 - DEVELOPMENT OF A GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACE
PLATFORM FOR PREDICTING ROOFTOP PHOTOVOLTAIC
POWER GENERATION
229
VIID2420 - PAMACARAG+: SUSTAINABLE CAR SANITIZER 232
x
VIID2443 - EFFECT OF RECTANGULAR SLOT ON HOLLOW PYRAMIDAL
ABSORBER
235
VIID2502 - BITERBE 238
VIID2512 - THE IMPRESSION OF A SINGLE TRIANGULAR SLOT ON
HOLLOW PYRAMIDAL MICROWAVE ABSORBER
243
VIID2513 - D-ALERT DEVICE 246
VIID2541 - EASY STUDENT ACCESS (EASTAC) 249
VIID2558 - MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS (MIS) INTERACTIVE
REPORT: AN INTRODUCTION OF MICROSOFT EXCEL AS
LEARNING TOOL FOR NON-COMPUTING STUDENTS
252
DESIGN:
VIID2383 - THE DEVELOPMENT OF RELATIONAL DATABASE FOR
INFORMATION SYSTEM USING MS ACCESS : A METHODOLOGY
FOR BEGINNER USER
256
VIID2390 - DESIGN OF POSTERIOR LUMBAR INTERBODY FUSION CAGES
WITH VARIOUS INFILL PATTERN FOR 3D PRINTING
APPLICATION
260
VIID2460 - DEVELOPEMENT OF VIRTUAL REALITY (VR) APPLICATION
FOR RECREATIONAL LAKE MODEL IN UITM CAWANGAN
PERAK
267
VIID2503 - ANALYSIS OF IONIZED SUPERSONIC PROPULSION ELECTRIC
AIRCRAFT : A PROSPECT OF THE FUTURE OF AVIATION IN
PHYSICS
272
VIID2552 - POSSIBLE DESIGN APPLICATION OF A HOME-GROWN
MICROALGAE PHOTOBIOREACTOR (PBR) IN TROPICAL
CLIMATE
276
i
Bismillahirrahmanirrahim,
Assalamualaikum Warahmatullahi Wabarakatuh & Salam Sejahtera,
Alhamdulillah, let us extend our sincere gratitude to Allah S.W.T for giving
us an opportunity to be here today for the 3rd International Innovation,
Invention & Design Competition (ICON 2020).
First of all, a special welcome to all participants of the 3rd International Innovation, Invention and
Design Competition (ICON) 2020. UiTM Cawangan Terengganu is honoured to play as a host
virtually for the event, which I believe it would become a signature for us. Thus, I would like to
congratulate the fraternity ICON 2020 organising committee, for finding worth the effort of making
this a truly memorable event. ICON 2020 would not be possible without your professional service and
dedication. I was informed that the response for ICON has been very positive despite the fact that it is
the first virtual competition held since the first ICON that was held in Taman Tamadun Islam, and the
second was in Terengganu Science & Creativity Centre (TSCC).
ICON 2020 witnesses the congregation of academicians and professionals from all over the world to
take part in these knowledge-sharing sessions. With its inspiring theme, Innovation Excellence for
Brilliant Generations, I hope this bi-annual event, would become an inspiration for those who are
striving to be instruments of change and set a precedent for those who are looking to make a difference.
This competition is meant to share ideas, exhibit and present creations, innovations and inventions
produced by professionals, academicians and non-academicians, higher education and also school
students. Connecting all these parties will eventually creating a liveable environment and creative
ambience for future generations.
I would also like to commend all participants of ICON 2020 for their enthusiasm in playing a vital
part of continuing efforts to illuminate the nature and mechanisms of innovation. This virtual platform
is also expected to assist the future generation of leaders and aspire young talents and entrepreneurs
by giving them the tools they need to succeed, to serve the society in a better way. I believe, achieving
this is the responsibility of all, a collaborative approach will drive innovation for the benefit of our
future generations, our community, and the environment - as Aristotle has said that, “The whole is
greater than the sum of its parts.”
Once again, on behalf of the UiTM Cawangan Terengganu, I would like to congratulate all the ICON
2020 core team and committee members for their supports and contributions to its success, the
wonderful people associated with it, without them the ICON 2020 would not be possible. Even though,
there are a lot of last-minute changes due to pandemic of Covid-19, this inspirational event has
changed to virtual platform.
It is my hope that everyone would not gain only the benefits intellectually from participating the
competition, but this would also be the platform for every participant to promote the products and
studies to the local community and entrepreneurs. Thank you for participating and I wish to see you
again in the next ICON.
Thank you.
Assoc Prof Ts Dr Mazidah Puteh
Rector
UiTM Cawangan Terengganu
ii
Assalamualaikum Warahmatullahi Wabarakatuh and Salam sejahtera,
Congratulations to the organiser, the Department of Industry, Community, and Alumni Network
(ICAN), UiTM Cawangan Terengganu, for successfully organising the 3rd International Innovation,
Invention, and Design Competition 2020 (ICON 2020). This organised event would be a platform for
academicians and professionals to share new discoveries and contemporary inventions with all
participants. All participation would be assessed based on the standard of academic and industry
evaluations. In line with this, ICON 2020 would be more pertinent as it articulates the need for
collaborative and defining efforts between the university and industry players, particularly in shaping
the future.
UiTM Cawangan Terengganu has started organising the competitions of IID since 2010 and this has
become a signature bi-annual event for us. However, this year, we have decided to bring the
competition into a virtual platform due to the Covid-19 pandemic that has attacked all over the world,
which would give more exposure to the participants and other interested parties to be present in the
digital platform.
It is really hoped that, this prestigious event ICON2020 could also bring many innovative and creative
designers, and would be able to market the name of UiTM Cawangan Terengganu to a higher level
and increasing our visibility, globally.
Thank you.
Dr. Haji Rosman Mahmood
Deputy Rector
Research, Industrial and Linkages
iii
Assalamualaikum Warahmatullahi Wabarakatuh and Salam Sejahtera
First and foremost, I would like to thank all the committee members for their hard work and
commitments in ensuring the 3rd International Innovation Invention and Design ICON2020 can be
held successfully. Millions of thanks also to all professional, academicians, students of higher learning
and school that participated in the competitions that was organized.
Not forgetting to thank the Rector, UiTM Cawangan Terengganu and the management who have given
their cooperation and strong support in making this prestigious event succeeded. May this ICON2020
provide meaningful input to produce a society and younger generation who appreciate the innovations,
in adapting and facing the new norm.
The seriousness of ICON 2020 in ensuring the implementation of programs in the field of innovation,
inventio and design in a planned manner opens space and opportunity for all to compete at a more
competitive level.
With its inspiring theme ‘Innovation Excellence for Brilliant Generations’, it will be a source of
inspiration for everyone who is determined to be an instrument of change and a set model for those of
us who are looking to make a difference. In addition, this is a platform in nurturing and driven into the
innovations for the benefits of our future generations.
Thank you.
Mohaini Binti Mohamed@Naba
Chairman
ICON2020
1
VIID2023 - INTERNAL MODEL
CONTROL USING NEURAL NETWORK
(IMCNN) FOR DISSOLVED OXYGEN
CONTROL IN BIOREACTOR
Nurhalifah Ibrahim1, Fuzieah Subari1, Zalizawati Abdullah1, Nor Hazelah Kasmuri1
1Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Shah Alam Campus, Universiti Teknologi
MARA, 40450 Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]
Abstract: The study presented the development of control strategy of dissolved oxygen (DO) in
bioreactor. DO is one of the key elements that influence bioreactor performance and essential for aerobic
bacteria in bioreactor. Hence any uncontrolled fluctuation in DO concentration may lead to problem in
aerobic growth or a decrease in the efficiency of microorganism metabolism which eventually lead to
detrimental production and the production of undesirable by-products. Biological process is highly
dynamic process made it challenging to design using conventional PID controller as any changes cause
instability to the controller parameters. In this study, system identification toolbox in MATLAB was used
to simulate mathematical model of process based on simulation data running from MINIFORS
(MINIFORS, Infors). Artificial neural network (NN) with Levenberg-Marquardt training algorithm and
feed-forward back propagation network was used as a training method. The model consists of single
input (aeration rate) and single output (dissolved oxygen) and simulation was carried out in Simulink
environment in MATLAB. In step response, result shows that the control strategy has 0% overshoot
percentage and faster settling time compared to PID controller. IMCNN also able to reach each of
multiple set point without overshoot. For disturbance test, performance of IMCNN in dealing with
disturbance shows satisfactory performance. It can see that disturbance slightly affecting the process and
able to reach their target set point smoothly. Overall performance, IMCNN shows good performance to
control DO concentration in bioreactor. The findings of this study will be great useful for the many
industry such as bio process, waste water and others.
Keywords: Bioreactor, Dissolved oxygen, Internal Model Control, Neural network, PID
INTRODUCTION Bioreactor is widely used in industry since it has found wide application including wastewater treatment,
cell culture and tissue engineering, the cultivation of algae for oxygen generation in space exploration
and production of high-value pharmaceuticals and bulk chemicals in industrial biotechnology [1].
Parameters need to be monitor in bioreactor is temperature, pH, aeration, agitation and dissolved oxygen
level [2]. This parameter needs to be monitor to make sure process can successfully perform without
problems.
2
DO concentration is very important to improve the productivity and for reduce the operating cost of a
bioprocess. Now days, microorganisms are used to produce commercial product [3]. In aerobic process,
the cells required oxygen, the DO concentration is one of the important parameters that need to be control
in the process. Maintaining DO concentration is important for aerobic process in the growth medium. If
oxygen is not enough, it will either lead to stop the aerobic growth or a decrease in the efficiency of
metabolism, as well as the production of undesirable by-products [4]. When controlling the dissolved
oxygen in bioreactor, it is sufficient to keep it at certain level [3].
Nonlinear dynamic behavior in bioreactor made it difficult to control. To overcome the problems, many
studies have done to control nonlinear process such as internal model control approach, differential
geometric approach, predictive control design, reference synthesis technique and others. The
proportional integral (PI) and Model Reference Adaptive Control (MRAC) is used to control DO in
bioreactor [5]. The PI controller is implemented in the system and it is observed that the DO level is not
maintained at desired level. It also produced higher rise time and peak overshoot. By using MRAC
controller, it gives satisfy response which it reduced the rise time and peak overshoot compare to previous
PI controller. The PI control did not produce desired result during DO control but while using MRAC, it
found that the result is improved [5].
Next approach is by implemented fuzzy logic in the system to control DO concentration [6]. The
performance of fuzzy logic is highly improved but still occurrence of oscillation and peak overshoot was
observed. The Internal Model Control (IMC) is introduced into system to improve the problem. IMC is
found to be robust with small disturbance rejection [7]. The study to compare the performance IMC using
Neural Network (NN) and PID controller is done [8]. Based on the study, the IMC shows that at initial
phase its encounter difficulties where the past information about inputs and outputs that is not available
for NN controller. But after this stage IMC performs better than the PID controller.
Neural Network (NN) has been used in process control strategies for years. The purpose of using neural
network is that its excellent ability to model nonlinear process and process that is difficult to understand
[9]. The Neural Network has been introduced in many studies to observe the performance in the system
such as a predictive tool for the prediction of xylitol production [10]. The result of the simulation shows
that the prediction accuracy of NN models was superior and was found to be an efficient based model
for prediction for microbial production of xylitol in bioreactor. Besides that, NN also has been used in
sequencing batch reactor to control dissolved oxygen concentration [11]. This research proposed, internal
model control using neural network (IMCNN) to control dissolved oxygen in bioreactor. The modeling
of bioreactor is done by using system identification in MATLAB. The input is rate of aeration and the
output is DO concentration. Designing NN model consist of forward and inverse model that will be used
in IMC.
RESEARCH METHOD & RESULT
In this section, the design of internal model control using neural network will be discussed consists of variable selection, modeling of bioreactor, design of neural network (NN) model and develop internal
model control (IMC) using neural network.
3
1. Variable of the Process
The controlled variable in this research is dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration. This DO concentration
is maintained by manipulating aeration rate. This research performance is depended on overshoot
percentage and settling time. Table 1show the list of variables that will be used in this research.
Table 1 List of Variable used in this research.
Variables Properties
Manipulated Variable Aeration rate
Controlled Variable Dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration
Dependent Variable 1 Overshoot percentage
Dependent Variable 2 Settling time
2. Modeling of Bioreactor
The bioreactor equipment model used in this experiment is MINIFORS, Infors. The experiment was
done at aeration 1L/min and 2L/min at agitation of 200 rpm. The DO concentration is taken at time 0s
until time at DO concentration reach 100%. This data will be used in modeling of bioreactor. The
modeling of bioreactor is done by using system identification in MATLAB.
In the system identification, input and output parameters, aeration and DO concentration, respectively
is set and time domain data is used. The starting time is 0s and the sample time is 0.05s. There are three
model used to model the process which; transfer function model, nonlinear model and process model,
respectively. Table 2 shows the comparison data for nonlinear ARX model, transfer function model and
process model. Based on the result, the nonlinear ARX model show the good result which it fit 99.52%.
Therefore, nonlinear ARX model is selected to represent the process in Simulink.
Table 2 Comparison of Nonlinear model, Transfer function model and process model
Parameter Nonlinear ARX
model
Transfer function
model
Process model
Fit (%) 99.52 95.63 25.34
3. Design of Neural Network Model
Design of neural network (NN) will be included forward and inverse model. Before NN based controller
can be used, the forward and inverse model must be performed together. NN with Levenberg-Marquardt
training algorithm and feed-forward back propagation network was used as a training method. The
network is considered trained if the mean square error (MSE) of performance criteria is less than 0.001
error. The lower value of MSE is better.
4
Forward Model
The forward modeling is training NN model to predict the output of the system. The input used based
on past variable value, and the output is the present variable. In this research, there is two input used
which are past data of aeration and past data of DO value and the output is the present DO value.
The training of forward model is done with 4 until 10 neurons. Table 3 shows the result after training
of FNN. Based on the finding, FNN model with 6 neurons is selected since it gives best result with
lowest MSE, where training, validation and testing is 1.07399e-9, 1.08081e-9 and 3.31128e-9.
Table 3 Result of training FNN model
MSE/ No.
Of neuron
4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Training 2.52785e-7 9.48468e-9 1.07399e-9 3.82462e-8 2.63375e-9 3.00069e-8 3.18968e-9
Validation 2.52048e-7 5.85105e-8 1.08081e-9 4.44780e-8 1.41768e-7 4.83935e-8 1.26642e-8
Testing 3.69168e-7 1.63642e-7 3.31128e-9 2.26751e-8 7.03557e-9 1.63199e-4 2.97414e-4
Inverse Model
Inverse modeling refers as to predict the input of the system based on past data of inputs and outputs
taken from previous experiment conducted using equipment MINIFORS, together with desired output
by training the NN model. The training is fed with the present and past input and present variable as
output to predict the current input. The input is past data of aeration rate and present DO concentration
and the output is present aeration.
The training of INN is done same with FNN with 4 until 10 neurons. Table 5 shows the result after
training INN. Based on result, INN model with 4 neurons is choose since it gives best result with lowest
MSE, where training, validation and testing is 6.61055e-25, 8.22088e-25 and 8.68785e-25.
Table 4 Result of training INN model
MSE/ No.
Of neuron
4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Training 6.61055e-25 9.44901e-20 4.57705e-22 8.70815e-22 1.22448e-11 9.57338e-21 1.56008e-17
Validation 8.22088e-25 7.07323e-20 1.23031e-21 9.39665e-22 2.27166e-11 6.42299e-21 1.15498e-17
Testing 8.68785e-25 7.30814e-20 9.12928e-22 8.17621e-22 9.96640e-12 1.29936e-20 9.34021e-18
4. Develop Internal Model Control using Neural Network
In internal model control (IMC) design, both forward neural network (FNN) and inverse neural network
(INN) that was selected from Table 3 and Table 4 is used. Figure 1 shows the simulation diagram of
IMCNN. The FNN is placed in parallel with the process model to compare with process model and the
error between the process output. The FNN is substrated from set point before fed to the inverse model.
The parameter that will be measured is step response, set point and disturbance test. The performance
is based on overshoot condition and settling time.
5
a) Step Response
Figure 1 shows the simulation diagram of IMCNN. The simulation is run for 3000s to see the step
response result whether it reach the set point or not. The step response of IMCNN is compared with the
PID controller. Table
5 shows the result comparison of IMCNN and PID controller and Figure 2 shows the step response of
IMCNN and PID controller from the simulation. Based on the result, IMCNN shows good performance
with no overshoot and undershoot compare to the PID controller with overshoot 11.798% and
undershoot 3.155%. Besides that, IMCNN also have faster settling time which is 43.023s compare to
the PID controller with settling time of 163.008s. Based on the result shows IMCNN give better
performance compare to the PID controller in the step response.
Table 5 Comparison of IMCNN and PID controller.
Controller Overshoot (%) Undershoot (%) Settling time (s)
IMCNN 0 0 43.023
PID 11.798 3.155 163.008
Figure 1 Simulation Diagram of IMCNN Figure 2 Step response of IMCNN and PID
controller.
b) Set Point Test
The set point test is done on IMCNN to see whether it managed to reach it set point. In this set point
test, PID is added to be used with IMCNN. The method used id PID based IMCNN. PID will be tuned
and tuning will be done mathematically to match with the model. Table 6 shows the tuning value of
PID. This tuning parameter is the best for the process to achieve set point faster with less overshoot.
The test is done with multiple set point tracking. Figure 3 shows the simulation diagram of PID based
IMCNN. Figure 4 show the response of IMCNN with multiple set points. The set point, dissolved
oxygen is set for 100,135,160 and 110. From the simulation result, it shows that IMCNN is able to reach
each of the multiple set points without overshoot in 1200s.
Table 6 Tuning of PID
Controller Value
P 0.010229496
I 0.001166573
D -0.473597109
PID
6
Figure 3 Simulink Model of PID based IMCNN for Figure 4 Simulation Result of multiple set
points of set Point Test 100,135,160 and 110
c) Disturbance Test
From the set point test above, the disturbance is added after the process system to see if it able to reach
the set point. Figure 5 shows the Simulink model with added disturbance. The step disturbance is set to
the final value of 20. Figure 6 shows the respond of the simulation model with multiple set points
tracking with disturbance. From the result, it shows that after added disturbance into process, overshoot
occurs at the first set point of 100 but able to reach the set point. It can see that disturbance slightly
affected the process and able to reach their target set point.
Figure 5 Model of PID based IMCNN for Figure 6 Simulation Result of multiple
set points disturbance test of 100,135,160 and 110 with
disturbance
FINDINGS Bioreactor required precision and controlled environment to support the growth of microorganisms.
Parameters need to be monitor in bioreactor is temperature, pH, aeration, agitation and dissolved oxygen
level [2]. To ensure maximum productivity this parameter need to be monitor in the process. This study
will help to control DO which is usually a problem in bioreactor. Bioreactor is widely used in industry
since it has found wide application including wastewater treatment, cell culture and tissue engineering,
the cultivation of algae for oxygen generation in space exploration and production of high-value
7
pharmaceuticals and bulk chemicals in industrial biotechnology [1]. The findings of this study will be
great used for the many bio process industry.
Biotechnology has been used in production of food processing products, pharmaceutical products, fine
chemicals and agricultural products [4]. These productions are aerobic in nature, in which oxygen is
necessary for microorganism growth, maintenance, and product synthesis. In fermentation process,
microorganisms require oxygen for respiration [5]. It is important to maintain DO concentration at
desired value to make sure microorganisms can survive and ensuring efficient operation of the fermenter.
So, this finding will be useful for biotechnology industry.
In waste water treatment, this study will be great help for waste water industry to control DO level. The
DO concentration in aeration tank in an activated sludge process is an important parameter need to be
control. A high and low DO will cause problem, therefore it is important to maintain DO at certain level
[13]. As the microorganisms lose their food, they collide and stick together and form floc. When it has
too much DO, this will break up the flocs. This will bring a major problem during settling process because
floc is broken into smaller and less dense and cannot be suspended at the bottom. This DO control will
improves the efficiency of wastewater treatment and reduces energy consumption.
CONCLUSIONS This research proposed IMCNN to be used to control DO concentration in bioreactor. Designing NN
model consist of forward and inverse model that will be trained for multiple time, as a result 6 neuron
FNN and 4 neurons of INN was chosen since it has lower MSE. The NN model then will be used along
with IMC. There is 3 test that will be done to evaluate the performance of IMCNN which were step
response, set point and disturbance test. For step response, the performance of IMCNN will be compared
with PID controller. Based on the result, IMCNN shows good performance with no overshoot and
undershoot compare to the PID controller with overshoot 11.798% and undershoot 3.155%. Besides that,
IMCNN also have faster settling time which is 43.023s compare to the PID controller with settling time
of 163.008s. Then, the performance of IMCNN will be tested for set point test. Based on result obtained,
IMCNN able to reach each of multiple set points of 100, 135, 160 and 110 without overshoot. Then, the
multiple set points will be further tested with added of disturbance into the process. From the result
obtained, performance of IMCNN in dealing with disturbance shows satisfactory performance. Although
overshoot occurs at the first set point of 100 but manage to reach the set point. It can see that disturbance
slightly affecting the process and able to reach their target set point smoothly. From the result, IMCNN
is recommended to be used to control DO concentration in bioreactor.
REFERENCES [1] Wang, B., Wang, Z., Chen, T., & Zhao, X. (2020). Development of Novel Bioreactor Control Systems
Based on Smart Sensors and Actuators. Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology, 8(February),
1–15. https://doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2020.00007
[2] Maschinen, B., Investition, A., Beschaffungen, G., Ersatzbeschaffungen, B., & Mittelherkunft, S. (n.d.).
No
主観的健康感を中心とした在宅高齢者における健康関連指標に関する共分散構造分析Title.
[3] Akesson, M., & Hagander, P. (1998). Control of Dissolved Oxygen in Stirred Bioreactors. Report TFRT, 7571, 7571, 1–16. https://portal.research.lu.se/portal/files/4770852/8727192.pdf
[4] Zheng, R., & Pan, F. (2019). On-line tendency control of dissolved oxygen concentration during
aerobic fed-batch fermentations. Applied Sciences (Switzerland), 9(23).
https://doi.org/10.3390/app9235232
8
[5] Chitra, M., Pappa, N., & Abraham, A. (2018). Dissolved Oxygen Control of Batch Bioreactor using
Model Reference Adaptive Control scheme. IFAC-PapersOnLine, 51(4), 13–18.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ifacol.2018.06.008
[6] Traoré, A., Grieu, S., Puig, S., Corominas, L., Thiery, F., Polit, M., & Colprim, J. (2005). Fuzzy control
of dissolved oxygen in a sequencing batch reactor pilot plant. Chemical Engineering Journal, 111(1), 13–
19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2005.05.004
[7] Faouzi, B., Abderrazak, C., & Tarek, G. (2004). Internal model control using neural networks.
Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Industrial Technology, 2(1), 1121–1126. https://doi.org/10.1109/isie.1996.548401
[8] Dias, F. M., & Mota, A. M. (2001). A Comparison between a PID and Internal Model Control using
Neural Networks.
[9] Prasath, A. (n.d.). Neural Networks in Process Control. 2016. Retrieved May 3, 2020, from
https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/neural-networks-process-control-arun-prasath
[10] Pappu, J. S. M., & Gummadi, S. N. (2016). Modeling and simulation of xylitol production in bioreactor
by Debaryomyces nepalensis NCYC 3413 using unstructured and artificial neural network models.
Bioresource Technology, 220(2016), 490–499. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2016.08.097
[11] Azwar, Hussain, M. A., & Ramachandran, K. B. (2006). The study of neural network-based controller
for controlling dissolved oxygen concentration in a sequencing batch reactor. Bioprocess and Biosystems
Engineering, 28(4), 251–265. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00449-005-0031-2
[12] Sohail, M. S., & Quadeer, A. A. (n.d.). Internal Model Control of Linear and Non-Linear Systems Using
Neural Networks. Electrical Engineering Dept., King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals
(KFUPM), 260260, 1–13.
[13] Du, X., Wang, J., Jegatheesan, V., & Shi, G. (2018). Dissolved oxygen control in activated sludge process
using a neural network-based adaptive PID algorithm. Applied Sciences (Switzerland), 8(2).
https://doi.org/10.3390/app8020261
9
VIID2028 - APPLYING ‘TOSUCO VIA
FACEBOOK’ TO PROMOTE BETTER
WRITING SKILLS AMONG SECONDARY
SCHOOL STUDENTS
Manoranjini A/p Sandaraj, Lydia anak Emak and Associate Professor Dr Melor Md Yunus
Faculty of Education, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi Campus, 43600 Bangi Selangor,
Malaysia
Abstract: The Ministry of Education has implemented the requirement to have a minimum of credit in English
examination paper. Thus, it is important for students to have better writing skills to excel in their SPM English
examination. The identified problem that leads to the innovation of ‘ToSuCo via Facebook’ is the students’
difficulties in narrating proper paragraphs in essay writings. They are unable to elaborate the relevant supporting
sentences and supporting details of the topic sentence in each paragraph. ‘ToSuCo’ is a name formed from the initial
syllables of Topic Sentence(To), Supporting sentences(Su) and Concluding sentence(Co). The innovation of
‘ToSuCo via Facebook’ is introduced to guide the students in composing better paragraphs for their essay
composition and they are to do their paragraphs composition using ‘ToSuCo’ strategy on Facebook. Therefore, the
main objective of this study is to examine the effectiveness of using Facebook as a pedagogical tool in teaching
writing skills. ‘ToSuCo via Facebook’ is a method for students to generate their ideas via Facebook by providing
supporting sentences and a concluding sentence in the ‘comment’ section for each topic sentence updated as
Facebook status by their teacher, live on Facebook. This research is mainly focusing on the formulated research
question: How effective is the use of Facebook as a platform to help the Form 5 students to construct supporting
sentences and a concluding sentence clearly to a given topic? Mixed method design is used to observe the
effectiveness of the ‘ToSuCo via Facebook’ project among the selected samples for this innovation. The sample of
the study is selected by using random sampling method which the samples are comprises of 30 form 5 students of
SMK Selirik, a sub-urban school in Kapit Town. 10 of the 30 samples are from pure Science stream and another 20
students are from Science and Technology stream. The data is collected through the assessments and interviews.
According to the findings, 50% of the samples score 9/10 marks of the Post-Test. 30% scored 8/10 and 20% scored
7/10 marks compared to the Pre-test assessment which all 30 samples scored below 5% prior to the introduction of
the ‘ToSuCo via Facebook’. Students are expected to boost up their writing skills to ensure a better score in the SPM
English subject. It is hoped that the findings of this innovation could benefit both the students and teachers to write
better pieces and add value to teach writing in a more technological assisted manner. Hence, it is the researcher’s
aspiration that this innovation could serve as a base for teaching writing in a more interesting manner.
Keywords: ToSuCo, Facebook, Social Media, Main Ideas, Supporting Sentences, Writing Skills.
INTRODUCTION
The current education scenario here in Malaysia requires urgent intervention to ensure students in
secondary adopt better writing techniques. According to the Malaysian Education Blueprint 2013-2025,
Form 5 students have generally scored lower in English public examination papers compared to the
national language examination paper. The Ministry of Education has also implemented the requirement to
have a minimum of credit in English examination paper. This is to enable Form 5 students to obtain the
SPM certificates at the end of their Form 5 education as of 2016. Thus, it is important for students to have
better writing skills to ensure better scores in their examination.
10
The use of technology in teaching mainly teaching English has been the norm in many parts of the world
as we embark on 21st century learning. According to Raja & Nagasubramani (2018) the use of computers
in schools has made teaching more convenient and interactive helping students to learn in more interesting
and interactive environment. Mona (2017) also supports the same outcome from her research as many
students were enthusiastic to learn and it helped them to build the necessary skills to write better.
METHODOLOGY
A mixed-method design was used to measure the efficacy of ‘ToSuCo via Facebook’ in improving
students’ paragraphs writing skills. The participants were selected by using random sampling method
which the samples are 10 students from pure Science stream and another 20 students are from Science and
Technology stream. The samples are all form 5 students of SMK Selirik, a sub-urban school in Kapit
Town. The participants were fully informed on the execution of ‘ToSuCo via Facebook’ in their English
Language writing class for two weeks and they were fully aware that they were the samples of the research
of the efficacy of ‘ToSuCo via Facebook’ innovation in composing better paragraphs in their essay
writings. The instruments used for the data collection are pre-test and post test results as well as the semi-
structured interview with all 30 participants about the effectiveness of using ‘ToSuCo via Facebook’
writing strategy in composing their paragraphs in essay writing class.
FINDINGS Table 1. Results
PARTICIPANTS PRE-TEST
(Before ToSuCo via
Facebook)
10%
Intervention (Introduction
of ToSuCo via Facebook)
10%
POST-TEST
(ToSuCo via
Facebook)
10%
1 BIBIANA ERICA ANAK RAMBOK 4 5 8
2 DAYLEENDA DHEMI ANAK JAMPONG 5 6 9
3 GEORGE ENGGONG ANAK VALENTINE 4 5 9
4 GLORIA MELLEST SEM 3 5 9
5 JEFFERSON ANAK JONATHAN 2 4 8
6 JEFFERY NGELAYANG ANAK LANGAT 4 6 9
7 JENNIFER GADING ANAK JAMES 3 4 7
8 PAULINE ANAK BELIKAU 4 5 8
9 PERTYCILLA UMANG ANAK TIBOM 4 5 9
10 SIJA ANAK ICHONG 3 4 7
11 AHMAD AQIP BIN ZAIDI 4 5 8
12 ALEXANDER KANYAN ANAK FRANCO 3 4 7
13 ALGUILERA LAING ANAK DONNY 4 5 9
14 ALVINE ANAK RENGGA 4 5 9
15 AMMISHA REMENY ANAK PHILIP 3 4 7
16 ANATHYASIA LIT ANAK NGALANG 3 4 7
17 ARIELISTAIR JARENG ANAK JIAMIT 3 4 9
18 AZLYNNE ANAK NELSON 4 5 8
19 BEA DANIA ANAK BILONG 4 5 9
20 CHRISTEN SHANE ANAK JUKUT 3 4 9
21 CLARENCE KIPON ANAK ELVIS 3 4 7
22 DAIRY MALINDO ANAK JOSEPH 4 5 9
23 ERICA ANAK JELUM 4 5 8
24 FABIAN BABAI ANAK AWANG 4 5 9
25 MICHELLE KUPA ANAK BUJA 4 5 8
26 PATRICHIA ELLYANA ANAK SEMAR 4 5 9
27 PRISCILA MILOH ANAK EDWIN 4 5 8
28 WILNESE MAS ANAK WALKER 4 5 9
29 MAC EDISON ANAK JAMBA 4 5 9
30 JULIANA ANAK JABANG 4 5 8
11
According to Table 1, 50% of the samples score 9/10 marks in their Post-Test. 30% scored 8/10 and 20%
scored 7/10 marks compared to the Pre-test assessment which all 30 samples scored below 5% prior to the
introduction of the ‘ToSuCo via Facebook’. Based on the semi-structured interview result with all 30
participants, 100% of them agree that ‘ToSuCo via Facebook’ is very helpful for them to compose their
paragraphs in their essay writings.
CONCLUSIONS Teachers are frequently looking for new and innovative ways to improve student performance in the
classroom. The innovation of the writing strategy, ‘ToSuCo via Facebook’ is one of the strategies that
could really help the students in composing their paragraphs to produce better essay in their essay writings.
It is hoped that the findings and the efficacy of this innovation as experienced by the 30 participants could
benefit both the students and teachers to write better pieces and add value to teach writing in a more
technological assisted manner. Hence, it is the researcher’s aspiration that this innovation could serve as
a base for teaching writing in a more interesting manner.
REFERENCES
Malaysia Education Blueprint 2013 - 2025 Executive Summary E-12
Patsy, M.L. & Spada, N. 2013. How Languages are Learned. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
R. Raja*, P. C. Nagasubramani, 2018 Impact of modern technology in education Journal of Applied and Advanced
Research, 2018: 3(Suppl. 1) S33 S35 https://dx.doi.org/10.21839/jaar.2018.v3S1.165
Mona M. H. 2017 Using WhatsApp to Enhance Students’ Learning of English Language “Experience to Share”
Higher Education Studies; Vol. 7, No. 4; 2017 http://doi.org/10.5539/hes.v7n4p74
12
VIID2290 - MATHS ROOM CHALLENGE
Vibianny Raymond1, Munirah Rossdy2 1Faculty of Science and Mathematics, Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris
2Faculty of Computer and Mathematical Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sabah Branch, Kota
Kinabalu Campus
Abstract: This innovation, known as Maths Room Challenge, is a community engagement effort under the University
of Social Responsibility. The project is about approaching school students and innovatively teaching Mathematics,
as students have always thought that Mathematics is complicated. The suggested activity would also allow students
to shift their mindset about Mathematics and develop their technological skills. Bookwidgets software is being used
to develop this project. Also, students and the community, such as the people around them, in particular parents and
teachers, must work together to complete the project successfully. It would also allow both the university and the
school to work together in the future. The community should be inspired by the latest concept of how to help students
be better at Mathematics. They will know the importance of Mathematics and the fun of Mathematics as well. They
can also make use of technological facilities. Then, despite the new norm, the community chain will continue to
communicate with each other. The initiative would have a positive effect on students and the neighbourhood.
Keywords: mathematics; new norm; community engagement; technology
INTRODUCTION
Mathematics becomes one of the important branches of study nowadays. Therefore, our country,
Malaysia, should take action to enhance mathematical skills among the students. However, some students’
attitudes might be positive, or vice versa towards the subject will affect the performances (Setapa et al.
2016). The method of delivering the lesson also might affect the students’ attention because the generation
nowadays tends to be bored easily. The traditional way of teaching Mathematics might affect the
perception of students to perform well in the subject. Apart from that, the students would always fear to
study Mathematics because they have set in their mind that Mathematics is only for the genius
(Mohammad Ali & Che Hassan, 2019).
In this paper, we discuss the alternative way to deliver the subject in an exciting method. Today, it is easy
to access the provided software and application for education due to the technological facilities. Therefore,
we have to take the opportunity to develop teaching skills among teachers and lecturers. Due to that, both
teachers and students should work together and cooperate. It is to ensure the effectiveness of the teaching
and learning process as well as the students’ performance in Mathematics. To do this, we use the
BookWidgets software, a Belgium-based platform that aids in blended learning (Menon, 2019). It allows
the teachers to create course content and to teach efficiently. The innovation, Maths Room Challenge
provides beneficial skills for everyone.
METHODOLOGY
Maths Room Challenge consists of 5 mini activities, which are Quizzes, Hangman, Wordsearch,
Crossword Puzzle and Arithmetic. The quizzes are divided into three parts; Primary level in Bahasa
Melayu, Primary level in English and Secondary level in English. The hangman also being apart into three
different types of levels. Meanwhile, the word search and crossword puzzle are considered into two levels;
primary and secondary level. The arithmetic mission is to solve all the basic questions to find the missing
word. If one question gets wrong, the latest alphabet obtained will disappear.
13
The method that we used to engage with the students during the Movement Control Order (MCO) is more
efficient as we are not allowed to gather, and the schools are not available during the time being. Also, the
innovation project helps to remind the students that they need to study despite a long holiday. Besides, the
project is using technological facilities and involving games that can attract students to join. While the
students enjoy completing the activities, they will increase their interest in Mathematics indirectly. We
believe that this innovation project can evolve the students’ perception of Mathematics that the subject is
just for genius and too complicated to score.
FINDINGS
The innovation project’s participants are 701 students from primary schools and secondary schools around
Malaysia.
Figure 1. The participants based on school levels
Based on Figure 1, the pie chart shows that there are 58% of primary students which is 406 in total.
Meanwhile, the other 42% are secondary students or 295 students in total.
Figure 2. Do the participants enjoy the programme?
The figure above indicates that 82% of the participants enjoy the project which is 575 students meanwhile
18% of the participants are in moderate, 126 students and none one of the students state “No”.
58%
42%
Primary Students
SecondaryStudents
82%
18%
Yes
Maybe
14
Figure 3. Do the participants like Mathematics after joining the programme?
Based on the pie chart above, there is 76% of the participants (518) like Mathematics more after joining
the programme while the rest 24% (183) is moderate.
CONCLUSIONS The innovation project aims to approach school students in Malaysia and to teach Mathematics with an
interesting method. The results showed that this Maths Room Challenge project attracted the students to
join and indirectly shifted their mindset that Mathematics is fun and attractive. Based on the total of
participants (701 students), the project is able to attract the students to join it. To strengthen the statement,
82% of the participants enjoy the programme. At the same time, 76% of the respondents like to do better
in Mathematics after joining it.
These findings will help students to perform well in Mathematics because their attitudes become more
positive toward the subject. Hence, this project helps Malaysia to ensure the skills in Science, Technology,
Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) will be the top in the world list. Thus, we have to organize more
programmes in the future about STEM, especially Mathematics.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT We are very grateful to all the participants for their contributions in this innovation and research project.
Acknowledgements are also extended to those who have contributed to this study.
REFERENCES Mohammad Ali, N. A. & Che Hassan, N. (2019) Mathematics Anxiety and Mathematics Motivation among Students
in the Faculty of Science of a Public University in Malaysia, International Journal of Academic Research
in Progressive Education and Development, 8(4) 952-963
Menon, S. A. (2019) Designing Online Materials for Blended Learning: Optimising on BookWidgets, International
Journal of Linguistics, Literature and Translation (IJLLT), 2(3) 166-174
Setapa, M., Wan Mustapha, W. A. H., Mohd Kanafiah, S. F. H., & Kamarul Zaman, L. (2016). A Study of
Students’
Perception toward Mathematic, Journal of Applied Environmental and Biological Sciences, 6(7S) 28-33
76%
24%Yes
Maybe
15
VIID2291 - CONTINUOUS MARKS
TEMPLATE (AUTOMATION)
Khalid Amin Mat1*, Siti Rapidah Omar Ali2, Nur Shafini Mohd Said3, Nasiha Abdullah4 1,2,3,4Faculty of Business and Management, Universiti Teknologi MARA Cawangan Terengganu, Kampus
Dungun, 23000 Dungun, Terengganu, Malaysia
E-mail: [email protected]
* Corresponding author
Abstract: Continuous marks template (automation) is create using Microsoft Excel version 2020 software. This
innovation can help the employees in education industry especially lecturers to provide feedback to their students
with ease of mind. As it comes with automated calculation for all marks given by the lecturer. The template also
built-in with formula to prevent any marks input that exceed the full mark set by the lecturer. This can be achieved
by setting the data validation for all data input by the lecturer. Missing marks are also visible to the lecturer using
conditional formatting in the software itself. All of this effort is to provide a reliable template to help all lecturers to
achieve the objective of zero error in giving marks to the students. In addition, this template can also help the lecturer
to guide their students to get the best grade for the subject and protect the privacy of the student that can lead to low
motivation, stress, embarrassed by others if they get low continuous assessment marks and display the marks to all
students. There is also template for students that can be used to set their goals for final assessment to get the highest
grade as possible or simply to pass the subject. This template could be the savior to both lecturers and students will
all the mark calculation that can lead to time consuming just to know which grade they still have hope for. As
conclusion, with the innovation of this template, hopefully it can help the students to boost their motivation level
and confidence with their effort to get their desire grade for particular subject and indirectly improve students’
performance in learning and achieve better grade in their study.
Keywords: Continuous mark, Automation, Microsoft Excel, Students’ performance, Data validation
INTRODUCTION The idea to create this template comes when almost every semester, lecturers need to key in the continuous
marks to give to the students. It is time consuming to prepare the marks and at the same time to make sure
all the marks given is accurate. After show it to the students, many questions regarding their continuous
marks such as whether they can pass the subject, whether they can get A or achieve certain grade for the
subject etc. All the questions are bothersome, but lecturer need to overcome that in order to help the
students set their goal for their final assessment. Watkins (2019) stated that the goal setting does make an
impact on the students’ growth on their performance. Goal setting should be specific, measurable,
attainable, realistic, and time sensitive. In order for students to view goals as meaningful, they must have
a clear understanding of what specific target(s) they are aspiring to accomplish. In order to do that, we
need to provide lecturers the solution to become proficient in each step of goal setting before the students
take their final assessment (Dotson, 2016). Microsoft Excel is a powerful tool that can be used in order
to solve this problem. Astuti and Bhakti (2018) stated that Microsoft Excel is usually used to analyze
values in school activities due to its extensive ability in processing and presenting data. Therefore, the
objectives of this project are as follow:
i. To find out the mean value of utility for continuous marks template (automation).
ii. To find out the mean value of usability for continuous marks template (automation).
iii. To find out the mean value of aesthetics for continuous marks template (automation).
iv. To find out the mean value of identification for continuous marks template (automation).
v. To find out the mean value of value for continuous marks template (automation).
16
•Kick-off Call
June 2020
•Data gathering
July 2020
•Release 1.0
August 2020
•Project Testing
September 2020
•Project Wrap-up
October 2020
METHODOLOGY The research methodology used was product testing that allowed the researcher to collect quantitative
information about user usage perceptions towards the product. The product testing and questionnaire is
handed out to 34 individuals including lecturers and students in Universiti Teknologi MARA Cawangan
Terengganu Kampus Dungun to test the product’s utility, usability, aesthetics, identification, and value.
Aesthetics can be defined as the visual appeal of the template such as color, layout, design etc. (Hart,
2014). Figure 1 below show the milestone to complete continuous marks template (automation).
Figure 1. Project Milestone for Continuous Marks Template (Automation)
FINDINGS
This project aims to provide solution for lecturers to prepare continuous marks to give the students and at
the same time provide them with automated formula to help the students set their goal for final assessment
in order to get better grade. From the product testing, descriptive statistics as shown in Table 1.
Table 1. User Experience Characteristics: Descriptive Statistics
No Item Mean Std Deviation Level
1 Utility 4.04 0.90 High
2 Usability 4.06 0.78 High
3 Aesthetics 4.16 0.90 High
4 Identification 4.09 0.81 High
5 Value 4.17 0.92 High
Reference: Khalid et al. (2020)
The template significance “Value” come in first place with the highest average (4.17). This, in turn,
reflects the high degree of approval and consensus of the study sample, supported by the percent of the
standard deviation (0.92). Value was the most influencing variable when using software (Badran & Al-
Haddad, 2018). In second place came “Aesthetics”, which had a mean of (4.16), followed by
“Identification” with a mean of (4.09). “Usability” ranked fourth with a mean of (4.06) and standard
deviation of (0.78). Finally, “Utility” had a mean of (4.04) with a standard deviation of (0.90).
CONCLUSIONS This template can be used by all lecturers and students to achieve the main objective which is to set the
right goal for their final assessment. It can save a lot of time that can be used for other activities to improve
the learning environment. From the findings, it can be concluded that the template is user friendly and
very easy to use. The template can be used and benefit any level education system including school,
17
university, private learning etc. The template can be improvised to fulfill specific requirement need by
others in the future. It is recommended to used Microsoft Excel to provide solution too any problems that
required calculation, formula and validation.
REFERENCES Astuti, Irnin Agustina Dwi & Bhakti, Yoga Budi. “Interactive Learning Multimedia Based Microsoft Excel on the
Temperature and Heat.” Unnes Science Education Journal 7, no. 1 (2018): 1-6.
Badran, Omar, & Al-Haddad, Shafig. “The Impact of Software User Experience on Customer Satisfaction.” Journal
of Management Information and Decision Sciences 21, no. 1 (2018): 1-20.
Dotson, Ronnie. “Goal Setting to Increase Student Academic Performance.” Journal of School Administration
Research and Development 1, no. 1 (2016): 44-46.
Hart, Jennefer. “Investigating User Experience and User Engagement for Design.” A Thesis submitted to The
University of Manchester for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Faculty of Humanities (2014):1-
262.
Watkins, Vesta. “The Effects of Goal Setting and Data Tracking on Student Performance.” Master’s Theses
and Capstone Projects (2019): 1-32.
18
VIID2294 - ‘KAIFA HALUKA’ AS A
MEDIUM TO SUPPORT ARABIC
LANGUAGE LEARNING
Muhammad Luqman Ibnul Hakım Mohd Saad1, Mohammed Iqbal Badaruddın2 , Razimi Zakaria3, Mohd
Baharim Mayidin4, Mohd Azizi Ab Ghani5, Mohd Sollah Mohamed6
1,3,4,5,6Akademi Pengajian Bahasa UiTM Kelantan, 2Fakulti Seni Lukis & Seni Reka UiTM Kelantan
[email protected], [email protected], [email protected],
[email protected], [email protected], [email protected]
Abstract: Using textbooks traditionally to learn Arabic is a major challenges faced by students especially in UiTM
Kelantan. This is because; learning second language requires appropriate technique and effective medium to
understand the foundation of the language. This situation was seen in the classroom when the students are unable to
focus and cannot give their full attention to the learning activities. Based on the observation, an innovation which is
Arabic bilingual comic (in transliteration) and Malay were created for the purpose of improving the process of
learning Arabic language, specifically in UiTM Kelantan. This innovation is an improvement on the teaching and
learning process where lecturers typically use textbooks as the medium of instruction and direction in the classroom.
This study was conducted to examine the extent to which the use of Kaifa Haluka Comics (KKH) as a supporting
medium to learn Arabic. The survey was conducted on two components analysis namely (1) usefulness and (2) ease
of use. The first component includes a set of questions related to improving achievement and usefulness in learning
Arabic while the second component involves the use of QR Code. A total of 127 students who took elective Arabic
language courses code TAC101 & TAC151 were involved in this study. The data were collected using questionnaires
given in Google form application format. Based on the findings, KKH shows significant impact to students learning
Arabic. In addition, the use of KKH contributes to students’ learning achievement. In terms of ease of use, students
strongly agree that the use of QR Code facilitates the reading process. In conclusion, majority of students agree KKH
is a tool that can be used to facilitate their learning of Arabic. The positive response received from UiTM Kelantan
students shows the acceptance of the product as a learning aid.
Keywords: Arabic language learning innovations, interactive learning, 'kaifa haluka' comics
INTRODUCTION
Mc Cloud (1993) explains in the book entitled Understanding Comics that by using comics as a medium
we could be attracting the interest of readers because it is easier to comprehend. Its usage at this moment
are more than being a leisure reading material, it also acts as an effective learning aid to facilitate a better
learning experience. According to Gene (2003), the use of comics has its benefit on education by
enhancing the learning motivation, provides visual stimulation, improves the medium of instruction, very
popular, and develop thinking skills of the students. He explained that this motivational feature is related
to the human natural attraction to pictures that serves to record and maintain students’ interest. It is in line
with studies done by Abdul Murad (2013) which states that the aspects of motivation can be improved by
providing material for learning in the form of comics that matches the students’ learning style based on
their cognitive ability.
Smith (2006), said that comics are a combination of text and illustrations that have the power to assist
excellent students in learning as well as developing strong imagination. Illustrations act as a clue to what
is presented in the text (Nor Sakinah, 2015). In line with that, comics are a tool that has the potential to be
used for language teaching and learning at all levels. The findings of a study by Abdul Halim & Norshidah
(2017) entitled 'Use of Comics in Teaching Towards Communication Skills' shows that there is an increase
in students’ communication during the teaching and learning process in the classroom with their teachers
19
and peers. According to them, the use of comics as a teaching aid seems to help improve the level of
communication skills. In addition to raising interest and focus on the lesson, the use of comics also
manages to change some of the perceptions about learning by using a theme and fun method in the
classroom
McVicker (2007) through his study entitled Comic Strip as a Text Structure for Learning to Read offers a
method by making comic strips as a tool for reading skills. According to him, the importance of visual
literacy must be acknowledged by making an effort towards improving them. Hence, comics could be
used as a tool to develop the skills of visual literacy because it can act as another alternative source to
reading materials. Besides that, a study entitled Connecting Through Comics: Expanding Opportunities
for Teaching and Learning by Bolton Gary (2012) states that the challenge now is for the teachers to create
meaningful lesson for the students who are facing abstract learning content. In line with that, he describes
on how comics can facilitate learning through alternative learning strategy that includes cognitive aspects,
motivation, and information processing. Havva Yaman (2010) in her article, Cartoons as a Teaching Tool:
A Research on Turkish Language Grammar Teaching, also discusses the needs for 21st century students
to possess communication and critical thinking skills. According to her, ideas from students must be
presented not only through writings but also communication technology. She also adds that cartoons and
comic books can be good medium for 21st century classroom teaching. Conclusively, comic books have
the potential to enhance the teaching and learning process and improve language skills of students. Nor
Sakinah (2015) found that the use of Arabic language comic books had improved students’ achievement
and received positive perceptions from them. This proves that using comic books in Arabic language
learning creates interest among the students to learn the language.
PROBLEM STATEMENT
One of the major challenges faced by many students learning second language (L2) in academic
environment is the lack of usage of the language. (Abdul-Hakeem Kasem, 2016: 41). Learning second
language requires commitment, practice, appropriate methodology to understand the foundation of the
language and other relevant factors (Muhamadul Bakir, 2007:61). In accord with the statement, Kaifa
Haluka is used to generate interest among the students to learn Arabic language. According to Muhamadul
Bakir (2007: 62), teaching Arabic is not an easy task because the language teachers need to put major
effort in improving and simplifying the teaching and learning activities.
RESEARCH OBJECTIVE
The objective of the study is to explore the use of Kaifa Haluka Comic as a supplementary medium to
learn Arabic language.
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Data for this study was collected using questionnaire which was distributed to 127 respondents who were
students of UiTM Kelantan who took Arabic language courses (TAC101 & TAC151) as their elective
subjects. TAC101 (Arabic language Level 1) and TAC151 (Arabic language Level 3) are elective courses
offered to diploma students. The questionnaire was developed using Google Form app to ease the data
analysis process. The findings of this study are discussed in the next section.
DATA ANALYSIS
There were 127 UiTM Kelantan students who participated in this study. The analysis is carried out based
on 2 major aspects; Usefulness and ease of use of KKH.
20
Figure 1. Analysis of Usefulness of KKH
Analysis on the Usefulness of KKH
Figure 1 shows the results of a survey on the usefulness of KKH. A total of 89 respondents (70.08%)
believed that the use of comics improved their Arabic language learning achievement. While 20 (15.75%)
and 18 (14.17%) respondents respectively viewed this comic has a positive effect and can be used as an
effective medium. In addition, 99 respondents (77.95%) thought this comic was useful in learning Arabic
followed by 16 respondents (12.60%) and 10 respondents (7.87%) who were positive with this medium
of learning the Arabic language. Nonetheless, only 2 respondents (1.58%) are still skeptical about the
usefulness of the comic. Overall, none of the respondents thought that the use of comics did not have a
good effect on their Arabic language learning.
Figure 2. Analysis of Ease of Use of KKH
Analysis on the Ease of Use of KKH
Figure 2 shows the data on the ease of use of KKH. 75.59% or 96 respondents strongly agreed that the use
of QR Code facilitates the reading process. It is followed by a total of 20 respondents (15.75%) whom
perceived that it was an easy application to use. While 11 respondents (8.66%) responded not sure about
the ease of use of KKH. Based on observation, the ease of use was assessed based on the interactive
aspects applied in the comic. This shows that the use of the comic is at a satisfactory level. One of the
reasons is because the reading of KKH not only bound to reading per se but the application interactive
concept that comes along with the comic. A majority of 98 respondents (77.17%) strongly agreed that
KKH to facilitate their Arabic language learning. This is followed by 17 (13.39%) and 11 (8.66%)
respondents respectively agreed that KKH is a positive tool in learning Arabic. There was one respondent
(0.78%) who stated that the comic is useless. Nonetheless, it can be concluded that KKH can facilitate the
readers to learn the Arabic language.
70.08%
15.75%14.17%
The Use of KKH Improves Arabic Language Achievement
SangatBerguna
Berguna
Tidak Pasti77.95%
12.60%7.87% 1.58%
KKH Useful In Learning Arabic
SangatBergunaBerguna
Tidak Pasti
TidakBerguna
75.59%
15.75%8.66%
Using Qr Code Makes Reader Easier
SangatBerguna
Berguna
Tidak Pasti77.17
%
13.39%
8.66%0.78%
KKH Facilitates Learning Arabic
SangatBergunaBerguna
Tidak Pasti
TidakBerguna
21
CONCLUSION
The results of the survey show that the use of KKH can improve the learning of Arabic language among
the students, especially the students at UiTM Kelantan. Most of the students viewed KKH as having a
positive effect and can be used as an effective medium in their learning of the language. In terms of ease
of use, students strongly agreed that the use of QR Code facilitates the reading process because it is easier
for them to use. The ease of use is assessed based on the interactive aspects applied in the comic. In
conclusion, most students strongly agreed that KKH is an instrument that can be employed in learning the
Arabic language.
REFERENCES
Abdel-Hakeem Kasem. (2016). Innovation in Language Education: Enriching Arabic Language Learner
Experiences and Proficiency in2D and 3D Environments. IOSR Journal Of Humanities And Social Science (IOSR-
JHSS). Volume 21, Issue 9, Ver. 6 (Sep. 2016) PP 40-46.
Abdul Halim Mohd Nasa & Norshidah Mohamad Salleh. (2017). Penggunaan Komik Dalam Pengajaran
Terhadap Kemahiran Komunikasi Murid Bermasalah Pembelajaran. Prosiding Seminar Pendidikan Serantau ke-VIII
(2017). Fakulti Pendidikan Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Bangi.
Abdul Murad Bin Abd Hamid. (2013). Pembangunan Dan Penilaian Komik Penceritaan Digital Dalam
Persekitaran Pembelajaran Berasaskan Teori Konstruktivisme Bagi Pembelajaran Bahasa Melayu Pelajar Pendidikan
Khas. Ijazah Sarjana Pendidikan. Fakulti Pendidikan. Universiti Teknologi Malaysia.
Badarudin, Mohamed Iqbal & Mohd Saad, Muhammad Luqman. (2017). Kaifa Haluka - Komik Bahasa
Arab. Al Gazel Studio.
Bolton-Gary, C. (2012). Connecting Through Comics: Expanding Opportunities for Teaching and Learning.
University of South Carolina Beaufort, Bluffton SC, USA. US-China Education Review B 4 (2012) 389-395. Earlier
title: US-China Education Review, ISSN 1548-6613: David Publishing.
Gene, L., Y. (2003). Comic In Education bertarikh 1 Oktober 2018. Diakses dari
http://www.geneyang.com/comicsedu/index.html.
Havva Yaman. (2010). Cartoons as a Teaching Tool: A Research on Turkish Language Grammar Teaching,
Educational Sciences: Theory & Practice 10 (2) • 1231- 1242. Faculty of Education, Department of Turkish
Teaching, Sakarya, Turkey.
Mc Cloud, C. (1993). Understanding Comics: HarperCollins.
McVicker, C, J. (September, 2018). Comic Strip as A Text Structure For Learning To Read. The Reading
Teacher. 61(1), pp 85-88.
Mohd Saad, Muhammad Luqman & Badarudin, Mohamed Iqbal &. (2018). Penerapan Nilai-Nilai Islam
Melalui Komik Interaktif ‘Kaifa Haluka’. International Conference on Islam and Global Issues (iCIGI2018).
Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) Kelantan.
Muhamadul Bakir Yaakub. (2007). Teaching Arabic As A Second Language: An Evaluation Of Key Word
Method Effectiveness. Jurnal Teknologi, 46(E) Jun 2007: 61- 72. Universiti Teknologi Malaysia.
Nor Sakinah Ismail Zawawi. (2015). Keberkesanan komik dalam pembelajaran Bahasa Arab di Sekolah
Menengah. Tesis Sarjana. Universiti Malaya.
Smith, A., (2006). Teaching With Comic. University Of Lethbridge, Kanada.
22
VIID2295 - FinIns KIT
Dr Norhayati Alias1, Pn Noor Hasniza Haron2, Cik Puteh Mariam Ismail3, Dr Mazurina Mohd
Ali4
1Umiversiti Teknologi MARA
[email protected], [email protected], [email protected],
Abstract: Students always have difficulty to understand Financial Instrument (FI) concepts, one of
Financial Reporting Modules. They generally fail to apply the knowledge of accounting standard in the
preparation of general-purpose financial statement. Therefore, the objective of this kit is to provide one
stop center for all information that should have been made known to the students in order to grasp the
knowledge of Financial Instrument (FI). In addition, it will help students to understand the FI concept and
its link to exam question. Prior to the innovation, most textbook will start with the explanation using the
following step recognition of FI, measurement of FI, classification of FI and presentation of FI (traditional
model). Due to this flow, students are taught on the measurement of transaction cost before they were
introducing to FI classification. However, the correct treatment of transaction cost depends on the
classification. Thus, it will be best to introduce the classification first. Other issues with this flow, students
have an idea that FI is another item other than asset, liabilities or equity. Therefore, the new model
proposed the following steps: presentation, recognition, classification and measurement to solve the
issues. In addition, no simulation kit was built to support the digital learning. Based on this new model,
students perform well for their class exercise, less time spend on question and answer session and less
guidance. In addition, FI is always perceived as a complex standard, especially for users and preparers of
financial statements. This new model will help to simplified the complexity and removing paper-based
information towards digitalization.
Keywords: Financial Instruments, Financial Reporting, Accounting Standard.
INTRODUCTION This innovation project is related to Financial Reporting (FR) subject offered for CPA Australia
candidates. The subject is based on the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS), which are
issued by the International Accounting Standard Board (IASB). The subject has 7 modules, and this
innovation subjects related to Module 6 Financial Instrument. This innovation project helps students to
strategize to survive the FR paper and increase their understanding and hence better chances of passing.
The objectives of the project are
(i) To help students to understand the Financial Reporting concept and its link to exam question and
(ii) To increases student’s motivations and confidence that they can pass FR papers.
METHODOLOGY This study is driven by the interpretive paradigm (Denzin and Lincoln 2000) as interpretive research
attempts to understand a phenomenon through accessing the meanings that participants assign to them
(Klein and Myers 1999). This research uses the case study research method as this is an exploratory study
(Yin 1994). The case study was conducted at IPN. Participants are students sitting for Financial Reporting
CPA exam for two semesters. The first semester students were given a before innovation approach. For
the second semester, students were introduced to new model for FI. The data collected from exam results
for these two semesters were analysed to enable the researcher to interpret the data, in order to identify
“the lessons learned of the case study”. The methodology used for this project is case study approach by
analyzing passing rate before and after the new models for FI are used.
23
FINDINGS In teaching the financial reporting paper, students generally fail to apply the knowledge of accounting
standard in the preparation of general-purpose financial statement. When they learn accounting standard
in piecemeal, they cannot visualize the big picture, hence not are able to present proper financial statement
as required by the accounting standards. The following process discussed what problem has been
encountered in teaching and what new process that has been undertaken to help them to strive for FR papers.
Before innovation
Prior to the innovation, the study found out that students have difficulty to understand the Financial
Instrument (FI) concept, one of FR modules. Most textbook including CPA modules will start with the
following step: Recognition of FI, measurement of FI, classification of FI and presentation of FI as follows:
Following this flow, there are two problems that students were facing:
● Problem 1- students are taught on the measurement of transaction cost before they were introducing to FI classification. Transaction cost is a cost incurred due to acquisition or issuance cost such as brokerage fees. This transaction cost will give effect to the value of FI either expense off or
capitalized. It will be charged either to profit and loss or account as part of the financial assets. Therefore, it is important to identify the FI classification first to derive to the correct value of the FI.
● Problem 2 - students have an idea that FI is another item other than asset, liabilities or equity. For
example, student is taught accounts receivables as a separate asset at lower level accounting courses.
However, at higher level of accounting syllabus, accounts receivables are introduced as part of
financial assets due to requirement of accounting standard. Financial assets refer to cash, contractual
obligations to receive cash or another financial asset from another entity and an equity instrument of
another entity. This mean for simple transaction; credit sales give rise to receivables. However,
knowledge at higher level in relation to accounting standard, credit will give rise to contractual
obligation to pay later. Both have same meaning that will give rise to financial assets. This is the part
that a student thought it is two different items without realizing that FI is actually an item under
classification of asset, liability and equity.
After innovation
The process starts by showing students example of FI that they can find in Statement of financial position
such as cash, receivables and derivatives (step 4). This will help to solve problem 2 which student now
know the position of financial instruments items either as financial assets, financial liability or equity
instruments in statement of financial position. Secondly, students are told about the definition and
recognition of financial instrument that comprise of financial asset, financial liabilities and equity (step
1). Thirdly, the FI classification using company business model (step 3) are explained. Finally, explain
to students using journal entries treatment on the measurement of FI (step 4). This will help to solve
problem 1 where students are able to determine the correct classification of the transaction cost whether to
capitalize or expense off. Therefore, the correct value of FI can be determined.
FI PRESENTATION
(Step 4)
FI RECOGNITION (Step 1)
FI CLASSIFCATION
(Step 3)
MEASUREMENT FI (Step 2)
24
In addition to improvise this learning process, FinIns Kit are built to support their digital learning for this
subject. The kit is introduced to provide one stop center for all information that should have been made
known to the students in order to grasp the knowledge of Financial Instrument. Despite overwhelm
information related to Financial Instrument that has been mentioned earlier, menu on the left side of the
FinIns Kit will guide the users/students to navigate the information needed according to their needs. FI
Kit is built on a coherent manner, a step by step basis to ensure that information needed be able to
communicate to the users/students. The kit is easily accessible by the users, speed up the process, and
lower the risk of errors when evaluating FI. It is built to transform by removing paper-based information
(eliminating the textbook for reference) towards digitalization. Users/students may also take quizzes
available on the FinIns Kit and subsequently have accessed to the automatic summaries and scores for the
quizzes attempted earlier.
Passing rate are used to measure the effectiveness of this innovation as follows;
Table 2. Passing Rate
Semester Innovation World rate (%) IPN Passing rate (%)
July-Dec 2018 No 61.8 32
Jan-June 2019 Yes 64.5 55
For July-Dec 2018, 22 students sat for the FR exam and only 7 students passed. Thus, the passing rate is
32%. However, the passing rate improved for Jan-June 2019 sitting to 55%. Out of 31 students, 17 students
passed. This include 2 students with High Distinction (12%), 3 students with distinctions (18%) and 2
students with credit (12%). The findings revealed that the new model introduce to simplified the
complexity of FI KIT, the findings shows that students perform well for their class exercise, less time spend
on question and answer session and less guidance. Generally, the innovation helps IPN students to
complete their professional exam and contributes to numbers of professional bumiputra. Specifically, the
results for each semester improve.
CONCLUSION Based on this new model, students perform well for their class exercise, less time spend on question and
answer session and less guidance. In addition, Financial Instruments is always perceived as a complex
standard, especially for users and preparers of financial statements. This new model will help to simplify
this complexity. Generally, the innovation helps IPN students to complete their professional exam and
contributes to numbers of professional bumiputra. Specifically, the results for each semester improve as
we have quite at least one student that pass with High Distinction, Distinction and Credit. Considering
they are full time workers; this is really a big achievement. This method can be further expanded for other
financial reporting module.
REFERENCES CPA websites
Denzin, N. K. and Lincoln, Y. S. (2000). Handbook of Qualitative Research.
Klein, H., Z. and Myers, M., D. (1999) “A Set of Principles for Conducting and Evaluating Interpretive Field”. Yin,
R. K. 1994. Case study research: design and method. Thousand Oak, California:Sage Publications, Inc.
25
VIID2298 - STUDENTS’ APPLICATION
LETTER IN CLOUD
Mohd Norafizal Abd Aziz1, Siti Aishah Mohammad2, Eily Azer3, 1Faculty of Computer and Mathematical Sciences
2Faculty of Business Management ,3Students Affair Department
Universiti Teknologi Mara Pahang Branch, Raub Campus
Malaysia
Abstract: During the pandemic of COVID-19, most of the University operation has to be stopped due to limited
movement and new norms procedures determined by the government. Unfortunately, students’ application letter has
to proceed due to demand on students for sponsorship purposes. Therefore, we had invented an innovative solution
using cloud computing technology for the student letter application, whereby the process will continue and remain
as usual with minimal cost and systematically. It also aligns with the digitalized campuses as one of the Sustainable
Development Goal (SDG) introduced by the University to contribute green initiatives with an economical approach
that will bring the success of digitalization and SDG together. Therefore, we had invented the application of StALIC
to support those initiatives using the cloud application consists of Google Suites, and Autocrat and several trial-run
had been conducted to observe the approach. We had a positive response from the students regarding the innovation,
with 98% of respondents agree on the innovation to be used, easy to maintain with simple and wide access by using
smart devices anytime and anywhere. Besides, this innovation has been implemented in UiTM Pahang, Raub
Campus, with 26 students’ application letters produced in a day compared to 1-2 letters as in the manual approach
previously.
Keywords: Cloud computing, Students’ Application Letter, StALIC
INTRODUCTION
In the new norms, the digitalized approach has played an important aspect in merely most operational
sectors. The use of technology is a must to support the continuity of the operation. Students’ Affairs
department managing the students’ letter application for sponsorship purposes to acknowledge the
students’ status for sponsorship purposes. Unfortunately, the manual approach has distracted the students
from getting important documents due to the pandemic situation. Therefore, we had to change the concepts
of preparing and delivering the documents in very systematic ways of operations. We had invented the
Student’s Letter Application in Cloud or also known as StALIC, as one of the digital templates to produced
students’ letter application purposely for sponsorship in a faster way, which also economically in terms of
shortening time, reducing printing cost, and support the green technology approach in Sustainable
Development Goal of UiTM during the pandemic. Cloud computing technology describes the adoption of
virtual applications that will empower the user to determine systematic processes or operations for the
organization. The various domains of cloud computing adoption in medical, education, and many relevant
others had improvised the process to be more systematic and efficient. Cloud computing is an evolving
paradigm that is ubiquitous in managing and sharing resources, which results in minimal effort or services
(Mell & Grance, 2011). Current studies have shown the significance of cloud computing adoption in
education and innovation practices (Vaidya et.al, Asadi et.al, 2020) with the acceptable capabilities of the
cloud computing technology to be adopted with various practices in learning, education, intention to used,
attitudes and many others perceived factors that will determine the success of cloud computing adoption.
To ensure an excellent choice of services, cloud computing plays important choices in the educational
perspective to access information management systems effectively and efficiently (Nataraj et.al, Scalera
et.al, Qasem et.al, 2020). This justification will empower the cloud computing technology as the
technology has empowered users, organizations, and services into different dimensions of changes
significantly with the current pandemic situation and will allocate the beneficial investment for the higher
26
learning operation to discover better resources digitally superb improvements on the infrastructure.
Therefore, the opportunity to enhance the current manual management of operation using cloud computing
is crucial as this technology will navigate such benefits such as simple sharing of information and reduce
cost in implementation for the organization during the pandemic situation (Vaidya et.al, 2020)
METHODOLOGY
StALIC has been developed in a cloud computing environment using the Google Sheet template, including
the AutoCRAT merging techniques to effectively produce students’ letters. The implementation of
StALIC is started with students having to scan the QR-Code provided by the department or access the
StALIC link provided on the UiTM Pahang website. Students should fill-up the form digitally and submit
the form for verification by the Students’ Affairs staff before the letter producing. The successful
application with complete details and verification will produce a sponsorship letter and send it to the
respective applicants using emails for their copy and references. The process’s duration is targeted to be
completed in one (1) day than the previous manual approach with 5-7 days overall. At the same time and
no cost will be incurred by the department which contributed to almost 0% of reducing the budget for
printing cost which support the sustainability program in a green technology environment, reduce
workforce, and efforts by using the proposed innovation, StALIC. Therefore, this innovative project will
be sighted two objectives are to reduce the preparation time of the sponsorship letters for students in less
than one (1) day and to reduce the operational cost including papers, a staff workforce with a minimal cost
which is beneficial for the organization to sustain the good budgeting through the pandemic situation. The
operational flow of StALIC is illustrated in Figure 1.
Figure 1. StALIC operational flows
FINDINGS We had conducted a trial-run for the StALIC template for a week and gathered users' satisfaction with the
innovation of StALIC. Most of the respondents agreed and were satisfied with the capabilities of StALIC
to acknowledge the operation of sponsorship letters’ in a reasonable time according to the feedback, with
82% agreed to the questionnaire after using the StALIC template. On the other hand, 86.7% of the
respondents also satisfied with the implementation, which is easy to access through the digitalization
approach compared to manual operation with reducing physical contact and applying social distancing
during the pandemic situation with the operation of the department remains to be better in future. The rest
of the StALIC satisfaction survey result is shown in Figure 2.
Verify
Scan the QR-Code
or StALIC Link
Students’ Affairs
Department
START
END
StALIC generate the Application
Send to the Applicant
Submit Send to BHEP
Not complete
Complete
generate
PIC Update status
27
Figure 2. StALIC Satisfaction Level during Trial-Run period
CONCLUSIONS As for now, StALIC has been implemented in UiTM Pahang and had shown a positive impact on the
environment, overall operation supporting the new norms, and economically in managing and reducing
cost for UiTM Pahang. StALIC has been registered in MyIPO (Registration No: LY2020002591), which
empowered the process to be commercialized into various sectors to support the new norms initiatives
with the use of cloud computing technology in various aspects of operations and daily life.
28
REFERENCES
Asadi, Z., Abdekhoda, M. & Nadrian, H. Cloud computing services adoption among higher education faculties:
development of a standardized questionnaire. Educ Inf Technol 25, 175–191 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-
019-09932-0
Mell, P., & Grance, T. (2011). The NIST Definition of Cloud Computing. Retrieved October 27, 2020, from
https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/Legacy/SP/nistspecialpublication800-145.pdf
N. Nataraj, N. Karthikeyani and R. V. Nataraj, "Cloud for Education," 2020 6th International Conference on
Advanced Computing and Communication Systems (ICACCS), Coimbatore, India, 2020, pp. 184-188, DOI:
10.1109/ICACCS48705.2020.9074351.
Qasem, Y.A.M.; Abdullah, R.; Yaha, Y.; Atana, R. Continuance Use of Cloud Computing in Higher Education
Institutions: A Conceptual Model. Appl. Sci. 2020, 10, 6628.
S. Vaidya, N. Shah, K. Virani, and K. Devadkar, "A Survey: Mobile Cloud Computing in Education," 2020 5th
International Conference on Communication and Electronics Systems (ICCES), COIMBATORE, India, 2020, pp.
655-659, DOI: 10.1109/ICCES48766.2020.9138053.
Scalera, M.; Gentile, E.; Plantamura, P.; Dimauro, G. A Systematic Mapping Study in Cloud for Educational
Innovation. Appl. Sci. 2020, 10, 4531.
29
VIID2300 - TEGASKAN DIRI: INI HAK
SAYA! AN INNOVATIVE COUNSELLING
TO ENHANCE ASSERTIVENESS SKILL
Salmi Razali, Khairol Ahmad Ramadzan Md Isa, Halimatun Saadiah Razak, Fadzriatul Hafinaz, Saratul
Adzikin Ahmad Tarmizi and Nurul Aqilah Hussin
Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Campus Sg Buloh and Selayang, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Selangor, Malaysia
E-mail: [email protected]
Abstract: Being nonassertive predisposes an individual to low self-esteem, being oppressed and becoming the
victim of bully or abuse. Hence, enhancing assertiveness skills is vital to upholding rights and preventing
exploitation and victimization. This project aims to increase knowledge and teach clients on assertiveness skills.
We reviewed, applied, enhanced and developed an innovative product called TEGASKAN DIRI: INI HAK SAYA!
©. Informed by findings of empirical research and clinical experiences of qualified mental health specialists, the
content of this project serves as part of evidence-based counselling in psychological medicine. It is a counselling
package to enhance assertiveness skills, guided by the professionals who share step-by-step, the useful and
organized tips based on a formula called "HAK SAYA", This counselling comes as a face-to-face consultation,
booklet, webpage and mobile app. The sustainability and scalability of the module are assured by the presence of the
webpage for online public users and its global views through mobile phone. The webpage also provides a link for
a referral to mental health professionals. This counselling has been used as parts of award-winning programs.
Practicing HAK SAYA, has been shown to reinvigorate the clients with high assertiveness skills. This counselling
module can be used by mental health providers as a tool for their routine counseling to improve assertiveness skills
and enhance self-esteem of their clients. Further information is available at
https://haksayahuitm.wixsite.com/mysite
Keywords: Assertiveness, virtual counselling, teleconsultation, positive psychology
INTRODUCTION
Assertiveness skill is the “skill, art or ability to assert oneself” (Huges, Kinder, and Cooper 2020). People
with good assertiveness skill can stand up for their own or other people's rights politely and positively,
without being neither aggressive nor passively admitting to unacceptable behaviour. Assertive
individuals can share their opinion, a voice out their disappointment and accept comment and criticism
without hurting others, or becoming dismayed themselves. Assertiveness individuals stand up for their
rights by expressing thoughts, feelings and beliefs in direct, honest and appropriate ways (n.d 2020,
Razali 2020, 2018, Razali and Abdul Wahab 2019, Huges, Kinder, and Cooper 2020). People with poor
assertiveness skills are submissive and passive making them easily becoming the targets or the victims
of bully and abuse. This can occur not only among children or adolescence at school but also among
adults at the workplace. The victims most often silently suffering great physical and psychological pain,
humiliation, and stress. Hence, having good assertiveness skills is essential to avoid victimization,
improve self-esteem, reduce stress and, prevent mental illness and ensure optimum quality of life (n.d
2020, Razali 2020, 2018, Razali and Abdul Wahab 2019, Huges, Kinder, and Cooper 2020).
While having good assertiveness skills has proven to be beneficial, seeking help from mental health
professionals (such as a counsellor, psychologist or psychiatrist) to improve this essential
psychological skill is stigmatizing. Hence, as an alternative for face-to-face consultations, online
counselling, or teleconsultation can help reduce the stigma (Razali 2020). In Malaysia, for those who
30
require assistance to boost their self-esteem and increase their assertiveness skills, there has been very
limited online counselling or teleconsultation by credential specialists in mental health available for
public and patients. Hence, this project aims to offer an innovative counselling module prepared by
qualified mental health professionals for clients (especially patients and the public). The module aims
to increase knowledge, raise awareness and teach the clients how to enhance their assertiveness skills.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Methodology
Recent literature which include empirical research and books related to assertiveness skills were
reviewed. The articles were read iteratively, and the key points were summarized. The main themes
related to assertiveness skills include upholding own rights without violating others’, being neither
passive nor aggressive, ability to politely say ‘NO’ and having effective communication. These
fundamental skills were translated into a formula called HAKSAYA. Embracing to religious practice
was also added to suit the local sociocultural context. The module was published and disseminated as a
booklet and available online at https://haksayahuitm.wixsite.com/mysite. Then, the effectiveness of
this module was tested among 120 vulnerable girls sought shelters at two private homes and three
government sponsored rehabilitation centers.
The innovative product
The innovative product is called TEGASKAN DIRI: INI HAK SAYA! © Copyright: MyIPO:
LY2017002491; CRLY00007891. This module shares step-by-step, the useful and organized tips by
using the HAKSAYA. By applying the formula, the clients can boost their assertiveness skills and
restructure their mind and behaviour from being passive or aggressive to be more assertive. This skill
may help the clients to uphold their rights, live happier with optimum quality of life.
Novelty
It is a counselling package to enhance positive thoughts based on the assertiveness skills approach.
We use our national language Bahasa Melayu for easy application by all Malaysians. Face-to-face
consultation with our specialist is available at the clinic. In order to ensure privacy, minimize stigma
associate with mental health consultation and arrangement of suitable personal time, this innovative
module also comes in the forms of booklet, webpage and mobile app (Razali 2020). The hardcopy of
the booklet is available for patients who participate in the counselling clinic. Free softcopy of the
booklet is also available at the webpage for downloading. For sustainability of the module, the
webpage is available for online public users. The scalability of the module is infinite as it can reach
global views through their mobile phone (Razali 2020).
Benefit
As parts of our outreach effort to ensure Malaysians have the optimum quality of life, the webpage
provides a link for a referral to mental health professionals. Adherence to TEGASKAN DIRI, INI
HAK SAYA! © will ensure the clients are able to be assertive and stand for their rights.
Commercialization
This module has been incorporated in an award-winning counselling program for the vulnerable girls
and women at shelters called Modul Terapi Minda dan Kesihatan Wanita or PEACE for Women©
(Razali 2018) and counselling for students called SMART Minda© (Razali and Abdul Wahab 2019).
This innovative counselling will soon reach the global public through its website and mobile app. Our
future plan is to make the virtual teleconsultation with a mental health specialist to be available at
31
UiTM Private Specialist Centre for private patients. Soon, it will be used as parts of the counselling
program for Hospital Universiti Teknologi MARA (HUiTM).
CONCLUSION Being assertive is essential for good self-esteem, optimum mental health and quality of life. These
positive psychological elements can be enhanced using TEGASKAN DIRI, INI HAKSAYA! ©.
Through various methods of consultation, this innovative counselling may provide accessible services
to patients with mental health problems and the public in general.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This project is supported by BESTARI (P) 600-IRMI/DANA 5/3/BESTARI (P) (007/2018) grant
REFERENCES
Huges, R, A Kinder, and C.L Cooper, eds. 2020. Assertiveness. Edited by The Wellbeing Workout:
Palgrave and MacMillan.
n.d. 2020. "Assertiveness - An Introduction." retrieved 2 September 2020
from https://www.skillsyouneed.com/ps/assertiveness.html.
Razali, Salmi. 2018. "Kaunseling Kemahiran Efikasi Kendiri; Modul Terapi Kesejahtaeraan Minda
dan Kesihatan Wanita . Retrieved 2 September 2020
from https://www.openlearning.com/courses/modul-terapi-kesejahteraan-
minda-dan-kesihatan- wanita/HomePage/."
Razali, Salmi. 2020. "Kaunseling dan Psikoterapi @ HUiTM ; POSITIF ; Retrieved 2 September 2020
from https://mindapositif7.wixsite.com/huitm."
Razali, Salmi, and Noor Aiennatul Mardhiyah Abdul Wahab. 2019. "Kaunseling Meningkatkan
Keberdayaan Minda Pelajar; Self-Motivation; Smart Minda; Retrieved 2 September 2020
from
https://uitmsmartminda.wixsite.com/mysite/copy-of-s-tangani-stres."
32
VIID2301 - BIZMART PENDING
(BIZPEND)
Putra Faizurrahman Zahid1, Nik Nor Hasimah Nik Ismail (Dr.)2 , Nurul Syaqirah Zulqernain3, Nik Suriati
Nik Hassan4, Zurina Ismail (Dr.) 5
1Universiti Teknologi MARA Kelantan
[email protected] 2Universiti Teknologi MARA Kelantan
[email protected] 3Universiti Teknologi MARA Kelantan
[email protected] 4Universiti Teknologi MARA Kelantan
[email protected] 5Universiti Teknologi MARA Kelantan
Abstract: Bizmart Pending project is a social entrepreneurship project. This project is about the voluntary giving of
help, but in the form of foods, to those in needs. This assistance is to ease the burden of any student in UiTM campus
Machang, Kelantan whose have difficulties in purchasing foods. These target students can get the foods for free at
Bizmart Pending shelf, which is located in Student Centre, UiTM Kelantan, Machang campus. On top of that, Bizmart
Pending also offer food for sales and providing a vehicle for sadaqah. For those who willing to purchase, they can
donate or pay for the purchases in the tube provided. Bizmart donated shelves and some food worth not less than
RM500 to kick-start the project. As a token for the social entrepreneurship project, the name Bizmart is taken into
the project name. 'Pending' is for the concept of this project, to show the concept of taking first and paying later, for
those who cannot afford to buy food at the time but do not want to take it for free, and want to pay it later. The word
“pending’ also mean that the food is always there in the shelves. Those who are really desperate could take the food
for free. So basically, the concept we provide is that food can be paid as a normal purchase, pending purchase; take
first and pay later, or take it for free if the target group is really in need.
Keywords: Food bank, Social Entrepreneurship, UiTM Kelantan
INTRODUCTION The application of basic social entrepreneurship concept in university environment would bring significant
changes for the community, especially for students who are in need. Bizmart UiTM Kelantan started that
initiative by placing foods and drinks on open racks and made available for the students. It is placed
strategically in the student centre near the open walkway for the students to either purchase, buy on credit
(partially or fully), or simply take the foods for free if they are in need. The rack itself also serves as a
centre of donation where anyone and anybody could generously contribute foods or money to buy foods.
All the money collected from sales and monetary donation will be used to purchase more foods and restock
the rack for the next turnover.
33
METHODOLOGY With this effort, Bizmart UiTM Kelantan achieved the objective of serving the university’s community of
social entrepreneurship model application through blue ocean strategy. The outcome/novelty in social
entrepreneurship can be conceptualized as a multidimensional model involving three dimensions:
innovativeness, proactiveness, and risk taking. These behavioural attributes are generally consistent with
the extant literature in the for-profit domain that identifies entrepreneurship as a behavioural manifestation
(Covin & Slevin, 1986), rather than a cluster of traits or individual characteristics or indeed relying on the
‘great person’ theory of leadership. The findings also provide support for the behavioural conceptualization
of social entrepreneurship proposed by Prabhu (1998) and Mort et al. (2003). Conclusion that can be made
suggest that the behaviour of social entrepreneurs towards risk-taking is substantially different from that
found in for-profit literature and in the recent not-for-profit literature attempting to conceptualize social
entrepreneurship. Social entrepreneurship strives to achieve social value creation and this requires the
display of innovativeness, proactiveness and risk-taking behaviour. This behaviour is constrained by the
desire to achieve the social mission and to maintain the sustainability of the existing organization. In doing
so they are responsive to and constrained by environmental dynamics. They continuously interact with a
turbulent and dynamic environment that forces them to pursue sustainability, often within the context of
the relative resource poverty of the organization. Therefore, the creation of a centre of contribution for
university’s community presents the opportunity for altruism and philanthropic activity. The combination
of selling and contributing foods altogether introduces a new notion for the model applied, where selling
foods in cash and credit term combined with contribution or donation of free foods for those in need. The
following is a Bizmart Pending application model processed from the Social Entrepreneurship model:
Picture 1: Bizpend Innovation
FINDINGS
In this model, the unique criteria or applicability is when the capital, processing and management fees is
not charged by Bizmart UiTM Kelantan instead it utilizes the entity resources for its own CSR initiative.
For every purchase, every donation, and every cent of money all of those will go into Bizmart Pending
restocking of foods. Bizmart UiTM Kelantan also uses this effort to optimize its own resources for the
project by getting more competitive price of foods purchasing as it owns a retail shop nearby the location
of the project. Furthermore, there is no segregation among the target community between the one who
could purchase and the one who could not. In addition, anybody who wishes to contribute can do so by
giving foods or money for Bizmart Pending anytime and using any method that they prefer. In addition, it
also solved the issue of selecting target to those who need to purchase, and who to support (free food), due
to the self-assessment criteria in utilizing Bizmart pending.
34
CONCLUSIONS The commercialization value of this project could potentially be beneficial for the university and Bizmart
by creating similar project implemented in other universities, campus or area which have a community and
an organization that could manage the operation. Furthermore, foods stocking and repurchasing should be
managed in a way that is suitable to any entity that are truly ready for social entrepreneurship through CSR
initiative.
REFERENCES
Covin, J. G., & Slevin, D. P. The Development and Testing of a Firm-Level Entrepreneurship Scale (1986). Frontiers
of Entrepreneurship. Boston, MA: Babson College.
Dees, J. G. The Meaning of "Social Entrepreneurship" (1998). Stanford University: Draft Report for the Kauffman
Center for Entrepreneurial Leadership: 6 pp.
Mair, J., & Marti, I. Social Entrepreneurship Research: A source of Explanation, Prediction, and Delight. Journal of
World Business, 41; 36-44.
Mort, G. S., Weerawardena, J. and Carnegie, K. Social entrepreneurship: Towards
Conceptualization (2003). International Journal of Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Marketing, 8, no.1, 76-89.
Peredo., A., M., & McLean, M. Social Entrepreneurship: A Critical Review of the Concept (2006). Journal of World
Business, no.41, 56-65.
Prabhu, G. N. Social Entrepreneurial Management (1998). Leadership in Management.
www.mcb.co.uk/services/conferenc/sept98/lim/ paper_a2.htm, Visited 2 Sept, 2017.
Seelos, C., & Mair, J. Social Entrepreneurship: Creating New Business Model to Serve the Poor (2005). Business
Horizon, no.48, 241-246.
Weerawardena, J., & Mort, SG., S. Investigating Social Entrepreneurship; A multidimensional Model (2006). Journal
of World Business, no. 41, 21-35.
35
VIID2302 - BIZMART BOOKS AND SUCH
(STRATEGIC ENTREPRENEURSHIP)
Siti Sarah Mohamad1, Nik Nor Hasimah Nik Ismail (Dr.)2, Putra Faizurrahman Zahid3, Nurul Syaqirah
Zulqernain4, Nik Suriati Nik Hassan5
1Universiti Teknologi MARA Kelantan
[email protected] 2Universiti Teknologi MARA Kelantan
niknor @uitm.edu.my 3Universiti Teknologi MARA Kelantan
[email protected] 4Universiti Teknologi MARA Kelantan
[email protected] 5Universiti Teknologi MARA Kelantan
[email protected] Abstract: Bizmart Book and Such is a business model entity developed in UiTM Kelantan for retail laboratory and
serve the purpose of generating income for the university. It also acts as a referred business training centre for
university students. Different from a practical attachment, Bizmart is a university’s unit of business that runs and
manages by students, and the benefits is goes back to university and to the students.
Keywords: Business, Enterpreneurship
INTRODUCTION The focal point of this strategic entrepreneurship model is that it has simulated retail lab run at real time
even on real business transactions. Experienced lecturers who have expertise in retail, marketing,
management, and finance would be ready to guide any students so that their knowledge learned in the
classroom could be translated ideally and practically in real retail business. In addition, the students’ effort
and involvement would earn them wages. The education could be more on practical, advantages toward
the learner (students) and the provider(university).
Figure 1. Bizmart Books and Such Logo
In the beginning, the students would be doing inventory purchase planning, stocking, displaying
inventories and selling, afterwards they would be involved in decision making activities such as adding
product lines or product mixes, purchase budgeting, pricing strategy initiative and many more. Training
ground by Bizmart could be huge, supports by the professional trainer, and lecturers from business faculty
add advantages on top of getting ordinary diploma and degree.
Bizmart Philosophies is to create a one stop center of student development and training of business based
on real time real business transaction. The business is simply a real retail business but with the utilization
of current and full-time students, learn and manages the business to earn not only wages and salary, but
also incorporate their credit of curriculum in training and business management. The knowledge and
36
experiences of running real time business transaction is different from running typical business, as Bizmart
owns by the university. The ownerships and right also differ from the typical cooperation due to non-
capital acquisition is made.
The backbone of Bizmart lines several operations that lead to the notion of advantages. Bizmart is real
business own by university that made the university less dependence of tenants. Bizmart runs by the
university’s members, who is students and lecturers, could become productive and increase the utilization
of the resources. Knowledge, expertise and energy could contribute back to the university’s income
generation. The models of business may look similar to typical business models, but with the incorporation
of training and practices recognized by the university, and give value added by reducing leakages of money
outflows and improve hands-on education.
METHODOLOGY In 2014, Bizmart launched its operation with just one-unit retail and today the expansion of that business
model leads to two more segments for printing and bookstore. In summary, Bizmart is a shop that operates
for the students and by the students, located in a university and owned by the university. Potentially,
Bizmart’s retail lab model is huge as it includes business development and ideas that would utilize
university students’ potential as well as their openness for participation and training. This model also has
the prospect for syllabus incorporation and CGPA integration, contributes directly to university’s
productivity, and becoming as an economic and effective in-house opportunity for students’ retail training
centre. Bizmart contributes to the university in numerous ways as well as being known for achieving
excellent ROI. Bizmart Philosophies are created for the purpose of supporting the development of this
business model (strategic entrepreneurship) without compromising the fundamental of business elements.
Figure 2. Strategic Entrepreneurship application by Bizmart
FINDINGS
The key philosophies of Bizmart is to ensure and maintain the goodness of products and services so that
the entity meets the standard of offering only quality products and services. The second key element in
Bizmart model is the highest philanthropic of business objective which is being profitable. It is important
and necessary to cover the operation cost, as well as generating income to the university. Third, Bizmart is
providing cheaper alternatives for the students to purchase quality products and services. Fourth, increasing
inflows of economy for the university by reducing outflows to external or outside business competitors.
Fifth, Bizmart would also serve as a business training centre for students with the guidance of academic
professionals in the university. Lastly, Bizmart could serve as a CSR unit to university in quantitative and
qualitative measurement. For example, Bizmart helps by employing the students in need. The student who
has difficulty in getting extra money could choose to work and being trained by Bizmart so they will earn
and learn. Bizmart is based on the fundamentals practice for business by the university towards the society.
The elements involved the business nature may not be distinct from the conventional practices. Moreover,
Bizmart was established by utilizing the forte of Faculty of Business and Management in order to
implement and reengineered the retails system for starters, especially graduates who are passionate and
37
interested to involve in business specifically in retails. This entity transpires the theoretical foundation into
a more practical solution without jeopardizing the critical elements of business. These elements could serve
as guidance for the stakeholders to establish future necessary modules of retails practicality. Furthermore,
this guideline could become a phenomenon as the university drives on the initiative of ‘income-generating
university’.
CONCLUSIONS The ultimate objective for Bizmart in the future is to become the one stop centre for retails training,
simulation, benchmarking for quality retailing not only in the scope of UiTM Kelantan, but in the direction
of a bigger scope which is for the society as a whole. The standard operational procedures of business
management are crucial to the success of this entity. In other developed country such as Japan, they have
a university that utilized engineering students for maintenance of the university. Doing all the technical
tasks as part of the degree curriculum. The university do not have to hire technician because the tasks could
be performed by the students. So in Malaysia, we should have this kind of lab and real hands-on activities
for the benefits stated above. The professional training and education combined with cost effectiveness
and income generation. Why need outsider to serve and earn while the existing university’s resources exist
and available? All in all, the knowledge attained by everybody in Bizmart could be the catalyst of expertise
transfers. Bizmart is making UiTM Kelantan better and better. In the end, it is the stakeholders’
responsibility to keep the innovative empowerment within, within the committee members, and within the
society.
REFERENCES
Dogan, N.The Intersection of Entrepreneurship and Strategic Management: Strategic Entrepreneurship (2015),
Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 195, 1288-1294
Gölgeci,I., Larimo, J., and Arslan, A. Institutions and Dynamic Capabilities: Theoretical Insights and
Research Agenda for Strategic Entrepreneurship (2017), Scandinavian Journal of Management, 33, no.4, 243-252
Webb, J., W., Ketchen, D., J. Ireland, R. D. Strategic Entrepreneurship Within Family-Controlled Firms:
Opportunities and Challenges (2010), Journal of Family Business Strategy 1, no. 2, 67-77
38
VIID2305 - COMPREHENSIVE
EXAMINATION SLIPS (ComprESs)
Jamal Othman1, Muniroh Hamat2 , Norshuhada Samsudin3 , Noor Azizah Mazeni4 ,
Mohd Fahmi Zahari5 , Sharifah Sarimah Syed Abdullah6
1,2,3,4,5,6Jabatan Sains Komputer & Matematik, Universiti Teknologi Mara Cawangan Pulau Pinang
[email protected], [email protected], [email protected],
[email protected], [email protected]
Abstract: Final Examination Slip is an official document for students to be allowed to sit for examination. Incomplete
information on examination slip can cause delay in arrival at the examination venue or make the students to be absent
from sitting the examination papers due to the carelessness in scrutinizing the examination schedule. The current
examination slips only state the subjects and group name registered for each subject. A web-based application system
named Comprehensive Examination Slips (ComprESs) has been developed using a common methodology called
System Development Life Cycle (SDLC) and practiced among ICT practitioners in system development. ComprESs
allows the students to check and generate examination slips with detailed information on examination schedules such
as date, time, venue and table numbers for each examination paper. Users demonstrated positive response through
physical system testing and online feedback. Through online feedback analysis, the result portrayed that ComprESs
has solved the main objective of incomprehensiveness of examination slips and the highest impact was that the
examination management ran smoothly and efficiently. Currently, ComprESs has been replicated to 10 UiTM
campuses and faculties throughout Malaysia.
Keywords: ComprESs, Comprehensive Examination Slips, SDLC, Prototyping.
INTRODUCTION Besides the student and course registration, class scheduling and ongoing assessments marks management,
examination management is the most important activity process managed specifically by the Examination
Unit under the Department of Academic Affairs. The UiTM Quality Manual [1] and UiTM Examination
Procedure Manual [2] listed that examination management involves the preparation of examination
schedules, preparation and printing of question papers, examination invigilation, examination placement,
examination operation and marks management.
Examination slip is a formal document that needs to be shown to the invigilators to be allowed to sit for
final examination. Failure to present the slip will cause the students not eligible to sit the final examination.
This examination regulations stated in the Examination Procedure Manual [2]. The current examination
slip is incomprehensive as it only states the course code and group registered in the current semester. Other
important information or attributes such as examination date and time, examination venue and allocated
table numbers are not stated in the examination slip. The unstated information needs to be referred to other
separate websites and manually written on the slips. There have been several incidents or cases that
occurred in the pass examination whereby the students accidentally referred to incorrect examination date
and venues. Some students are less meticulous in cross checking the examination schedules with
examination slips. The objective of this project is to produce comprehensive examination slip in which all
important attributes such as the examination date and time, venue and allocated table numbers are printed
on the slip. The project scope was focused on the prime examination only especially during June and
December examination of each year. Supplementary and intersession examinations were excluded.
Zhang [3] has stated Comprehensive Examination Slip can lead to effective and efficient examination
operation besides creating harmonized examination environment. The examination management does not
only focus on the importance of quality of examination question, but also the handling of examination
operation aspect that needs to be considered seriously. This is to ensure that the students are comfortable
in answering the question papers without any interruption, handled with high integrity and operated at
39
standard examination operating procedures, as mentioned in Examination Procedure Manual [2]. Banerjee
[4] has reported, in 2001, almost 25,000 students from India were reported to have intended to commit
suicide as they were unprepared for final examination as well as interpersonal conflicts, financial problems
and carelessness in checking the examination schedules. Kumari [5] emphasized that the examination slip
should portray the elements of comprehensive information, which helps to reduce the students’ pressure
during examination season.
Basically, this project was developed using the System Development Life Cycle (SDLC) methodology.
SDLC is the common method used for system development. This method helps the project team to produce
comprehensive examination slips in line with the main objective of the project, which is to meet the users’
functional requirements, and tested thoroughly to produce high quality application systems.
METHODOLOGY The System Development Life Cycle (SDLC) was used to develop the application called Comprehensive
Examination Slips (ComprESs). This methodology consisted of five (5) important phases namely Analysis,
Design, Implementation, Testing and Maintenance [6].
Figure 1. System Development Life Cycle (SDLC)
The analysis phase was the crucial part as all information collected need to be verified and constantly
updated with changes from the user requirements. In addition, problem statements need to be clearly
defined besides measurable project objectives so that the project goal can be achieved. Interviews with the
students and examination unit staff as well as the benchmarking with internal and external education
institutions were conducted to strengthen the data collection and project objective.
The design phase was performed once the analysis report documentation was verified and endorsed by the
users and top management. A prototyping method was used to develop the website or application system.
Tavolato [7] proposed the prototyping methods run concurrently during the design, implementation and
testing phases in SDLC. Prototyping method helps to shrink the project duration and budget. The prototype
was tested by a group of students and staff. Based on the first prototype, several suggestions and
recommendations were raised for system enhancement. The second prototype was reviewed and
improvised with attractive features and unique functions. The second version of prototype was tested
simultaneously by more than 100 students. The network performance, system efficiency, concurrency
problems, system crashed, database performance, system security and other nonfunctional requirements
were examined to finalized the system performance and software quality assurance.
After several cycles of prototype versions, the system or website was finally launched successfully to be
accessed by almost 6000 students at the UiTM Cawangan Pulau Pinang. Online questionnaires and online
customer feedback corner were provided in the application system. Based on the feedbacks gathered, the
system enhancement continued during the final phase of SDLC, the maintenance phase.
FINDINGS
Several attractive findings were obtained after the implementation of ComprESs. In a study by Othman
[8], he has proven that among the outstanding findings were that the operational cost was depreciated by
almost 60% as compared to previous manual system. Moreover, Examination Unit did not need to print
the class list of students’ seating numbers as it can be done easily by referring to the seat number through
ComprESs. Furthermore, there were no issues of students’ absenteeism during examination as the
examination slip was comprehensively designed with complete information of examination schedules such
as date, time, venue and seating number. The students responded that the accessibility was very fast and
Analysis
t be
clearly
stated
and
describe
d in
sufficien
t detail
or with
sufficien
t
referenc
es. The
author
shall
explain
the
research
question,
describe
the
research
framewo
rk, and
the
methods
applied
in detail.
It should
be
furtherm
ore
highlight
ed why
the
research
question
is
relevant
to theory
Design
be
clearly
stated
and
describe
d in
sufficien
t detail
or with
sufficien
t
referenc
es. The
author
shall
explain
the
research
question,
describe
the
research
framewo
rk, and
the
methods
applied
in detail.
It should
be
furtherm
ore
highlight
ed why
the
research
question
is
relevant
to theory
Implementation
be clearly stated
and described in
sufficient detail
or with
sufficient
references. The
author shall
explain the
research
question,
describe the
research
framework, and
the methods
applied in
detail. It should
be furthermore
highlighted why
the research
question is
relevant to
theory and
practice, and
why the chosen
method(s) are
suited for the
problem.
Testing
be
clearly
stated
and
describe
d in
sufficien
t detail
or with
sufficien
t
referenc
es. The
author
shall
explain
the
research
question,
describe
the
research
framewo
rk, and
the
methods
applied
in detail.
It should
be
furtherm
ore
highlight
ed why
the
research
question
is
relevant
to theory
Maintenance
be clearly
stated and
described in
sufficient
detail or with
sufficient
references.
The author
shall explain
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describe the
research
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and the
methods
applied in
detail. It
should be
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why the
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practice, and
why the
chosen
method(s)
are suited for
the problem.
40
that all information were gathered directly from a single website. The following table shows the
summarized analysis of online questionnaires in terms of satisfaction level among students. Generally, the
users were satisfied with the application system.
Table 1. Analysis of online questionnaire on ComprESs
Question Item Average Mean Mode
1. The examination slip is comprehensive. 4.56 5 5
2. ComprESs proved that the examination operation can run efficiently. 4.56 5 5
3. Accessing and generating the slips are easy and fast. 4.66 5 5
4. Information in the examination slips are clear and not confusing. 4.73 5 5
5. I’ll recommend all users to refer the examination schedules through ComprESs. 4.61 5 5
*Total of 62 students responded to the online questionnaires. The Likert Scale from 1 to 5 are applied which the scale 1 is worst
until the final scale 5 is excellent.
CONCLUSIONS Conclusively, this project has been successfully implemented with excellent users acceptance level.
ComprESs has won several innovation competitions at national level with gold medals. This application
has been already replicated to 10 campuses and faculties in UiTM. For examination session in December
2019, a total of 30,931 (99.1%) had accessed the system showing high users’ acceptance and satisfaction.
System enhancement is unstoppable whenever new ideas are thrown for improvising.
REFERENCES
[1] Kualiti (2008). Manual Kualiti UiTM Cawangan Pulau Pinang ISO 9001:2008. (n.d.).
[2] UiTM (2016). Examination Procedures Manual: Academic Assessment Division of UiTM. Springer.
[3] Zhang, T., Liu, M. and Zang, W. Z. (2014). Research on the Effective Management of Examination Reform. Open
Journal of Social Sciences, Vol. No. 2, Page 105-108.
[4] Banerjee, S. (2001). Youth and Exam Stress, Social Welfare, 48(17).
[5] Kumari, A. and Jain, J. (2014). Examination Stress and Anxiety: A Study of College Students. Global Journal of
Multidisciplinary Studies, Vol. 4, Issue 01, Page 31-40, ISSN: - 2348-0459.
[6] Dora, S.K. and Dubey, P. (2013). Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC) Analytical Comparison and Survey
on Traditional and Agile Methodology. Journal of Research in Science & Technology, Vol. No. 2, Issue No.8, Page
22-30, ISSN: 2277-1174.
[7] Tavolato, P. and Vincena, K. (1984). A Prototyping Methodology and Its Tool. Springer-Verlag Berlin
Heidelberg, Page 434-446, ISBN : 978-3-540-13490-9.
[8] Othman, J. et al. (2020). Othman, J., Wan Mohd Rosly, W.N.S., Samsudin, N., Syed Abdullah, S.S., Mazeni,
N.A., Hamat, M., Zahari, M.F., Hasan, S., Daud, N., Md Kassim, A. (2020). Penyata Peperiksaan Komprehensif
(ComprESs) : Ke Arah Pengurusan Peperiksaan yang Efisien. Jurnal Inovasi Malaysia (JURIM), Edition No. 3, Issue
No. 2, Page 12-25, ISSN: 2600-7606.
41
VIID2308 - SHOOH LALAT!
Mohd Izwan Mohd Zaki1, Aniza Arifin2, Malissasahila Abdul Manap3, Azlina Samsudin4,
Mohd Hazrin Iman Noorkhizan5 & Mohd Suhaimi Saiful6
Jabatan Seni Kulinari 1,2,3, Jabatan Pengurusan Hotel 4,5 Bliese (M) Sdn. Bhd 6
Fakulti Pengurusan Hotel & Pelancongan, UiTM Cawangan Terengganu Kampus Dungun
23000, Dungun, Terengganu
[email protected], [email protected], [email protected],
[email protected], [email protected], [email protected]
Abstract: The most common domestic insects known as houseflies, or scientifically named as Musca domestica L.,
which related to various etiological agents. It is one of the household pervasive insect which transmit the bacteria
and pathogens in the food and human. This study is to develop gel-based and chemical-free flies repellent for domestic
and commercial usage. Even though there are several man-made or chemical repellent products available in the
market, this product can be added to the repellent product range in readily market. It is more safer, chemical-free and
environmentally friendly repellent which can be used up to one (1) month with the aromatic scent of citrus and clove.
Finding from this trial, it shows that the gel-based repellent can be practical and functional as chemical repellents to
repel the flies. However, this gel-based repellent, is safer and eco-friendly as compared synthetic repellent.
Keywords: housefly, musca domestica, repellent, eco-friendly, insect
INTRODUCTION
The most common domestic insects known as houseflies, or scientifically named as Musca domestica L.,
which related to various etiological agents. (Hazarika, H., Tyagi, V., Krishnatreyya, H., Islam, J., Boruah,
D., Kishor, S., Chattopadhyay, P., & Zaman, K, 2020). The Musca domestica easily can affect the human
settlements, as it is fed on human foodstuffs and wastes where they can carry various disease agents (World
Health Organization, 1991). This project is to develop gel-based and chemical-free houseflies repellent for
domestic and commercial use. This product can be added to the repellent product range in readily market.
A research has found that plants and their extracts have been used for ages to defend against or repel
arthropods (M´arcio Robert Mattos da Silva & Eduardo Ricci-J´unior, 2020). It is more safe, chemical-
free and environmentally friendly repellent, as the main ingredients of this product consists of jelly (agar-
agar), lime, cloves and essential oils. This product can be suitably used in living room, kitchen area, food
storage, and bedroom. It’s also suitable for commercial use such as café and restaurant or hotel areas.
The objectives of this product innovation are to produce a safe, chemical-free and eco-friendly repellent
that repel flies in a natural and safer way. Particularly in any foodservice establishments as the repellent
may be used in any areas without the worries of chemical reaction towards the equipment, or the area of
serving food. It is safe to put on the dining table, buffet counter and food display counter. In addition, the
second aim is to replace the wax repellent product, in order to eliminate combustion and to avoid of
releasing of carbon dioxide.
METHODOLOGY In foodservice industry, there are so many varieties of fly’s repellent in order to cover and ensure the foods
are safe and free from flies. In addition, the house flies carry more than 100 pathogens, including bacteria,
viruses, fungi and parasites which can cause harm and disease to the humans and animals (Khamesipour,
et.al.,2018). Shooh Lalat! repellent is purposely created in order to produce a safe, chemical-free and eco-
friendly repellent that repel house flies in a natural and safer way. As mentioned above, all ingredients for
producing this repellent are natural and free from chemical. Related to one of the ingredients, essential oil
42
can be act as one of effective ingredient to produce environmentally friendly and effective repellent,
essential oils could be an efficient method and may become one of the factors of overall reduction in the
population of insects (Kumar, Mishra, Malik & Satya, 2012). In producing the repellent, jelly is used to
replace wax, as in the market repellent product comes in wax or candles. Consequently, in order to
eliminate combustion and to avoid of releasing of carbon dioxide, our repellent used jelly as a substitute
and consumers can directly use after bought from the store. At this phase, it could help reduce the air
pollution. This product has a good market prospect for today’s consumers that emphasizes healthy lifestyle,
usage of chemical-free products as well as environmentally friendly.
Lime (Citrus aurantiifolia)
In traditional medicine, lime (C. aurantiifolia) is utilized as an astringent, antiseptic, anthelmintic, mosquito
repellent, digestive and appetite stimulant, for stomach diseases, as an antiscorbutic, tonic, diuretic, and
for headache, arthritis, sore throats, coughs and colds (Invasive Species Compendium, 2020).
Cloves (Syzygium aromaticum)
Clove can be referred as an unopened flower bud growing on a tree belonging to the family Myrtaceae.
Scientific name known as Syzygium aromaticum, Eugenia aromaticum or Eugenia caryophyllata. Clove
buds have a dark brown color, possess intense fragrance and burning taste and have a powerful fragrant
odor, which is warm, pungent, strongly scented and slightly astringent. It is useful in culinary uses, as well
as many benefits for medicinal and act as a home remedy in curing several ailments / diseases. In addition,
commercial use of the clove is for the production of clove oil that contain the active constituents, which
have antioxidant, anti-fungal, anti-viral, anti-microbial, anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, antithrombotic,
anesthetic, pain reliving and insect repellent properties (Milind & Deepa, 2010).
In producing this repellent, the researchers cook the agar-agar string with water in a small saucepan. Once
mixed, turn on the heat and bring it to a medium - full boil, stirring constantly. After the mixture has
blended, and the agar-agar string has dissolved, add rock sugar. Let it simmer on low heat. At this stage,
the researchers add fresh lime juice, citrus essential oil, 5 nos of cloves and clove essential oils. After that,
remove the saucepan from the stove and pour the mixture into a repellent mould. Allow it to cool and let
the mixture set in the refrigerator about 20 minutes.
FINDINGS
Shooh Lalat! repellent is made using jelly (agar-agar), and two essential ingredients; lime and cloves. These
elements act as fragrant as the houseflies try to elude. The researchers put the repellent in a specified area
such as; on the dining table, restaurant, kitchen area and so on. The finding from this simple experiment,
proved that this gel-based repellent can prevent and keep away the flies from the food area. İt can be seen
that, the houseflies trying to avoid near the repellent’s area. Although this finding shows that this repellent
able to repel the houseflies, however, for this innovation, it can only be used in small areas, specific area
(e.g; dining table, buffet counter,etc) with small scale radius. This repellent might not be effectual in a
large area, and require numerous number of repellent to be used.
CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, Shooh Lalat! repellent can be used in domestic household or any commercial foodservice
outlets. It is safe to put on the dining table, buffet counter as well as food display counter, as there is no
chemical involve in the production. This product used 100% natural ingredients; thus, it can be categorized
as chemical-free and natural product. Besides, it’s also safe for the environment, and eco-friendly.
Although these findings show that this repellent able to repel the houseflies, however, it might not be
effective for the large space area, therefore for future researchers, they might find the solution on improving
the repellent suitable for larger space. Additionally, there are some key limitations in the evidence
collected, as the researchers not be able to produce an experiment in the control condition. Therefore, for
43
future research, it can be recommended that the repellent undergo full, complete lab analysis test, with and
added improvement in terms of ingredients, packaging and so on.
REFERENCES
Hazarika,H., Tyagi, V., Krishnatreyya, H., Islam, J., Boruah, D., Kishor, S., Chattopadhyay, P., & Zaman, K. (2020).
Essential oil based controlled-release non-toxic evaporating tablet provides effective repellency against Musca
domestica. Acta tropica, 2(10). Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actatropica.2020.105620
Invasive Species Compendium. (2020). Citrus aurantiifolia (lime). Retrieved from
https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/13438#tousesList
Khamesipour, F., Lankarani, K. B., Honarvar, B., & Kwenti, T. E. (2018). A systematic review of human pathogens
carried by the housefly (Musca domestica L.). BMC public health, 18(1), 1049. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-018-
5934-3
Kumar, P., Mishra, S., Malik, A. & Satya, S. (2012). Insecticidal Evaluation of essential oils of Citrus sinensis L.
(Myrtales: Myrtaceae) against housefly, Musca domestica L. (Diptera: Muscidae). Parasitol Res 110:1929–1936
M´arcio Robert Mattos da Silva , Eduardo Ricci-J´unior. (2020). An approach to natural insect repellent formulations:
from basic research to technological development, Acta Tropica (2020). Retrieved from
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actatropica.2020.105419
Parle, Milind & Deepa, Khanna. (2010). Clove: A champion spice. International Journal of Research in Ayurveda
and Pharmacy. 2(1):47–54.
WHO. World Health Organization. (1991). Houseflies. Carriers of diarrheal diseases and skin and eye infections.
Chapter 6 in the housefly. Training and information guide (intermediate level). Geneva: Retrieved from
https://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/resources/vector302to323.pdf
44
VIID2321 - RISK ASSESSMENT OF
HEAVY METALS IN STREET FOOD
Wan Noni Afida Ab Manan1, Nik Nur Syafika Nik Hashim1, Nurul Zulaikha Che Ghani1, Nur Sha’adah
Zainuddin1 1Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA Cawangan Pahang, 26400 Bandar Pusat
Jengka, Pahang, Malaysia
Abstract: Two food items, namely, Keropok Lekor and fried banana were collected from stalls nearby Bandar Pusat
Jengka, Pahang to evaluate the levels of heavy metal and associated health risk to the people that consume it. The
samples were analyzed for the quantification of selected heavy metals (Al, Cd, Cu and Pb) on Inductively Coupled
Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES). Health risk associated with the intake of these metals were
evaluated in terms of estimated daily dose intake (ADDpot), and noncarcinogenic risks by Target Hazard Quotient
(THQ) and Hazard Index (HI). İt’s found that the highest value for THQ was in fried banana and Keropok Lekor that
sold in stalls nearby S2 which are Cd, 3.33 x 10-5 and 1.186 x 10-4 respectively. For the HI values are 1.861 x 10-4
and 6.075 x 10-4 for both samples. THQ and HI values measured were below than permissible limit, suggesting the
consumer are not in harmful health effect like cancer.
Keywords: health risk, heavy metal, street food
INTRODUCTION Street food represents an important source of nourishment. However, food quality and safety are still the
major concern due to the higher consumption of food containing heavy metal and it will give bad effect to
human health (Wan Noni Afida et al., 2019). The concentration of heavy metal in street food has increased
rapidly due to their modern lifestyle and people nowadays are preferring to eat street food (Parkar and
Rakesh, 2014). Nevertheless, human nowadays do not concern about the heavy metal uptake to their
ingestion system that tends to be a serious health problem in long term effect. The location of street food
that sold near roads and overcrowded areas are easily exposed to the heavy metal (Nuapia et al., 2018).
Poor hygienic practices can be major factor for bacterial contamination in street food. Individuals who eat
street food may possibly expose to the foodborne hazard such as salmonellosis, listeriosis, typhoid fever,
cholera, and diarrhea (Asiegbu et al. 2016; Wan Noni Afida et al., 2019). The importance of this study is
by assessing human exposure risk of heavy metals through food consumption. It can help to ensure the
food safety by identifying the contents of the food through analytical methods. The samples that were taken
for this research were randomly chosen around Bandar Pusat Jengka as a preliminary study.
METHODOLOGY Sample preparation and analysis
This study focused on an important street food on semi urban area. The samples were collected from three
stalls were labelled as S1, S2 and S3, respectively. The criteria of site selection were chosen based on the
location of stall nearby main road, crowded area and easily accessible road. The samples were prepared by
wet digestion method, then analyzed using Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry
(ICP-OES) to determine the selected heavy metals concentration.
Health risk estimation
Average Daily Dose (ADDpot) was used for non-cancer effects or non-carcinogenic effects, while for
effects where the biological response or cancer effects were described in terms of lifetime possibilities,
LADDpot (Zolfaghari et al., 2018). Target Hazard Quotient (THQ) was used to calculate the non-
45
carcinogenic risk of heavy metals (Fathabad et al., 2018). Hazard index (HI) was calculated after the
calculation of THQ for non-carcinogenic. If THQ value <1, the consumers are unlikely experience the
adverse health effects, while if the THQ value is 1 or >1, they might be exposed to the adverse health effect
(Shaheen et al., 2016). Table 1 shows the equation for health risk.
Table 1. Equations of health risk
Equation Meaning References
Average Daily Dose (ADDpot)
ADDpot = (C x IR x ED) / (BW x AT)
C = Concentration of toxic material (mg/kg), IR = Ingestion
Rate (g/person/day), ED = Exposure Duration (day), BW =
Body Weight (kg), AT = Averaging Time (days).
Zolfaghari et al.
(2018)
LADDpot = (C x IR x ED) / (BW x
LT)
LADD is only for carcinogenic where it takes the form of
equation above, with Lifetime (LT) replacing the averaging
time
Zolfaghari et al.
(2018)
Target Hazard Quotient (THQ)
THQ = ADDpot / RfD
ADDpot = Average Daily Dose (mg/kg/day), Reference dose
(RfD) = oral reference dose of the heavy metals (mg/kg.d) via
the oral exposure route
Fathabad et al.
(2018)
Hazard index (HI)
HI = ∑THQ
= THQ food 1 + THQ food 2 + …….
+ THQ food n,
The HI value represents the combination of all non-
carcinogenic effects of all the selected elements
Shaheen et al.
(2016)
FINDINGS
Daily intake of heavy metal
Table 2 show the average daily dose (ADDpot) of both food samples. From the table, the highest values
were recorded mostly from Keropok lekor for selected metals. This might be due to major ingredient in
making Keropok lekor is the fishes which absorb via digestive tract, skin, and gills (Garnero et al., 2018).
Emission from automobiles contributed to air pollutant release to the surrounding and thus, affect the street
food (Ab Manan et al., 2018). Table 2 Average daily dose (ADDpot) of Food Samples
Sample
points
Average Daily Dose (ADDpot) (mg/kg.day) (x10-7)
Ala Cua Cdb Pbb
Fried
Banana
Keropok
lekor
Fried
Banana
Keropok
lekor
Fried
Banana
Keropok
lekor
Fried
Banana
Keropok
lekor
S1 1.957 3.386 0.900 0.4286 0.9571 1.100 0.9571 0.2857
S2 1.529 3.857 1.100 0.7571 1.000 1.186 0.2857 4.671
S3 1.714 1.857 0.5714 0.7143 1.043 1.186 0.3286 0.4714
a Average Daily Dose for Non-Carcinogenic (ADD) b Average Daily Dose for Carcinogenic (LADD)
Non-carcinogenic risk
Based on Table 3, all the Total Hazard Quotient (THQ) values showed below than 1 for both food samples.
This means the buyers are unlikely experience the harmful health effects.
Table 3 Non-carcinogenic risks of Food Samples
46
CONCLUSIONS The total hazard index (HI) for both samples are not exceeding the limit which are (1.861 x 10-4) for fried
banana and (6.074 x 10-4) for Keropok Lekor. Both THQ and HI are less than 1 showing the consumers are
not in adverse health effect. However, long term consuming the street food could possibly affect the health
and people should consume moderately. The findings of this study reveal the health risks associated with
the consumption of heavy metals through the intake of street food in study area.
REFERENCES
Ab Manan, W.N.A., Sulaiman, F.R., Alias, R. and Laiman, R. 2018. Determination of selected heavy metal
concentration in an oil palm plantation soil. Journal of Physical Science, 29 (Supp.3) 63-70.
Asiegbu, C.V., Lebelo, S.L. and Tabit, F.T. 2016. The food safety knowledge and microbial hazard awareness of
consumers of ready-to-eat street-vended food. Journal of Food Control 60, 422-426.
Fathabad, A.E., Shariatifarb,N. Moazzenb, M., Nazmarab, S., Fakhric, Y., Alimohammadib, M., Azarid, A. and
Khaneghahe, A. M. 2018. Determination of heavy metal content of processed fruit products from Tehran's market
using ICP-OES: A risk assessment study. Food and Chemical Toxicology 115, 436-446.
Garnero P.L., Monferran, M.V., Gonzalez, G. A., Griboff, J. and Angeles, B.M.D.L. 2018. Assessment of exposure
to metals, As and Se in water and sediment of a freshwater reservoir and their bioaccumulation in fish species
of different feeding and habitat preferences. Journal of Ecotoxicology and Environment Safety 163, 429-501.
Nuapia, Y., Chimuka, L. and Cukrowska, E. 2018. Assessment of heavy metals in row food samples from open
markets in two African cities. Chemosphere 196, 339-346.
Parkar, J. and Rakesh, M. 2014. Leaching of elements from packaging material into canned foods marketed in
India. Food Control 40, 177-184.
Shaheen, N., Irfan, N. M., Khan, I.N., Islam, S., Islam, M.S. and Ahmed, M.K. 2016. Presence of heavy metals in
fruits and vegetables: Health risk implications in Bangladesh. Journal of Chemosphere 152, 431-438 pp.
Wan Noni Afida Ab Manan, Nik Nur Syafiqa Nik Hashim and Nur Sha’adah Zainuddin. 2019. Determination of
selected heavy metals in street food around Jengka Area. GADING Journal for Science and Technology, Vol 2 No
(2): 2637-0018, 34-39.
Zolfaghari, G., Atash, Z. A. S. and Sazgar, A. 2018. Baseline heavy metals in plant species from some
industrial and rural areas: Carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk assessment. Jornal of MethodsX, 5, 43-
60 pp.
Sample
points
Total Hazard Quotient (THQ) (x10-5) Total THQ
Al Cu Cd Pb (x 10-5) (x 10-4)
Fried
Banana
Keropok
lekor
Fried
Banana
Keropok
lekor
Fried
Banana
Keropok
lekor
Fried
Banana
Keropok
lekor
Fried
Banana
Keropok
lekor
S1 0.0196
0.0339 0.225 0.1072 0.225 11.0 1.347 0.7143
4.782 1.1855
S2 0.0153
0.0386 0.275 0.1893 0.275 11.86 0.8163 11.678
4.437 2.3766
S3 0.0171
0.0186 0.1429 0.1786 0.1429 11.86 0.9389 1.1785
4.376 1.3236
HI 18.61 6.0744
47
VIID2322 - HANDY STACKABLE
PINEWOOD PALLETS KEEPER
Nurrohana Ahmad1, Hazlin Hasan2, Shofiyah Zulkifli1, Siti Zalifah Mahmud1 1Faculty of Applied Sciences (Wood Industry)
2Faculty of Business Management
UiTM Cawangan Pahang, 26400 Bandar Pusat Jengka, Pahang Darul Makmur
Abstract: Furniture is a movable object which is needed in residents, office or in other locations to support various
human activities such as resting or working and is commonly limited to one single function. A variety of materials
are used in furniture production and the issue of material shortage has led to the reason of alternating the usual
hardwood to pinewood pallet in making furniture. The objectives of this study were to determine the design and
marketing factors of a storage keeper using a more economical pinewood pallet (Pinus spp) which is handy yet
functional for a confined space and attractive enough to the market. The keeper was produced from pinewood pallets
and used shellac as a finishes. A set of questionnaire was distributed randomly to 97 respondents with wood industries
background from the private and government sectors as well as self-employed respondents. Descriptive statistics was
used to determine the influential factors in terms of design and marketing. Majority of the respondents agreed that
the stackable keeper is attractive and unique though it was produced from pinewood pallet and it is highly accepted
and has a high commercialization value.
Keywords: pallet, pinewood, stackable, storage keeper
INTRODUCTION Furniture can be defined as movable objects used to help human in their activities such as working, seating,
resting or sleeping. Furniture is usually something that every home need in providing a better environment
and comfortability toward its user. The furniture are normally produced using several types of raw
materials which include wood, plastic, metal, rattan, bamboo and other resources depending on the function
of the furniture [1]. Product features, size and cost are several factors that would attract customers when
buying storage furniture. Furthermore, customer would choose furniture that last long as it will save their
money for a long period of time [2]. However, nowadays people who live in a metropolitan area face a
problem like increasing population that makes them prefer to save or conserve their living space [3].
People dealing with limited areas are forced to be more creative in order to make a small area become a
comfortable living space. As a result, many products have to be designed and created to make the
movement of people easier and make the room look more minimalist and neater. In order to overcome the
problem of limited space, people need to choose functional and practical furniture that can be very useful
to maximize room space. Among the most recurring issues of compact living or office spaces are storage
areas [4]. Thus, these notions and issues have triggered the researchers to come out with the idea of a
storage keeper that could be stacked and moved easily to fulfill the needs of the market. According to [5],
the conceptual design of a new line of modular and stackable furniture use indoors must follow ergonomic,
functional, safety and easiness of assembly. Modern furniture still focuses on the basic function of
furniture, but with the addition of multipurpose and adjustable furniture concept, which is one piece of
furniture can serve two purposes at once, thus greatly increased the high demands and meet the needs of
users.
Therefore, the objectives of the study were to design and produce a storage keeper that is handy yet
attractive enough to be commercialized. The storage keeper was made into stackable and handy pieces to
provide an alternative solution to consumers who have limited and confined living and working spaces.
The function of this stackable furniture is to save space and it is suitable to be used indoor. Pinewood
48
pallet has been selected to be used as the alternative material in order to reduce the cost of productions as
well as to conserve the environment through the use of recycled materials. Innovations sourced from
buyers and suppliers are often inclined more towards cost reductions and the focus is more on finding
alternative raw materials rather than applying new processes or implementing a new design scheme [6]. It
is further supported by [7] that the idea of using pallets is based on concepts such as recycling and self-
construction. Wooden pallets are a great combination of weight, rigidity, durability and cost. Pallet
furniture is very stylish right now, and it is easy and extremely cheap to build [8]. Most of the species
available for making wooden pallets are from Pinus species.
METHODOLOGY A questionnaire was distributed to 100 respondents randomly but only 97 questionnaires were valid for
data analysis. The questionnaire was being divided into three parts; Part A which covered the Demographic
of the respondents, Part B which covered the Design Factors of the storage keeper, namely elegance and
aesthetic values, attractiveness and uniqueness and suitability while Part C which covered the Marketing
Factors, namely competitiveness, affordability and commercialization. A Likert Scale of 1 to 5 was used
to determine the responses from the respondents with Scale 1 = Strongly Disagree and Scale 5 = Strongly
Agree. The IBM SPSS Statistics Version 25 was used to analyze the descriptive statistics of the data
collected from the respondents on the mean and standard deviation. The analysis was conducted to answer
the research question on the influence of design and marketing factors towards the production of a storage
keeper.
A softwood species known as pinewood pallet or scientifically known as Pinus spp. was used as the raw
material to produce the handy stackable keeper. The pinewood was chosen because of its light colour and
natural defect that gives aesthetic value to its appearance. The pallet is wooden material used for handling,
storing and stacking object or goods. It has rigid horizontal platforms and easily carried by machine [9].
In the manufacturing process, the wooden pallet with various thicknesses was fed into the thicknesser
machine to get the good surface, and similar thickness (Figure 1). Then the wood was cut using rip saw to
get the similar width. The length of the wood was cut using circular saw. The purpose of this cutting was
to make sure that the size and measurement of each component needed to make the product can be obtained.
After the raw material has been cut into required sizes, all parts of pinewood pallet were assembled in order
to join all of the separated parts by using associated tools such as glue, screw, and joints to ensure the glue
is cured. The Polyvinyl Acetate (PVAc) was used to glue the wood pallets together to form wider sizes.
49
Figure 1. Manufacturing process on Stackable Keeper
Then, the stackable keeper went to the finishing process that is called sanding process. The main purpose
of sanding process is to remove mill marks, which were caused by woodworking machines and to remove
other flaws such as dents and gouges that might have been caused during handling. The most efficient
method of doing this is to begin sanding with coarse enough grit sandpaper. After sanding process has been
completed, shellac was then applied on pinewood pallet surface using spray. Then, the wood surface went
through a light sanding process by using low grit sandpaper. After the second sanding process was
completed, it was followed by the application of second shellac on pinewood pallet surface by using spray.
The finishing process was done in open outdoor area for ventilation process so that the shellac can dry
easily. The finishing process should not be done during rainy time because it could affect the quality of
the finishing and it might leave defects on the wood surface.
50
FINDINGS The result of the study conducted showed that the pinewood pallet stackable keeper is highly attractive and
unique with the mean score of 4.27 and standard deviation of 0.729 (Figure 2). This shows that the use of
pinewood pallet which comes from wood waste can be turned into a trendy and attractive handy stackable
keeper that meets the respondents’ expectation. The findings of the study have also proven that the
pinewood pallet stackable keeper has an elegant look and has high aesthetic values with a high mean score
of 4.24 and standard deviation of 0.814. A mean score of 4.22 and standard deviation of 0.819 for its
suitability as indoor storage furniture due to its handy size and multipurpose concepts adds on to its novelty
value, thus making it worth to be commercialized as it meets customer’s expectation.
Figure 2. Mean and Standard Deviation on Design Factors
The favorable findings on the design factors above have in a way affected positively the findings of the
marketing factors of the pinewood stackable keeper (Figure 3). The result of the study conducted showed
that the pinewood pallet stackable keeper has a high chance of being commercialized with the mean score
of 4.31 and standard deviation of 0.651. This shows that the pinewood stackable pallet meets the
expectations of the consumers thus, the chances to be commercialised as an alternative storage keeper
solution for compact living and office spaces is high. The findings of the study have also proven that the
pinewood pallet stackable keeper is competitive enough to be marketed with a mean score of 4.11 and
standard deviation of .0776 while a mean score of 4.07 and standard deviation of 0.807 for its affordability
making it attractive to consumers from all economic background.
4.24
4.27
4.22
4.19
4.2
4.21
4.22
4.23
4.24
4.25
4.26
4.27
4.28
Elegance& Aesthetic
Value
Attractiveness &
Uniqueness
Suitability
51
Figure 3. Mean and Standard Deviation on Marketing Factors
CONCLUSIONS As a conclusion, the production of the handy stackable keeper made from pinewood pallets as envisioned
by the researchers proved to be a good alternative solution to the problem of storage keeping for confined
and limited living and office spaces faced by the majority of the people today. The findings of the study
have shown that apart from the attractiveness and uniqueness of the stackable keeper, the pinewood pallets
used in producing the storage keeper is more economical compared to other solid woods. The storage
keeper has a high commercial value as it could be produced at economical cost due to the lower cost for
raw material. In addition, the researchers believed that by producing a stackable keeper made pinewood,
it would help the industry in maximizing the use of wood waste, thus help conserve the environment. It is
hoped that the commercialization of handy pinewood pallet stackable keeper can contribute to the revenues
of the furniture industry in a long run.
REFERENCES [1] J. Ratnasingam, “A matter of design in the South East Asian wooden furniture industry,” Holz als Roh- und
Werkst., vol. 61, pp. 151–154, 2003.
[2] M. White, “Five Factors to Consider When Buying Business Storage Furniture,” 2015. [Online]. Available:
http://office-envy.com/2015/11/03/five-factors-to-consider-when-buying-business-storage-furniture%0A.
[Accessed: 20-Sep-2020].
[3] K. Kawiaka and V. Windham, “Modular Transformable Furniture System,” US 2003/0218365A1, 2003.
[4] Fhilcar Faunillan and J. Davidson, Compact Living - Maximizing Your Limited House Space. JD-Biz Corp
Copyright, 2015.
[5] S.-Q. R. G. Velázquez-Blázquez J.S., N.-M. J., S.-G. F.L., and C. F. J. F. Parras-Burgos D., “Conceptual
design of foldable and stackable furniture for preschool classrooms,” in Advances in Design Engineering.
INGEGRAF 2019. Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering, F. Cavas-Martínez, F. Sanz-Adan, P. Morer
Camo, R. Lostado Lorza, and J. Santamaría Peña, Eds. Springer, Cham, 2020, pp. 86–93.
[6] J. Ratnasingam, C. K. Ark, S. Mohamed, L. C. Liat, G. Ramasamy, and A. L. Senin, “An Analysis of Labor
and Capital Productivity in the Malaysian Timber Sector,” BioResources, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 1430–1446,
2017.
[7] S. Ganea, “Make your own furniture using pallets,” 2019. .
[8] S. Fisher, “Use wooden pallets for easy and frugal building projects at home,” 2019. .
[9] U. Buehlmann, M. Bumgardner, and T. Fluharty, “Ban on landfilling of wooden pallets in North Carolina:
an assessment of recycling and industry capacity,” J. Clean. Prod., vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 271–275, 2009.
4.11
4.07
4.31
3.95
4
4.05
4.1
4.15
4.2
4.25
4.3
4.35
Competitiveness Affordablity Commercialization
52
VIID2328 - AlluDit (All You Do It)
Siti Nurulhuda Mamat, Nor ‘Asyiqin Abu, Nor Aishah Mohd Ali, Khair Syakira Bustamam
Faculty of Accountancy, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Cawangan Melaka,Kampus Alor Gajah, 78000
Melaka Malaysia
[email protected], [email protected], [email protected],
Abstract: Teaching auditing as a subject to the accounting students can be a challenging task as they have not been
exposed to the audit working environment, thus lack understanding in applying the audit theory into practice. Students
tend to learn the audit theory by memorizing from textbooks. Hence, AlluDit, an interactive e-learning audit
simulation tool is designed to address this issue. This tool brings an insight into a real-life audit experience to
undergraduate students to elevate their skills and techniques in audit. Students are given a hands-on opportunity to
engage in audit virtually via gaming mode; choosing the right dialogues with fictitious audit clients, selecting most
appropriate audit procedures and seeking the right source documents for audit evidence. This simulation envisages to
replace the traditional method of teaching audit subjects.
Keywords: audit, interactive, undergraduates.
INTRODUCTION Learning process can be a challenging task to the accounting students particularly the auditing subject as
they have not worked in the auditing environment and this may influence the successful study of the
subject. The traditional way of teaching auditing subjects which is merely technical and very descriptive;
solely receiving information through oral presentation, memorizing from books and doing assignments and
thus lacking on the soft skills can be considered as mundane to these students. This raises overload tension
in the classroom and puts pressure for students undergoing audit practical training on the fact that they
cannot grasp the theory they have learnt into real auditing practices which require high critical thinking
and problem-solving skills. At the same time, the industry players such as employers and professional
accounting bodies are having the same concern over the need for students to acquire new and different
skills in line with the evolution of the accounting industry towards Industrial Revolution (IR) 5.0. (Gittings,
Taplin and Kerr 2020)
Experiential Learning Theory (ELT) by Professor David Kolb proposed the idea that people could improve
their soft skills from direct experience. One form of experiential learning is student-centered learning
where students do what they have learned through hands-on experience, reflect from the whole experience
and repeat the experience to build skills. The significance of experiential learning is evident from past
literature and many identify simulation as an excellent teaching method under ELT. Learning via a
simulative environment provides students with a learning environment that resembles reality where
students can transform the knowledge to real-life situations (Peng-Chun, Huei-Tse and Sheng-Yi 2014,
Mark, Tad and Arline 2019). Incorporating simulation games in teaching has shown positive influence
towards improving learning outcomes (Hernandez-Lara, Serradell-Lopez, and Fito-Betran 2019) .
Simulation games also act as the best supplement to better understand theoretical concepts besides the
traditional lecture-based lessons (Vlachopoulos and Makri 2017, Robert C 2010) The effectiveness of
simulation activity in audit education has been confirmed in terms of enhancing skills of analysing and
solving problems, encouraging teamwork and developing high critical thinking skills in performing audit
(Saadullah and Elsayed 2020, Rafael, Sanchez and Sobrino 2018) .
The objective of a simulation includes an interactive e-learning audit simulation tool to (1) help assist
students engaging in a real-life audit experiences to elevate skills and techniques in audit, (2) offer hands-
on opportunity engaging audit virtually via gaming mode and (3) adds on to what the traditional learning
methods would have provided.
53
METHODOLOGY Audit simulation requires students to participate in the auditing process of property, plant and equipment
that resembles the actual financial statement audit process. In this simulation, students were asked to
perform lead schedules with given drafted financial statements, current and previous audit working papers
along with the client's supporting schedules. The lead schedules are then graded and students’ perception
over the activity are further discussed.
A half-day program was conducted to introduce AlluDit as an audit simulation tool to groups of students
to assess responses and effectiveness of this innovation. The population of the study was students who
already studied the basic audit classes during their Bachelor of Accountancy at Universiti Teknologi
MARA and are going to undergo 6-month practical training. A survey is self-designed, prepared and
distributed after the simulation is over and lead schedules are graded. The survey for The ALLUDIT
Project was conducted among 133 semester six students from Faculty of Accountancy UiTM Melaka on 7
November 2019. It was distributed to the students via google form at the end of the program. The survey
is organized into two (2) sections. The first section is Likert scale measurement to assess the effectiveness
of the program with the scale interval of 1 for strongly disagree up to the scale of 5 for strongly agree. The
second section includes a short answer question asking students’ opinion on the simulation experience
The students are required to try and use the simulation accordingly. This is intended to obtain feedback
from the students on the operation and completion of the simulation developed. The results of this survey
will be used to improve the programs run by the Faculty of Accountancy in the future.
A total of 31 students responded to the survey. 51.6 % of the respondent highly agreed on the positive
impact the program developed and 61.3.% of the respondent highly agreed that the simulation practice
helps them in applying accounting theory to practice. On the other hand, 48.8% respondents’ highly agreed
that the simulation increased their understanding on the preparation of fixed asset accounts especially in
conducting audit in property, plant and equipment cycle. The continuation of the program was highly
agreed by 77.4% respondents. The objective and module developed in the simulation were clearly delivered
and relevant with the accounting syllabus. These were highly agreed by 61.3% and 67.7 % respondents
simultaneously.
FINDINGS The overall feedback indicated that the students were mostly positive about the effectiveness of the
simulation activity in helping them to have a better understanding of audit theories. They agreed that the
simulation contributes a significant impact to their present study. In addition, the students opined that the
simulation learning helps them to relate audit theory into practices. During the simulation, students were
seen to be enthusiastic to complete the lead schedules evidenced from the reluctance of students to hand
over their work due to their commitment in completing the simulation. Lastly, they enjoyed doing the
simulation and suggested that it be continually implemented in future programs.
CONCLUSIONS The call for changes in accounting education for students to acquire new soft skills led to the design of
AlluDit. The simulation is designed to offer auditing students an interactive experiential learning tool
complementing the lecture-based lesson to assist them to better understand audit theory and application.
The simulation provides students with activity that resembles the reality of audit practice with the support
of documents and students were asked to perform one part of the financial statement auditing process.
Students were able to work through the simulation effectively. However, there are some limitations to this
simulation. Firstly, it only covers one part of the financial statement external audit process where it does
not start from the initial audit planning process. Secondly, it does not incorporate the actual length of time
54
required in performing audit of PPE in real life to the simulation activity due to limited time frame. Future
simulations could incorporate other audit areas. To sum up, simulations add tangible experience where it
brings a professional's beginning work experience and technical skills into academic. By using AlluDit,
learners can apply knowledge to the real world and solve complex problems.
REFERENCES Ana Beatriz Hernandez-Lara, Lopez, and Fitro-Beltran. “Students’ Perception of the Impact of Competences on
Learning: An analysis with business simulations.” Computers in Human Behavior 101. (2019). 311-319.
https://doi.org.10.1016.j.chb.2019.07.023.
Bautista-Mesa, Rafael, Horacio Molina Sánchez, and Jesús Nicolás Ramírez Sobrino. "Audit workplace simulations
as a methodology to increase undergraduates’ awareness of competences." Accounting Education 27, no. 3 (2018).
234-258.
Edmonds, Mark, Miller, Tad and Savage, Arline. “Accounts Receivable: An audit Simulation.” Journal of Accounting
Education 47. 2019. 75-92.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaccedu.2019.04.001.
Lara Gittings, Ross Taplin, and Rosemary. “Experiential Learning Activities in University Accounting Education: A
systematic literature review.” Journal of Accounting Education 52. (2020). 1-13. https://doi.org.10.1016/j.jaccedu.
2020.100680.
Peng-Chun Lin, Huei-Tse Hou, Sheng-Yi Wu and Kuo-En Chang. “Exploring College Students’ Cognitive
Processing Patterns during a Collaborative Problem-solving Teaching Activity Integrating Facebook Discussion and
Simulation Tools”, Internet and Higher Education 2. (2014). 51-56. https://doi.org.10.1016/j.jheduc.2014.05.001.
Shahriar M. Saadullah and Nader Elsayed. “An Audit Simulation of the Substantive Procedures in the Revenue
Process - A Teaching Case Incorporating Bloom’s Taxonomy”, Journal of Accounting Education 52. (2020). 1-10.
https://doi.org.10.1016/j.jaccedu.2020.100678.
Vlachopoulos, Dimitrios and Makri, Agoritsa. “The Effect of Games and Simulation on Higher Education: a
Systematic Literature Review” Technology in Higher Education 14, no. 22. (2017). 1-33.
https://doi.org.10.1186/s41239-017-0062-1.
Zelin II, Robert C. "An Exploration Of The Effectiveness Of An Audit Simulation Tool In A Classroom Setting."
American Journal of Business Education (AJBE) 3, no. 9 (2010). 7-12.
55
VIID2331 - PAPAW SEEDS TEA
Dr Norhaya Hanum Mohamad1, Haslina Che Ngah2, Nur Amanina Idris1, Amir Manshoor1, Mohamad Amiruddin Mohamad1
Jabatan Seni Kulinari 1 Jabatan Pengurusan Hotel 2
Fakulti Pengurusan Hotel dan Pelancongan, UiTM Cawangan Terengganu
Kampus Dungun Sura Hujung, 23000, Dungun, Terengganu
[email protected], [email protected],
[email protected], [email protected],
Abstract: Papaya, pawpaw or scientifically named as Carica papaya Linn is a tropical fruit commonly found
abundantly in Malaysia. Besides the fruit flesh, other parts of the fruit including the skin and seeds are nutritional,
hence its versatility. The local community, however, only consume the fruit flesh as the potential of the seed is
unaware of. More often than not, the seeds are discarded as food waste, despite many scientific studies show
promising health benefits, for instant, as antioxidant, to improve digestive system and to lower blood cholesterol
level. The objective of this study is to utilise the benefits of the seed through a formulation into papaya seed-based
tea. Furthermore, this effort also leads to food waste reduction. In this research, four formulations of seed-based tea,
which consist of crushed and whole seeds, with and/or without the flesh were tasted. The taste test survey was
evaluated based on participant preference towards the texture, color, aroma and taste. The result reveals that the
crushed papaya seed with dried papaya flesh is mostly preferred.
Keywords: papaya, papaya seed, pawpaw, tea, healthy
INTRODUCTION In the food and beverage industry, 80% of waste is accounted for by unused sections of fruits and
vegetables in food preparation, while the remaining 20% by consumer-generated left-over food. The Food
Aid Foundation reported in 2016 that Malaysians were wasting nearly 15,000 tonnes of food every day,
including 3,000 tonnes of edible food. In Malaysia, municipal solid waste (MSW) production was 7.34
million tonnes in 2005 and is expected to grow up to 10.9 million tonnes in 2020 (Manikam, 2020).
Papaya carica L. is possibly originating from southern Mexico and Costa Rica. The plant was
subsequently introduced to Sri Lanka, Australia, The Philippines, Hawaii, South Africa, India and the
entire tropical and subtropical regions. Its nutritional value and medicinal properties of almost all parts of
the plant, including leaves, fruits and seeds make papaya economically valuable (Corrales and Zee, 2020).
Nevertheless, the leaves and flesh alone are the most frequently used parts. The fruit flesh of papaya is
typically used as a fruit dessert and raw material in papain industry, the leaves are usually cooked as
vegetable, whereas the papaya seeds have not been widely used. Papaya seeds are usually only used as
potential seeds to be re-planted, but most are considered as waste and be thrown away. Papaya seeds
contain crude protein, crude fibre, papaya oil, fatty acids, carpain, ß-sitostrol, caricin, hentriacontane,
glucotropaeolin, benzyl glucosinolate, benzyl isothiocyanate, benzyl thiourea, an enzyme myrosin and
caressing (Ávila, Kugo, Hornung, et al., 2020).
56
Benzyl glucosinolate in the seeds and pulp of C. papaya is hydrolysed by myrosinase to produce benzyl
isothiocyanate. The seeds extract was reported to demonstrate bactericidal activity. Unripe fruit seeds are
rich in benzyl isothiocyanate, a chemical-containing sulphur reported to be an effective germicide and
insecticide. These substances are essential for plant natural defense mechanisms (Ávila, Kugo, Hornung,
et al., 2020). Medicinal uses of papaya seeds include anti-fertility agent in males. The paste of the seeds
is used the treatment of ringworms, psoriasis, carminative, counter irritant, emmenagogue, vermifuge,
liver cirrhosis and abortifacient. In other studies, seeds of papaya have shown anthelmintic properties
against nematodes found in animals (Ameen, Aziz, Baba et al., 2018). The antiimplantation, anti-fertility
and abortifacient properties of papaya seed extracts were reported by Gadzama et al. (2016).
Much attention has been given to health benefits from the consumption of naturally made and plant-
derived foods and food products. Currently, the acquisition of the body system of these health-promoting
nutrients has focused on supplementation. One type of food supplement is in the form of tea (Liu, Xiau,
Du, et al., 2020). Tea is the most widely consumed beverage in the world, after water (United States
Department of Agriculture, 2014). In general, tea (green) is safe, non-toxic and does not have any side
effects after consumption (Ferdousi, Araki, hashimoto et al., 2018).
Thus, the objective of this study is to extract the benefits of papaya seed while reducing wastage level by
innovating the papaya seed-based tea. The Papaw Seed Tea (papaya Seed Tea) is an excellent product
with plenty on novelties. This is a revolutionary innovation for a commodity that is not yet on the market.
Besides, this is the healthy tea product that is made from local fruit. The use of papaya seed waste would
help minimize carbon printing and the nutrient found in papaya seed would provide health benefits for
consumers. Overall, Papaya Seed Tea has a low production cost and requires a fast production process
and time. Altogether, it is found that the tea is indeed beneficial and can be commercialized on par with
established tea products in the market.
METHODOLOGY Papaya seeds and flesh were separated and washed. The flesh was cut and thinly sliced prior to drying.
Both samples were then dried at 60°C in a dehydrator for 20 hours. The dried seeds and flesh were ground
into powder. The powder was later formulated into four types of preparation, which are (i) crushed
papaya seed, (ii) whole papaya seed, (iii) crushed papaya seed with flesh and (iv) whole papaya seed
with flesh.
All formulations were filled into individual sachet and arranged accordingly as attractive packaging
(Figure 1).
Figure 1. The Process of Papaya Seed Tea
Fifty respondents participated in the sensory test to study their preference for the texture, colour, aroma
and taste of the Papaw Seed Tea drinks. The sensory evaluation was used through the descriptive test.
The five (5) point of Likert Scale; 1= very poor, 2= poor, 3= neutral, 4= good and 5= excellent was used
to measure the consumer response.
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FINDINGS Based on the sensory test analysis, out of 4 comparison tests, the majority of respondents prefer the
whole papaya seed with dried papaya flesh and crushed papaya seed with dried papaya flesh. We,
however, have decided to proceed our production with the crushed papaya seed with dried papaya
flesh, as a previous study showed that crushed papaya seeds are better absorbed by the body than the
whole papaya seed (Ferdousi, Araki, Hashimoto et al., 2018). Most respondents accept the Papaya
Seed Tea in term of texture, color, aroma, and taste. Consumption of papaya seed is cheap, natural,
harmless, readily available, mono-therapeutic and prevent against intestinal parasitosis, especially in
tropical communities.
CONCLUSION Papaya Seed Tea is at the same level with other global tea brands when considering the texture, colour,
aroma and taste. Introducing Papaya Seed Tea to the consumer may increase their awareness of its
benefits. Besides, this product may interest the health-conscious consumer, especially if they are tea
drinkers. Due to the low cost and availability of raw materials, the development would be
economically feasible. On the other hand, there are some key limitations in obtaining the raw material
as most consumers just discard the seeds due to lack of awareness of their benefits. For the future
research, the Papaya Seed Tea will complete its laboratory analysis tests, improvements in varieties
of ingredients and better packaging. This project might encourage other innovators to create waste-
based product to reduce excessive food waste. This may contribute to lower the impacts of climate
change and global warming.
REFERENCES 1. Ameen, S. A., Azeez, O. M., Baba, Y. A., Raji, L. O., Basiru, A., Biobaku, K. T. Odetokun,I. A.
“Anthelmintic Potency of Carica papaya seeds against Gastro-intestinal Helminths in Red Sokoto goat.”
Ceylon Journal of Science, 47(2), 137. (2018). https://doi.org/10.4038/cjs.v47i2.7509.
2. Ávila S, Kugo M, Silveira Hornung P, et al. “Carica papaya seed enhances phytochemicals and functional
properties in cornmeal porridges.” Food Chemistry. (2020 Apr);323:126808. DOI:
10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.126808.
3. F. Ferdousi, R. Araki, K. Hashimoto, H. Isoda “Olive leaf tea may have hematological health benefit over
green tea Clin. Nutr. (2018), 10.1016/j.clnu.2018.11.009
4. Fallas-Corrales, R., van der Zee, S.E.A.T.M. (2020) “Diagnosis and management of nutrient constraints in
papaya” Fruit Crops: Diagnosis and Management of Nutrient Constraints, 607-627 Elsevier
9780128187265
5. Gadzama, P. A., Wurochekke, A. U., & Mahmoud, S. J. “Antioxidant activity of carica papaya seed extracts
on indomethacin-induced ulcer in rats.” International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR), 5(1), 699–
703. (2016) https://doi.org/10.21275/ v5i1.nov152843.
6. R.V. Siva Manikam (2020), Reducing Food Waste During A Pandemic. Bernama
https://www.bernama.com/en/thoughts/news.php?id=1844547#:~:text=In%202016%2C%20the%20Fo
od%20Aid,10.9%20million%20tonnes%20in%202020 Accessed: 10/10/2020
7. United States Department of Agriculture [USDA], Special Focus–Green Tea,
http://www.usada.org/uploads/suppconfusion.pdf Accessed: 05/10/2020
8. Zenghui Liu , Mengchao Xiao , Zhaofeng Du , Mengwan Li ,Huiming Guo , Ming Yao , Xiaochun Wan
Zhongwen Xie. “Dietary Supplementation of Huangshan Maofeng Green Tea Preventing Hypertension of
Older C57BL/6 Mice Induced byDesoxycorticosterone Acetate and Salt,”
The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry (2020), doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnutbio.2020.108530
58
VIID2333 - ENHANCED HOUSING
DELIVERY SYSTEM (EHDS)
Dr. Syahrul Hezrin Mahmud1, Mohd Ariff Nafizi Ibrahim1, Mohd Husnin Mat Yusof2, Muhammad
Fauzi Embong2, Ramizatunnisah Jais2, Mohd Hata Ismail3 1UiTM Cawangan Terengganu Kampus Dungun, 2UiTM Cawangan Terengganu Kampus Kuala
Terengganu [email protected]
Abstract: Home ownership has been an alarming issue among more than half of 1.6 million Malaysian civil
servants who are still tenants. They might have an intention to own a house, yet the present Housing Delivery
System (HDS) that is practised by most building companies known as Build Then Sell (BTS), an improved one
to Sell Then Build (STB) that still requires future homeowners to make initial payments along the process of
possessing a house. This therefore have hindered their intentions. Thus, Enhanced Housing Delivery System
(EHDS), a business model re-engineering of housing delivery system that focuses both on a concept of buying
and building a house, is formulated by utilizing benefits of the scheme offered by Lembaga Pembiayaan
Perumahan Sektor Awam (LPPSA) to surmount any financial distractions that may be caused by those HDSs.
Aarez Holding Sdn. Bhd, a fast-growing building company that has pioneered the implementation of EHDS in its
operations, manages to absorb all initial costs along the possessing process as a final contract price, leaving its
clients to have no cash-outflow distractions at all. To builders and building companies: EHDS acts as a selling
point to attract more prospects. Nevertheless, EHDS is one of the Post-Covid 19 strategies in accelerating
businesses related to property development.
Keywords: Marketing, House Delivery System, Home Ownership, Business Strategy.
INTRODUCTION
The figure of more than half of 1.6 million Malaysians who worked as government servants and entitled
for home financing facilities offered by Lembaga Pembiayaan Perumahan Sektor Awam (LPPSA) at
an affordable rate of 4 percent reducing balance method and yet to have their own houses is quite
alarming. [1] Their intention of possessing houses have hindered by the present Housing Delivery
System (HDS) used by most building companies known as Build Then Sell (BTS) that requires them
to make initial payments along the process of purchasing a house. In most cases, these payments
prevented the government servants from securing housing financing facilities since they did not manage
to pay the 10 percent deposit upon signing the sale and purchase agreement as well as other incidental
costs [2].
Having contended with the issues of initial payments required by BTS, Aarez Holding Sdn. Bhd
(AAREZ) has collaborated with Universiti Teknologi MARA Cawangan Terengganu (UiTMCT) in
developing a new business model inspired by BTS known as Enhanced Housing Delivery System
(EHDS) that is scaffolded from a land purchased scheme offered by LPPSA that allows one to build his
or her house on his or her own lot.
METHODOLOGY EHDS is derived from the primaeval development of improvement or innovation of former models of
HDS known as 10:90 Build Then Sell (10:90 BTS), 100% Build Then Sell (100% BTS) that benefited
both buyer and builder. In formulating EHDS, the researchers had to affirm house buyers to be aware
of differences featured in both BTS and STB in order to protect their rights in purchasing houses from
builders. Besides that, all factors concerning home ownership issues were also considered since the
process of purchasing a house requires a long-term investment with large benefits [3]. Another concern
to address is the price ranges and locations of the targeted properties [4]. In addition, the buyers too
have a burdening concern regarding down payment and other initial payments such as legal fees, stamp
59
duty payment, valuation fees and real estate professional fee that they have to made in purchasing a
house.
FINDINGS
In addressing such concerns, EHDS allows builders or building companies to absorb all related costs as
a final contract price and this allows the buyer to pay for all expenses only in form of monthly
installments via LPPSA. Table 1 features all details involving the initial payments required by the
conventional HDS to be paid by a government servant who wants to build a house valued at RM 300
000.00 on his or her own lot.
Table 1. Enhanced Housing Delivery System (EHDS): Its Application
Stage Process Activity Initial Paymnts
Conventional
HDS
EHDS
Pre-
Construction
Consultation Consultation and Site Visit No No
Quotation/Proposal No No
Financial Qualification No No
Acceptance of Agreement Commitment Fee:
RM 1 000.00
No
Preparation
& Approval
of House
Plan
Floor Plan Drafting RM 1 000.00 No
Finalize Plan RM 2 000.00 No
Plan Submission RM 3 000.00 No
Plan Approval RM 1 000.00 No
Legal
Process and
Housing
Financial
Application
Application through lawyer RM 1 000.00 No
Approval of home financial
facilities by LPPSA
RM 1 000.00 No
Sales and Purchase and
processes including stamp duty,
mortgage and other related
documentations
RM 4 000.00 No
Total Initial Payments for Pre-Construction Phase: RM 14 000.00 No Payment
While-
Construction
Construction Site preparation RM 36 000.00 No
Construction process
Monthly
commitment
based on progress
No
Quality control No
Vacant Possession No
CCC Monthly Installment
Total Initial Payments for While-Construction Phase: RM 36 00.00 +
Monthly
payment based
on progress
No Payment
Post-
Construction
Warranty
and after
sales service
After sales service
Warranty No No
Total Initial Payments for While-Construction Phase: No Payment No Payment
Total Initial Payments for All Phases: RM 50 000.00 No Payment
Table 1 has simulated that a government servant is required to pay approximately RM 50 000.00 for
initial payments that might be issued during the two-construction stages Nevertheless, EHDS allows
the government servant to start paying his or her loan via monthly installment to the bank only after he
or she had received the certificate of Compliance and Completion (CCC) since all related costs were
absorbed by the builder or the building company as the final contract price.
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CONCLUSIONS Therefore, EHDS permits no initial payments to be paid by a future house owner all along the process
of purchasing and possessing his or her house. Thus, the implementation of EHDS has been pioneered
by AAREZ in its operations recently. Having a determination to help its prospects to have better
opportunity of possessing their own houses with EHDS, the collaborative innovation of both UiTM and
itself, AAREZ has encapsulated its business mission as “Kini Anda Boleh Miliki Rumah Tanpa Tunai”
and the advertisement as featured in Figure 1 has been advertised and circulated thoroughly to the
company’s potential clients via social medias.
Figure 1. EHDS: Its Commercialization by Aarez Holding Sdn. Bhd.
However, in order to implement EHDS, the company needs to have fortified financial capabilities since
AAREZ needs to finance all costs involving pre-construction stage. In addition, the company also needs
to utilized all advantages of having networking with its suppliers and other stakeholders to provide
financial support to this new business model of HDS. Moreover, additional proper analysis is required
to eveal the effectiveness of EHDS in helping the marketing aspects of the company towards strategic
direction of the corporate objectives which are sustainability and profitability. Furthermore, EHDS can
act as a selling point to attract more prospects On the other hand, EHDS is one of the Post-Covid 19
strategies that is vital in accelerating businesses related to property development.
REFERENCES
[1] Ministry of Human Resources Malaysia (2015), “Statistik Pekerjaan dan Perburuhan [employment and labour
statistics]”, available at: http://myhos.mohr.gov.my/ebook/istatistik2_2015/bil2_2015. ppsx.
[2] Bujang, Ahmad Ariffian. "Pemilikan harta tanah kediaman: Satu kajian penilaian ke atas Peraturan Kuota Lot
Bumiputera di daerah Johor Bahru." Ph.D. dissertation, Dept of Arts and Social Science, Universiti Malaya, 2006.
[3] Bramley, Glen. "Affordability, poverty and housing need: triangulating measures and standards." Journal of
Housing and the Built Environment 27, no. 2 (2012): 133-151.
Salfarina, A. G., M. Nor Malina, and H. Azrina. "Trends, problems and needs of urban housing in
Malaysia." Malay 248 (2010): 62.
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VIID2335 - VIRTUAL COFFEE TALKS
FOR ENGLISH CLASS: CONNECTING
THE DOTS BETWEEN ACADEMIA AND
INDUSTRY
Wan Najmiyyah Wan Md Adnan1, Aileen Farida Mohd Adam2, Najlaa’ Nasuha Mohd Radin3
1,3Academy of Language Studies, Universiti Teknologi Mara Cawangan Terengganu, Kampus
Dungun, 23000 Dungun, Terengganu, Malaysia 2Academy of Language Studies, Universiti Teknologi Mara Cawangan Pulau Pinang, Kampus
Permatang Pauh, 13500 Permatang Pauh, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
Abstract: One of the new dimensions highlighted by the Ministry of Higher Education Malaysia is the importance
of having academia-industry linkage and that universities should work closer with the industry players. One of
the ways of achieving this is by getting industry players into the classroom to connect with the students. Virtual
Coffee Talks is a pioneer project conducted during Open and Distance Learning (ODL) for English for
Professional Interaction course and its main objective is to expose students to the professional environment by
inviting professional guest speakers into the classroom through virtual coffee talks sessions. This project also
encourages knowledge transfer and collaboration between academia and industry players. Some of the challenges
of open and distance learning is to keep students engaged and to ensure that students would have better learning
experiences. The project has received positive feedbacks from the students and the invited speaker. This project
also has commercialization potential as it can encourage academia-industry linkage and open up possibilities of
further collaborations with different industry players. Since it is conducted online, the virtual coffee talks can also
be established inter-campuses and inter-varsities and this would provide students with better learning experiences.
Keywords: language learning, professional interactions, open and distance learning, academia-industry linkage
INTRODUCTION Essence in communication, which include empathy, relationship-building and communications are
among the necessary soft skills, listed to be in great demand by the employers (Rozana, 2019). Hence,
English for Professional Interaction (ELC 650) was introduced by UiTM to equip students with
necessary interpersonal skills in their personal growth and professional interaction skills in the
workplace. However, since most of the learning process takes place in an academic setting, the skills
become inauthentic as the students are not really exposed to the real workplace environment. Therefore,
virtual coffee talk for English class was introduced to allow learners to communicate with the industry
players in the classroom. This is also to tackle the issue of weak collaboration with the industry as
highlighted in Malaysia Education Blueprint 2013 - 2025 (Ministry of Education Malaysia, 2013).
Thus, it is important for educators to be aware that using technology for learning need to be utilised
better through various strategies. Leslie (2019) stated that engagement has been shown to impact
students’ success positively. Thus, ODL has given more opportunities to educators than ever before to
invite industry players into their classrooms in order to share their views and knowledge with the
learners. Nevertheless, there are few concerns that this project wished to address; 1) the fact that English
for Professional Communication is heavily based on academic materials with little exposure to real-
world situation; 2) one of the major issues of Open and Distance Learning (ODL) is how to keep
students engaged to the subject taught; and 3) there is still disconnectedness between academia and
industry players. Therefore, the main objectives of this projects are:
62
1. To enrich students’ knowledge
2. To expose students to real-world situations
3. To attract students for fun online learning
4. To encourage academia-industry linkage in terms of collaborative projects
METHODOLOGY The project invited a professional speaker for 40-minute coffee talk online session via Google Meet
during English for Professional Interaction (ELC 650) class. Among the sub-topics being discussed are
skills to have at workplace, professional appearance, professional work ethics and cultural differences
at workplace. This project took place in April 2020 and the participants were 24 degree students from
Hotel & Food Service Management, Universiti Teknologi MARA Cawangan Terengganu, Kampus
Dungun. This study was purely qualitative and used observation and immediate student feedback. The
invited speaker was the Director and Head for Corporate Sales and Marketing at one of the established
asset management companies in Malaysia. She became the Head of Business Communication at the age
of 28 and won regional CIMB Emerald Award in 2013 as the Best Country Middle Manager (Malaysia).
Her work deals with fund investment and management from Security Commission Malaysia, unit trusts,
private retirement scheme and financial planning. Below was the designed lesson plan that took place:
Figure 1. Coffee Talk Lesson Plan
FINDINGS
It was found that the Coffee Talk enriched students’ knowledge.When interviewed, students had
expressed their eagerness and excitement towards what they have learned and how they can apply it in
the real-world situations. Another finding is that students responded positively to fun online learning
for ELC650. The students were also very responsive and excited. The students also responded positively
to having longer Coffee Talk sessions in the future. Next, the coffee talk also exposed students to real-
world situations. The speaker provided useful tips regarding cultural differences at workplace and
provide different point-of-views regarding the reality of working environment. Students were also
highly motivated throughout the coffee talk with inspirational stories from real-life professional. Lastly,
the coffee talk encouraged academia-industry linkage in terms of collaborative projects. Both students
and speaker expressed positive responses towards the flexibility of using Google Meet for Virtual
63
Coffee Talk session. The ODL platform actually provided an advantage for more collaborative projects
between academia and industry.
COMMERCIALISATION POTENTIAL
Plans of inviting professionals from different industries would offer different points-of-views on how
different industries work. This also provides invaluable experience for the students to prepare them for
the workplace environment. Furthermore, this project would be a stepping-stone to encourage more
academia-industry linkage and opens up possibilities of further collaborations (virtual coffee talks,
virtual knowledge sharing, virtual office tour etc) with more professional industry players. Another
commercialization potential is that this project can be expanded not only between academia-industry
but also as inter-varsities or inter-campuses projects. This could also be offered as part of the syllabus
and can further be developed to be used on Massive Open Online Courses (MOOC) platform.
CONCLUSION It is hoped that it would motivate students and give them confidence to face these professionals in
virtual coffee talks session like this. It is also hoped that this project would encourage students to be
more engaged in English for Professional Interaction class, and lastly, this project can also open up
possibilities for academia-industry linkage in terms of future collaboration especially in knowledge-
sharing sessions.
REFERENCES
Lawrence, Lim & Abdullah. (2019). Strengths and Weaknesses of Education 4.0 in the Higher Education
Institution. International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering, Vol. 9 Issue 2S3,
pp. 511 – 519, DOI: 10.35940/ijitee.B1122.1292S319
Leslie, H. J. (2019). Trifecta of Student Engagement: A Framework for an Online Teaching Professional
Development Course for Faculty in Higher Education. Journal of Research in Innovative Teaching &
Learning, Vol. 13 No. 2, 2020, pp. 149-173, DOI 10.1108/JRIT-10-2018-0024
Ministry of Education Malaysia. (2013). Malaysia Education Blueprint 2013 - 2025.
https://www.moe.gov.my/menumedia/media-cetak/penerbitan/dasar/1207-malaysia-education-
blueprint-2013-2025/file
Rozana, S. (2019, February 20). Demand for soft skills in the workplace. New Straits Times, Retrieved from
https://www.nst.com.my/
64
VIID2377 - THE CONCEPT OF USE OF
ONLINE LEARNING MEDIA
TO IMPROVE STUDENTS’
KNOWLEDGE AND UNDERSTANDING
DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC
AT MBI AMANATUL UMMAH, PACET,
MOJOKERTO (GENDER AS
MODERATING VARIABLE)
Aulia Sulhia1, Atsila AufIani2, Azka Amalia Putri3, Ahadin Wildan Amin4, Ihtishamul Hasan5
12345MBI Amanatul Ummah, Pacet, Mojokerto, Indonesia
[email protected] ABSTRACT: Covid-19 pandemic/has a significant impact on various sectors in all countries in the world,
including in Indonesia, especially in the education sector. From mid-March 2020 to the beginning of July 2020,
the teaching-learning process was carried out online. Various types of learning methods were used to deliver
subject matter with the hope of maximizing students’ knowledge and understanding amid limitations during the
Covid-19 pandemic. This study aims to determine whether the concept of use of online learning media to improve
MBI Amanatul Ummah students’ knowledge and understanding during the Covid-19 pandemic. (gender as
moderating variable). This study used quantitative research approach. Data were collected through questionnaires
distributed via Google form. The population of this study was 252 students, while the sample used was 109
students. The data collected were processed and analyzed using SPSS, simple linear regression analysis test, and
different test between group of male students and group of female students. The results of this study show that
gender can moderate the use of online learning media to improve students’ knowledge. In addition, gender can
also moderate the use of online learning media to increase students’ understanding. However, the results of this
study show that there is no effect the use of online learning media to improve students’ knowledge. The
implication of this research is the use of online learning media during the Covid-19 pandemic by considering
several things, such as subjects, subject matter, types of online learning media used, types of learning methods
used, the time of delivery of the material, and several other supporting indicators.
Keywords: Gender, Online Learning Media, Knowledge, Understanding, Covid-19
INTRODUCTION
During the Covid-19 pandemic in Indonesia, in the second week of August 2020 there were 132,816
confirmed cases of Covid-19 including 5,968 deaths. The high number of Covid-19 cases has caused
the joint policy of 4 (four) ministers regarding the implementation of the learning process in several
Covid-19 Pandemic zones to experience no change. In the green and yellow zones, the educational
learning process can be carried out face-to-face at schools using standard health protocols for the
prevention of Covid-19. Meanwhile, in the orange and red zones the educational learning process is
being held online. Online learning process at all levels of education, from kindergarten to university,
has started since the beginning of the Covid-19 pandemic in mid-March 2020. The online learning
process has many advantages and disadvantages. The advantages of the online learning process are that
65
the learning time is shorter, students can develop themselves, and education in Indonesia becomes more
advanced, while the disadvantages of the online learning process are that tasks become increasingly
pile up, the need for internet data or quotas becomes more and more, learning material is difficult to
obtain, and students do not easily hold discussions.
Various attempts have been made to minimize disadvantages in the online learning process. Schools
choose an online media platform that is considered the easiest and most suitable for teachers and
students, such as the use of the WhatsApp, Facebook, Telegram and web applications designed by the
schools. For students, they always try to keep up with the learning process properly amidst limited
internet quota and limited internet signal in remote villages. All parties are trying to minimize these
shortcomings with the aim of increasing student knowledge and understanding during the Covid-19
Pandemic.
Objectives of The Study
Increasing students' knowledge and understanding of science, one of which is influenced by the learning
media used. The use of online learning technology has an influence on the students’ knowledge and
understanding. This study will explain and confirm that the concept of learning in Islamic boarding
schools, by grouping students by gender, male and female, which is associated with the relationship
between the use of online learning processes and students' knowledge and understanding, has a different
effect. The formulation of the problem in this study is: "Can gender moderate the effect of the use online
learning media on an increase in students’ knowledge and understanding at MBI Amanatul Ummah,
Pacet, Mojokerto during the Covid-19 pandemic?”
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This research is an Ex Post Facto research which explains the cause and effect relationship [1]. In this
study, researchers used a quantitative research approach. The population of this study was 252 tenth
grade students of MBI Amanatul Ummah, while the sample size was 109 students. If the number of
subjects is large, it can be taken between 10 - 15% or 20-25% or more [2]. There were 4 (four) variables
adopted in this study: (1) Online learning media (X1) as an independent variable, (2) Student’s
knowledge (Y1) as the dependent variable, (3) Student’s understanding (Y2) as the dependent variable,
and (4) Gender as a moderating variable. The questionnaires were distributed to students via google
form https://bit.ly/2THB2YS for 1 (one) month, from May 28, 2020 to June 28, 2020. The questionnaire
is a data collection technique done by giving a set of questions or written statements to respondents to
be answered (Sugiono, 2012). First, data analysis was carried out through validity test, reliability test,
and simple linear regression analysis with the formula: Y = α + bX. Second, data analysis was carried
out by separating and comparing data between male students’ group and female students group.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Based on the data analysis, the first linear regression equation obtained is as follows: Y1 = 11.622 +
0.745X. This equation means that if the constant value is 11.622 and the value of the use of online
learning media (X) is 0, so the value of the students’ knowledge (Y1) is 11.622. The regression
coefficient value of the variable of online learning media (X) is 0.745, meaning that if the value of
online learning media is high or equal to 1 with the assumption that other variables are constant, then
the student's knowledge (Y1) will change by 0.745. The coefficient value is positive, meaning that there
is a positive relationship between the use of online learning media and student’s knowledge.
The results of this study indicate that the use of online learning media has an effect on students'
knowledge during the Covid-19 pandemic. The effect of the use of online learning media on the male
and female students’ knowledge has different values. According to the majority of the male group,
online learning media is not effective, the software used is more effective, online learning has better
access to information about students to parents, and students get new experiences
66
Table 1. Male Students’ Responses to the Use of Online Learning Media, Students’ Knowledge, and Students’
Understanding (%).
Statement Male Students
SD D A SA
1 0 67 33 0
2 10 33 57 0
3 10 43 47 0
4 5 38 43 14
5 0 10 67 23
6 0 24 47 29
7 0 29 57 14
8 0 38 48 14
9 10 43 43 4
10 5 38 33 24
11 5 5 76 14
12 0 0 76 24
13 5 19 62 14
14 0 52 24 24
15 5 38 47 10
16 10 43 33 14
Source: Primary Data Processed (2020)
Meanwhile, according to the majority of the female group, the online class is better applied to theoretical
subjects, the software used is ineffective, dissatisfied with online learning for practical subjects,
learning in class is more effective than online learning, online learning has many weaknesses in
interaction between students and teachers, students have more ability to learn through online learning
methods, evaluation of student abilities is less appropriate when done online, there is an increase in the
use of online media in the educational process, and students get new concepts of knowledge. Which
states that one of the functions of electronic learning for learning activities is as a supplement [3] Table 2. Female Students’ Responses to the Use of Online Learning Media, Students’ Knowledge, and Students’
Understanding (%).
Statement Female
SD D A SA
1 2 60 35 3
2 6 32 56 6
3 23 50 21 6
4 6 53 40 1
5 2 34 55 9
6 0 7 40 53
7 0 11 57 32
8 2 31 58 9
9 7 60 31 2
10 5 18 60 17
11 1 17 63 19
12 2 5 66 27
13 1 31 60 8
14 7 50 41 2
15 3 44 50 3
16 4 45 49 2
Source: Primary Data Processed (2020)
67
Based on data analysis, the second linear regression equation obtained is as follows: Y2 = 9.766 -
0.612X. This equation means that if the constant value is 9.766, and the value of the variable of online
learning media (X) is 0, so the students’ understanding (Y2) is 9.766. The regression coefficient of the
use of media (X) is 0.612, meaning that if the value of the variable of online learning media is high or
equal to 1, with the assumption that other variables are constant, then the students’ understanding (Y2)
will change by 0.612. The coefficient value is negative, meaning that there is no positive relationship
between the use of online learning media and students’ understanding.
The results of this study indicate that the use of online learning media has no effect on students'
understanding during the Covid-19 pandemic. The non-impact of the use of online learning media on
the male and female students’ understanding has different values. According to the majority of the male
students’ group, with online learning media, students get an in-depth study of material that is useful for
increasing knowledge, students understand the general framework of the subject, and students do not
understand the essence of the subject. Meanwhile, according to the majority of the female students’
group, students do not understand the important definitions of the subject. Several factors can affect the
ability of students to understand concepts. Some important factors are the learning models and media
used by the teachers. The learning models and media applied by the teachers are still monotonous
because the teachers still apply limited learning models and media. One of the communication barriers
in the learning process, including the use of online learning media, is the lack of students’ understanding
[4]
CONCLUSIONS
The use of online learning media has an effect on students’ knowledge during the Covid-19 pandemic,
but based on gender moderation, male and female groups have different values. The use of online
learning media has no effect on students’ understanding during the Covid-19 pandemic, but based on
gendere moderation, male and female groups have different values. The implication of the results of
this study is that the selection of appropriate and easy online learning media is one of the keys to
improving students' knowledge and understanding during the Covid-19 pandemic.
REFERENCES [1]Sukardi, 2007. Competency Education Research Methodology and Practice. Bumi Aksara, Jakarta.
[2] Arikunto, S., 2018. Quantitative Research Methods. Alfabeta, Jakarta.
[3] Siahaan, S.M., 2002. Analysis of Teacher Teaching Motives in Building Students’ Instrumental
Understanding and Relational Understanding by Using Problem Solving Schemes Based on the Toulmin
Argument Model. Bandung: SPs. UPI.
[4]Daryanto, 2010. Learning: its role is very important in achieving learning goals. Gava Media, Yogyakarta.
68
VIID2379 - USED COFFEE GROUND
COMPOSTED AS BIO-FERTILIZER
Aida Nabilah Mohd Khairudin1, Siti Asyiqin Binti Shikh Ahmad Alias1, Nurul Shazwin Binti
Samsuddin1, Siti Noraiza Ab Razak1,2 1Center for Diploma Studies (CeDS),
Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Pagoh Campus, Muar,
84600 Johor, Malaysia. 2Microelectronics and Nanotechnology – Shamsuddin Research Centre (MiNT-SRC)
Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Parit Raja, Batu Pahat,
86400 Johor, Malaysia.
E-mail: [email protected]
Abstract: The main objective is to produce an economical and environmental friendly composted fertilizer based
on used coffee grounds. In order to achieve the main objective, beforehand, a coffee grounds that was added with
other selected natural compounds was composted. Next, the effect of coffee fertilizer towards chili plants growth
was observed. Few important factors that affected the growth of the chili plant from using used coffee ground
includes the pH and the usage ratio of fertilizer to soil. The coffee-mixture fertilizer gives the most eligible pH
to be used as fertilizer for chili plant growth at pH 5.30. From the observation, two tablespoon of coffee-mixture
fertilizer which added to a pot of soil gives a positive effect to the growth of chili plant. The average diameter of
plant leaves recorded at week three was 2.55 cm while the height of the plant was 34 cm.
Keywords: bio-fertilizer, used coffee ground, composted fertilizer.
INTRODUCTION Some studies have shown that using a non-composted coffee grounds in high concentrations around
plants will actually exploit their growth. The grounds need to break down before they are truly a benefit
to plants and with the help of microorganisms in order to release their nitrogen. Furthermore, using
coffee grounds in compost piles tends to help the pile reach higher internal temperature (Jennifer, 2011).
This is an important step in proper composting which helps kill weed seeds and pathogens that may be
present in the pile.
A suitable and proper way for using coffee grounds in the landscape is to either mix them in with
existing soil, or in a compost pile mix with the suitable composition ratio with one-part coffee grounds
to one-part leaves or other dry material plus one-part grass clippings or other green material. The use
of chemical fertilizers produced a ‘pretty’ fruits and vegetables. However, an excessive use of
chemicals fertilizers will cause many drawbacks to consumer as well as to environment (Raphael,
Kurian, and K. Velmourougane, 2011). In order to overcome this problem, coffee grounds are used as
an alternative resource. Coffee grounds has a lot of potential to act as a fertilizer to plants based on the
information gained about its benefits to plants (Liu and Price, 2011). Coffee grounds have been shown
to have a nearly neutral pH around 6.5 to 6.8. Most plants needed nutrients to be slightly acidic to
neutral, in the 5.8 to 7 range (Nguyen, Dzung, and Khanh, 2013). The advantages of using waste coffee
grounds as a bio-fertilizer is that it adds up organic material to the soil. Thus, water retention, drainage,
and aeration in the soil is improved. Besides, the addition of several natural ingredients such brown
sugar, fresh milk, rinsed rice water in composted coffee grounds will provide extra benefits in plant
growth (Serber, 2020).
METHODOLOGY i. Used coffee grounds fertilizer preparation
69
The experiment was conducted using two samples of used coffee grounds fertilizer, named as Sample
1 and Sample 2. Sample 1 was a mixture of used coffee grounds, milk, expired yogurt, rinsed rice water
and brown sugar, while Sample 2 was originally a coffee grounds-based. Both are sealed in air-tight
container for few days in cool conditions and fermented for two weeks. After two weeks, both are
opened and aired under sunlight for four hours.
ii. Chilli growth
Two pots were filled with soil with different amounts of fertilizer into the soil. Pot A and pot B were
added with two and three tablespoons of Sample 1, respectively. The third pot (Pot C) was filled with
soil and Sample 2 as a control setup. The plants were watered daily. The height of chili plants, average
of leaves diameter and its physical growth was recorded for three-week time frame.
FINDINGS
Since chili plant is an acid-loving plant with pH level of soil ranging from 5 to 7.5; coffee grounds
fertilizer is very suitable for the perfect growth for chili. From Table 1, both types of used coffee ground
fertilizer show an acidic pH level. However, coffee mixture fertilizer gives the most eligible pH to be
used as fertilizer for chili plant growth which is pH 5.3.
Table 1. pH value of used coffee ground and coffee-mixture fertilizer.
Sample pH
Sample 1 4.86
Sample 2 5.30
Figure 1. Height of chili plant in three weeks-observation with different amount
of fertilizer (A: 2 tsp., B: 3 tsp., and C: coffee-based).
Figure 1 shows a graph of chili plant growth while Table 2 shows the average of the plant’s leaves
within three weeks period. The variables involve are Pot A (two table spoon of coffee-mixture
fertilizer), Pot B (three table spoon of coffee-mixture fertilizer) and Pot C as a control sample with
coffee-based fertilizer. The graph in Figure 1 shows a slight growth spur of the plants for each variable.
The highest plant height recorded in week three was Pot C which is 36.6 cm. However, in terms of
physical growth, Pot C shows many drawbacks in terms of number of leaves, the colour of the leaves,
and also the amount of chili as shown in Figure 2. Among these three-sample plant, Pot A shows the
most reliable result as the plant is growing well with consistent growing height, with moderate amount
of green leaves and chilies.
Table 2. The average diameter of chili plant’s leaves recorded in three weeks period for each sample.
Pot Average diameter of chili plant leaves (cm)
Week 1 Week 2 Week 3
A 2.52 2.58 2.55
B 2.44 2.44 2.48
C 1.78 1.85 1.75
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
W1 W2 W3
Pla
nt
hei
gh
t (c
m)
Week
A
B
C
70
Figure2. Physical observation on chili plant growth in three weeks.
CONCLUSIONS A bio-fertilizer is a substance which contains living microorganisms which, when applied to seeds,
plant surfaces, or soil, colonize the rhizosphere or the interior of the plant and promotes growth by
increasing the supply or availability of primary nutrients to the host plant. In this project, coffee ground
is use as bio fertilizer. In this project, the bio-fertilizer of used coffee grounds added with a mixture of
milk, expired yogurt, rinsed rice water and brown sugar shows better effect on plant growth compared
with the used coffee ground fertilizer.
REFERENCES
Raphael, Kurian, and K. Velmourougane. 2011. “Chemical and microbiological changes during
vermicomposting of coffee pulp using exotic (Eudrilus eugeniae) and native earthworm (Perionyx
ceylanesis) species.” Biodegradation 22: 497-507.
Nguyen Anh Dzung, Tran Trung Dzung, Vo Thi Phuong Khanh. 2013. Biology Department, Faculty of
Natural Science & Technology, Tay Nguyen University, Vietnam, Resources and Environment 3(4): 77-
82 doi: 10.5923/j.re.20130304.03
Jennifer Schultz Nelson, 2016. Coffee as Fertilizer, http://web.extension.illinois.edu/
Liu, K., and G.W. Price. 2011. "Evaluation of three composting systems for the management of spent coffee
grounds." Bioresource Technology 100.2: 7966-74.
Serber, Zach. 2020 “Zymergen and FMC Team up to Harvest the Next Crop Protection Breakthrough”,
zymergen.com, Aug. 20, https://www.zymergen.com/blog
71
VIID2380 - CARBONIZE RICE HUSK AS
ACTIVATED CHARCOAL FOR
PORTABLE WATER PURIFICATION
SYSTEM
Fitri Haiqal Kamarulzaman1, Abdul Muin Abdul Rahim1, Nur Najwa Imani Abd Hadi1, Siti Noraiza
Ab Razak2* 1Center for Diploma Studies (CeDS),
Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Pagoh Campus, Muar,
84600 Johor, Malaysia. 2Microelectronics and Nanotechnology – Shamsuddin Research Centre (MiNT-SRC)
Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Parit Raja, Batu Pahat,
86400 Johor, Malaysia.
E-mail: [email protected]
Abstract: Activated charcoal is a substance with porous structure, high surface area and low cost besides known
for good adsorbent as it high adsorption capacity. Activated carbon works by adsorption process which polluted
molecules in the water is treated by trapping inside the pore structure of the carbon substrate. As such, this study
aimed to produce a carbonize rice husk as an activated charcoal for portable water purification. The potential of
the rice husk as an activated carbon for portable water purification system was identified by an experiment which
is conducted for seven months involving a sample of rice husk as activated rice husk charcoal. The rice husk was
first clean using distilled water to remove contaminant and being carbonized at two different temperature to
produce an activated charcoal. Next, the activated charcoal was impregnation in potassium hydroxide, KOH; and
again underwent carbonized process at two different temperature. Few parameters to identify the safe level of
drinking water was performed such as the total dissolved solids (TDS), pH and dissolved oxygen (DO). The data
obtained for total dissolved solids (TDS), pH and dissolved oxygen (DO) are 284 mg/L, 7.08, and 4.12 mg/L
respectively. The results shows that the consumption of low TDS (below 10 mg/L) contributes to the loss of
minerals from body tissues. As for this research, the TDS measured after treatment using modelled water filter
was 284 mg/L which considered as good TDS level for drinking water. This proves on the success experiment
conducted which contributes to eco-friendly portable water purification and effective ways to reduce the waste of
rice husk.
Keywords: water purification system, activated charcoal, rice husk, activated charcoal, TDS.
INTRODUCTION
Rice is the most widely consumed staple food for a large of world's human population, especially in
Asia. It is the agricultural commodity with the third-highest worldwide production (Faostat, 2019). In
rice manufacturing, the by-product from paddy grinding is rice husk. Rice hulls or known as rice husks
are the hard protecting coverings of grains of rice. Its low humidity and simple operation causes rice
husk is widely used as fuel in many industrial factories and as biomass fuel in electricity generating
(Gado, 2017 and Gado and Morsy, 2017). Besides, its availability is one of the advantages of rice husk
being commercialize in wide applications because the rice plants are produced in sustainable manner.
Apart from that, rice husk can also be used as an activated charcoal for water purification. Activated
carbons have exceptional adsorption properties because of their high surface area, large adsorption
capacity and fast adsorption kinetics (Tongpoothorn, Sriuttha, Homchan, Chanthai and
Ruangviriyachai, 2011). Water that passing through activated carbon is used to undertake organic
contamination, taste, or objectionable odour. Activated carbon usually used as the secondary
purification techniques of portable water purification. As such, this study focuses on portable water
purification using rice husk that enable to lessen the cost of water filter than the commercial water filter
products. Beside of being portable, it provide a clean and pure water as well as the usage of rice husk
is one of the effective ways to reduce the waste of rice husk. The filter that contain activated carbon
72
also effective to eliminate pathogens, toxic compounds, taste and odour from the water are the
conducive filter.
METHODOLOGY In producing the water filter, rice husk samples were washed with the distilled water to remove dirt and
any contaminant and dried in the oven at 100oC for 12 hours. After that, the rice husk was carbonized
at two different temperatures which is 200oC and 400oC for an hour in a laboratory furnace to produce
charcoal. Samples were then crushed into small size (850 mm) to obtain the charcoal of rice husk. After
production of charcoal, 200g of carbonized rice husk was impregnation in 250 mL 1M of potassium
hydroxide, KOH for three hours and later cleaned with distilled water until its pH value is seven before
drying it in the oven. The dried samples were carbonized again at two different temperatures which is
400oC and 700oC for two hours in laboratory furnace and finally, the activated carbon was produced.
Figure 1. Six layer of portable water filter.
After activated carbon has been produced, a portable water filter was designed with six stages as shown
in Figure 1. Two mineral water bottles with volume of 1.5 liter were used as a water filter container and
also as a container to collect the filtered water. The first layer of the water filter is sand followed with
silica sand is filled in the second layer while activated charcoal treated at depth of 10 cm added into the
third layer. The fourth layer is silica sand again with granule stone with diameter 1 to 3 mm on the fifth
layer and finally, granule stone with diameter 3 to 5 mm will be the sixth layer in water filter.
FINDINGS
The produced water filter using rice husk were then analysed on the Ph level, total dissolved solid,
conductivity and dissolved oxygen of filtered water to identify on the applicability for drinking purposes
compared with untreated water sources. The portable water filter using activated charcoal from rice
husk were able to filter for clean water. Activated charcoal in the water filter played important role in
filtering the polluted water. Table 1 shows that the parameter tested in the water sample.
73
Table 1. The parameter tested in water sample.
Parameter Water sample of Ledang Waterfall
Before treatment After treatment
Total dissolved solid
(mg/L)
318 284
pH 6.75 7.08
Dissolved Oxygen (mg/L) 4.23 4.12
The permissible limit for drinking water is 500 mg/L. Water with Total dissolved solid less than 50 is
considered as an excellent value for drinking and it tastes good (Interim National Water Quality
Standards For Malaysia, 2019). A research has been conducted to study the effect of low TDS water on
human health (Committee, 1993). The results shows that the consumption of low TDS (below 10 mg/L)
contributes to the loss of minerals from body tissues. As for this research, the TDS measured after
treatment using modelled water filter was 284 mg/L which considered as good TDS level for drinking
water. From the results obtained, the percentage difference is 43% which is low and considered safe to
be consumed. As such, the water purification using rice husk is proven to be effective and safe for
drinking besides consuming low cost for various usage.
CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, the result obtained from the experiment are proven that portable water filter contains
activated carbon can be used to reduce contaminant and produce safe to drink water. The parameter
used in the experiment are TDS, pH and DO which is the value obtained after treatment are 284 mg/L,
7.98 and 4.12 mg/L respectively. The result acquired from the water sample are within the range set by
the Environmental standard. Thus, the production of rice husk as activated carbon to purify the water
from any pathogens, toxic compounds, or suspended solids are successful.
REFERENCES
Abdallah Gado, M., 2017. Preparation of Poly-Aniline-Magnetic Porous Carbon Composite for Using as Uranium
Adsorbent. American Journal of Materials Synthesis and Processing, 2(3), p.32
Committee, I.C.R., 1993. Committee report: research needs for inorganic contaminants. Journal‐American Water
Works Association, 85(5), pp.106-113.
FAOSTAT. (2019). Retrieved from http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/
Gado, M. and Morsy, A., 2017. Preparation of Poly-Aniline-Magnetic Porous Carbon Composite for Using as
Uranium Adsorbent. American Journal of Materials Synthesis and Processing, 2(3), pp.32-40.
Interim National Water Quality Standards For Malaysia. (2019). Retrieved from http://www.wepa-
db.net/policies/law/malaysia/eq_std.htm
Tongpoothorn, W., Sriuttha, M., Homchan, P., Chanthai, S. and Ruangviriyachai, C., 2011. Preparation of
activated carbon derived from Jatropha curcas fruit shell by simple thermo-chemical activation and
characterization of their physico-chemical properties. Chemical engineering research and design, 89(3),
pp.335-340.
74
VIID2381 - ORGANIC DEODORANT
ALOE-VERA BASED
Nurul Iman Yusuf1, Jaysrini Mahalinga Moorthy1, Taruna Kugan R.Indran1, Siti Noraiza Ab Razak1,2 1Center for Diploma Studies (CeDS),
Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Pagoh Campus, Muar,
84600 Johor, Malaysia. 2Microelectronics and Nanotechnology – Shamsuddin Research Centre (MiNT-SRC)
Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Parit Raja, Batu Pahat,
86400 Johor, Malaysia.
E-mail: [email protected]
Abstract: Deodorant is a substance which removes or conceals unpleasant smells especially bodily odour caused
by the bacterial breakdown of perspiration in armpits. Generally, the commercial deodorants have aluminum
chlorohydrate which is an active ingredient that helps to reduce the malodour but at the same time it effects the
formation of yellow stain on shirt. This study aimed to produce an organic deodorant aloe vera-based that
contributes to the production of organic deodorant as the best solution to replace the commercial deodorant that
causes yellow stains on clothes and identifying chemical composition of organic deodorant. Aloe vera, xanthan
gum, glycerine and apple essential oil has been used in the production of the deodorant. Aloe vera skin was
cleansed as part of the preparation and the gel was obtained. The peeled aloe-vera were then refrigerated and later
compressed into aloe vera juice mixed with glycerine and xanthan gum to produce an organic deodorant. The
deodrant was then put into test through observation on white shirts. Observation was conducted for seven days
from the use of commercial deodorant and organic deodorant and proven that organic deodorant does not form
any yellow stains while commercial deodorant does form on white shirts. While for the chemical composition,
glycerine shows that at peak 3293.60 cm-1 O-H stretch is presence while at peak 2280.22 cm-1 and 2934.54 cm-1
shows the presence of C-H stretch. Besides that, intensity of the band at 3307.90 cm-1 in aloe vera juice shows the
presence of O-H stretch and the absorption bond at 1634.84 cm-1 which shows the presence of C=O stretch of
carboxyl group because of polysaccharides such as glucose and mannose. As the conclusion, the used of organic
deodorant aloe vera-based help to prevent the formation of yellow stain on shirt and safe to use.
Keywords: Organic deodorant, aluminum chlorohydrate, aloe vera based deodorant, antiperspirant.
INTRODUCTION
Generally, deodorant is used to reduce the body odor that caused by the production of sweat processed
from the breakdown and fermentation of secretions at apocrine sweat glands. Gram positive bacteria
such as Corynebacterium xerosis, and Staphylococcus epidermis are the types of bacteria that makes
the odour smells foul. Thus, the use of aluminum salts in the commercial deodorant helps to minimize
the rate of malodour from sweat (Callewaert, Lambert, and Van de Wiele, 2017). However, the
combination of sweat and aluminum salt cause the yellow stains formed which can be clearly seen on
white shirt. The area in the sweat reacts with the acidic and aluminum components of the deodorant that
resulting in the formation of yellow stains that deposited on the light coloured clothing (Enselberg,
2012).Yellow sweat stains may also occur without any deodorant ingredients. Skin lipids, sebum and
dirt particles in the air can alone cause the yellow stains but the use of deodorants can make the yellow
stains to develop faster. In order to overcome this problem, studied on natural ingredients has been
conducted to find an alternative solution. One of the most potential ingredient is aloe vera since the
properties and compositions of aloe vera contributes a lot of pharmacological properties such as anti-
inflammatory, anti-viral, anti-oxidative, anti-bacterial, immune stimulant, antifungal, analgesic,
antitumor, anti-diabetic and inhibit tumor cells activate. Apart from that, the aloe vera also stimulates
the cell growth and enhances the restoration of damaged skin in human (Gangwar, Singh, Kewat and
Vikram, 2017). Thus our main objective is to produce organic deodorant aloe vera-based which helps
to prevent the formation of yellow stains and to identify chemical composition of organic deodorant.
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METHODOLOGY Sample preparation began with cleaning process of aloe vera skin. Secondly, the aloe vera gel is
obtained from the plant by peeling off the green skin as shown in Figure 1. The aloin (a yellowish sap
that located under the leaves) is removed from the gel and stored into refrigerator to prevent the loss of
biological especially through the degradative decomposition of the gel matrix. Other than that, gels that
are extracted from the leaves has a higher stability than the outer gel. After an hour, the aloe vera gel
is compressed to obtain the aloe vera juice. Aloe vera is placed in a bright, indirect sunlight or artificial
light under the temperature between 55 and 80 oF (13 to 27 oC). After that, the aloe vera gel is
compressed into aloe vera juice and mixed with glycerin and xanthan gum to produce an organic
deodorant.
Figure 1. Schematic diagram of research flowchart.
Next, 20 ml of glycerin is added into a small container with 0.5 g to 1 g of xanthan gum and the solution
is mixed using milk frother. Finally, 5 to10 drops of apple essential oil are added into the mixture and
placed into a roller glass bottle.
FINDINGS
The aloe vera based deodorant were then put into testing for seven days alongside with commercial
deodrorant as shown in Figure 2 and Figure 3. Based on the observation, yellow stains starts to form on
the 4th day as on the white shirt thats used commercial deodorant. Meanwhile, yellow stains does not
present on white shirt that tested by organic deodorant within 7 days. So, the use of aluminium
cholorohydrate in commercial deodorant can cause formation of yellow stains is accepted.
Figure 2. Organic deodorant testing.
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Figure 3. Commercial deodorant testing.
Besides that, samples of organic deodorant, glycerine and aloe vera juice were analysed by using
Fourier Transformation Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) in form of liquid state. Strong and broad intensity
of the band at 3307.90 cm-1 in aloe vera juice shows the presence of O-H stretch which is sugar units.
While, the absorption bond at 1634.84 cm-1 shows the presence of C=O stretch of carboxyl group
because of polysaccharides such as glucose and mannose while anthraquinnones and saponins has an
antibacterial activity. Meanwhile in glycerine shows that at peak 3293.60 cm-1 O-H stretch is presence
while at peak 2280.22 cm-1 and 2934.54 cm-1 shows the presence of C-H stretch. In addition at peak
1031.93 cm-1, there is a presence of C-O stretch in glycerine.
CONCLUSIONS As a conclusion, organic deodorant does not form any yellow stains while commercial deodorant does
form on white shirts. Thus, theory on aluminum chlorohydrate can cause the formation of yellow stains
is accepted. Besides, FTIR analysis on aloe vera juice, glycerin and organic deodorant shows the
chemical compositions presence in organic deodorant. Finally, the analysis of data concluded that the
properties of organic deodorant is suitable to be applied on human skin and have the same role to the
commercial deodorant.
REFERENCES
Callewaert, C., Lambert, J. and Van de Wiele, T., 2017. Towards a bacterial treatment for armpit malodour.
Experimental dermatology, 26(5), pp.388-391.
Enselberg, H., 2012. Composition and method for removing stains from fabrics. U.S. Patent 8,268,769.
Gangwar, C., Singh, P., Kewat, R.N. and Vikram, N., 2017. Biochemical Composition and Enzymatic Activity
of Aloe vera (Aloe barbadensis L.). Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. App. Sci, 6(11), pp.3572-3576.
77
VIID2386 - CAFoB (COAL ASH FOAMED
BRICK)
Mohamad Ezad Hafez Mohd Pahroraji1, Khairul Anuar Maarof2 1,2Faculty of Architecture, Planning and Surveying, UiTM Cawangan Sarawak, Samarahan Campus,
94300 Kota Samarahan. Sarawak, Malaysia [email protected], [email protected]
Abstract: Conventional clay and sand bricks are very popular building materials for wall construction.
Unfortunately, both bricks are fabricated using depleting and dwindling non-renewable natural resources that went
through polluted processes during fabrication. Clay bricks are fabricated using clay and utilized polluted
hardening process that require firing in kiln at high temperature for long hours. Sand bricks are fabricated using
sand and require incorporation of polluted binder such as Portland cement. This practice degrades and destroy the
environment in the long run due to the continuous exploitation and extraction as well as pollution from the
fabrication processes. Hence, the utilization of industrial waste as substitution or alternative raw material and
binder are significant for fabrication of bricks. Such significant industrial waste are coal ash and ground granulated
blast-furnace slag (GGBS). Coal-fired thermal power plant produces tonnes of coal ash and could substitute clay
and sand as raw material. Steel manufacturing factory produces GGBS and could substitute Portland cement as
binder. Therefore, to response towards the increasing of awareness in using green technology building material
and fabrication process, CAFoB (Coal ash Foamed Brick) is proudly introduced. CAFoB is masonry unit
composed of industrial waste and fabricated using green technology. CAFoB is also lightweight due to the usage
of foaming technique. CAFoB eliminates reliance on clay, sand, Portland cement, and avoid firing process for
production of bricks. Ultimately, the introduction of CAFoB will benefit the energy industry, construction industry
and community by recycle and reduce industrial waste into useful building materials application while protecting
and preserving earth for the prosperity living of mankind and the future generations.
Keywords Coal ash, Ground granulated blast-furnace slag, Brick, Industrial waste, Foaming technique.
INTRODUCTION The wide use of clay and cement sand bricks as building materials has given rise to depleting and
dwindling of natural resources, thus gradually degrading the environment in the long run due to high
temperature of firing, high utilization of energy, and high emission of carbon dioxide (CO2). Hence, the
use of industrial waste as alternative materials and binder for fabrication of bricks was found significant
to overcome this problem. Industrial waste that is available worldwide in massive amounts and
constantly produced is coal ash which constitutes of mainly fly ash and bottom ash. The combination
use of fly ash and bottom ash as raw materials for fabrication of bricks is an ideal solution to maximize
the utilization of coal ash since most studies elsewhere focused on the utilization of fly ash or bottom
ash alone. Moreover, ground granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBS), an industrial waste from iron
making could be used as alternative binder to Portland cement when unfired method is used for
hardening process. The pozzolanic behaviour and cementitious properties of GGBS is similar with that
of high-calcium Class C fly ash but much weaker when compared to the Portland cement. However,
unlike Portland cement, GGBS requires alkali to hydrate in order to perform as binder due to its slow
cementitious properties. In order to accelerate its properties, GGBS needs to be activated in an alkaline
environment. Hydration of GGBS could be activated with the presence of lime due to high amount of
calcium oxide (CaO). Therefore, GGBS is often referred to as alkali activated binder. The use of GGBS
as binder for brick fabrication using coal ash as raw material has not been widely explored. The
development of lightweight building materials with good properties are always a constant quest for
researchers due to advantages such as reduction in the deadweight, better thermal insulation and less
cost in transportation and erection. Many studies using industrial waste in making bricks demonstrated
less effort of applying any technique or method in reduction of bricks’ weight, instead more relying on
the lower value of specific gravity of raw materials. The reduction in weight could be achieved through
applying foaming techniques by using foam agent. Studies by researchers have reported on the
utilization of fly ash as raw material for brick fabrication. However, there is paucity of published work
78
on the combination use of fly and bottom ash as main raw materials incorporating hydrated lime-
activated GGBS as binder. There is also less evidence on the research effort carried out in development
of a lightweight bricks using industrial waste. Therefore, the novelty of this study emphasized on the
utilization of fly and bottom ash as main raw materials, stabilized using HL-GGBS system as binder
and the incorporation of foam for fabrication of CAFoB. The effect of foam to the properties of CAFoB
was investigated.
METHODOLOGY Fly ash, hydrated lime and GGBS were procured and used as received without any prior treatment,
whereas bottom ash was dried in the oven. Other materials used were potable tap water and foaming
agent synthetic type. The mixing and fabrication of the CAFoB was carried out at room temperature.
Prior to commence, steel moulds size of 215mm x 102.5mm x 65mm were prepared and cleaned for
smooth surface using air compressor and applied with oil. Pan mixer was rinsed with water and wiped
dry. All materials were weighed using digital balance according to the series of mixture proportions.
Prior to commencing, all materials were placed in the pan mixer and mixed for 1 minute for the materials
to homogeneously blend. Next, water was poured gradually during mixing until all the materials were
uniformly mixed and turned into slurry. Mixing continued further for 10 minutes for the materials to
properly blend before injecting foam that was generated using NCT model foam generating machine
into the mix slurry using foam nozzle. This was a pre-formed foaming method. The foam generating
machine can produce foam with foam flow rate at 4 litres per second. The quantity of foam injected
was monitored by using stopwatch in accordance with the foam flow rate. The mixing continues further
for the foam to properly blend into the mix slurry. After that, the fresh slurry was scooped and poured
into the steel moulds. Vibration to the specimens was avoided to maintain the stability of foam and
preserve the bubbles. CAFoB was placed at drying area for 48 hours prior to removal of mould. After
removal from the steel mould, CAFoB was wrapped using several layers of cling films to preserve the
moisture and kept at the storage rack for air curing at specified days prior to tests for engineering
properties.
FINDINGS
Coal ash and hydrated lime-activated GGBS are significant as constituent for fabrication of CAFoB.
The reason GGBS need to be incorporated with hydrated lime is to provide alkali for GGBS activation
and acceleration. Coal ash consists of SiO2, an element that contributes to hardness, whereas GGBS is
rich with CaO and SiO2 that do not only contribute to hardness but also acts as catalysts to the
development of strength. The activation of GGBS with hydrated lime in the presence of water increased
the content of CaO. The CaO in GGBS and hydrated lime react chemically with SiO2 in coal ash to
form calcium silicate hydrate compounds that bind the particles to establish strength. The utilization of
hydrated lime as activator to GGBS to form HL-GGBS binder system was able to enhance strength,
lower water absorption, improve salt attack resistance but provide no significant effect to density and
thermal conductivity. Furthermore, the incorporation of foam has resulted in reduction of density, thus
provide lightweight effect and improvement to the thermal conductivity.
CONCLUSIONS The summary of properties for CAFoB are shown in Table 1. In conclusion, the production of CAFoB
is feasible and viable. CAFoB development is significant to be used for building application. The
fabrication method has potential to contribute in environmental conservation and residual utilization.
Hence, CAFoB could be regarded as alternative or substitution to traditional bricks thus provide benefit
to the construction industry, energy industry and community.
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Table 1: Summary of properties for CAFoB compared to conventional clay and sand brick
No. Engineering Properties CAFoB Clay
Brick
Sand
Brick Remarks
1 Compressive strength (N/mm2) 13.26 8.41 7.45 Higher is Better
2 Density (kg/m3) 1,457 1,725 1,807 Lower is Better
3 Flexural Strength (N/mm2) 2.15 1.41 1.76 Higher is Better
4 Water Absorption (%) 15 18 9 Lower is Better
5 Salt Attack Resistance (%) 4.24 16.73 5.55 Lower is Better
6 Thermal conductivity (W/mK) 0.224 0.325 0.546 Lower is Better
7 Sound transmission loss (dB) 33 37 32 Higher is Better
8 Sound absorption (coefficient) 0.15 0.05 0.05 Higher is Better
REFERENCES
Chindaprasirt, P., and K. Pimraksa. "A Study of Fly Ash-Lime Granule Unfired Brick." Powder
Technology 182, no. 1 (2008): 33-41.
Freidin, C. "Cementless Pressed Blocks from Waste Products of Coal-Firing Power Station." Construction and
Building Materials, no. 21 (2007): 12-18.
Oner, A., and S. Akyuz. "An Experimental Study on Optimum Usage of Ggbs for the Compressive Strength of
Concrete." Cement and Concrete Composites 29, no. 6 (2007): 505-14.
Rahmat, Mohamad Nidzam, and Norsalisma Ismail. "Sustainable Stabilisation of the Lower Oxford Clay by Non-
Traditional Binder." Applied Clay Science 52, no. 3 (2011): 199-208.
Rahmat, Mohamad Nidzam, Norsalisma Ismail, and John M. Kinuthia. "The Potential of Utilising Industrial
Waste as Lightweight Building Components - a Preliminary Investigation." Modern Applied Science
Vol.4, no. No.10 (October 2010 2010): 35-46.
Wan, Huiwen, Zhonghe Shui, and Zongshou Lin. "Analysis of Geometric Characteristics of Ggbs Particles and
Their Influences on Cement Properties." Cement and Concrete research 34, no. 1 (2004): 133-37.
Wongkeo, Watcharapong, and Arnon Chaipanich. "Compressive Strength, Microstructure and Thermal Analysis
of Autoclaved and Air Cured Structural Lightweight Concrete Made with Coal Bottom Ash and Silica
Fume." Materials Science and Engineering: A 527, no. 16-17 (2010): 3676-84.
Wu, Hwai Chung, and Peijiang Sun. "New Building Materials from Fly Ash-Based Lightweight Inorganic
Polymer." Construction and Building Materials, no. 21 (2007): 211-17.
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VIID2388 - IMPROVING ONLINE
TEACHING METHOD WITH
LABORATORY DEMONSTRATION
VIDEO
*Siti Khadijah A. Karim, Nursuria Md. Setamam, Roziana Bujang, Nur Syamimi Zainuddin, Shahida
Hanum Kamarullah
Faculty of Applied Sciences,
Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) Pahang,
Jengka Campus,
26400 Bandar Tun Abdul Razak, Jengka, Pahang
*Corresponding email: [email protected]
Abstract: Throughout the years back, technology has played an important role in introducing the online teaching
and learning. In the recent pandemic Covid-19, the higher education industries has increasingly embraced online
learning. Despite the development and expansion of online teaching, there is gap on assessing students for
practical sessions as this would require students’ engagement and hands-on demonstration using equipments and
chemicals, especially for applied sciences courses. Our project aims to improve online classes in respect of the
practical sessions, which in turn, facilitates lecturers in designing assessments activities for practical classes. The
laboratory demonstration video works as a tool for students to obtain step-by-step demonstration which helps
them to grasp the concept of the practical topic as if they were in the laboratory. This study was based on creating
an interactive hands-on video demonstration following the formal laboratory manual that is provided to students.
We have created a laboratory demonstration video around Plant Tissue Culture sterilisation technique. At the end
of the video, students understanding to the demonstrated topic could be assessed with the included short questions
in google form. Upon the submission, it will also be recorded as students attendance.
Keywords: Laboratory demonstration, online teaching, sterilisation technique
INTRODUCTION
Open distance learning is a fast developing approach in higher education industries. It brings several
advantages to the university and the students, where it is cost effective, it provides flexibility,
convenience, and accessibility, both at time and place (Singh and Hurley, 2017). However, the
challenge in teaching science subjects online is to ensure the hands-on skills and the knowledge around
it to be delivered to students. Practical classes requires demonstration using equipments which could
not be done in front of a desktop. Meanwhile, generation of simulation applications for every practical
topics require professional ICT expertise, thus, it is expensive. Therefore, the use of demonstration
videos can be a tool in improving the effectiveness in online teaching. Our project aims to improve
online classes in respect of the practical sessions, which in turn, facilitates lecturers in designing
assessments activities for practical classes. The laboratory demonstration video works as a tool for
students to obtain step-by-step demonstration which helps them to grasp the concept of the practical
topic as if they were in the laboratory.
METHODOLOGY
81
Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) Jengka, Pahang, has provided the materials, chemicals, and
apparatus used in this study. Authors sourced out the plant samples (chili seeds), computer software,
and digital camera. The video demonstration was recorded by using a digital camera. Before the
recording process started, all equipments and apparatus were set up in a laminar flow. The recorded
video was edited using computer software. This video assists lecturers on creating the assessments for
students through the short questions that are included in the Google form, in which students need to fill
in after the class. Upon the form submission, it will be recorded as a proof of students’ attendance or
engagement. Figure 1 summarises the methodology steps for the video production.
Figure 1: Flow chart summarising the methodology for the video production.
FINDINGS
The video demonstration was recorded for seeds sterilization technique (Figure 2). The video was
produced to be provided to students during an Online Distance Learning (ODL) session. The
demonstration steps are following the laboratory manual that is provided to students, so students can
refer to the manual while watching the video to improve their understanding on the topic, where it
mimics hands-on laboratory demonstration. Online video demonstration could also provide students a
freedom in controlling their learning time as they can re-watching the videos to improve their
understandings on the respective practical topic (Caviglia-Harris, 2016). Furthermore, video
demonstration is also a suitable method for flipped classroom, where students watch the videos outside
the classroom and discussion can be done in physical lecture class. In order to evaluate students’
understanding, we included a short assessment at the end of the video. The form could also be used as
a proof of students’ attendance when the link is set to open within a certain period of time (Figure 2).
Figure 2: Contents in the video demonstration. Left: Hands-on demonstration. Right: Short assessment.
82
CONCLUSIONS
This project is hoped to improve the effectiveness in online distance learning, in respect to practical
classes. Hands-on laboratory demonstration is converted into video demonstration that provide step-by-
step demonstration for the topic. Although it can be quite challenging to create video demonstration for
topics that involve complex laboratory procedures, but it is much convenient compared to the simulation
applications generations. This project could also be a sharing material among UiTM campuses as well
as to other universities. On top of that, it also be included as a learning material for open learning
subjects that will attract international participants/students.
REFERENCES
Caviglia‐Harris, Jill. "Flipping the undergraduate economics classroom: Using online videos to enhance teaching
and learning." Southern Economic Journal 83, no. 1 (2016): 321-331.
Singh, Raghu Naath, and David Hurley. "The effectiveness of teaching and learning process in online education
as perceived by university faculty and instructional technology professionals." Journal of Teaching and
Learning with Technology 6, no. 1 (2017): 65-75.
83
VIID2389 - VIRTY SURVEY: A VIRTUAL
REALITY FOR SITE SURVEY TRAINING
Izrahayu Che Hashim1, Azlizan Adila Mohamad2, Noorsazwan Ahmad Pugi3,
Ahmad Shahriman Ahmad Ridzwan 4
123 Department of Surveying Science & Geomatics, Faculty of Architecture, Planning and Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Perak Branch
4 Faculty of Architecture, Planning and Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Perak Branch
ABSTRACT: Site surveying education requires fieldwork that complements and strengthens class taught theoretical
concepts. Fieldwork also builds student expertise with instruments and survey techniques. This fieldwork is also
influenced by weather, leading to postponed fieldwork, decreasing the time students spend with resources, and
disrupting / delays the academic plan. Also, lecturers frequently experience the need to repeat similar directions on
instrument operations to individual students, and lack an excellent way to document each student's learning progress.
Besides, considering the increase in online education demand due to the COVID-19 pandemic introduce unique
surveying challenges. Virtual reality (VR) increasingly gains ground in education, overcoming fieldwork constraints,
and improving learning. Virty Survey was developed to solve these issues for low-cost survey training in a virtual
environment. The functions currently provided by Virty Survey include (1) the visualization of a total station instrument
and (2) simulating setting up a real survey instrument for the design of students learning activities to practice surveying
tasks in a virtual environment.
Keywords: Surveying, Fieldwork, Virtual Reality, Simulating.
INTRODUCTION
A standard survey course involves both indoor and outdoor training, covering surveying theories, and gives
students the opportunity to get acquainted with the proper use of survey instruments (Noéh,1999). In site
surveying training, survey instruments are costly, hard to maintain, and sensitive to weather conditions. The
lecturers also find it difficult to provide the class with high-quality materials. Moreover, Wang (2005) says
on-the-job approaches only offer novices a small opportunity to observe real working conditions. To solve
this dilemma, VR simulation technologies are pursued to meet stringent challenges in instrument operation
training. VR training can be useful. Training in real-life scenarios will be impractical as a real field scenario
can be risky, logistically challenging, unduly costly, or too hard to manage. In recent years, the development
of VR has rapidly used for education applications, as to provide a simulated surveying experience Kuo et al.,
(2007); Gilli´eron et al., (2015) and Franzluebbers et al., (2020). In this project a computer-based simulator,
Virty Survey, was developed to promote site survey training in a VR environment based on the active
experiences gained from the aforementioned investigators.
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
The device used in this project were the headset camera (Oculus Quest), two handheld and tracked cameras,
and an integrated Android-based simulation computing device, without any external cables. In this project,
the user-centered design framework was introduced. Figure 1 demonstrates the Virty Survey design process.
84
Figure 1. The design process used in Virty Survey
In developing Virty Survey, we first need to create 3D model the survey instruments on computer. Then, a
scene visualization module is needed to create a training scene in the virtual environment. Next, the 3D model
that has been developed is imported into the training scene. Then, using the full capabilities of VR Mode in
Unreal Editor toolset to design start-up, programming scripts and build worlds in a virtual reality
environment. Once the environment is completed with the appropriate tools and project settings properly
configured, we compile it and build a virtual reality project targeting Android, and then load and run the
APK on Oculus devices.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
We developed an application that supports teaching activity during site surveying training. The functions
currently provided by Virty Survey include; (1) the scene visualization of surveying instruments such as a
total station, tripod and prism instrument. (Figure 2(a)) and (2) the scene of simulating setting up a real survey
instrument with the written instructions.
(a) (b)
Figure 2. (a) The scene visualization of surveying instruments and (b) The scene of simulating setting up a real survey
instrument with the written instructions.
CONCLUSION
In this project, the Virty Survey application, a VR simulator for site surveying training, has been presented.
The user-interface and functional components of the Virty Survey have been carefully designed to meet
teaching and learning needs in site surveying training. Although some compromises still need to be made,
mainly due to the lack of high-fidelity haptic (touch) feedback for controls and inadequate fine-detail
resolution of displays, the overall usability has been determined to be adequate to serve current applications.
85
REFERENCES
[1] Franzluebbers, Anton, Alexander James Tuttle, Kyle Johnsen, Stephan Durham, and Robert Baffour. "Collaborative
Virtual Reality Training Experience for Engineering Land Surveying." In International Conference on Remote
Engineering and Virtual Instrumentation, pp. 411-426. Springer, Cham, 2020.
[2] Gilliéron, Pierre-Yves, Geoffrey Vincent, and Bertrand Merminod. “Blending a MOOCS With Interactive
Teaching.” No. CONF. 2015.
[3] Kuo, Hui-Lung, Shih-Chung Kang, Cho-Chien Lu, Shang-Hsien Hsieh, and Yong-Huang Lin. "Feasibility Study:
Using A Virtual Surveying Instrument in Surveyor Training." In Proceedings of the 2007 International Conference on
Engineering Education (ICEE 2007). 2007.
[4] Noéh, Ferenc. "Training for the architecture students in surveying at the Technical University of Budapest."
Periodica polytechnica Civil Engineering 43, no. 1 (1999): 55-61.
[5] Wang, Xiangyu, and Phillip S. Dunston. "Heavy Equipment Operator Training Via Virtual Modeling
Technologies." In Construction Research Congress 2005: Broadening Perspectives, pp. 1-10. 2005.
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VIID2391 - IMPROVING YEAR 4 PUPILS
SIGHT WORDS RECOGNITION IN
SPELLING BY USING LET'S SPELL IT
RIGHT (LeSPIR) DIGITAL SPELLING
APPLICATION
Mohd Saharudin bin Setapa1, Muhammad Zulharraz bin Zulkhairy2,
Muhammad Faheem Azfar bin Mohd Pisol3 & A’isy Sofyan bin Mohd Salehuddin4
Sekolah Kebangsaan Putrajaya Presint 11(1), MALAYSIA
E-mail: [email protected]
Abstract: Let's Spell It Right (LeSPIR) Digital Spelling Application is an innovation on enhancing year 4 pupils sight
words recognition as a way of improving pupils' skill in spelling. Most pupils tend to misspell words during spelling
activity. Misspelling of words occurs because pupils did not recognize the words spelling structure or also known as
orthography. This innovation aimed to identify the effectiveness of LeSPIR and pupils' interest in using LeSPIR.
Participants are required to use the application by spelling different words by arranging letters correctly throughout the
action. The words used in the application are selected from the common words in the textbook and are listed according
to different categories. Pupils also used the dictionary, audio and quiz which is built in with the application to help them
complete the spelling. After four times using LeSPIR, participants were able to spell words correctly by recognizing its
spelling structure and they enjoyed using the game. Overall, the impact of using LeSPIR enabled pupils to reduce errors
in spelling. For further improvement, it is suggested that pictures can be used when introducing words to pupils so that
the spelling structure of those words can be recognized accurately.
Keywords: LeSPIR, sight words, spelling, spelling structure.
INTRODUCTION To become proficient in English Language, of course, there are many areas that need to be covered such as
listening and speaking, reading, writing, and grammar. These are the core skills of the English Language that
need to be learned during primary schooling. In the core skills of reading and writing, there is another sub
skill that needs to be mastered by pupils which is spelling. The mastery of the language would not be
successful without spelling. According to Hook & Jones in 2009, spelling is an influencing factor as it helps
to build fluency and automaticity which facilitate reading and writing skills [1]. LeSPIR aims to identify the
effectiveness of its usage in helping pupils with spelling of sight words and to identify pupils’ interest in
using LeSPIR in spelling. The problems of spelling usually happen because pupils could not recognize the
spelling structure of words whereby, they could not identify the letters used in spelling of a word which then
lead to misspelling. Spelling becomes the vital part that links to the success of reading and writing as both
require pupils to excel in spelling in order to read fluently and write constructively. Johnson in 2013 stress
that pupils need to be able to spell accurately for spelling not to take a negative effect on their fluency and
comprehension [2]. Without correct spelling, both spoken and written language will affect the intended
meaning and may lead to a misunderstanding. To help pupils with spelling, LeSPIR was introduced to them.
LeSPIR is a digital spelling application which pupils can learn to spell words easily by recognizing its
spelling structure. Through its usage, pupils are able to improve their spelling where they can spell words
correctly and recognize it’s spelling structure by identifying the letters used in a word spelling.
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METHODOLOGY The focus of study is on improving pupils’ recognition of sight words and its spelling. According to Fraulein,
Jeff, Tan, Allizah & Nyolet in 2012, sight words are words that appear many times in a text which can be
read by sight without having to decode them [3]. The lack of word recognition among pupils may happen
due to certain reasons which pupils do not recognize the word spelling structure (orthographic). Haitham Y.
Taha in 2013 stated that speller relies on his/her orthographic knowledge while spelling the words and speller
uses his/her orthographic knowledge to spell new words using the pattern analogy and his/her root knowledge
[4]. However, if there is no recognition towards the words, spelling would not be correct due to the inaccurate
spelling structure. To answer the research question which is to identify the effectiveness and pupils interest
in using LeSPIR, Kemmis and McTaggart’s (1988) research design model is applied in this research as this
model encompasses four steps starting with planning, acting, observing, and reflecting. The planning was
based on pupils’ problems in the classroom where they can’t spell words correctly and it leads to the
development of LeSPIR, in the acting process. To identify the effectiveness and pupils’ interest in using
LeSPIR the data was analyzed using different methods such as interview and document analysis in the
observing steps. The reflecting steps are applied in the findings and through it improvements can be
suggested in order to improve the functionality of LeSPIR.
FINDINGS
Three participants have been chosen to undergo the usage of LeSPIR. Three participants were selected
because during the initial data collection, only three students got the lowest marks in the assessment
conducted. These three pupils showed a similar pattern of misspelling of sight words where they could not
recognize the words spelling structure in spelling. Thus, they were selected as the participants in this research.
To identify the effectiveness of LeSPIR, an assessment of initial and final assessment of spelling of sight
words was conducted for the participants to identify The questions set for initial and final assessment are the
same as to monitor their ability in using spelling throughout the usage of LeSPIR. The assessment consists
of three sections where pupils have to complete paragraphs using correct words spelling. Also, an interview
was done to answer the second research questions which is participants’ interest in using LeSPIR. The
interview involved all the participants and it was done in semi-structured format. All participants manage to
show positive improvement between before the initial assessment and final assessment. Their scores increase
almost between the range of 35% to 50% between both assessments done. This could prove that the use of
LeSPIR gave an impact towards their score in the initial and final assessment. For the interview, the positive
responses given by participants shows that they are interested in using LeSPIR in improving their learning
of spelling of sight words. Every participant said yes when they were asked if LeSPIR gives them enjoyment
and fun in the learning of spelling of words.
Figure 1. Analysis of Initial Assessment and Final Assessment Score
Table 2. Analysis of interview
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No. Questions Responses (Summary)
1. Do you enjoy using LeSPIR? Yes
2. Are you motivated to learn using LeSPIR? Yes
3. Do you have fun learning to spell using LeSPIR? Yes
CONCLUSIONS
From all the data obtained, it proves that LeSPIR was effective in solving pupils' problems in spelling and
could develop their interest in using it. The improvement of pupils after using LeSPIR could be seen in the
document analysis where pupils managed to show positive improvement from the average of 40% to 90%
which showed that LeSPIR was effective in solving their problems. Pupils' interest in using it can be seen
through the interview and observation data where all participants manage to give positive responses and
shown positive behavioural remarks that they were interested in using it. In future research, it is
recommended that researchers should introduce the words to the pupils along with a picture because pupils
can be initiated to recognize words faster if they get an initial description about what the words are about. In
LeSPIR, pupils were introduced to solve the words by giving them a hint of the meaning of the words which
was taken from a dictionary. However, for descriptive words such as rocket, star, building and flower it is
recommended to go along with a picture.
89
REFERENCES
1. Hook, P.E. & Jones, S.D. (2009, April 9). The Importance of Automaticity and Fluency for Efficient Reading
Comprehension. Spelling City, pp. 9-14.
2. Johnson, M. (2013). The Relationship Between Spelling Ability and Reading Fluency and Comprehension in
Elementary Students. Master Degree Dissertation, 1-22.
3. Fraulein, A., Jeff, H., Tan, P.L., & Allizah, B. (2012). Module of Teaching Reading and Vocabulary
Skills in The Primary ESL Classroom. Malaysia: Ministry of Education.
4. Haitham Y. Taha. (2013). Reading and Spelling in Arabic: Linguistic and Orthographic Complexity.
Theory and Practice in Language Studies, Vol. 3, No. 5,, 721-727.
90
VIID2399 - WASHING MACHINE
TRAINER
Nur Nabila Nizar 1
, Alif Asnawi Romlan 2
, Muhammad Hanis Saliman Abd Wahab 3
, Ammir Kasni 4
,
Azrul Muhairi Mohd Badri 5
, Maryam Jameelah Hashim6
12345 Department of Electrical Engineering (Green Energy System), Politeknik Port Dickson,
Negeri Sembilan
6Faculty of Business and Management, Universiti Teknologi MARA Kampus Puncak Alam,
Cawangan Selangor
ABSTRACT: This study emphasizes the work of washing made easier by using an automatic washing machine.
However, the problem occurs when there is damage to the washing machine. The washing machine needs servicing or
purchase a new washing machine without knowing the actual situation. Sometimes, the washing machine component
that does not work correctly and cause damage. Therefore, our students have designed a project called the "Washıng
Machıne Traıner" (WMT). This study aims to identify the damage suffered by the washing machine. This project design
facilitates the teachers' teaching and learning process while enhancing the students' understanding, especially in the
Electrical Maintenance and Repair syllabus. The project can attract students and another electrical maintenance provider
to identify the washing machine system's default. With this design, we hope that students could reduce maintenance
costs and save a lot of time detecting the washing machine's default. This project has its originality error code displayed
at the washing machine for easy viewing and commercialized in the future.
Keywords: Washing Machine, Trainer, Electrical Maintenance, Detect Damage, Error Code
INTRODUCTION
Various new products and technologies have been developed to respond to the government's commitment to
make Malaysia a sustainable and competitive nation globally. Not to mention the institutions of learning in
this country where it emphasizes the development and advancement of technology in the study module.
Among the main factors that lead to ineffective teaching and learning is the lack of teaching aids and
unsatisfactory learning management. A learning activity based on hands-on experiences with teaching aids
should be influential for college students [1]. Most electrical engineering students face difficulties in
understanding the washing machine system and how to fix it. This problem is more worrying as it impedes
the teaching and learning process itself. The issue arose when the existing washing machine module failed
to detect damage to the washing machine. It was found that 69% of the interviewed washing machine
consumers discarded the products because of a defect and the remaining were due to other factors [3]. The
washing machine's interior design is complicated and challenging to see, resulting in difficulties for students
and instructors to entirely carry out the learning process. Therefore, we designed a project called "Washing
Machine Trainer" (WMT), which should educate electrical engineering students to enhance their
understanding. This project has introduced an alternative trainer for washing machines to replace the existing
one. Improvements have been made to some parts of the washing machine to detect damage to the washing
machine. This project will show how to deal with problems in the event of damage to the washing machine.
We designed a washing machine trainer that will facilitate students and instructors in a more effective
learning process.
Objectives of the Study
91
The study's main objective is to design and facilitate the instructors' teaching and learning process, enhancing
the students' understanding, especially in the Electrical Maintenance and Repair syllabus. The following
specific objectives are:
1. To ease the student's understanding of the washing machine system more effectively.
2. To detect damage to the washing machine for learning purposes.
LITERATURE REVIEW
The previous researcher claimed that product design needs to be supported by sound testing methods.
However, repeatable, reproducible processes for testing product durability under real-life stress conditions
are often not available, as in washing machines [2]. Therefore, this study introduces a washing machine
trainer kit to ease student understanding and training purposes. This teaching tool is entertaining and
informative learning. It aims to test students' knowledge on a subject quickly through a hands-on activity.
This invention's importance is to increase students' interest and attention towards the Electrical Maintenance
and Repair course learning. Additionally, it provides opportunities for instructors and students to detect faults
and maintain the washing machine operations. Moreover, the teaching aid facilitates understanding the
washing machine's internal parts: visible, lightweight, easy installation, easy diagnosis, or troubleshooting
problem.
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Various tools are applied to facilitate and speed up the workload in developing a sophisticated and advanced
nation. Our project is an innovation-driven by the aim of facilitating classroom learning. This process is a
challenging process for both teachers and students. This project intends to detect the washing machine's
damage using banana jack lux that jump the wire from washing machine to trainer board. Firstly, to develop
the project, assemble all the components, and turn it into functioning hardware. Next, write the codings so
that the project can fully work. Both hardware and software are very much needed to make the project
functioning correctly. Therefore, the electrical components and washing machine model's suits the trainer's
size is in order. Referring to the picture below, the MCB, power monitor, banana jack lux, and washing
machine are placed on the trainer to make it easy to learn and teach. The procedure is by pulling out the
banana jack lux. Then the error code will display at the washing machine. Automatically, there is an effect
on the washing machine where the electricity will cut off, and the washing machine operation will be
disconnected. The washing machine will display the error code. The measurement of electrical voltage in
this study is by using the voltmeter and ammeter. A voltmeter is to measure the difference in electrical
potential between two points in an electric circuit. Whereas an ammeter is to measure the quantity of
electricity flowing through an electric conductor.
Figure 1: Mechanical Design/ Product Layout
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Only little data are available on detecting the damage of the washing machine using a trainer, and the
measurements are hard to obtain. Although this report lacks data, this is the first work that tries to elucidate
the contribution of washing machine trainer to detect damage incurred. The result shows that this WMT
project helps the students and instructors easily understand the washing machine system and see damage
from the washing machine. Moreover, by using the WMT, instructors can save time and reduce the cost to
identify the washing machine's damage and as a teaching aid in their teaching and learning process. This
project has achieved its objectives based on the result and analyses that they have acquired.
CONCLUSION
It is the work of the diploma of electrical engineering students for their yearly project assessment. The aim
is to detect the damage incurred by washing machines and use them as a teaching tool for the respective
users. Therefore, from the procedure above, we conclude that by using the washing machine trainer,
instructors and students can easily detect damage from the displaying error code on the washing machine.
We proposed implementing this WMT project at the Port Dickson Polytechnic to facilitate lecturers as a
teaching tool to identify the damage in the washing machine.
REFERENCES
[1] Chou, Y.C., Yen, H.Y., Yen, H.W., Chao, Y.L. & Huang, Y.H. (2015). The Effectiveness of Teaching Aids for
Elementary Students' Renewable Energy Learning and an Analysis of Their Energy Attitude Formation. International
Journal of Environmental & Science Education, 2015, 10(2), 219-233.
[2] Felice, A., Mauro, C., Rainer, S. & Alexander, B. (2018). Durability assessment of products: analysis and testing of
washing machines, EUR 29487 EN, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg. ISBN 978-92-79-98136-
4.
[3] Rainer, S., Alexander, B., Felice, A., & Mauro, C. (2020). Durability of washing machines under real life
conditions: Definition and application of a testing procedure. Journal of Cleaner Production,Vol 261
93
VIID2407 - CIKGUAIBOT: A
DIALOGFLOW-BASED CHATBOT TO
TEACH AI IN MALAY
Nurfadhlina Mohd Sharef1, Nurul Amelina Nasharuddi2, Evi Indriasari Mansor3, Masrah Azrifah
Azmi Murad4, Normalia Samian5, Muhd Khaiser Omar6, Faaizah Shahbodin7, Waidah Ismail8,
Mohammad Hamiruce Marhaban9, Noreen Izza Arshad10 1,4Assoc. Prof. Dr., Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology, UPM, MALAYSIA
2,5Dr., Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology, UPM, MALAYSIA 3,6Dr., Faculty of Educational Studies, UPM, MALAYSIA
7Prof. Dr., Centre for Academic Excellence and Scholarship, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, 76100 Hang Tuah Jaya, Melaka, MALAYSIA
8Assoc. Prof. Dr., Institute of Autonomous Systems, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610, Bandar
Seri Iskandar, Perak, MALAYSIA 9Assoc. Prof. Dr., Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, Bandar Baru
Nilai, 71800 Negeri Sembilan, MALAYSIA
10Prof. Dr., Vice Chancellor Office, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, Bandar Baru Nilai, 71800 Negeri Sembilan, MALAYSIA,
[email protected]*, [email protected], [email protected],
[email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected],
[email protected], [email protected], [email protected]
Abstract: Chatbot is an Artificial Intelligence (AI) technology that serves as a digital assistant that interprets and
processes users’ requests. Existing chatbot applications for teaching and learning have addressed subjects like
language, and economics, but none are available to facilitate learning AI or ability to communicate in Malay
language. Therefore, CikguAIBot, a chatbot that focuses on assisting the Malay-speaking community in learning
the basic concepts and algorithms of AI is developed. The purpose of the CikguAIBot is to provide an alternative
to learning materials and interaction modality with the instructor. The target user of the chatbot ranges from
secondary school learners to lifelong learners. CikguAIBot is deployed as a Telegram application and executable
through mobile apps and web access. The completion of learning, activities and assessments of the whole content
of CikguAIBot takes about one hour. The chatbot consists of 65 intents and 7 entities, and is developed using
DialogFlow, a Google-based tool. Suggestion chips and cards are used as the interaction means which allow users
to navigate from one content to another. Natural language interaction is also allowed so users can chat with the
chatbot. Quizzes in the form of true-false and multi-choice questions are created within each topic as a learning
reinforcement purpose. Immediate feedback to answers in the quiz is also provided so the students could use the
responses as self-learning. The chatbot also offers infographic, links to external resources and videos.
Effectiveness of CikguAIBot will be evaluated based on perceived usability, personification, functionality and
conversational intelligence; after user’s usage of the chatbot. An online quiz is also prepared to measure the user’s
knowledge attainment. Usability testing on CikguAIBot will include usage of content elements such as texts,
infographics, videos, web pages and emoticons. Testing on the layout and flow design are also incorporated.
Natural language understanding component is also included for both small talk and content enquiries. The chatbot
is also capable of understanding the user’s shared emotion and would recommend suitable videos as a response.
CikguAIBot preliminary testing has indicated that the chatbot is an interesting learning tool, engaging and offers
easy basic knowledge attainment.
Keywords: Chatbot, Learning Artificial Intelligence, Malay-based learning tool, Telegram-based learning apps.
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INTRODUCTION
Chatbot is an artificial intelligence technology that offers a standardized information management and
communication yet providing conversational question-and-answer format and screen tools mimicking
human-assistance. Chatbot for education has great potential to complement human educators and
education administrators. For example, it can be around the clock tutor to answer and clarify any
questions from students who may have missed class. A chatbot can be implemented either by ruled based
or artificial intel-ligence based. Existing chatbot solutions for teaching and learning addresses language
learning, economic topics or multiple subject matter, but none is available in Malaysia, what more in
Malay language.
CikguAIBot (Sharef et. al, 2020) is a chatbot that focuses on assisting the Malay-speaking community
in learning the basic concepts and algorithms of Artificial Intelligence (AI). The purpose of the
CikguAIBot is to provide an alternative to learning materials and interaction modality with the instructor.
The target user of the chatbot ranges from secondary school learners to lifelong learners.
METHODOLOGY
CikguAIBot is developed using Dialogflow, a development suite on Google Cloud. It is the second
version in this project, where the first version is based on neural network (Palasundram et. al, 2019). It
has built-in natural language processing features, and integrations with popular communication channels
such as Telegram, Whatsapp and Facebook Messenger. There are 8 AI topics and 10 AI algorithms
covered. CikguAIBot is deployed as a Telegram application and executable through mobile apps and
web access. The completion of learning, activities and assessments of the whole content of CikguAIBot
(Table 1) takes about one hour.
Table 1. Scope of content in CikguAIBot
Konsep AI Algoritma AI
Bab 1: Pembelajaran Mesin Topik 1 - Pembelajaran Diselia
Topik 2 - Pembelajaran Tidak Diselia Topik 3 - Pembelajaran Pengukuhan
Algo 1: Naive Bayes
Bab 2: Perlombongan Data
Topik 1 - Perolehan Data
Topik 2 - Pembersihan Data
Topik 3 - Pengelasan Data
Topik 4 - Ramalan
Topik 5 - Gugusan Topik 6 - Penyatuan
Topik 7 - Pengenalpastian Anomali Topik 8 - Pengukuran Model AI
Algo 2: Pokok Keputusan
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Bab 3: Sains Data
Topik 1 - Analitik Penjelasan
Topik 2 - Analitik Diagnostik
Topik 3 - Analitik Ramalan
Topik 4 - Analitik Preskripsi
Algo 3: Regresi
Bab 4: Pemprosesan Bahasa Tabii
Topik 1 - Pemahaman Teks
Topik 2 - Penjanaan Teks
Algo 4: Rangkaian Neural
Bab 5: Pengecaman Imej Algo 5: Mesin Sokongan Vektor
Bab 6: Agen Perisian Algo 6: Hutan Rawak
Bab 7: Pencarian Pintar Algo 7: Peningkatan Kecerunan
Bab 8: Pengkomputan Evolusi Algo 8: K-Means
Algo 9: Jiran Terdekat-K
Algo 10: Apriori
The chatbot consists of 65 intents and 7 entities, and is developed using DialogFlow, a Google-based
tool. Suggestion chips and cards are used as the interaction means (Figure 1) which allow users to
navigate from one content to another. Natural language interaction is also allowed so users can chat
with the chatbot. Quizzes (Table 2) in the form of true-false and multi-choice questions are created
within each topic as a learning reinforcement purpose. Immediate feedback to answers in the quiz is
also provided so the students could use the responses as self-learning. The chatbot also offers
infographic, links to external resources and videos.
Figure 1: Interaction modes and scope of CikguAIBot
Among the functions included in the chatbot is pop quizzes given in some of the topics of the chatbot. There are a
total number of 6 quizzes being asked, related to the topics in the chatbot. The answers are also being given directly
after the answer attempt. The list of topics that contains the quizzes is in Table 2.
Table 2. Quizzes in CikguAIBot
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Konsep AI Algoritma AI
Bab 1: Topik 3: Pembelajaran Pengukuhan Algo 3: Regresi
Bab 2: Topik 4: Ramalan Algo 8: K-Means
Bab 3: Topik 2: Analitik Diagnostik
Bab 7: Pencarian Pintar
Other than displaying information about AI on the chatbot itself, it also contains links to other websites
and videos in case the users would like to know more about certain concepts or algorithms.
FINDINGS
Effectiveness of CikguAIBot is evaluated based on perceived usability, personification, functionality and
conversational intelligence; after user’s usage of the chatbot. An online quiz is also prepared to measure
the user’s knowledge attainment. The features in CikguAIBot (Figure 2a) are welcome screen,
personalisation, self-regulated learning, interaction through text and menu and self-assessment. Usability
testing on CikguAIBot will include usage of content elements such as texts, infographics, videos, web
pages and emoticons. Testing on the layout and flow design are also incorporated. Natural language
understanding component is also included for both small talk and content enquiries. The chatbot is also
capable of understanding the user’s shared emotion and would recommend suitable videos as a response.
CikguAIBot preliminary testing has indicated that the chatbot is an interesting learning tool, engaging
and offers easy basic knowledge attainment (Figure 2b).
(a)
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(b)
Figure 2. (a) Examples from CikguAIBot interaction; (b) Testimoni based on pilot testing of CikguAIBot
98
CONCLUSIONS Usage of chatbot in teaching and learning is still slow compared to its implementation in more
commercial industries such as banking, airlines and travelling. This work presents CikguAIBot, a
chatbot in Malay to teach learners on basic concepts of AI. It is hoped that CikguAIBot will be
beneficial in supporting learners as an alternative learning modality.
REFERENCES Sharef, N. M., et. al. 2020. “Learning-Analytics based Intelligent Simulator for Personalised Learning”, International Conference of Advancements in Data Science, e-Learning and Information Systems (ICADEIS2020), Lombok.
Palasundram, K., Sharef, N. M., Nasharuddin, N. A., Kasmiran, K. A., Azman, A. 2019 “SEQ2SEQ Models
Performance for Education Chatbot”, International Journal for Educational Technology, 24(14), pp. 56-68.
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VIID2408 - AUGMENTED REALITY
(AR) FOR INNOVATIVE TEACHING
AND LEARNING IN ENGINEERING
EDUCATION
Nur Idawati Md Enzai1*, Norhayati Ahmad2, Mohd Amir Hamzah Ab. Ghani3 123Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA,
23000 Dungun, Terengganu, Malaysia
[email protected], [email protected], [email protected]
Abstract: Engineering Education specifically requires significant laboratory equipment which incurs financial
cost as well as safety precautions. The unprecedented pandemic that occured recently has also influenced
engineering education particularly in teaching and learning process. As a result, online distance learning (ODL)
has to be implemented, shutting down access to physical laboratory. This project chooses Augmented Reality
(AR) Method for addressing the deficiencies of ODL method. AR is known for its capacity to overlay rich media
into this present reality by utilizing web-empowered gadgets, for example, telephones and tablets, making it
available regardless of time and location. Moreover, AR could help in increasing students' engagement and
gaining their attention in teaching and learning. In this project, an AR has been created based on system
development method by utilizing Assemblr application. The created AR system was then given to chosen
engineering educators for them to assess in terms of awareness and usability by answering a questionnaire survey.
Their responses are studied and presented in this paper and considered for future improvement and real
implementation in class with students.
Keywords: Augmented Reality, Education, Engineering
INTRODUCTION
Human have always been able to adapt to life change and create innovation to overcome obstacles
coming their way. The same goes for the pandemic situation that have been experienced all over the
world recently. The deadly pandemic has taken over the world, affecting all aspects of life including
education. Engineering education in particular relies heavily on usage of pyhsical apparatus and
laboratory equipment. Direct access to laboratory cannot be enjoyed as the process of teaching and
learning has to be conducted online. Augmented Reality (AR) could solve this issue by providing virtual
experience of experimental-based lessons. AR is not a new concept anyway; it has been implemented
in many aspects of education previously. The related works can be summarized in Table 1, Table 2 and
Table 3 as follows:
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Table 1: Key Emerging Themes
Key Emerging Themes Literature Review
Professional Development AR also worked well in higher education setting, in particular when it comes
to courses which involve mechanisms of machinery and systems as well as
complicated theories (Bower, Howe, McCredie, Robinson, & Grover,
2014).
Diverse Learners The application of the technology covers extensive fields including art,
tourism, archaeology, emergency management, entertainment, leisure,
industrial manufacturing and education. (Chen et al., 2019).
Motivation The developed AR apps using Unity 3D and Vuforia was able to translate a
complex laboratory setup into an AR content where the interactivity focuses
on assisting the practical training, showing details description of the training
system elements. It is concluded that majority of the learners exhibit a
positive attitude towards AR technology (Bazarov, Kholodilin, Nesterov, &
Sokhina, 2017).
Safety In addition to ability to address the issue of lack of resources due to financial
and space constraints, safety of students can also be assured through
minimal practice of dangerous experiments (Martín-Gutiérrez, Fabiani,
Benesova, Meneses, & Mora, 2015).
Improvement/Learning
Enhancement
The students’ results have shown improvement in their learning experience
and understanding, subsequently proving that AR works well in portraying
complex concepts (Yip, Wong, Yick, Chan, & Wong, 2019).
Table 2: Most Common Methodologies
Most Common
Methodologies
Literature Review
Classroom observations The studies aim to affect performance and stimulate learners’ motivation
through application of AR in their curriculum subjects where in this case the
test was done to 24 engineering students. (Bazarov, Kholodilin, Nesterov, &
Sokhina, 2017).
Surveys Review studies which concentrate on possible factors of AR in education
was conducted in (Bacca, Baldiris, Fabregat, & Graf, 2014). Based on their
studies, Science tops the usage of AR in education with 40.6%, followed by
21.9% of humanities and arts and 15.6% of engineering, manufacturing and
construction.
Qualitative research The studies from a series of focus groups shows that this method of learning
process would improve the understanding of a subject due to the
instantaneous example shown and interactivity of the system. (Mustafa
Kamal, Mohd Adnan, Yusof, Ahmad, & Mohd Kamal, 2019).
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Table 2: Limitations
Limitations Literature Review
Limitation of technology However, poor internet connection that cause buffering is somewhat an
annoyance and disruptive. The challenges that could hamper the progress
of mixed reality education are apparent such as the scarcity of appropriate
technical infrastructure and the costly content development process that
affect both educators and students. (Mustafa Kamal, Mohd Adnan, Yusof,
Ahmad, & Mohd Kamal, 2019).
The studies agree that AR technology can be applied in educational settings
but not without its downside such as lack of student’s activities tracking
mechanism, virtual objects collision detection, the trackers and virtual
objects relationship and so on. (Mota, Ruiz-Rube, Dodero, & Figueiredo,
2016).
Lack of Expertise/Training Without proper training to teachers, AR can be overwhelming as multiple
tasks must be done simultaneously such as lecturing, operating the AR,
reading, answering question and so on (Thomas, Linder, Harper, Blyth, &
Lee, 2019)
METHODOLOGY The AR development for this project comprise two main steps: 3D images and AR marker creations.
3D images are what the users can view when they scan the AR markers. Figure 1 below shows the
general architecture of Augmented Reality (AR). Meanwhile Figure 2 depicts the flow chart of our AR
development.
Figure 1: General Architecture of Augmented Reality (AR)
Real Image Image capturing Image processing
3D image creation
Marker selection Import 3D model Model adjustment
3D modelled
AR creation
Real object
Augmented Reality Scene
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Figure 2: Flow Chart of AR Development
FINDINGS As Engineering Education is a vast area, for initial testing Microprocessor course is chosen to be
integrated with AR. Computer hardware components are the content for the introduction part of this
course. Hence, the development of AR is based on computer hardware components. When the
corresponding markers are scanned, the 3D objects of selected components will appear. The users have
to utilize Assemblr application to experience the AR. Figure 3(a), 3(b), 3(c) and 3(d) show some
components of motherboard namely: CPU chip, SATA, hard drive and graphic card.
Figure 3. AR view of (a) CPU chip (b) SATA (Serial AT Attachment) (c) hard drive (d) graphic card
A survey was also conducted to collect user experience feedbacks of the developed AR. Three main
criteria of the questions are: background, awareness and usability. The respondents are seven
engineering educators from various working background experience as shown in Figure 4 below:
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
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Figure 4. Responses on working experience
Figure 5. Responses to question: I have heard about AR before
Figure 6. Responses to question: I know how AR functions
Figure 5 and Figure 6 indicate that most of the users are already familiar with AR. Meanwhile based
Figure 7 and Figure 8, the respondents acknowledge that AR is indeed beneficial in enhancing students’
interest in learning.
Figure 7. Responses to question: Students can be more interested in learning by using this AR
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Figure 8. Responses to question: The interface of this AR is user friendly
Overall, the developed AR is well received by the selected users. However, the users also pinpointed
the flaws in terms of loading time and the need for enhanced image quality which will be taken into
account for further improvement.
CONCLUSIONS An AR has been created in this work by incorporating introductory content of Microprocessor course
for initial implementation and testing. Selected engineering educators tested the initial version of the
developed AR dan answered the survey questionnaire to provide their feedbacks in terms of user
awareness and AR usability. Their responses reflect their acknowledgment of the developed AR in
assisting and improving teaching and learning process. Later on, the created AR will be improved based
on the respondents' criticisms and will go through more testings with bigger number of respondents
prior to being executed for real classes.
REFERENCES
Akçayır, M., & Akçayır, G. (2017). Advantages and challenges associated with augmented reality for education:
A systematic review of the literature. Educational Research Review, 20, 1-11.
Bazarov, S., Kholodilin, I. Y., Nesterov, A., & Sokhina, A. (2017). Applying Augmented Reality in practical
classes for engineering students. Paper presented at the IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental
Science.
Bower, M., Howe, C., McCredie, N., Robinson, A., & Grover, D. (2014). Augmented Reality in education–cases,
places and potentials. Educational Media International, 51(1), 1-15.
Martín-Gutiérrez, J., Fabiani, P., Benesova, W., Meneses, M. D., & Mora, C. E. (2015). Augmented reality to
promote collaborative and autonomous learning in higher education. Computers in Human Behavior, 51,
752-761.
Masood, T., & Egger, J. (2020). Adopting augmented reality in the age of industrial digitalisation. Computers in
Industry, 115, 103112.
Mota, J. M., Ruiz-Rube, I., Dodero, J. M., & Figueiredo, M. (2016). Visual Environment for Designing Interactive
Learning Scenarios with Augmented Reality. International Association for Development of the
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Mustafa Kamal, N. N., Mohd Adnan, A. H., Yusof, A. A., Ahmad, M. K., & Mohd Kamal, M. A. (2019).
Immersive Interactive Educational Experiences–adopting Education 5.0, Industry 4.0 Learning
Technologies for Malaysian Universities. Paper presented at the Proceedings of the International
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Thomas, R., Linder, K. E., Harper, N., Blyth, W., & Lee, V. (2019). Current and Future Uses of Augmented
Reality in Higher Education. IDEA Paper# 81. IDEA Center, Inc.
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VIID2412 - UTILIZATION OF BANANA
PEEL AS A FUNCTIONAL INGREDIENT
IN MAKING COFFEE POWDER Wan Nor Hafiza Binti Wan Sulaiman1, Khair Zufar Bin Sutresno1, Muhamad Hakimi Bin
Mohd Yusoff1, Aiman Hakim Bin Nordin1 1Politeknik
Merlimau, Melaka
wan_norhafiza@pmm.
edu.my
Abstract: In Malaysia banana is the second most commonly planted fruit, the most consumed fruit and a lot of
entrepreneurs are making a variation of banana by-products. Resulting in increasing consumption of banana, it
also shows an increase in the volume of waste produced especially peels. The peels are usually just left as solid
waste at large expense and not being used for any other purposes. Observing the potential and benefits, research
has been conducted to develop a new flavor of coffee made from banana peel waste and to determine the level
of acceptance towards banana peels coffee among respondents. A number of 30 respondents were selected
randomly and descriptive analysis was used to study the data collected by using SPSS. The findings indicated
the acceptance level of the respondent towards banana peel coffee is at a high level. In conclusion, banana peel
coffee made from banana peel waste contains nutrients and is accepted positively.
Keywords: Banana, peels, waste, coffee
INTRODUCTION In the world, banana is among of the ten most main harvests and the fourth largest producer at over 7
million tones and produced by conventional agriculture sector. According to Hassan and Peh (2018),
approximate 90 million tons of banana fruit are produced mainly in tropical areas such as South
Eastern Asia (47%), South and Central America (28%) and Africa (13%). In Malaysia, banana a is a
second mostly planted fruit, the most consumed fruit and very important tropical fruits in the
worldwide market (Birdle et al,2014, Nipon et al, 2014; Farahana Nabila et al, 2019, A’isyah
Mardhiyyah et al, 2019).
Nowadays, a lot of entrepreneurs are making variety of banana by-products. Banana developed the
second largest production and became the fifth in export revenues with local consumption per capita
of 9.4kg in 2014 (Farahana Nabila et al, 2019). There are two (2) types of most popular commercial
banana in the Asian markets which known as Eumusa and Phusocaulis (Syarul Amizul and Ahmad
Zuhairi, 2013; A’isyah Mardhiyyah et al, 2019). Resulting in increasing consumption of banana, it also
shows an increase in the volume of waste produced especially banana peels (Hassan and Peh, 2018).
There several industries based on banana products such as manufacturing of banana cake, banana
chips, banana fritter and many more. These industries use banana flesh as raw ingredients and discarded
the peels into the waste at the end of the process (Noor Fatimah and Wan Lutfi, 2017). Usually, banana
peels are just left as solid waste at large expense and are not being used for any other purposes
(Castillo-Israel et al, 2015; Birdle et al,2014; A’isyah Mardhiyyah et al, 2019). Based on Abdul Sattar
et al (2017), there is a massive amount of fruit waste produced from agricultural sector and fruit
processing industries such as banana, papaya, apple, pomegranate, pear, citrus and grapefruit. Banana
peels contain an important quantity of wasted produces from banana processing, which is equivalent
to 40% of the total weight of fresh banana.
Banana peels are organic waste that contains a large amount of carbohydrates and basic nutrient for
microbial growth (A’isyah Mardhiyyah et al, 2019; Zainal Adil et al, 2013). Banana peels also rich in
lignocelluloses and has high absorbing potentiality (Jayalakshmi, Bhavya and Saritha, 2016).
According to Debabandya et al (2010), banana peel is rich source of starch (3%), crude protein (6-
9%), crude fat (3.8– 11%), total dietary fibre (43.2–49.7%) and polyunsaturated fatty acids. Banana
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peels also can be utilized for extraction of banana oil that can be used for food flavoring. In addition,
banana peel also has anti-fungal, antibiotic properties which can be used for humans’ health benefits
(Yamunadevi, 2018). Remedial benefits of banana peel include relied from pain, swelling, itching,
bruising, wrinkles and sunburn (Salqa and Komal, 2018). As concluded, banana peel had also good
antioxidant potential. Therefore, it’s highly suggested to determine the uses of these peels in food
products as they are packed with antioxidants and polyphenols. A study by Emaga et al (2008) found
the maturation of banana fruits has shown to impact of dietary fibre compositions in banana peels.
Based on previous literature, banana waste materials are rich in nutrients and minerals.
Most of banana peels are used in cosmetics and millions of tons of peels are left to decompose. As
stated by Yamunadevi (2018), banana peel is considered as a waste product due to environmental
pollution. It also supported by Siti Nor Amirah et al (2019), banana peel waste is generally disposed of
in community landfills and contributing to current environmental pollution. According to Noor
Fatimah (2017), the disposal of these huge volume of wet organic can eventually harm the
environment and lead to human health problems. Sandra and Mas’Udah (2019) mentioned, a
significant amount of banana peels waste is rising annually. Therefore, the objectives of this research
are to utilize banana peels as a functional ingredient in making new flavor of coffee and to determine
the acceptance level of respondents towards Banana Peel Coffee.
METHODOLOGY
Formulation of the Banana Peel Coffee
Fresh banana peels were collected from local stall of pisang goreng located at Merlimau, Melaka.
Researchers have designed a formulation to produce Banana Peel Coffee as shown in Figure 1
respectively.
Figure 1. Production process of Banana Peel Coffee
Analysis of Sensory Evaluation
This study has used quantitative research design. A set of sensory evaluation questionnaire by using
Hedonic Scale was used to determine the acceptance level of respondents. Sensory evaluation was
used to analyze the senses of smell, texture, colour and taste of Banana Peel Coffee. Sampling were
focused within Merlimau, Melaka and 30 respondents were given the questionnaire randomly. Data
collected from the questionnaires were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Science and
interpreted using mean score. The mean value range interpreting is in Table 1.
Table 1. Mean Value Range Interpretation
Mean Score Interpretation Level
1.00 to 2.33 Low Weak
2.34 to 3.66 Medium Moderate
3.67 to 5.00 High Good
(Source: Sekaran, 1992)
Wash the banana peels until not sticky
Weighted and put banana peel coffee inside the sachet
bag
Store Banana Peel Coffee at room temperature
Grind the banana peels using electrical
blender
Dry the banana peels in oven for 25 minutes
Measure the weight of banana peels
107
FINDINGS Below is the analysis to determine the acceptance level of respondents towards Banana Peel Coffee.
The four questions were to determine the sensory evaluation in term of colour, smell, taste and texture
of Banana Peel Coffee.
Table 2: Mean Score of Respondents’ Acceptance Level Towards Banana Peel Coffee
Characteristics Mean value Interpretation
Taste 4.30 High
Texture 4.10 High
Colour 4.10 High
Smell 4.30 High
Average mean 4.20 High
Based on Table 2 indicated that averagely the acceptance level of respondents towards Banana Peel
Coffee are at high level in term of taste, texture, colour, smell and overall acceptance.It shows that,
respondents positively accepted the Banana Peel Coffee flavor. Respondents can accept the taste of
Banana Peel Coffee because of the benefits contains in banana peels. Debabandya et al, 2010, concluded
that banana peels are rich in vitamin, pectin, sugar and lignin. Its supported by Phatcharaporn et al,
2009, these results indicated that banana peels were safe and valuable functional ingredients for human
consumption.
CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, the acceptance level of the respondent towards the Banana Peel Coffee made from
banana peel waste is positively accepted. Other than that, Banana Peel Coffee is one of alternative
way which is utilized from organic waste that could be used again as an innovative product and will
help protect the environment and lifespan of landfills.
REFERENCES A’isyah Mardiyyah Shaharoshaha, Siti Mariam Sulaimanand Roslinda Seswoya, “Energy Recovery from
Anaerobuc Digestion of Banana Peels.”International Journal of Recent Technology and
Engineering 8, no 3 (2019):6269- 6273.
Abdul Sattar Qureshi, Imrana Khushk, Salman Raza Naqvi, Altaf Ahmed Simiar, Chaudhry Haider Ali,
Muhammad Naqvi, Muhammad Danish, Ayyaz Ahmed, Hamis Majeed, Abdul Nabi Mir Jatt,
Mohammad Rehan and Abdul-Sattar Nizami. “Fruit Waste to Energy Through Open Fermentation.”
9th International Conference on Applied Energy 142 (2017): 904-909.
Birdle, S. P., Hoe. S. T., Fook. Y. C., and Mohd Ismail Abdullah. “Banana by-products: an under-utilized
renewable food biomass with great potential.” Journal of Food Science Technology 51, no. 12
(2014):3527-3545.
Castillo-Israel, K. A. T., Baguio. S. F., Diasanta, M. D. B., Lizardo, R. C. M., Dizon, E. I. and Mejico, M.
I. F. “Extraction and characterization of pectin from Saba Bana [Musa ‘saba’ (Musa acuminate x
Musa balbisiana)] peel waster: A preliminary study.” International Food Research Journal 22, no.1
(2015): 202-207.
Debabandya, M., Sabyasachi, M. and Namrata, S. “Banana and its by-Product Utilization: An Overview.”
Journal of Sceintific and Industrial Research 69, (May 2010): 323-329.
Emaga, T.H., Robert, C., Ronkart, S.N., Wathelet, B. and Paquot, M. “Dietary Fiber Components and Pectin
Chemical Features of Peels During Ripening in Banana and Plantain Varieties.” Bioresource
Technology 99 (2008): 4346-4354.
108
Farahana Nabila Zainal A’bidin, Rosnah Shamsudin, Mohd Salahuddin Mohd Basri and Zanariah Mohd Dom.
“Physical and Mechanical Properties of Unripe Nipah Banana Fruit (Musa acuminate balbisiana).”
Pertanika Journal Science and Technology 27, no.1 (2019):149-157.
Hassan Pyar and Peh, K.K. (2018). “Chemical Compositions of Banana Peels (Musa sapientum) Fruit
cultivated in Malaysia using Proximate Analysis.” Research Journal of Chemical and Environment 22,
Special Issue III (2018): 108-113.
Jayalakshmi, G., Bhavya, K. D. and Saritha, V. (2016). “Legitimate Use of Plant Waste Products for Drinking
Water Treatment.” Journal of Environmental Research and Development 11, no. 02 (2016). E-ISSN
2319-5983.
Nipon, P., Siriorn, B. and Haosagul, Ssssssss.“Feasibility of Biomethane Production from Banana Peel.”
International Conference on Technologies and Materials for Reneawable Energy, Environment and
Sustainability 50 (2014): 782-788.
Noor Fatimah Kader Sultan and Wan Lutfi Wan Johari. “The Development of Banana Peel/Corn Starch
Bioplastic Film: A Preliminary Study.” Bioremediation Science and Technology Research 5 no.1,
(2017):12-17.
Phatcjaraporn W., Siripan, J. and Sorada, W. “The Effects of Banana Peel Preparations on the Properties of
Banana Peel Dietary Fibre Concentrate.” Songklanakarin Journal Science Technology 31, no.6
(2009):605-611.
Syarul Amizul Azizan and Ahmad Zuhairi Abd Majid. “Menglobalisasikan Penggunaan Serat Batang Pisang
Tempatan dalam Penghasilan Pembungkusan Struktur Sokongan Pembungkusan Produk (ICT).”
International Conference on Local Knowledge Terengganu (2018).
Salqa, K. and Komal, Yadav.“Comparison of Phytochemical and Antioxidant Properties of Three Tropical
Fruits (Apple, Banana, Papaya) Blended with Milk with Peels and without Peels.” International
Journal of Innovative Research and Advanced Studies 5, no.7 (2018):216 – 221.
Sandra, S. and Mas’ Udah. “Significance of Biodrying Reactor Sedign to Organic Waste Treatment as
Energy Source: A case of Banana Peel Waste.” American Journal of Engineering Research 8, no.
10 (2019):100-105. E-ISSN: 2320-0847.
Sekaran, U. Research Methods of Business: A Skill-building Approach. Ed. 2. (New York: John Wiley & Sons.
Inc, 1992)
Siti Nor Amirah Mohd Rafee, Lee, Y.L., Mohd Riduan Jamalludin, Norawanis Abdul Razak, Nur Lailina
Makhtar and Ras Izzati Ismail. “Effect of Different Rations of Biosmaterials to Banana Peels on the
Weight Loss of Biodegradable Pots.” Acta Technologica Agriculturae 1(2019):1-4.
Yamunadevi, P. “Charachterization of Proximate, Phytochemical and Antioxidant Analysis of Banana (Musa
sapientum) Peels/Skins and Objective Evaluation of Ready to Eat/ Cook Product Made with Banana
Peels.” Journal of Current Research in Nutrition and Food Science 6, no.2 (2018):382- 391.
109
VIID2413 - EMPIRICAL MODE
DECOMPOSITION FOR
GEOMETRICAL SHAPE
RECOGNITION OF BURIED TARGETS
USING GROUND PENETRATING
RADAR IMAGES
Hasimah Ali1, Ahmad Firdaus Ahmad Zaidi1, Mohd Shuhanaz Zanar Azalan1, Tengku Sarah Tengku
Amran2 1Faculty of Electrical Engineering Technology, UniMAP, 02600 Arau, Perlis.
2Nuclear Agency Malaysia, Bangi,43000 Kajang, Selangor.
Abstract: Ground penetrating radar (GPR) is one of the promising non-destructive imaging tools investigations
for shallow subsurface exploration such as locating and mapping the buried utilities. In practical applications,
GPR images could be noisy due to the system noise, the heterogeneity of the medium, and mutual wave
interactions thus, it is a complex task to recognizing the hyperbolic signature of buried objects from GPR images.
Therefore, this project aims to develop nonlinear feature extraction technique of using Empirical Mode
Decomposition (EMD) in recognizing the four geometrical shapes (cubic, cylindrical, disc and spherical) from
GPR images. A pre-processing step of isolating hyperbolic signature from different background was first
employed by mean of Region of Interest (ROI). The hyperbolic signature that describes the shapes was extracted
using EMD decomposition to obtain a set of significant features. In this framework, the hyperbolic pattern was
decomposed of using EMD, to produce a small set of intrinsic mode functions (IMF) via sifting process. The IMF
properties of the signature that exhibit the unique pattern was used as potential features to differentiate the
geometrical shapes of buried objects. The extracted IMF features were then fed into machine learning classifier
namely Support Vector Machines. To evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed method, a set data collection of
GPR-images has been acquired. The experimental results show that the recognition rate of using IMF features
was achieved 99.12% accuracy in recognizing the shapes of buried objects whose shows the promising result.
Keywords: EMD, GPR, hyperbolic signature, shape recognition, SVM.
INTRODUCTION Ground penetrating radar (GPR) is one of the promising technologies used as non-destructive test for
subsurface exploration such as land mines detection, geotechnical investigation, mapping and locating
the buried objects (Lai et al., 2018). In general, the GPR system transmits a short pulse of
electromagnetic waves at high frequency into the subsurface by mean of moving the GPR system along
the ground surface. These waves propagate to the ground at different medium with a velocity that
depends on the dielectric property of the medium. If the wave hits the objects, a portion of the waves
reflects back to the surface received by the antenna (Syambas, 2012). In practical applications, GPR
images could be noisy due to the system noise, the heterogeneity of the medium, and mutual wave
interactions thus, it is a complex task to recognizing the hyperbolic signature of buried objects from
GPR images (Dou et al., 2017). Thus, this project aims to develop geometrical shape recognition of
buried objects using empirical mode decomposition (EMD) based on GPR images. The rationale for an
initial focus on EMD features is motivated by the similarity of EMD (to pre-existing feature extraction
technique and several aspects of EMD features which make them particularly well suited to utilities
detection in GPR. In this framework, the GPR images were decomposed into a set of intrinsic mode
functions (IMFs) via sifting process. The IMF properties of the signature that exhibit the unique pattern
was used as significant features to recognize the geometrical shapes of buried objects The IMFs were
110
extracted and formed a feature vector as input to Support Vector Machines (SVM) classifier to
recognize four geometrical shapes; cubic, cylindrical, disc and sphere of the buried objects
METHODOLOGY Figure 1 shows the GPR system unit. It consists of a few components which are antenna transmitter and
receiver, battery, control unit, and vision ground software. The RAMAC/GPR 800 MHz shielded
antenna has been used for the GPR scanning as well as for the data collection. In this experiment, four
geometrical shapes such as cubic, cylindrical, spherical and disc were employed as samples of buried
targets. These samples were then buried in the sandbox test bed with depth of 20 cm from the top surface
individually. Figure 2 shows the block diagram of the proposed method. The acquired GPR images
were firstly pre-processed to remove unwanted noise. The pre-processed images were then subjected to
the empirical mode decomposition (EMD) for extracting the GPR features based on hyperbolic
signature. The extracted EMD features were then used as input to SVM classifier to recognize the
geometrical shapes of the buried objects.
Figure 1. GPR system
Figure 2. Block diagram of the proposed method
FINDINGS Figure 3 shows the examples of the results of EMD decomposition of cubic GPR images in terms of
IMF 1, IMF 2, IMF 3 and residue. Based on the obtained we can be inferred that; the IMFs reveal the
pattern structure from the finest to coarsest of the original image. The relative mean of the data decays
to zero when the order of the IMF increases, reflecting the nature of EMD. The first and second IMF
(IMF1 & IMF2) effectively contains the largest magnitude extrema in the GPR images which contribute
to the highest local information that describe the characteristic of distinct geometrical shape of GPR
images. Thus, IMF 1and IMF 2 were fed into SVM classifier to recognize the four geometrical shapes
which are cubic, cylindrical, disc and spherical.
Figure 3. Example of the results of EMD decomposition on cubic GPR images and their corresponding IMFs
(IMF 1, IMF 2, IMF 3 and residue).
A total of 340 images (87 cubic, 82 cylindrical, 86 disc and 85 spherical were used to evaluate the
proposed method using 10-fold cross validation. Table 1 shows that the confusion matrix of IMF2
features using SVM classifier. It can be seen from Table 1 that the average recognition rate of IMF2
features was achieved 99.12%. In term of shape, spherical shows the perfect recognition rate. On the
other hand, cubic, cylindrical and disc shapes have shown promising results with approximately
GPR
acquisition
and data
collection
GPR Image
pre-
processing
ROI of
Hyperbolic
Signature
Data
Feature
Extraction
using EMD
Data
analysis of
a set of
IMFs
SVM
classification
on
geometrical
shapes
111
accuracy of 98 %. It shows that the IMF2 features contains significant information that able to classify
the geometrical shapes of cubic, cylindrical, disc and spherical.
Table 1: Confusion matrix of IMF2 features using SVM classifier for cubic, cylindrical, disc and spherical
shapes. Cubic Cylindrical Disc Sphere Average
Cubic 86 1 0 0
Cylindrical 0 81 1 0
Disc 1 0 85 0
Sphere 0 0 0 85 99.12%
Total 87 82 86 85 340
CONCLUSIONS This project has presented the used of EMD technique as feature extraction with SVM classifier in
recognizing four geometrical shape such as cube, cylindrical, disc and sphere based on hyperbolic
pattern in GPR image. The research findings reveal that a set of intrinsic mode functions of IMF1,
IMF2, IMF3 and residue via sifting process have shown unique characteristic of pattern structure
(coarsest to finest) with respective geometrical shapes. Furthermore, the used of IMF2 as significant
features with SVM classifier achieved the highest result which is 99.12% averagely. Thus, the used
EMD as feature extraction in recognizing shape based on hyperbolic signature in GPR images have
demonstrate a promising result. In future, further study should conducted using EMD in recognizing
shape of unsupervised targets.
REFERENCES
Dou Q., Wei L., Magee D. R. & . Cohn A. G. Real Time Hyperbolae Recognition And Fitting In GPR Data, IEEE
Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 55 (1), 2017,pp. 51-62
Lai W W-L, Derobert X, Annan P. A review of Ground Penetrating Radar application in civil engineering: A 30-year journey
from locating and testing to imaging and diagnosis, NDT and E International, 96(2018) 58-78.
Huang N. E., Shen Z,Steven R. Long , Manli C. Wu , Hsing H. Shih, Quanan Zheng ,Nai-Chyuan Yen , Chi Chao Tung and
Henry H. Liu. The empirical mode decomposition and the Hilbert spectrum for nonlinear and non-stationary time
series analysis, Proceeding of The Royale Society. Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, 1998
Syambas N R 2012 An Approach for Predicting the Shape and Size of a Buried Basic Object on Surface Ground Penetrating
Radar System. Hindawi Publishing Corporation International Journal of Antennas and Propagation Volume 2012.
112
VIID2414 - BODY MASS INDEX
CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM BASED ON
FACIAL IMAGES USING EMPIRICAL
MODE DECOMPOSITION FOR SOCIAL
HEALTH AWARENESS
Hasimah Ali1, Ooi Shen Yee1, Wan Khairunizam Wan Ahmad1, Mohamed Elshaikh2 1Faculty of Electrical Engineering Technology, UniMAP, 02600 Arau, Perlis. 2Faculty of Electronic Engineering Technology, UniMAP, 02600 Arau, Perlis
Abstract: Human faces contain rich information. Recent studies found that facial features have relation with
human weight or body mass index (BMI). Decoding “facial information” from the face in predicting the BMI
could be linked to the various health marker. This project proposed the classification of body mass index (BMI)
based on appearance-based features of facial images using empirical mode decomposition (EMD) as feature
extraction technique. The facial images that describe the body mass index was extracted using EMD to obtain a
set of significant features. In this framework, the facial image was decomposed using EMD to produce a small set
of intrinsic mode functions (IMF) via sifting process. The IMF features which exhibit the unique pattern were
used to classify the BMI. The obtained features were then fed into machine learning classifier such as k-nearest
neighbour and support vector machines (SVM) to classify the three BMI classes namely normal, overweight and
obese. The obtained results show that the IMF2 feature using SVM classifier achieved recognition rate of 99.67%
which demonstrate a promising result towards the development of social health awareness system.
Keywords: BMI, EMD, facial images, SVM.
INTRODUCTION Human faces contain rich information such as facial or emotion expression, age, gender, ethnicity and
personal traits. It also contains a number of cues that could predict the health status for example, the
facial attractiveness was found to predict future longevity (Gallagher et al., 1996). Recent studies in
human perception show that the facial features have relation with human weight body mass index
(BMI). Decoding “facial information” from the face, reveal useful cues, thus it received great attention
from psychologist, computer scientists and behavioural sciences. BMI is a measure of body fatness
based on body height and weight of an individual (Wen and Guo, 2013; Wen, 2015). Decoding
information of body mass index (BMI) from the face could also be linked to the various health marker.
Obesity can highly affect our body health and have significant relation associated with the risk of
various diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular, stroke and some common adults’ cancer (Renehan et
al.,2008). Hence, by utilizing BMI based facial images it would be able to is very crucial for us to aware
the level of healthiness through BMI for each individual in order to encourage the awareness of health.
Therefore, this project proposes an appearance-based technique using Empirical Mode Decomposition
(EMD) in predicting the BMI based facial images. The key benefit of using EMD is that the basic
functions can be directly extracted from the signal itself, which offers a truly data-driven approach and
also brings not only high decomposition efficiency but also sharp frequency (Huang et al, 1998). In this
project, the facial images were subjected to EMD technique to produce a set of intrinsic mode functions
(IMFs) via sifting process. The obtained features were then fed to two different classifiers, which are
k-Nearest Neighbour (KNN) and Support Vector Machines (SVM) independently for evaluation of
classification performances.
113
METHODOLOGY Figure 1 shows the block diagram of the proposed method. It consists of four (4) steps; BMI facial
image database, image pre-processing, features extraction and classification. A publicly available BMI
Facial Image database called MORPH-II database was employed. The pre-processing techniques such
as face detection, face cropping, grayscale transformation, image rescaling and histogram equalization
have been applied. The preprocessed facial images were subjected to features extraction technique using
Empirical Mode Decomposition. As the name implies, the EMD technique was used to extract features
at multiple scales or spatial frequencies of nonlinear and non-stationary data. These features called
intrinsic mode functions (IMFs) were extracted by sifting process. Every mode (IMF) contains
information of a specific scale, which is conveniently separated. Spatial information is retained within
the mode. Figure 2 shows the results of applied EMD decomposition on BMI facial images. The EMD
decomposes the facial image into a set of intrinsic mode functions (IMFs) which are IMF1, IMF2, IMF3
and residue. Then, the extracted IMFs were fed as input into k-NN and SVM classifiers in order to
classify the BMI classes which are normal, overweight and obese.
Figure 1. Block diagram of the proposed method
Figure 2. Performance of applied two-dimensional EMD on facial image for normal, overweight and obese.
FINDINGS
The 2D decomposition via sifting procedure of an image provides a representation that is able to
interpret. The first component (IMF1) contains the finest spatial scale in the signal. Whereas, the residue
now contains information about larger scales (Nunes et al, 2003)]. It can be seen from Figure 2 that a
set of IMFs exhibits the pattern structure from the finest to the coarsest relative to original image. The
IMF1 and IMF2 give the most distinct details including the boundary lines along the face region such
as eyes, nose and mouth. In this research, IMF1 and IMF2 were extracted for further analysis and
classification since IMF1 and IMF2 have the characteristics of having greater extreme magnitude in
which they contribute to the higher local information describing the behavior of BMI classes. To
evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed method, 10-fold cross validation technique was employed.
The whole database (300 images) is randomly divided into ten sets of having the same distribution of
different BMI facial images. The k-NN and SVM classifiers were adopted to classify the BMI classes
(normal, overweight and obese) based facial images using the extracted IMF features (IMF 1 & IMF2).
Table 1a & Table 1b show confusion matrix of IMF2 features using k-NN and SVM, respectively. As
Original BMI
Facial Images
Image Pre-Processing
Feature Extraction: Empirical Mode Decomposition
BMI Classification (k-NN & SVM)
Overweight
Residue IMF1 IMF2 IMF3
Normal
Obese
114
observed in tables (1a &1b), the IMF2 features + SVM classifier has the highest average recognition
rate which is 99.67%. This can be inferred that the IMF2 has the ability to distinguish different class
of BMI based on facial images with the assist of machine learning classifier specifically SVM.
Table 1a. Confusion matrix of using IMF2 features with k-N classifier.
Status
Normal
Overweight Obese
Average
(%)
Normal 98 0 0
Overweight 2 100 0
Obese 0 0 100
Total 99.33
Table 1b. Confusion matrix of using IMF2 features with SVM classifier
Status
Normal
Overweight Obese
Average
(%)
Normal 99 0 0
Overweight 1 100 0
Obese 0 0 100
Total 99.67
115
CONCLUSIONS This project has presented the classification of body mass index (BMI) based facial images using
empirical mode decomposition technique for social health awareness. Based on the results, three IMFs
(IMF1, IMF2, IMF3) and a residue were obtained from original facial images by sifting process whose
exhibit the unique pattern of texture information. Based on the results obtained, it shows that the IMF2
features + SVM classifier has the highest recognition rate which is 99.67%. The use of EMD technique
as feature extraction show a promising result in recognizing the BMI classes. Even though, the EMD
has achieved good performance, however this technique has computational expensive as the number of
database increases. Therefore, further study should be conducted in minimizing the computational cost
so that real time social health awareness system could be developed.
REFERENCES
Gallagher D, Visser M, Sepulveda D, Pierson R, Harris T, Heymsfield S,How useful is body mass index for
comparison of body fatness across age, sex, and ethnic groups? Am. J. Epidemiol. 143 (3) (1996) 228–239
Nunes J, Bouaoune Y, Delechelle,E, Niang O & Bunel P (2003). Image analysis by bidimensional empirical mode
decomposition. Image and Vision Computing, 21(12), 1019–1026
Renehan A G, Tyson M, Egger M, Heller R F, Zwahlen M. Body-mass index and incidence of cancer: a systematic
review and meta-analysis of prospective observational studies, Lancet 2008 (371) (2008) 536–546
Wen L 2015 Facial Image Analysis for Body Mass Index, Makeup and Identity" (2015). Graduate Theses,
Dissertations, and Problem Reports. 6938
Wen L and Guo G D 2013 “A computational approach to body mass index prediction from face images,” Image
and Vision Computing, vol. 31, no. 5, pp. 392–400, 2013.
116
VIID2426 - APLIKASI E-KHUTBAH
Satria Arjuna bin Julaihi1, Dr. Saimi bin Bujang2, Dr. Hadenan bin Towpek3,
Zubaidah binti Bohari4 1,4Faculty of Computer Science and Mathematics, UiTM Sarawak, 2,3Academy of Contemporary Islamic Studies,
UiTM Sarawak,
[email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]
Abstract: Friday Prayer is obligatory for every adult male Muslim. One of its terms, is the delivery of Khutbah or
sermons by the imam in front of the prayer congregation. Most Religious authorities in Malaysia at the state and
federal level, namely Jabatan Agama Islam Negeri and Jabatan Kemajuan Islam Malaysia, have websites that
provide collections of Khutbah, ready for download. Nevertheless, the availability of these Khutbah are still
depending on the internet connectivity and availability of printer. For individuals who need to deliver Khutbah at
short notice, and especially in the rural area, downloading and printing is a problem. These prolems can be
overcomed with the e-Khutbah application. This is also an example of technology facilitating the process of
worship to Allah SWT. This application is built with the aim to assist anybody that is asked to deliver Khutbah at
short notice, especially in the area that has poor internet connectivity. It will make easy the process of Khutbah
delivery, whereby the imam will only need to have their smartphone instead of having papers. In the context of
Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), the e-Khutbah application is used in the teaching and learning of the Course
Pengurusan Institusi Masjid, Code HKR113.
Keywords: Khutbah, Friday, Prayer, Masjid, Teaching.
INTRODUCTION
The problem statement behind the building of the Aplikasi eKhutbah, or eKhutbah Apps is
firstly, the current state of the khutbah text. The Khutbah texts currently used by the imams,
religious teachers and students in Malaysia are still in the conventional form [1], which are
using paper. Obtaining the Khutbah text from the religious authority office website will require
download and printing, meaning the dependence on internet connectivity and availability of a
printer and paper.
Secondly, if internet access is a problem, the individuals who want to deliver the Khutbah need
to go and ask for the text directly from the nearest religious authority office either at the state
or federal level, namely Jabatan Agama Islam Negeri and Jabatan Kemajuan Islam Malaysia
[3]. This will incur cost and is timely.
Thirdly, sometime in emergency situations, the designated imam or religious teacher fail to be
present at the mosque, nearing to the prayer time. In such a case, the mosque committee will
need to search among the prayer congregation, an individual that can deliver a Khutbah
immediately [2]. There is no time for internet surfing and downloading, nor doing printing
works. This is where e-Khutbah apps will be very handy.
The first objective of the Aplikasi e-Khutbah is to assist the imam or religious teachers in
delivering Khutbah at any Mosque, even in the area with poor internet coverage and even at
short notice. The second objective is to make easy the delivery of Khutbah with just by referring
to a smartphone, without the hassle of bringing the text on paper. Fourthly is, to save time and
money in obtaining the Khutbah text, by just installing the apps. Lastly, the fifth objective is
to prepare the students in the delivery of Khutbah in a more organized manner.
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NOVELTY
The Aplikasi e-Khutbah is built using Bahasa Malaysia, that is tailor-suit for usage in Malaysia.
It is local in nature. In term of its content and context. Taking local issues, and environment.
Apart from that, the Khutbah themes is regarding the Islamic celebrated days in Malaysia
context, like Maal Hijrah, Malidur Rasul, Israk and Mikraj, Ramadhan and many more.
It also has the second Khutbah prepared based on the different states in Malaysia. This is done
like this because in the second Khutbah, there is a section that contain prayer for the state’s
head of religion, who are the Sultans and the Yang Di-Pertua Negeri. Thus making the second
Khutbah different from state to state.
The app is equipped with the “Next” button, rather than the need to scroll down to read the rest
of the Khutbah text, the user just needs to click the “Next” button to go to the next content of
the Khutbah. This will make sure that the person delivering the Khutbah, will be looking at
specific pages, not over scrolling the page when they are reading through their Khutbah text.
USEFULNESS
Once the eKhutbah apps had been installed in the phone, it can be used anywhere, even in
Mosque that doesn’t have internet connection. Apart from that, it can also be used to train new
imam and students in the delivery of Khutbah. Furthermore, it can help resolve problem of
when there is a need for someone to deliver the Khutbah at short notice.
COMMERCIALIZATION
The Aplikasi eKhutbah can be commercialized for the usage of the imam and religious
teachers, to assist them in delivering Khutbah. They just need internet to install the apps. When
installed, it can be used anywhere and at any time. Making them always prepared for delivering
Khutbah, even at short notice.
The other main group of user is the UiTM Students taking the Course Pengurusan Institusi
Masjid, Course Code: HKR113. This Course is a co-curriculum course that involve practical
of giving Khutbah. This app will assist the students in their training of Khutbah delivery and
thus making them more well managed in this matter.
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METHODOLOGY
The systematic flow of the Aplikasi eKhutbah is as shown in the diagram below:
Figure 1: Systematic flow of Aplikasi eKhutbah.
CONCLUSIONS
This is the first attempt to build such an apps. Therefore, in the matter of Khutbah themes there are
limited themes put in the apps at present. For future version, the content can be updated by having newer
version of the apps. When the user updates their apps, they will also get new sets of Khutbah. As a
conclusion, this app is an effort to make use of technology in terms of making easy the act of worship
and ibadah.
REFERENCES
1. Ahmad, Zulkefli, Khairulnizam Karim and Suzy Aziziyanasaili. 2015. “Analysis On Inter-Faith
Relations In Friday Sermon Texts In Pahang, Malaysia: A Preliminary.” International Journal of
Education and Research. 3.
2. Alade, Owoyemi Samuwilu. 2019. “An Analysis Of The Arguments And Counter Arguments On The
Language Of Delivery Of Khutbatul-Jumu‘Ah (Friday Sermon) In The Muslim World.” Jurnal Hadhari
11 (1) 155-171 ejournals.ukm.my/jhadhari ISSN 1985-6830 eISSN 2550-2271.
3. Nor, M.R.M. 2012. “Multicultural discourse from the Minbar: a study on khutbah texts prepared by
Jakim Malaysia.” Islam and Multiculturalism: Between Norms and Forms. JSPS Asia and Africa Science
Platform Program, Organization of Islamic Area Studies, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan, 55-62. ISBN
978-4-904039-52-6
MASUK Info eKhutbah
Panduan Khutbah
Khutbah
Rukun Khutbah
Syarat Khutbah
Tajuk Utama
Sub Tajuk Utama
Khutbah 2
Senarai Negeri
Senarai
Menu Utama
Teks Khutbah 1
Teks Khutbah 2
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VIID2432 - COCONUT DREGS FLOUR VS
WHEAT FLOUR: COMPARISON IN
NUTRITIONAL VALUE AND BAKERY
PRODUCT FORMULATION
Hamidah Noor binti Md Yusoh 1*, Nurul Natasha Binti Abdul Latiff 2, Najihah Nasuha Binti Jaafar 3,
Nur Izzati Binti Ghazali 4 1Department of Tourism and Hospitality, Politeknik Merlimau, 77300 Melaka, Malaysia
Abstract: In Malaysia, coconut is the fourth important industrial crop after oil palm, rubber and paddy in terms of
total planted area. Approximately 85% of the coconut structure consists of wastes that are not used by the agro-
industrial chain for the generation of new products. There are a lot of grated coconuts discarded from the coconut
milk factory. Coconut dreg can be used to make a type of flour which is high in fiber and consists a lot of nutrient.
White flour contains gluten which is a key to unique ability of wheat in the production of leavened product. However,
gluten can cause intolerance to some group of people. Looking at its potential and benefits, a research has been
conducted to create new form of free gluten flour from coconut dreg. Therefore, objectives of this study are to
determine the ratio of CDF to wheat flour (CDF:Wheat Flour) in different bakery product formulations, determine
the nutrition content and gluten value of the coconut dreg flour (CDF). The Gas Chromatography- Mass Spectrometry
(GC-MS) was used to determine the nutrition value of the CDF and immunochemical analysis was used for the
analytical method to determine gluten markers in CDF. Result indicated that the presence of protein at 9.1g/100g,
carbohydrate content at 67.2g/100g, fat content is 17.8g/100g and total energy content is 465kcal/100g and there is
no gluten presence in the CDF sample. Result also shows that CDF can mix well in developing different ratio
formulation with wheat flour. In conclusion, the CDF suitable to be used in producing various bakery products,
contains nutrients and free gluten.
Keywords: coconut dreg, gluten free, flour, nutrients
INTRODUCTION Malaysia is prosperous with a wide variety of foods and dishes. Its local traditional meals symbolize
culinary diversity from multi-ethnic such as Malay, Chinese, Indian and Nyonya. Most traditional foods
such as curries and local delicacies uses coconut milk as the main ingredient (Marina and NurulAzizah,
2014). Coconut milk is commonly used in traditional food dishes in Malaysia, Indonesia, Thailand and
Philippine (Phattayakorn and Wanchaitanawong, 2009). In Malaysia, coconut is the fourth essential
industrialized crop after oil palm, rubber and paddy in terms of total planted region.It is also one of the
oldest agro-based industries (Sivapragasam, 2008). There has been an increase in consumption of both
fresh and industrialized green coconut and Cocos nucifera (Neto et al., 2016). There are a lot of grated
coconuts surplus from the coconut milk factory but the coconut dreg can be put to make variety of used
(Andrew, 2014). Neto et. al., (2016) stated that, around 85% of the coconut composition consists of wastes
that are not utilized by the agro-industrial chain for the production of new products.
Coconut dregs are frequently disposed in open dumps, slopes and landfills. In addition to causative to
propagate illnesses, degradation of landscapes, and create stink, the coconut dreg has become an
environmental problem due to the production of methane gas, one of the main greenhouse gases, in
anaerobic conditions (Brito et al., 2004).The coconut dreg deposit is not easy to degrade under natural
surroundings, taking over 8 years to decay entirely into the location (Carrijo et al., 2002). However, coconut
residue obtained after the extraction of the coconut milk can be made into coconut flour. Coconut flour is
a good source of dietary fiber and can be added to bakery products (Paucean et. al., 2016). It’s characterized
by high functionality due to properties such as: prevention of chronic diseases, e.g.diabetes mellitus,
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cardiovasculardiseases (CVD) and colon cancer (Trinidad et al., 2006). The celiac disease in susceptible
people is gluten induced/sensitive entropy characterized by damage of small intestinal mucosa caused by
gliadin fraction of wheat (Rai et al., 2014). People suffering from celiac disease find it difficult to adopt a
diet completely free of gluten but with nutritional quality. The addition of coconut flour to the formulations
improved the nutritional properties of the gluten-free dish, increasing the lipid and protein contents and
reducing the carbohydrate content. (Queiroz et. al., 2017).
In current years, gluten‐free (GF) goods have become trendy, fueling a rising market, as they not only cater
to persons but also with medical requirements to consumers who search for a GF diet. In their development,
it is essential to pay attention to dietary value (Pellegrini and Agostoni, 2015). According QonitahAzzahra
(2016), bread dregs from coconut dregs can be develop as prevention of coronary heart disease because
bread dregs coconut have high dietary fibre and could decrease the availability of cholesterol. It also has
the capacity to bind with bile acids and avoid its re-absorption in the liver thus, restrain cholesterol
production. Coconut flour also works well in cupcakes, and a variety of other coconut-based recipes
(Hamidah et. al., 2018). Therefore, objectives of this study are to determine the ratio of CDF to wheat flour
(CDF:Wheat Flour) in different bakery product formulations, determine the nutrition facts, and to indicate
the gluten value of the coconut dreg flour (CDF).
METHODOLOGY There are three steps in achieving the research objectives. The first step is the Coconut Dreg Flour (CDF)
production. The second step is the analysis of nutrition and gluten content of CDF. Finally the third step is
developing suitable CDF: wheat flour ratio.
Figure 1. Production and analysis flow of Coconut Dreg Flour (CDF)
Referring to Figure 1, the coconut dreg was collected aseptically from NSL Delima Niaga; a Small Medium
Industry (SME) producing fresh coconut milk that had sign a collaborative agreement with Politeknik
Merlimau. Then, the coconut dreg sample (CDS) was thinly spread inside a food dehydrator. The
dehydration process was done at 650C for 12 hours. Next, the coconut dreg was milled at Malaysian Flour
Mill to produce fine coconut dreg flour (CDF). For nutrition content analysis, CDF was sent to Melaka
Institute of Biotechnology. Gas Chromatography- Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to determine the
nutrition values. CDF was also sent to SGS (Malaysia) Sdn Bhd to identify the gluten value in the sample.
Finally the third step is developing suitable CDF to wheat flour ratio (CDF:wheat flour).
FINDINGS
Referring to Table 1, the nutrition analysis result signifies that the CDF contains protein, carbohydrate, fat
and energy comparable to the wheat flour. This in relevant with research by Pellegrini and Agostoni, (2015)
and QonitahAzzahra (2016) stating that the coconut flour contains various nutrients and beneficial in
promoting good health as a utilize prevention of coronary heart disease.
Coconut dreg sampel (CDS)
collection
Dehyarate CDS at 650C for 12 hours
Pour into flour mill
Analyze the nutrition and
gluten content of CDF
Determine bakery
formulation ratio
CDF:Wheat flour
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Table 1. Comparison of nutrition content between Coconut Dreg Flour (CDF) and wheat flour
Test Parameter Coconut Dreg Flour(CDF) Wheat flour
Protein
Carbohydrate
Fat
Gluten
Energy
9.1 g/100g
67.2 g/100g
17.8 g/100g
0 g/100g
465kcal/100g
15.8 g/100g
84.21 g/100g
1.67 g/100g
2.21 g/100g
368kcal/100g Source: Melaka Institute of Biotechnology and SGS (Malaysia) Sdn Bhd (2020)
Previous studies have reported coconut flour is also gluten-free and its nutritional composition is quite
comparable to that of wheat flour (Paucean et. al., 2016). It is proven in this gluten analysis test using In-
house based on R-Biopharm ELISA Test Kit (R7001) done by SGS (Malaysia) Sdn Bhd indicated that
there is no gluten detected in CDF sample. This finding also relevant with Queiroz et. al., (2017), proving
by the addition of coconut flour to the formulations improved the nutritional properties of the gluten-free
dish, increasing the lipid and protein contents and reducing the carbohydrate content.
Table 2. Ratio of CDF: Wheat flour in producing formulations of bakery products
Formulation Ingredient Quantity Ratio
Formulation I :
(Cornflakes Biscuits)
Margerin
Castor sugar
Coconut dreg flour
Bicarbonate of soda
Cornflakes
Vanilla essence
Eggs
Raisins
68 g
68 g
136 g
68 g
136 g
2.5 g
57 g
68 g
1:0 (using CDF
only)
Formulation II :
(Oat Cookies)
Coconut dreg flour
Flour
Brown Sugar
Butter
Sugar
Eggs
Vanilla essence
Baking powder
Bicarbonate of soda
Milk chocolate
Oatmeal
84 g
42 8
100 g
125 g
110 g
57 g
2.5 g
1 g
1 g
50 g
100 g
CDF:Wheat flour
2: 1
CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, CDF can be use entirely or in different ratio in bakery products without altering products’
original taste while adding the beneficial gluten free value to the end product to fulfill the demand for
delectable gluten-free foodstuffs.
REFERENCES
Andrew, B. (2014). Coconut and Sustainable Development: Adding Value to a Wasted Resource.
Retrieved from:https: www.triplepundit.com/2014/08/coconuts-sustainable-development-
adding-value-wasted-renewable-resource/
Brito et al. (2004). Properties of Particleboard Made with Cocus nucifera residues and Pinus
elliottii particles. Floresta e Ambiente, 11(2). 01-06.
Carrijo et al. (2002). Fibre of Green Coconut Shell as an Agricultural Substrate. Horticultura
Brasileira. 20(4), 533-535.
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Hamidah NMY., Wan NHWS, Ruhana WI., (2018). Consumer Acceptance Towards Double Cocoa Cupcake from
Coconut Dreg Flour and Optimization Study on Nutrition Facts. Proceedings 8th National Conference in
Education - (CiE-TVET) 2018, 805 – 813
Marina A. M., and NurulAzizah S. (2014). Use of Coconut Versus Dairy Milk Products in
Malaysian Dishes: Comparison of Nutritional Composition and Sensory Evaluation. Journal of Food and
Nutrition Research, vol. 2, no. 4 (2014): 204-208. doi: 10.12691/jfnr-2-4-12
Neto et al. (2016). Nutritional Value of Whole Coconut, Coconut Powder and Coconut Fibre
Treated with Sodium Hydroxide for Sheep. Ciencia e Agrotecnoloia, 40 (4): 475-483.
Paucean A., Man S., Muste S., Pop A. (2016). Development of Gluten Free Cookies from Rice and Coconut Flour
Blends. Bulletin UASVM Food Science and Technology 73(2)/2016
ISSN-L 2344-2344; Print ISSN 2344-2344; Electronic ISSN 2344-5300
Pellegrini N, Agostoni C. (2015). Nutritional aspects of gluten‐free products. Journal of the Science of Food and
AgricultureVolume 95, Issue 1. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.7101
Phattayakorn K., Wanchaitanawong P. (2009) Antimicrobial activity of Thai herbs extracts against coconut milk
spoilage microorganism. Kasetsart Journal Natural Science 43: 752-759.
QonitahAzzahra, AlfuNikmatulLaily,AsiyahMutmainnah. (2016). Bread Dregs Coconut: Utilization of Coconut
Dregs as Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease. International Journal of Advances in Science Engineering
and Technology, ISSN: 2321-9009
Queiroz A. M., Rocha R. F. J., Garruti D. S., Silva A. P. V., Araujo I. M. (2017). Preparation and characterization
of gluten-free cookies enriched with coconut flour: an alternative for celiacs. Braz. J. Food Technol. vol.20
Campinas 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1981-6723.9716
Rai S, Kaur A, Singh B (2014). Quality characteristics of gluten free cookies prepared from different flour
combinations. J Food Sci Technol. 51(4):785–789
Sivapragasam, A.(2008). Coconut in Malaysia – current developments and potential for re-vitalization. 2nd
International Plantation Industry Conference and Exhibition, Shah Alam, Malaysia.
Trinidad T.P., Mallillin A.C., Valdez D.H., Loyola A.S., Askali- Mercado F.C., Castillo J.C., Encabo R.R., Masa
D.B., Maglaya A.S., Chua M.T. (2006). Dietary fiber from coconut flour: A functional food. Innovative Food
Science and Emerging Technologies. 7: 309–317.
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VIID2434 - ELECTRONIC ORDERING
SYSTEM FOR SME COMPANY
Siti Nurul Hayatie Ishak1, Intan Nazurah Zakaria2 1,2Faculty of Computer and Mathematical Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Terengganu Campus,
21080 Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia
Abstract: The transaction processing system (TPS) is often used to collect, store, modify and retrieve data transactions
in the manufacturing industry. An electronic ordering system is a part of TPS that enables the organization to better
manage information in the most effective and efficient way. However, managing the information related activity can
be challenging for many small medium enterprises (SMEs) who rely on paper-based method. The problem arises
when the company has limited number of manpower to manage the information of their daily orders. It also difficult
to generate the summary reports which will be used by the manager to evaluate company performance and to makes
better decision in forecasting process as no database is used in the business. Thus, an electronic ordering system
(EOS) has been developed to solve the problems. This system is developed by implementing the principle of user
interface model emphasizes on learnability and robustness and embedded adapted waterfall model as a system
development methodology. Moreover, a set of questionnaires has been prepared for users and experts to test the
functionality and usability of the system. Based on the result, the highest mean is for learnability construct which is
4.60 (SD=0.50). As all means are above 4 and standard deviation (SD) is less than 1, this is shows that the learnability
of the system is good and it has achieved some of the principles in the theory that has been implemented in the system.
As a conclusion, it is argued that this system can enhance the ordering process for manufacturing company to acquire
the necessary goods, and implementing the principles user interface design can assist users to learn the system more
easily and achieve maximum performance by using this system.
Keywords: ordering system, principles of user interface design, small medium-sized enterprises (SME), learnability,
robustness
INTRODUCTION
Order processing is a process where the order data is gathered from the customer directly or by the customer
service employee and it is stored in the central database and will be sent to the accounting and shipping
department [1]. Order processing is related to four main components of the supply chain which are supplier,
factory, distributor, and retailer. The retailer and distributor are placing orders; whereas, factory and
supplier work in collaboration with one another in order to fulfill these orders. This project focuses on local
SME particularly a manufacturer company that produces the instant noodles. The business profit is earned
by supplying and selling instant noodles to the distributor, retail shops and individual customer. Due to the
small size of the business, the company faces an inadequate problem of employees to handle business
processes. The staff should perform multiple tasks to fulfill the instant noodle ordering process. The
decision to recruit new staff also comes at a cost, and the study found that a further 27 percent of small
businesses are worried about how they will fund the hiring of new employees [2]. Thus the aim for this
project is to develop an online ordering system. Developing an online ordering system can enhance the
customer experience with the manufacturer through a customer service representative (CSRs) [6]. CSR can
resolve issues regarding customer problems more quickly because they have complete electronic access to
documentation [4]. In the field of human-computer interaction, there is interface design rules used to
support usability that helps to engage customer by providing better user interface design for the system [3].
Usability is a web design approach, by which it determines how difficult for a user to learn and access an
application. These principles are divided into three main categories which are learnability, flexibility, and
robustness [4]. Learnability is the capability of an interactive system to enable users to learn how to use it
initially, and then exploit all features offered easily. Meanwhile, flexibility relates to the multiplicity of
ways that users and system exchange information. In the learnability, this project focuses on three specific
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principles that support learnability which are predictability, familiarity, and consistency.
METHODOLOGY
This project consists of five phases which are knowledge acquisition, project initiation, project delivery,
project close and project evaluation. For system development, EOS implemented adaptive waterfall model
and it is adapted in the five phases of the project. The preliminary study is conducted at the early phase to
identify the current business process and problems related with ordering process. The project delivery
includes the process of capturing the user requirements and analyzing the system requirements to assist for
designing the system. The most vital phase is the implementation phase where the designs of the system
being executed and followed by the testing of the system. Meanwhile, the two last phases are focusing on
documentation. Figure 1 shows the framework for this project.
Figure 1. Project Framework
System Design & Modules
This system is designed by considering the roles of customer, staff, supplier, and manager. The ordering
process catered the registration process for the new customer until the requisitions process completed by
the supplier. Before submitting requisitions to the supplier, the manager will approve the order requisition
made by the staff. The manager will make a payment when the invoice is generated by the system once the
raw material has arrived at the factory. Customer can leave messages to the staff for inquiries. Then, the
system will generate the order and send it to the staff via the system. Figure 2 shows Purchase Order page
for the customer to buy the products.
Figure 2. Purchase Order Page
List of raw materials and product can be viewed by the manager and the information can be updated. Staff
is able to send requisition form to the manager if the inventory level reaches reorder point. Furthermore,
the manager can give approval either to approve or reject the order with reasonable reasons on the
requisitions for raw materials made by the staff.
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FINDINGS There were 30 respondents participated in testing and evaluation phase. Several sets of test plans are
distributed to 30 respondents. The users are required to scale the system based on the scale provided which
are 1 for strongly disagree, 2 for disagree, 3 for not sure, 4 for agree and 5 for strongly agree. Majority of
respondents for this testing are male with total of 17 respondents (56.7%) while female with 13 respondents
(43.3%). The ages of respondents are from 18-33 years and above. The education level is varying from
SPM to degree level and employment status is from student, self-employed and employed. The test plan
are divided into six constructs which are user interface(A), usability (B), efficiency (C), learnability (D),
robustness (E) and satisfaction (F). Construct D and E are derived from the principle of user interface
design. Figure 3 shows the overall result for the six constructs. The range of mean for this result is between
values of 4.60 to 4.47.
Figure 3. Average Mean Value for Six Constructs
CONCLUSION The development of EOS has assisted the company to fulfill the orders efficiently and ensure supply for
raw materials are consistent. Furthermore, the principles of user interface design which are learnability and
robustness have been implemented in the system which the result shows that the users agreed the
importance of these two elements to be embedded in this system. As a conclusion, it is argued that this
system can enhance the ordering process for manufacturing company to acquire the necessary goods, and
implementing the principles user interface design can assist users to learn the system more easily and
achieve maximum performance by using this system.
REFERENCES
[1] Conway Chris. The challenges of hiring for a fast growing SME, in Accounts and Legal: Small business
accountants, 2018.
[2] Ingram David. What Is the Definition of Order Processing Systems? In Houston Chronicle, 2018.
[3] SNH Ishak and IN Zakaria. Implemented the Principles of User Interface Design in Electronic Ordering
System. International Journal of Advanced Trends in Computer Science and Engineering, Vol 8, No.1.5,
2019, pp 145-150.
[4] Mohammad Amin, MD. Alauddin, and Mir Mohammad Azad. Business Transaction Processing System.
International Journal of Computer Information Systems, Vol. 4, No. 5, 2012, pp 11-15.
[5] Smith, S. (2018). Manufacturers And Automated Order Processing: The Benefits, in Manufacturing.net,
2018
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VIID2439 - E-MARKETPLACE
MOBILE APPLICATION FOR
UITMCTKKT STUDENT
Mohd Aiman Danial Bin Bakari1, Nik Marsyahariani Nik Daud2
1,2Faculty of Computer and Mathematical Sciences,
Universiti Teknologi Mara Terengganu Branch, Kuala Terengganu
Campus Malaysia [email protected]
Abstract: Students in UiTM Cawangan Terengganu Kampus Kuala Terengganu (UiTMCT KKT) are encouraged to
involve in entrepreneur activities under the Koperasi Siswa (KOSISWA) UiTMCTKKT. To encourage students in
involving with these activities, a platform that allow for students to engage in online business is proposed. Students can
advertise their products to sell in the platform and at the same time can buy any promoted products online. At the
same time, KOSISWA can monitor students’ activities at the platform. The proposed platform is implemented as a
mobile application. The application is developed using Extreme Programming (XP) methodology where it involves
twelve iterations and four scenarios to complete. The application is tested by the end of each iteration using test cases
and for usability test, questionnaire is distributed to thirty respondents. Based on the testing and evaluation conducted,
respondents agree that the application is easy to use with average mean of 4.8 out of 5. Based on the result, the
implementation of this application will help students in managing their business online and at the same time allowing
for monitoring to be done by KOSISWA.
Keywords: students e-Marketplace, Mobile Apps, Extreme Programming
INTRODUCTION In this coming age, doing online business is considered a normal thing nowadays. People opt for doing
business online as it allowed for more flexible hour and can be done as a side income job. Students are
no exception as they mostly do online business to earn money. Life as a student sometimes necessitate
them to spend some considerable amount of money during their studies for many different reasons such as
paying tuition fees and buying textbooks. Even with financial support such as from scholarship or
students’ loan, some extra income can be used to cover the cost of their studies. UiTM Cawangan
Terengganu Kampus Kuala Terengganu (UiTMCTKKT) encourage their students to be involve in
entrepreneurial activities and one of the approaches use to promote this type of activities is through
Koperasi Siswa (KOSISWA) club. The inclusion of entrepreneurial activities of students is to allow
students to create products or services needed by the community (Lawan, et al. 2015). Most students that
involves with doing business online in UiTMCTKKT conduct their business over social application such
as Telegram and WhatsApp groups. This kind of act lead to many kinds of problems and complaints among
other students as the official groups often used by sellers to spam their advertisement messages. An E-
Marketplace application is proposed as platform that allows students to do their business in a more proper
way.
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E-marketplace is defined as a virtual market where buyers and suppliers meet to exchange information
about product and service and negotiate business transactions (Mukhtar, et al. 2016). Consumer from a
younger generation are familiar with using e-marketplace application as part of their way to do online
shopping (Mintje, Lapian and Mangantar 2020). Thus, developing an application to as platform that allow
user to do online business is proposed. Extreme Programming (XP) methodologies, an agile approach in
developing application is used to develop the it allows for incremental design where customer feedback is
given in continuously (Beck and Andres 2005). Scenarios are identified and iterations are planned based
on the scenario. User evaluation on the application is done by distributing questionnaire to 30 respondents.
The evaluation is done to evaluate the application usability. Based on the result, respondents do agree that
the application has a very high usability with the mean score above 4 out of 5.
METHODOLOGY
In developing the application, Extreme Programming is chosen as the methodology as it allows for a
flexible and take shorter time to develop. There are four main scenarios with the total of twelve iterations
that are planned to develop the application. The first phase in Extreme Programming is Planning in which
the developer write scenario that are obtained from customers. The scenarios are obtained by doing
interview with KOSISWA member and survey done on 120 students to gain their perspectives as buyer
and seller. These are converted into iterations that cover functionality or features of the application. Each
scenario consists vary number of iterations where each of the iteration process take one to two weeks of
implementations. This includes activities such as designing, coding and testing. The type of testing
applied here is black box testing based on test case that are developed using the scenario.
FINDINGS User evaluation was conducted by using a set of questionnaires. A total of 30 respondents are selected to
be part of the evaluating process. The questionnaire consists of seven sections that are used to measure
the usability of the application. The seven sections are ease of use, Design dialogue to yield closure,
support internal locus of control, consistency, feedbacks, satisfaction, and enable frequent user to use
shortcut which are adopted from Schneiderman’s Golden Rules of Interface Design. The scale use for
this questionnaire is between 1 to 5 which represents “Strongly Disagree” and “Strongly Agree”
respectively. For the first rule, ease of use, respondents agree that it is easy to use where all five question
have the mean score of 4.8 out of 5. Respondents also agree that the app design dialogue to yield with
the mean score of 4.77 out of 5. While using the application, respondents agree that the application gives
user a sense of in control with the mean score of 4.69 out of 5. The application also appears to be consistent
in standardizing is user interface as respondents’ rate with the mean score of 4.75 out of 5. Respondents
also agree that the application provide clear feedback with the mean score of 4.75 out of 5. Respondents
agree that the application is satisfying to use with the mean score of 4.72 out of 5. Finally, respondents
agree that it allows for shortcut usage for frequent user with the mean score of 4.74 out of 5. The result
shows that respondents rate the application above 4 out of 5 with standard deviation ranging from 0.3 to
0.6 for all the design guidelines.
CONCLUSIONS
The development of E-Marketplace apps for UiTMCTKKT students can be considered as a success
based on the result gathers from usability evaluation. This can be seen as respondents’ rate above 4 out
of 5 for all aspects of usability that had been questioned. However, the application still needs to be modified
for it to be deployed and used. It is hope that the proposed idea can help students to have better approach
in handling their online business and at the same time allowing UiTM management to monitor the
activities.
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REFERENCES Beck, Kent, and Cynthia Andres. 2005. Extreme Programming Explained: Embraced Change. 2nd. New Jersey:
Pearson Education,Inc.
Lawan, Umar Muhammad, Esther Awazzi Envuladu, Mohammad Aminu Mohammad, Nafisa Yusuf Wali, and
Hadiza Magaji Mahmoud. 2015. "Perceptions and Attitude towards Entrepreneurship Education
Programme, and Employment Ambitions of Final Year Undergraduate Students in Kano, Northern
Nigeria." International Journal of Education and Research 3 (11).
Mintje, Miranda Claudia , Joyce S.L.H.V Lapian, and Marjam Mangantar. 2020. "The Ease Of Use And Confidence
Of Online Shopping At Tokopedia Marketplace Case Study: Mahasiswa Universitas Sam Ratulangi."
Jurnal Riset Ekonomi, Manajemen, Bisnis Dan Akuntansi 8 (4): 633-639.
Mukhtar, Mohamad Alif Fikri, Muhammad Asyraf Ashaari, Ahmad Ridzuan Abd Rahman, and Abd Razak Che
Husin. 2016. "E-marketplace in Malaysia: Challenges and Solutions." Journal of Information Systems
Research and Innovation 10 (1): 1-7.
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VIID2440 - MUCA: A POTENT OF
INFLAMMATION REDUCER AND
INFECTION FIGHTER CREAM
Nur Syafiqah Atikah Nazaharuddin1, Noor Hidayah
Pungot2 1, 2 Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti
Teknologi MARA, 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor,
Malaysia [email protected]
Abstract: In Malaysia “Kerukup Siam” or “Buah Ceri Kampung” is the common name for species plants for
Muntingia Calabura. The traditional uses of Kerukup Siam leaves have been scientifically demonstrated to employ
various pharmacological activities such as in anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial and antioxidants activities. Our
previous phytochemical investigations discovered that flavonoids, phenols, triterpenes, tannins, and saponins are
the main active components that were obtained in Kerukup Siam leaves part. These components are responsible
for the pharmacological activities in the leaves. Throughout this finding, we concluded that Kerukup Siam leaves
have potential to develop a natural skin care product such as skin cream product. From the previous studies it was
suggested the formulated cream of M. Calabura leaves could be used for bacterial infections and to reduce
inflammation. Thus, a natural skin cream product has been designed from Kerukup Siam leaves which is called
MUCA. The objectives are mainly to formulate a natural skin cream from the extract of M. Calabura leaves and to
evaluate the effectiveness of products as an inflammation reducer and infection fighter. This potent skin care
product has been well formulated using a technique of “water in oil emulsion” with the presence of “Habbatus
sauda” for the first time. Our finding revealed that the use of this skin cream on infected and inflamed skin helped
to reduce itch and red inflammation. This finding is hoped to build better skincare for the future especially for the
patients with autoimmune skin diseases such as psoriasis and eczema.
Keywords: Muntingia Calabura, Kerukup Siam, anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial, antioxidant
INTRODUCTION
Plant extracts and isolated compounds are increasingly used in cosmetics and food supplements to
improve skin conditions as these plants claim to have no side effects, commonly seen with products
containing synthetic agents. Our previous phytochemical investigations discovered that flavonoids,
phenols, triterpenes, tannins, and saponins are the main active components that were obtained in the
Muntingia calabura leaves part. These components are responsible for the pharmacological activities in
the leaves.
In the presence of dermatitis or skin irritation is a condition resulting from the impairment of skin barrier
function. It usually involves itchy, dry skin or a rash on swollen, reddened skin. Or it may cause the skin
to blister, ooze, crust or flake off. This dysfunctional skin barrier then will be infected by bacteria.
Inflammation takes place in response to these damages to the skin barrier. The inflammatory reactions
contribute to tissue repair and infection prevention/control. However, if the dysregulation of
inflammatory skin response persists, chronic inflammatory dermatoses such as atopic dermatitis or
psoriasis will arise.
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Inflamed skin is usually treated with corticosteroids which are generally effective for treatment of psoriasis
as well as atopic dermatitis. Corticosteroids side effects however, include decreased connective tissue
synthesis support, bone loss, increased infection, and etc. In the present invention, the skin cream produced
is capable of topical administration to have a localized effect, completely non-toxic to normal skin, anti-
inflammatory, anti-bacterial, and antioxidant agent. Thus, the objective of this work is to formulate a
natural skin cream from the extract of M. Calabura leaves and to evaluate an effectiveness of products as
inflammation reducer and infection fighter. The methods for MUCA formulation are based on the
dispersion of water extract of Muntingia calabura leaves in oil emulsion. Application of MUCA skin cream
on affected skin areas revealed the reduction of red inflammation and itchiness of the skin.
METHODOLOGY
Preparation of water extract of M. calabura
The fresh leaves of M. calabura were collected from the Alor gajah, Melaka. The surface of the leaves were
cleaned and allowed to air dried for 3 weeks at room temperature. Certain amounts of dried leaves were
measured and soaked with boiling water for 15 minutes to get about 100 ml of water extract.
Preparation of oil phase
The mixture of 70 ml olive oil and 30 ml Habbatus sauda were mixed with 14 grams of cocoa butter and
20 grams of beeswax.The mixture of oil phase was heated using double boiled technique until the mixture
melted. The melted oils were transferred to a blender and allowed to be cooled to room temperature. The
oils were confirmed cooled when the appearance turned to cream colored and half solidified.
Dispersion process of skin cream and skin testing
The half solidified oils were subjected to the highest speed. The water extract was dropped slowly into the
center of the rotating oils and the cream started to thicken. A small amount of skin cream was administered
on itching and inflamed skin twice a day for 10 days.
FINDINGS
The result of skin before and after administration cream shown in Figure 1.
Figure 1. Skin condition before (left) and after (right) application of cream for 10 days.
According to the result, the itchiness and red inflammation at the surface of the skin were reduced. Other than that, the application of skin cream also gives moisture to the dry skin. It was found that no irritant or allergic reactions were documented during the test period. This result is may due to the presence of bioactive components that presence in the Muntingia calabura leaves extract. This secondary metabolite
exhibit antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects to the skin.[4]
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Moreover, this research uses olive oil and black seed oil to formulate the skin cream. These oils are widely
known because of their benefits that exhibit anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. Plant oils have long
been used on the skin for cosmetic and medical purposes because they have been found to have many
positive physiological benefits. For example, plant oil application may act as a protective barrier to the
skin by an occlusive effect, allowing the skin to retain moisture [2][3].
Other than that, skin care products with herbal formulation present a great structural diversity and
multidirectional mechanisms of action, which is not commonly seen in synthetic compounds. Herbal
products have unique delivery system that offer an enhanced penetration through skin with less toxic effects
and enable to reach the deep skin layers intensify the pharmacological effects to the skin.[1]
CONCLUSIONS
In conclusion, formulation of skin cream from Muntingia calabura leaves succeed in giving positive results.
The skin cream testing revealed that the cream can reduce itching and red inflammation of skin.
REFERENCES
[1] Herman, Anna, and Herman Andrzej. 2016. “Topically Used Herbal Products for the Treatment of Psoriasis –
Mechanism of Action, Drug Delivery, Clinical Studies.” Planta Med 82(17): 1447-1455.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0042-115177.
[2] Kooti, Wesam, Zahra Hasanzadeh-Noohi, Naim Sharafi-Ahvazi, Majid Asadi-Samani, and Damoon Ashtary-
Larky. 2016. "Phytochemistry, pharmacology, and therapeutic uses of black seed (Nigella sativa)."Chinese journal
of natural medicines 14(10): 732-745. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1875- 5364(16)30088-7.
[3] Lin, Tzu-Kai, Zhong, Lily and Santiago Juan L. 2018. “Anti-Inflammatory and Skin Barrier Repair Effects of
Topical Application of Some Plant Oils.” Int. J. Mol. Sci 19(70). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19010070.
[4] Pungot, Noor Hidayah, Zainal Abidin, Nurul Auni, and Nazaharuddin, Nur Syafiqah Atikah. 2020. "Potential of
Malaysian Cherry Leaves (Muntingia calabura) as an Antioxidant Agent." Science Letters 14(2): 103-109.
https://doi.org/10.24191/sl.v14i2.9547
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VIID2442 - E-CLINE: Electronic Easy Cloth
Line
Aisya Kamilia Binti Ahmad Shukri, Nur Amani Izzati Binti Muhammad Tarmizy, Amirah Balqis Binti
Mohd Basri and Nur Izzaty Binti Zainordin
Sekolah Menengah Sains Pokok Sena
Jalan Kuala Nerang, Kampung Panchor, 06400 Pokok Sena, Kedah
ABSTRACT: These days, the precarious climate could be troublesome to individuals to dry their garments outdoors
due to unlikely weather conditions in Malaysia such as rain. Sometimes, people also often forget to bring in their
clothes during rainy days. For working individuals and boarding school students, this would be a matter to look upon
as they lack other time to manage their daily chores and routine as they are not at home to do so. Therefore, an idea
was developed to avoid unhygienic clothes which are wet which is named E-Cline: Electronic Easy Cloth Line that
can automatically detect the presence of rain and intelligently provide transparent shelter to protect them from the rain.
This project is started with the objectives of studying people’s experience in doing the laundry process at home and
other types of accommodation. E-cline offers a low cost laundry clothesline for household usage. In this project, a
prototype is constructed using the combination of several tools which include SG90 Micro Servo, Water Sensor, Light
Dependent Resistor (LDR), ultraviolet type C (UV-C) and also Arduino Uno. On top of that, E-cline is targeted for the
household usage and boarding school students. A series of experiments were conducted to the functionality of the
components. As a conclusion, E-CLINE is an efficient approach to improve human life on their house chores without
human supervision.
Keywords: drying cloth, intelligent appliance, low cost, house chores
INTRODUCTION
In this research, E-CLINE is actually an electronic cloth line that has been invented to ease the burden
especially for Malaysians these days due to precarious climate. It will be troublesome for individuals to dry
their garments outdoors. For working individuals, it would be matter to look upon as they lack time to
manage daily chores and routine. So, an idea was developed to avoid the cloth they dried outdoors from
being exposed to rain and this will overcome their problem of managing their clothes.
PROBLEM STATEMENT
Unstable weather conditions could be a burden in drying clothes especially when it’s raining. This could be
hard for Malaysians to dry up their clothes predominantly during monsoon seasons since Malaysia is located
very near to the equator line. Being near the equator is also a reason why Malaysia only consists of two
seasons which are sunny and rainy days and some of them may be extreme ones. This could be a problem
for individuals to dry their clothes outdoors due to the unlikely weather conditions, especially for those who
always forgets and for those who are busy working.
SOLUTION TO THE PROBLEM
In this project, all programs and codes will be installed to Arduino UNO that will give instructions to conduct
this system properly and will automatically retrieve-in the clothes during dark or rainy days and will
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retrieve-out the clothes when the sun shines bright so the E-CLINE makes it easier for people who are not
at home. In addition, this project uses a servo motor in order for the clothes-line to move clothes to the
sheltered area. Besides that, the advantages of this product are, it uses a clean energy source via solar panels
that is implemented to the E-CLINE. It also saves time of the user without minding the clothes that were
hung. Exclusively for E-CLINE, we added a fan that acts as a dryer that won’t damage the clothes’ fabric
unlike an ordinary clothes dryer that uses heat. Furthermore, we added an Ultraviolet-C lamp at the bottom
of the roof of the clothes line to kill bacteria, viruses and other microorganisms since it is germicidal and
could lead to more hygienic clothes. We also add sensors to the circuit in order to make it automatic. The
LDR sensor and water sensor will be used to detect light and rain so that whenever the weather is dark or
raining, clothes will be moving to the shelter provided and will be dried up by the fan.
PLANNING STRUCTURE
The equipment that was integrated into the E-CLINE are Arduino UNO, UV Light Type-C, board, SG90
Micro Servo, water sensor, LDR sensor, ball bearing, battery 9V, fan, plastic rapper, wood, electric tape,
power bank, bolt and nut. To build this E-CLINE prototype, assemble all the components to the Arduino
board and then apply the sketch to the Arduino board. After that, we build the model, assemble everything
together and finally test it.
In addition, we have also conducted an experiment to test the effectiveness of the UV light type-C to kill
bacteria. We put drain water into the petri dish, covered half of the petri dish with paper and left it exposed
to the UV-light for a minute. The experimental results show that the exposed area is clearer than the covered
area. This shows that the UV-light used is effective in killing bacteria and it is not harmful to other living
things.
Assemble all the components to the Arduino board
Apply the sketch to the Arduino board
Build the E-CLINE model
Testing the functionality and effectiveness of the model
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KNOWLEDGE IMPACT
We have used the existing knowledge and integrated other essential equipment to provide the E-CLINE.
CONTRIBUTION TO SOCIETY
This product is very useful for users in order to ease the burden in drying clothes especially when it’s raining.
This innovation also helps people that lack time to manage daily chores and routine especially for working
individuals since they don’t need to be worried about their garments.
COMMERCIALIZATION POTENTIAL
This E-Cline is very suitable for use in most places. It has a great potential to commercialize in boarding
schools, homes, hotels and universities since most students and working people definitely have problems to
dry their garment outdoors. This would be the best choice for them.
COST IMPACT
We have estimated that the cost needed to build this model according to the equipment that was integrated.
The total range cost approximately between RM 89. We have also estimated the market price for E-Cline.
We found that the market price was reasonable and affordable for most people nowadays.
Table 1. PRICE OF E-CLINE (MODEL)
NO ITEM PRICE
(WITHOUT
RECYCLING)
PRICE (RECYCLING)
1 BOARD RM 10.00 RECYCLED
2 ARDUINO UNO RM 26.00 RM 26.00
3 UV LIGHT TYPE-C RM 24.00 RM 24.00
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4 BALL BEARING RM 10.00 RM10.00
5 BATTERY 9V RM 15.00 RM 5.00
6 FAN RM 20.00 RECYCLED
7 TRANSPARENT
PLASTIC (/m)
RM 3.00 RECYCLED
8 BOLT AND NUT RM 5.00 RM 5.00
9 WOOD RM 20.00 RECYCLED
10 ELECTRIC TAPE RM 9.00 RM 9.00
TOTAL RM 157.00 RM 89.00
Table 2. MARKET PRICE OF E-CLINE
NO ITEM PRICE
1 ARDUINO BOARD RM 26.00
2 UV LIGHT TYPE-C RM 24.00
3 90* SERVO RM 30.00
4 AC POWER SUPPLY -
5 FAN RM 50.00
6 TRANSPARENT PLASTIC RM 3.00
7 BOLT AND NUT RM 10.00
TOTAL RM 143.00
CONCLUSION As a conclusion, if E-CLINE is used in daily life, it will save a lot of time and solve problems for many
people. With reasonable and affordable costs, the advantages are very worthwhile and useful for dealing
with the problem of drying clothes and fabrics. This electronic easy clothesline can also avoid the problem
of infectious diseases caused by viruses and bacteria in clothing. We hope this idea can be implemented in
the future to deal with the problem for years to come.
REFERENCES
1. I. A. Salihi, S. A. Huluketi and S. Himani (2019). Designing an Internet of Things Based Automatic
Clothesline, Journal of Sustainable Engineering: Proceedings Series 1 (2).
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2. A. M. Bassily and G. M. Colver (2007). Performance Analysis of an Electric Clothes Dryer, Drying
Technology: An International Journal Vol 21 (3).
3. B. S. S. Kumar, M. Selvaganapathy, I. S. S. Siddharth and G. Kumaresan (2017). Design and Experimental
Study on Automatic Cloth Retrieval and Drying System, International Journal of Advance Research, Ideas
and Innovations in Technology Vol. 3 (2).
4. O. B. Khsrisma, Anwarndi and F. E. Laumal (2019). Propose Design of Smart Clothesline with Tree Diagram
Approach Analysis, Journal of Physics: Conference Series (1175).
5. https://www.electronics-notes.com/articles/electronic_components/resistors/light-dependent-resistor-ldr.php
6. https://www.tutorialspoint.com/arduino/arduino_water_detector_sensor.htm
7. https://www.arduino.cc/en/Guide/ArduinoUno
8. https://www.electronics-lab.com/project/using-sg90-servo-motor-arduino/
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VIID2454 - CONTROLLING A COOKING
GAS VALVE (CCGV) USING
SMARTPHONE
Shamsuddin Amin1, Afiqah Jamaludin1, Mohd Fikri Murshidi1 1Kolej Komuniti Beaufort, Sabah
Abstract: Liquid Petroleum Gas (LPG) is the main source of fuel for a kitchen at home or in business premises. This
is because the cost of its use is lower than electricity. Liquid Petroleum Gas is one of the high risk equipment that can
cause various dangerous incidents such as fire and explosion. The main cause of such incidents is that the user forgets
to close the gas valve after use. Controlling A Cooking Gas Valve (CCGV) Using Smartphone is a tool or device that
can be used to prevent such incidents. With CCGV, we can open or close the flow of cooking gas using only a
smartphone.The findings of the analysis show that the use of CCGV 97% can reduce the incidence of forgetting to
close the gas valve after use. This will reduce the rate of accidents caused by LPG. In addition to improving the level
of user safety, CCGV also applies Industry 4.0 technology. The production of CCGV will be improved for heavier use
for larger industries as well as equipped with gas leak detection sensors.
Keywords: Liquid Petrolem Gas, safety, smartphone, IR 4.0, kitchen.
INTRODUCTION Controlling A Cooking Gas Valve (CCGV) Using Smartphone is a device that integrates LPG pipe valve
with Industrial Revolution (IR) 4.0 technology. It is very much needed nowadays in line with current
technological developments to further strengthen the hospitality industry. Through the device, the
lecturer/user can control (open/close) the cooking gas source valve no matter where he/she is while there is
still internet access. The result of this innovation is from self-awareness and desire in reducing or
overcoming various adverse events that often occur as a result of cooking gas. One of the main causes of
such bad incidents often occurs is because the lecturer/user forgot to close the cooking gas source after use.
Cooking gas that is not closed after use will further increase the risk of unwanted incidents such as fires,
gas leaks and explosions. The objective of producing this device is to facilitate lecturers/users to control the
cooking gas valve, increase the level of safety of cooking gas users and revolutionize Industry 4.0 in the
cooking / training kitchen.
According to G.Gunawan et al, LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas) gas cylinders are the main need for the
community to meet cooking or business needs. This is because the use of LPG is cheaper than the use of
electricity. Patricia Gar also stated that the demand for LPG is increasing in Malaysia. However, the use of
this LPG can also pose a great danger if handled improperly. According to Yusliza, it can be said that most
of us ignore and take for granted the safety of the use of cooking gas cylinders, even knowing that cooking
gas is like a time bomb that can at any time cause a dangerous fire. BERNAMA also stated that almost 20%
of the festive season fires occurred due to gas equipment with 116 cases (18.6%) recorded last year. The
training kitchen for culinary programs at Beaufort Community College also uses LPG as their main fuel
source. Therefore, an innovation project has been created (CCGV) to prevent students and lecturers from
being exposed to the dangers of the use of LPG.
Lecturers/users only need to scan the CCGV QR code and then download the CCGV Wi-Fi application. The
application will connect the lecturer/user with the cooking gas pipe valve. the lecturer/user can control
whether to open or close the gas pipe valve. This will indirectly facilitate the work of the lecturer/user to
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close the gas pipe valve if not in use or the cooking class has ended. If the lecturer/user forgets to turn off
the gas source, they can close the main gas valve using a smartphone even if they are elsewhere as long as
there is an internet network.
The results of a study on the effectiveness of the use of CCGV in the training kitchen of Beaufort
Community College found that 100% of the lecturers were satisfied and believed that CCGV could increase
the level of users’ safety. The CCGV safety study showed that 85% of the lecturers were satisfied with the
existing device and 15% of the lecturers thought it needed improvement.
METHODOLOGY Research Questions
Several research questions have been created to find short answers to these problems based on the objectives
of the study:
To what extent can these issues harm LPG users?
Is CCGV really can increase the level of safety of LPG users?
Research Framework
This study attempts to relate the LPG users’ issues with the result to increase the level of safety of LPG
users in Beaufort Community College. The use of CCGV can affect the increased level of security of LPG
users.
Figure 1: Theoretical framework
Figure 1 shows that the application of CCGV can help lecturer/user to always close the gas valve after use.
This can also directly increase the level of user safety.
Data Collection Method
The study of this project applied two methods of data collection techniques. This was done in order to collect
relevant and adequate data to address the objectives of this project.
Online survey
Data is collected from lecturers of culinary program in Beaufort Community College. online feedback forms
have been distributed to all lecturers involved through the goole form platform.
Interview
We made a selection of the participants for an interview. In this context, Hackett stated that the selection
interview will ensure a better selection of people. This encourages us to organize the interview by evaluating
the facts that exist from it in order to achieve the best results.
FINDINGS
The results of the online survey from all respondents found that 100% of them agree and believe CCGV can
improve the level of user safety. This data has been collected through the googleform platform. Where
respondents need to answer some of the questions that have been given.
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Some respondents replied that the internet network in Sabah will limit the use of CCVG. However, we hope
that the internet network in Sabah will be better in line with the passage of time and the progress of Malaysia
towards developed country.
As a result of the interviews conducted on 9 respondents, 8 of them stated that they were satisfied with the
security features on the CCGV device. While one of them suggested that it should be improved and get
SIRIM recognition.
Some respondents also stated that CCGV should be installed in every training kitchen. For now, CCGV is
only installed on the main source of LPG. This is because it is a pilot project and is the first attempt by
CCGV. In the future it will definitely be installed in each training kitchen to make it easier for each training
kitchen lecturer to control their respective LPG valves. This can save gas consumption and indirectly
increase the level of user safety of each training kitchen.
CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, it can be seen that this innovation project (CCGV) is able to increase consumer safety. CCGV
has also implemented the use of the latest technology, namely IR 4.0 technology. Among the IR 4.0
components implemented in CCGV are Internet of Thing (IOT), System Integration, and Big Data Analysis.
The constraint faced while completing this project is the lack of funds in completing the more interesting
and rugged end result. Practical training classes in the training kitchen have also limited the time to complete
this project. In addition, the unstable internet network has also had a less than satisfactory effect on this
CCGV project.
Currently, CCGV is only installed at the main source of LPG gas flow for use in all cooking training kitchens
at Beaufort Community College. Lecturers who use the training kitchen can turn Off and On the gas flow
using a smartphone. This will reduce the risk of forgetting to close the gas valve after use. The lecturer can
check the gas flow status on the smartphone and close it with just one click if it is still not turned off.
As an improvement proposal, this CCGV project will be upgraded to a larger device and can be used at a
larger capacity (heavy duty). This project will also be improved by installing a gas leak detector sensor and
will alert the smartphone in the event of a gas leak.
REFERENCES
Hackett, P. 2003. “The Selection Interview”,The Management Shapers Series (London: Chartered Institute
of Personnel and Development, 2003) 95.
Gunawan, Gunawan & Rahman, Abdul & Anwar, A & Sari, Marliana. 2018. “Design of Gas Detection
System Based on Internet of Thing”. 1. 344.
BERNAMA. 2019. “The Main Causes of Festive Season Fires: Electricity, Negligence While Cooking.”
Sarawakvoice. Accessed October 20, 2020.
https://sarawakvoice.com/2019/06/01/punca-utama-kebakaran-musim-perayaan-elektrik-kecuaian-
ketika-memasak/
Yusliza, 2018. “Gas Cooks Like a Time Bomb.” MyMetro. Accessed October 20, 2020.
https://www.hmetro.com.my/hati/2018/05/338709/gas-masak-bagai-bom-jangka
Patricia Gari, “Demand for LPG Gas Cylinders is High.” Utusan Borneo Online. January 21, 2016. Accessed
October 20, 2020.
https://www.utusanborneo.com.my/2016/01/27/permintaan-tong-gas-lpg-tinggi
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VIID2456 - VOC-A-TAC!: ENGLISH
VOCABULARY WEBSITE FOR YOUNG
LEARNERS
Shanty Carmelie Rif 1, Alexander Andrew Kana2, Melor Md. Yunus3
Faculty of Education
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM)
43600 UKM Bangi,
Selangor, Malaysia
Email:[email protected]
Abstract: Young learners are learners between the ages of four to twelve years old and are basically in their primary
level of education. These young learners are new in learning English language, and hence would face difficulty in
identifying words and meanings, especially those learners in the rural areas in which English is a total ‘alien’ language
to them. Voc-A-Tac! is an educational website designed for young learners to learn vocabulary. This website consists
of three main sections, including the game-based PowerPoint slides, quizzes on Quizizz and kids’ online dictionary to
help young learners’ master vocabulary. The objective of this action research is to aid the development of English
vocabulary among young learners in a fun and interactive way through web-based learning. The action research focuses
on five Year 2 learners in a rural school in Belaga, Sarawak. The implementation of the action research follows the
Kemis and McTaggart (1988) Model. The finding shows that the use of the three main parts in the website to introduce
vocabulary to the participants resulted in a positive improvement in learners’ results. The use of the website also help
to increase learners’ motivation to learn English language.
Keywords: young learners, web-based learning, rural school, constructivism theory, motivational theory.
INTRODUCTION Learning a second language is quite a challenge for most people. In Malaysia, English serves as a second
language. It is taught and learned in schools and used in some higher learning institutions, government, and
private sectors as well. Learning a second language requires a good mastery of vocabulary to master the
language. However, young learners especially from the rural areas are weak in vocabulary and impact their
mastery of the English language. Their weak performance in mastering the English language often leads to
frustration and low confidence and thus demotivates them to learn English.
In this paper, the researcher will focus on the vocabulary development of young learners. An action research
was conducted focusing on improving young learners’ vocabulary development. In line with that, an
innovative project called VOC-A-TAC! was introduced to help learners learn vocabulary in a fun and
meaningful way. VOC-A-TAC! is a web-based learning medium that consist of three parts namely, the
gamified Powerpoint slides, online quiz on Quizizz and an online dictionary for kids. The gamified
Powerpoint slides serves as learning materials where users could download and used it offline, whereas the
online quiz in Quizizz assess learners’ understanding of words based on the slides. The inclusion of online
dictionary in the website would help learners with meaning and accurate pronunciation of words, as well as
help identification of items as it includes pictures and usage of words in sentence form. Through these three
parts of the website, learners could learn, assess and improve their mastery of vocabulary. This is also
supported by Johnson (2016) where he stated that dictionary definitions, reflection and drawing is useful
for learners to master the words [2].
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METHODOLOGY Purpose
The purpose of this study is to investigate the VOC-A-TAC! intervention in improving young learners’
vocabulary development.
Research question
The study seeks to answer the following question:
a. How does the VOC-A-TAC! intervention works in improving young learners’ vocabulary
development?
Research design
The research utilises an action research design adapted from the Kemmis and McTaggart’s Cyclic Model
(1988). Data were collected from pre-test and post-test result, observation checklist and semi-structured
interview questions. The test designed was adapted from the Pre-A1 Starters Wordlist picture book as the
word list suits the learners’ Common European Framework of Reference (CEFR) syllabus. Pre-test was
administered in the first cycle while post-test was administered in the second cycle.
Sampling
The study involves five low proficiency Year 2 learners in a rural school.
Procedure
The researcher observed a huge number of learners were having problem with identifying vocabulary in
English class. The researcher then carried out an intervention using flash cards to introduce the vocabulary,
he then conducted a traditional paper-and-pencil test to test learners’ mastery level. However, the pre-test
results were not satisfying.
The researcher innovated a website for learners to learn vocabulary, called VOC-A-TAC! and use the
materials to teach the intended vocabulary. After using the first part of the innovation which is the
Powerpoint slides, the researcher tested learners’ understanding via an interactive online quiz. The results
of the quiz indicated a lot of improvement in marks which shows that the use of VOC-A-TAC! help them
to master vocabulary. The third part of the innovation, the online dictionary helps learners with their
pronunciation, meaning and use of words in context.
FINDINGS
a) Pre-test and Post-test Table 3. Result of pre-test and post-test
Student Pre-test score Post-test score
SS1 32 84
SS2 28 64
SS3 32 84
SS4 24 60
SS5 40 60
Mean (M) 31.20 70.40
Standard Deviation (SD) 5.933 12.522
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Using the Statistical Package of Social Sciences (SPSS), these are the results of this analysis; pre-test,
M=31.20, SD=5.933 and post-test, M=70.40, SD=12.522. The results show that the learners’ scores are
higher during post-test.
b. Observation
Apart from that, the finding of this study also revealed that the use of various teaching methods had increased
learners’ motivation to learn the language. This could be seen through their enthusiasm and interest during
the process of learning. Martin-Gutierrez et al (2015) stated that the use of any teaching tools or platform
that catches the interest and enthusiasm of learners can enhance their learning positively [1]. The use of
multimedia such as colorful pictures and music background in the teaching and learning process has
attracted learners’ interest to learn. When they are interested in their learning, they could focus on the
vocabulary items learned and scored better in their quiz. This shows that the use of interesting teaching and
learning tools contributes to an improvement in learners’ learning.
c. Semi-structured interview
The researcher also interviewed the participants after pre-test and post-test. The responses are as below:
Table 2 Semi-structured Interview
After pre-test After post-test
“Susahlah teacher”.
SS3
“Ada gambar teacher, ada suara lagi tu!”.
SS2
“Saya tak tau”.
SS1
“Bestlah teacher, picture best!”.
SS1
Based on the responses received, it is obvious that learners are more positive about the use of VOC-A-TAC!
compared to the traditional method in pre-test.
CONCLUSIONS VOC-A-TAC! is one intervention that had improved young learners’ vocabulary through the use of
multimedia in a web-based learning. Besides, the use of VOC-A-TAC! has also impacted positively on
learner motivation to learn English. Based on most responses, the use of VOC-A-TAC! has also made it
easy for them to identify vocabulary correctly.
REFERENCES
Jorge Martin-Gutierrez, Pena Fabiani, Wanda Benesova, Maria Dolores Meneses & Carlos E. Mora,
Augmented Reality to Promote Collaborative and Autonomous Learning in Higher Education (Computers in
Human Behavior, 2015) 752-761.
Rachel Ann Johnson. How can embedding critical literacy practices through the use of text sets foster a
growth mindset in a first grade classroom? (Hamline University, 2016).
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VIID2461 - WASTE MANAGEMENT
SYSTEM BY IoT
Ahmad Izzat Bin Mod Arifin1, Fauziah Binti Deraman2, Suziyani Binti Rohafauzi1, Siti Khadijah Binti
Hasan1, Mohd Saiful Najib Bin Ismail@Marzuki1
1Faculty of Electrical Engineering, 2Faculty of Hotel and Tourism
Universiti Teknologi Mara Terengganu Branch,
Dungun Campus, Malaysia
Abstract: A clean and trash free environment is always desired by all human being and will reflect to the cleanliness
level of the peoples in that area. According to the observation at the rubbish bins area, the bins are always full with
the trash and there must have scrap scattered around the bins as the bins are full and the responsible workers are not
cleaning it. This is might because the workers are not aware of these full bins or busy cleaning at somewhere else in
hoping that the other bins are still not full. However, this situation brings poor view of the environment and produce
unpleasant smell. This also might attract unwanted flies and rodents to the rubbish bins area. Therefore, the purpose
of this research is to prevent the scrap from scattered outside of the bin by locking the lid of the bin using servo
motor. This also will prevent the people from throwing the trash if the bin is already full. The level of trash in the bin
will be showed by the LED indicator and LCD display. LCD display will show the level of the trash in the bin
whether it is EMPTY, MEDIUM or FULL by sensing it using ultrasonic sensor. In addition, the cleaning workers
also can monitor the level of the trash in the bin using the BLYNK application through their smartphones. This waste
management system is planned to provide a clean and trash free view as well as bringing the positive image to the
surrounding.
Keywords: Internet of Things (IoT), blynk, arduino
INTRODUCTION Internet of Things (IOT) is a recent communication paradigm that envisions a near future, in which the
objects of everyday life will be equipped with microcontrollers, transceivers for digital communication,
and suitable protocol stacks that will enable them to communicate with one another and the user, becoming
an integral part of the Internet (Zanella et al., 2014).
The waste management system by IoT is the smart system designed to help maintaining the cleanliness of
the rubbish bin area. This system worked by locking the lid of the bin using servo motor if the rubbish bin
is already full. The level of trash in the bin will be showed by the LED indicator and LCD display. LCD
display will show the level of the trash in the bin whether it is EMPTY, MEDIUM or FULL by sensing it
using ultrasonic sensor. The cleaning workers can just monitor the level of the thrash through smartphones
using the BLYNK application. Therefore, the process of monitoring is more efficient as it will save lots
of time and energy.
This system is designed through observation that show rubbish bin area are always full with the thrash and
most of the time if the trash is not collected, the thrash will be scattered around the bins. This situation
will clearly create poor view to the eye whom seeing it. In addition, if the full rubbish bin is not being
collected, the unpleasant smell might be released, and it will attract unwanted flies and rodents to the
rubbish bin area. According to the study, about 90% municipal solid waste have been exposed and
unorganized waste being throw out in the open place and dumps, that create problem to the public situation
such as health and environment (Sharholy et al., 2008).
Thus, the main objective of this project is to prevent scrap from scattered around rubbish bin due to
uncollected trash. As the servo motor will function to lock the lid when the bin is full, it will prevent the
trash from scattered around the rubbish bin. The second objective of this project is to create a systematic
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waste management system which help cleaning workers works efficiently. The cleaning workers can
monitor the level of trash in the rubbish bin by using the BLYNK application through the smartphones.
So, the monitoring process can be done anywhere without going to the location of the bin.
METHODOLOGY
Figure 1: Block diagram of Waste Management System by IoT
There are four main components in the Waste Management System by IoT as shown in Figure 1. As an
input, the ultrasonic sensor was used to detect the level of the trash inside the rubbish bin. The data will
send to the Arduino as a microcontroller to process based on the condition in the coding that were stored
inside it. The ESP8266 WiFi module are attached with the Arduino to set up the network. It is a self-
contained SOC with integrated TCP/IP protocol stack that can give any microcontroller access to your
WiFi network. Lastly, the condition of the rubbish bin can be monitored by using the Blynk apps.
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
The flow of this project is, when the trash is thrown into the bin, the ultrasonic sensor will scan the level
of trash in the bin according to the depth that has been set which are LOW, MEDIUM and HIGH. When
the bin is full, the ultrasonic sensor will send the info and the servo motor will lock the lid to prevent more
trash being thrown into the rubbish bin. At the same time, notification will be sent to the cleaning workers
stated that the bin is full, and they can clean up the bin. This will save time and energy as the cleaning
workers can just monitor the bin without going to the bin area. The problem like scrap scattered around
the bin and unpleasant smell also can be overcome with this project.
Table 1: The Level of Trash in the Rubbish Bin
Condition/Height(cm) Servo Motor LED Scrap
Empty (43cm – 40cm) Unlock Green
Any scrap
(plastic, bottle,
paper)
Medium (29cm -22cm) Unlock Yellow
Full (20cm – 16c) Lock Red
Table 1 showed the level of trash in the bin that indicate whether the lid being lock or unlock. As being
stated in the table, the LED indicator and LED display will show the different colour according to the level
of the trash as shown in Fıgure 2.
Input
(Ultrasonic
sensor)
Microcontroller
(Arduino) Network
(IoT)
Output
(Update in
the Blynk
App)
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Figure 2: The LED Indicator and LCD Display show the Different Level of Trash
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS In a nutshell, the waste management system by IoT is the best system to be used to help cleaning workers
collect the trash when the rubbish bin is full. The BYLNK application also will help the monitoring process
as it can be installed in the smartphones. So, the cleaning workers can easily monitor the level of trash in
the bin anytime and anywhere. In a long run, this system will help to improve cleanliness at the rubbish
bin area and promote the positive image to the surrounding. On the other hand, the improvement or
recommendation can be added to this project in future like this system can be place a GPS Module so it
can give location which bin is full and it will save more time to search and clean it up. Second
recommendation is to place power supply to enhance its lifetime to operate and the third recommendation
is to insert push notification in the prototype.
REFERENCES Zanella, A., Bui, N., Castellani, A., Vangelista, L., & Zorzi, M. “ Internet of things for smart cities”, 2 IEEE Internet
of Things journal, 1(1) (2014): 22-32.
Sharholy, M., Ahmad, K., Mahmood, G., & Trivedi, R. C. , “Municipal solid waste management in Indian cities–A
review”. Waste management, 28(2), (2008): 459-467
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VIID2468 - “STeW”
SMART-ASSISTANCE TEACHING
WORKSTATION
Mohamad Ridzuan Mohamed Rashid1, Helmisyah Ahmad Jalaluddin1, Mohamad Zamin Mohamad
Jusoh1, Amiruddin Ab Aziz2, Hanith Iskandar3 1Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Kampus Bukit Besi, Terengganu,
Malaysia 2Faculty of Computer and Mathematical Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Kampus Bukit Besi,
Terengganu, Malaysia 3Academy of Language Studies, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Kampus Bukit Besi, Terengganu, Malaysia
Abstract: Nowadays, Online-Distant-Learning (ODL) had become dominant teaching and learning environments
through the Internet. The advantages are also seen in effectiveness of presenting complex information and processes
like in conventional class instruction especially during lockdown period due to COVID-19 pandemic around the
world. However, as a challenge for academicians who are not used to deal with gadget and softwares for their teaching
like explanations of formulas, manual drawing and demonstration. To get students engagement, the demand of video-
based learning leads to the need of support device as a workstation for development process of video content using
mobile-phone as a main device. Therefore, this project focuses on developing a simple mobile-phone attached
teaching workstation for video development process. The product is designed using CAD modelling software and
developed by bench fitting process for critical parts. After assemblying and testing, the performance is discussed as
an input for improvement to get a better teaching environment. As an expected result, a satisfaction survey from
teachers, students or respondents are collected with this support kit for learning video development in term of ease
of handling, stability of video device, and value-added feature. These findings would be important to teachers as
basic need in ODL capabilities.
Keywords: Online-Distant-Learning, video-based learning, teaching and learning, workstation, video development
process
INTRODUCTION
The year 2020 is impacted with the worldwide COVID-19 pandemic which affected educational systems.
Many consequences such as far-reaching economic and societal problems lead to life-difficulties to all
people around the world. Moreover, education system is disrupted which leading to the near-total closures
of schools, universities, and other education institutions. Responding to the pandemic, school closure has
lighted on various social and economic issues, including student debt, digital learning, food insecurity,
and homelessness, as well as access to childcare, health care, housing, internet, and disability services.
The impact giving a disadvantage situation to children and their families, causing interrupted learning,
childcare problems, and consequent economic cost to families who could not work [1, 2, 3, 4].
The Malaysia’s Ministry of Education have ordered to all education institution for closure especially the
red zone during the early pandemic in Malaysia [5]. As a substitute to keep continuing education system,
digital learning or online learning from home is encouraged by the Malaysian government. Many
institutions have taken initiative to carry out Open-Distance Learning (ODL) like in the Universiti
Teknologi MARA (UiTM). However, based on statistics and feedbacks by institutions, the process in
delivering teaching is a quite challenging due to lack of proper facilities at home especially on how to
show live teaching materials and conducting lecture at the same time through smartphone. Teacher or
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lecturers and even students may face these circumstances in the whole semester without having
uncomfortable teaching and learning environment.
There are so many established tools to help teaching and learning become more efficient and user friendly,
but most of them are computer-based software. However, as a challenge for academicians who are not
used to deal with gadgets and software as shown in Figure 1 for their teaching like explanations of
formulas, manual drawing, and demonstration on desk. To get students engagement, the demand of video-
based learning leads to the need of support device as a workstation for development process of video
content using mobile-phone as a main device. Therefore, this project focuses on developing a simple
mobile-phone attached teaching workstation for video development process. The product is designed using
CAD modelling software and developed by bench fitting process for critical parts.
Figure 1 Difficulty in Delivering Live Demonstration on Desk
METHODOLOGY
In this section, all of the process and techniques involved for this project are clearly described and
discussed in figure 2 below to achieve the objectives of the project.
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Figure 2. Flowchart of Project Activities
This project was started with defining the problem of statement, this problem was raised up based on the
crisis of pandemic covid-19 and transformation of learning activities from face to face to open distance
learning ordered by university to all lecturers. Then pertinent information was obtained related to the
requirement of this project. From the information, the ideas of the projects were generated. The idea of the
project are focuses on developing a simple teaching workstation which can attach a mobile phone or smart
phone for video development process. Using Computer Aided Drawing (CAD) software as shown in
Figure 3, the product is modelled and developed by bench fitting process for physical critical parts. After
assembly process and testing, the performance is discussed as an input for improvement to get a better
teaching environment.
As an expected result, a satisfaction survey from teachers, students or respondents are collected with this
support kit for learning video development in term of ease of handling, stability of video device, and value-
added feature. These findings would be important to teachers as basic need in ODL capabilities.
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Figure 3. CAD Modelling of STeW
The components of the workstation include PVC pipes as the main base or frame with clips, a device pole,
four plastic boards as side bases which act as light collector, smart phone holder, and a desk lamp as a
backlight to provide clear view of teaching materials as shown in Figure 4.
Figure 4. Components of STeW
FINDINGS
This innovation will give benefit to students and especially academicians. It helps lecturer to deliver
teaching and help learning to become more efficient as shown in Figure 4. By attaching smart phone on
the holder which can be adjusted its position, it may help to shoot or record materials on a desk. Moreover,
having light at the back of smart phone as a backlight may improve lighting on materials to keep clear
view by students. The board panels accumulate light from the desk lamp, so that it may provide clear
vision to the materials on the desk. These components may cost less than RM10.00 as a net price.
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Figure 5 Effectiveness Creates Happiness
Currently, there are about seven lecturers who are using this workstation and give good feedback as they
praised for extraordinary performance of the tool.
Analysis of product satisfaction
Figure 6 Analysis of Satisfaction
From the figure above, 25 out of 60 respondents or 41.67% are satisfied with our product and only 8.33%
are very satisfied. None of the respondents were not satisfied because of the product is very helpful
especially when during they conduct the ODL class.
CONCLUSIONS
As a conclusion, the simple teaching workstation is a very effective aid tools to in order to help
academician in delivering live demonstration on desk with a minimum cost.
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REFERENCES
[1] Aristovnik A, Keržič D, Ravšelj D, Tomaževič N, Umek L., 2020, "Impacts of the COVID-19 Pandemic on
Life of Higher Education Students: A Global Perspective". Sustainability. 12 (20): 8438.
doi:10.3390/su12208438.
[2] Lindzon J., 2020. "School closures are starting, and they'll have far-reaching economic impacts". Fast
Company. [20/10/2020].
[3] Bao, Xue; Qu, Hang; Zhang, Ruixiong; Hogan, Tiffany P., 2020, "Modeling Reading Ability Gain in
Kindergarten Children during COVID-19 School Closures". Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 17: 17.
doi:10.3390/ijerph17176371.
[4] UNESCO, 2020, "Adverse consequences of school closures" [21/10/2020].
[5] MOE: Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia, https://www.moe.gov.my/en/muat-turun/lain-lain/covid-19
[27/10/2020].
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VIID2469 - ARiSE Archers SCoRE
Muhammad Rahmat Yahaya1, Nur Syuhada Muhammad2, Aemillyawaty Abas3, Nur Umaira Darina
Muhammad Rahmat4 and Allysa A’isyah Nor Azlan5 1CTRM Aero Composite Sdn Bhd, 75350 Melaka, Malaysia
2&3Faculty of Business & Management, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Kampus Bandaraya Melaka, 75300,
Melaka, Malaysia 4Sekolah Kebangsaan (P) Durian Daun, 76100, Melaka, Malaysia
5Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan Agama Sharifah Rodziah, 75460, Melaka, Malaysia.
Abstract: In traditional archery tournament, it is known that there are many different types of categories, levels,
numbers of arrows, number of rounds and not to forget different demographic of players involved. Due to these
variations, organisers and juries need to place cautions in dealing with scoring system. Currently most of the
traditional archery tournaments in Malaysia, both at professional and amateur levels, still using manually scoring
systems. One of main reasons for not using full automation or digital scoring system is due to expensive software in
the market. As for some free applications featured only basic element which requires many adjustments that can be
very challenging for those who are not technical savvy. This led to the easier traditional practice which is manual
scoring system. Many parties do not realise that score sheet is an official documentation and statement that
symbolised the game and serves as the basic governing body that affect players. However, manual score sheet is
bound to have errors that is unavoidable. This is where ARiSE Archers SCoRE comes in as it was created to minimise
the problem in local archery scoring system tournament. It is a digitise tool where the score data is converted into a
format that processed by word processor; namely MS Excel. ARiSE Archers SCoRE is one of the examples of
digitisation from manual paper scoring to an Excel spreadsheet scoring that assist the organisers to track the scoring
with minimal conversion error. Apart from ensuring minimal conversion error, ARiSE Archers SCoRE also aim for
score consistency, easy score conversion entry and minimal in cost for calculation tool in archery competitions. Score
administrators will key in the points for each arrow, that will be automatically summed for every Ends and will also
be automatically summed for each Rounds. The template is auto calculated and auto link to the main sheet. At the
end of the tournaments, score administrators will just have to print out the final results from the main sheet and the
archers can be ranked accurately. ARiSE Archers SCoRE currently have been tested in several tournaments at district
and state archery tournaments since early 2019 which include Perujian Memanah Liga Melaka II and III tournaments.
This template had proven to be useful where it assisted organisers to acquire quick, accurate and consistency results
as well as low in cost. In the past, manual scoring system had received high numbers of complaints and long disputes
between players, juries and score administrators regarding scores accuracy. Since ARiSE Archers SCoRE being
implemented, the disputes can be settled easily.
Keywords: digitise score sheet, archery, computer-based score sheet, MS Excel, scoring system
INTRODUCTION Meriam Webster defined archery as the art, practice or skill of shooting with bow and arrow, which it was
used as bodily weapon for combat and food hunting in the past. In Islam, archery is one of the main three
physical activity that was encouraged and sunnah by Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) is archery. This sport
requires players to be consistent and ready emotionally, physically and ability to pay attention. Archery
player is taught to be able to focus internal coordination while having to engage in repetition action in
achieving consistent results and actions. Being accurate among players is crucial and at the same time
having accurate and consistent scoring system during a match is equally important.
Score sheet in sport discipline is a quantification measurement in relation to opponent performance. It is
an important documentation and an official representation of the event that governs how the policies and
regulation of a game (Ishee and Larry, 1992). Currently, in Malaysia many archery competition organisers
153
opted for manual scoring system that rely heavily on manual calculating procedures. The main factor for
using manual traditional scoring system is due to expensive digital or computerised scoring software.
While to provide benefit of cost cutting, this method had proven to have many drawbacks, include
inaccuracy of data entry and final results, inconsistency of points processing and calculating and
inflexibility mobility among the persons in-charge. In the past, due to some of these drawbacks, long
dispute and many complaints are expected to occur (Jacobs and Park, 2017). There are many automation,
digital or computer-based scoring software and application available in the market to assist in overcoming
this problem. However, one major cons of market available scoring software is the expensive price. This
is where MS Excel software comes handy for such limitation with minimal cost and complicated
processing.
In Archery, even the smallest error can result in elimination (Taha, ArifMat-Jizat, Syed Omar &
Suwarganda (2016). Having a complete scoring system is significant for the entire tournament process.
Thus, developing a computer-based using MS Excel software that cater for Malaysia archery competition
is significant. To this date, no single MS Excel scoring system in Malaysia that is readily available offered
at minimal cost and with minimal amendment needed.
ARiSE Archers SCoRE is developed by the creators who saw lack of efficient scoring system that led to
long dispute and recalculating to achieve accurate results. It is created using MS Excel which consisted of
specific seven different scoring categories that cater different types, level and background of players in
archery tournament. It requires minor adjustment such as name of player, details of associations of players
and types of categories each player involved in. Organizers can also adjust the number of columns and
rows of the Ends, Arrows and Rounds according to the competition terms.
This scoring system begins with the printed standardized hardcopy scoresheet being distributed to the
score keeper. Score keeper will record score for each arrow manually and at the end of the competition,
score keepers will pass the hardcopy sheet scores to the administrators. Administrators will key in the
scores in every “END” Sheet. It then will automatically sum and link to every Ends and every Rounds and
finally will automatically generate the final results in the “OVERALL” sheet. Organizers can straight away
announce the result to the players.
Hence, ARiSE Archers SCoRE is proven to minimize disputes among the players and the juries due to the
zero error in scores calculation. Besides that, this template is also free of charge to be used by competition
organizers. Therefore, it will not only save time to solve the disputes, very accurate scores but also very
much less costly to the organizers.
METHODOLOGY The process of developing ARiSE Archers SCoRE began with the past experiences of the creators where
organisers adopted manual calculation score system. Since the creators of ARiSE Archers SCoRE
involved directly with many archery tournaments, the simplest, easiest and cheaper automation tool to use
is through MS Excel software. It is a widely used software in many computation users in Malaysia.
FINDINGS
In the past, with manual scoring system, the archery organisers relied heavily on paper and manual
calculation process. This had led to long disputes and high number of complaints. ARiSE Archers SCoRE
was tested and implemented in 2019 to test the effectiveness of the scoring system. It included district and
state tournaments including Perujian Memanah Liga Melaka II and III tournaments. The process of
finalising results was very consistent and accurate. No dispute and complaint arise at the end of the
competitions. Physical evidences and accurate calculation were able to be presented to all parties involved
including the players and coaches. ARiSE Archers SCoRE also had so far assisted a few small archery
competition organisers to conduct accurate results. Barnett and Clarke (2002) found such software and
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modelling had been a useful tool in investigating sport scoring sytem. Thus, using software like MS Excel
helps persons in-charge during score calculation process faced very little problem especially in handling
the score entry and formatting. This is since it is designed to have very minimal amendment as.
Interestingly, this automation score system also incurred very little to zero cost to be implemented.
Currently, creators of ARiSE Archers SCoRE are doing a community service by allowing organisers to
use it with no cost.
CONCLUSIONS MS Excel-based score sheet in many games including in archery competition can be considered as a
common practice. However, in Malaysia, there is yet to have one most intensive MS Excel archery score
sheet as ARiSE Archers SCoRE. In addition to its zero-to-minimal cost to be used, ARiSE Archers SCoRE
had assisted archery tournament organisers to produce consistent, accurate and little to zero dispute final
results. Using a widely used software like MS Excel, ARiSE Archers SCoRE can be potential be
commercialized caters to Malaysia and Asian archery competitions that can be considered as almost
intensive and detailed archery score sheet. ARiSE Archers SCoRE also potentially transforms and migrate
to fully digital such as into mobile application that allow for multiple users score entry with total zero
paper usage.
REFERENCES
“Archery.” Merriam-Webster. Merriam-Webster. Accessed October 27, 2020. https://www.merriam-
webster.com/dictionary/archery.
Barnett, Tristan J., and Stephen R. Clarke. "Using Microsoft Excel to model a tennis match." In 6th Conference on
Mathematics and Computers in Sport, pp. 63-68. Queensland, Australia: Bond University, 2002.
Ishee, Jimmy H., and Larry W. Titlow. “Validation of Criterion-Referenced Archery Cutting Scores.” Perceptual and
Motor Skills 76, no. 2 (April 1993): 643–46. https://doi.org/10.2466/pms.1993.76.2.643.
Jacobs, Derek B, and James L Park. “Winning the Team Event at Major International Archery Competitions.”
Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part P: Journal of Sports Engineering and Technology 231,
no. 4 (December 2017): 355–61. https://doi.org/10.1177/1754337117719777.
Tahaa, Zahari, Jessnor Arif MatYJizatbk, Syed Faris Syed Omarc, and Edin Suwargandad. "Correlation Between
ArcherГs Hands Movement While Shooting and Its Score." Procedia engineering 147 (2016): 145-150.
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VIID2472 - STUDENTS’ ATTENDANCE
NOTIFICATION ALERT
Amirah Hazwani Abdul Rahim1, Siti Fairus Mokhtar2 , Norin Rahayu Shamsudin3, Noor Hafizah Zainal
Aznam4, Asmahani Nayan5 , Razanawati Nordin6 1,2,3,4,5Faculty of Computer and Mathematical Sciences,
6Academy of Language Studies
1,2,3,4,5,6Universiti Teknologi Mara Kedah Branch,
Malaysia
Abstract: Recording class attendance is an essential task in the educational system. By recording class attendance,
educators can monitor the presence of the students. The traditional class attendance method is recorded by the
educator, and later the educator needs to calculate the percentage of student absenteeism manually. Hence, this
manual computation is inefficient as it can cause errors in calculating and wastes a lot of time. The purpose of this
research is to create a students’ attendance notification alert. The alert attendance system could help the educators
and the students to monitor their class attendance efficiently. Later, it can generate the percentage of absenteeism
automatically and give reminders to the students especially those with poor attendance to stay alert. Without the
email alert, students will receive a warning which later will finally penalize them from sitting their final exam. Other
than that, the students with excellence attendance, they too will receive the notification as positive reinforcement. By
monitoring class attendance, and making sure students take responsibility to attend class regularly, the educators can
improve students’ participation and engagement in all courses.
Keywords: attendance monitoring system, notification alert system, student’s absenteeism rate,
INTRODUCTION
Absenteeism is a habit of staying away from attending class without providing a genuine excuse. This
behaviour negatively has a great impact on student’s performance in any higher institutions. Furthermore,
excessive absenteeism raises the risk of a student ultimately dropping out of education [1]. According to
Schoeneberger’s [2] “Longitudinal Attendance Pattern” study, this risk can lead to long term consequences
for these students, such as lower average incomes, higher incidences of unemployment and a higher
likelihood of incarceration. Therefore, an efficient and transparent system is necessary. Since, recording
attendance is a high priority as it is a part of UiTM’s grade calculation. A proper attendance system brings
success for not only the students but also the educational institute.
In 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic has hit the world; and force most higher institutions to carry out online,
and distance learning. Therefore, it is no longer possible to conduct reported manual attendance. It seems
that Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) or face detection system is too difficult to do for a short period.
UiTM has now stressed the use of UFUTURE system to monitor the students’ attendance. Microsoft Form
or Google Form were used by some lecturers to create their own attendance lists. All these attendance
approaches can be incorporated into Microsoft Teams which has been used as a one-stop centre for all
instructional resources, evaluation and students’ participations which make it easier to do the tracking in
lecture and tutorial sessions. The key highlight of this attendance method is to raise awareness of the
absenteeism percentage among lecturers. The approach used does not provide the rate of absenteeism to
ease student tracking, so it is challenging to identify the long-term absences.
Improper control of students’ attendance often raises a concern with the quality of education. Denis et. al
[3] mentioned that poor attendance affects the quality of education and deter the students’ academic
156
performance. It is not about the percentage of absenteeism alone, but the alert of the truant students’ data
assists lecturers to advise and consult the students if necessary. Managing attendance with a cloud-based,
digital system not only storing data more efficiently and systematically, but it is also real-time attendance
tracking which will automatically notify both lecturer and student [4]. Notification is a thoughtful reminder
to keep the students updated via email of their attendance details [5]. This is the way to keep the tardy and
truant students updated as quickly as possible, so the given notification may motivate the students to attend
classes regularly.
METHODOLOGY Students’ Attendance Notification Alert is a system created to notify students about their absenteeism rate.
This system is developed by using Google Sheets. The function of alert system is developed directly on
Google Sheet without need to transfer to Excel application to ease the lecturer’s work. Students with
absenteeism rate more than or equal to 10 percent is being notified through their email. The process on
how the system was developed is shown in Figure 1.
Figure 1. Flowchart of Students’ Attendance Notification Alert
Figure 2. Screenshot on the process of absenteeism rate function.
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FINDINGS
This innovation will give benefits to educators and students. It helps the educators to monitor students’
attendance. The educator will get the report on the percentage of student attendance, so it will save time
and effort. The student also will get the email notification if the percentage of absenteeism is more than
ten percent as in Figure 3.
CONCLUSION
In this paper, we have discussed the system called Students’ Attendance Notification Alert. The objectives
are to give a reminder to students on absenteeism rate using email notification to students in UiTM, to help
educators in monitoring students’ absenteeism and to improve the absenteeism record management. The
idea of developing this system is consistent with the design of the email notification system as a reminder
that is currently used in different fields.
Figure 3. Tracking record for and email notification received by student.
This system is developed using Google sheet. By using this system, the educators can carry out the task of
monitoring the attendance of students and measuring the absenteeism percentages of students efficiently.
The task is no longer a burden as the task has become an automated system. Through this automated
method, the university is moving towards becoming an efficient institute. A considerable time and money
can also be saved, such as the time required to fill out forms, calculate manually the percentage of students’
absenteeism and manually issue notification letters to guardians can be greatly reduced. Besides, it is also
possible to reduce message interception, human resources and human errors. It also has the potential to be
commercialized for other national colleges and learning institutions.
REFERENCES [1] Gottfried, M. A. (2009). Excused versus unexcused: How student absences in elementary school affect academic
achievement. Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 31(4), 392-415.
[2] Schoeneberger, J. A. (2012). Longitudinal attendance patterns: Developing high school dropouts. The clearing
house: a journal of educational strategies, issues and ideas, 85(1), 7-14.
[3] Denis, S., Frederick, S., & Frances, N. (2020). Investigating the relationship between school attendance and
academic performance in universal primary education. African Educational Research Journal, 8(2). 152-160.
[4]Vijayalakshmi, V. J. (2020, March). Centralized Attendance Monitoring System. In 2020 6th International
Conference on Advanced Computing and Communication Systems (ICACCS) (pp. 1288-1291). IEEE.
[5] Niharika, M., & Sree, B. K. (2019, December). IoT Based Attendance Management System Using Google
Assistant. In International conference on Computer Networks, Big data and IoT (pp. 21-31). Springer, Cham.
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VIID2477 - SNAP IT-IT!: AUGMENTED
LETTER CARDS TO IMPROVE
LETTERS RECOGNITION SKILLS
Khairul Lutfi Bin Abd Latip1, Atika Eli2 and Melor Md Yunus3
Faculty of Education, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi Campus, 43600 Bangi
Selangor, Malaysia [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]
Abstract: SNAP-IT! is an innovative tool comprised of custom-made letter cards and videos which utilise the features
of an augmented reality application, CXOCARD, which is originally made as a business card scanner. It is a tool
which provides pupils with attractive letter cards and suitable in terms of its size and scale with the young learners.
It is interactive towards the pupils in which they are able to scan the letter cards to watch custom-made videos on the
letters which comprised of the letters’ name, sounds and examples with pictures. It is proven to be effective in
developing letters recognition skills among the Year 1 ESL learners, nurturing active and independent learning
among them. An action research utilising the pre and post-test instrument, observation checklist and semi-structured
interview involving five Year 1 pupils in one of the national type urban school in Limbang, Sarawak has been carried
out to investigate the effectiveness of SNAP-IT!. The findings showed that the result shown that the pupils have
improved in their ability to recognize letters and sounds of the letters of the alphabet. The improvements can be seen
in terms of the increase of marks between the pre-test and post- test. The findings also proved that the SNAP-IT! was
able to provide active and independent learning among the Year 1 pupils.
Keywords: SNAP-IT!, augmented reality, CXOCARD, letters recognition skills, associating letters sound
INTRODUCTION Early reading literacy is crucial in order for the pupils to progress to the next stage of learning. There are
6 know early literacy skills needed for both reading and writing which include awareness of sounds in
language and relationship of letters and sounds (Hasfiyah et al. 2018, 725). In this paper, the researcher
highlighted problems faced the Year 1 pupils in terms of letter recognition skills based on the teaching
reflection made. An action research was carried out focusing on improving the ability to recognize letters
and its sounds by using the SNAP-IT! tool.
SNAP-IT is an innovative project which utilized an augmented reality application and custom-made
videos and letter cards to teach English letters and phonics. Augmented reality is a system that brings virtual
information or object to any indirect view of user’s real-world environment (Kesim & Ozarslan 2012, 298).
It allows the users to view things in real environment that impossible for other to see the real world as an
imagery attached to real location and objects. Moreover, AR technology could provide educators with
high pupils’ understanding by augmenting physical elements with virtual annotations and illustrations
(Izwan et al. 2017, 6). Hence, the researcher came up with ideas to innovate an augmented reality
application which was originally made to scan business cards, the CXOCARD. Custom-made letter cards
have been made by
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the researcher to be used with the CXOCARD application. Videos on English letters, sounds and
phonics as well as example with pictures are the elements that can be found in the custom-made videos.
Hence, users or pupils can scan the SNAP-IT! cards by using the CXOCARD application and watch it
for learning.
METHODOLOGY A. Purpose
The purpose of this action research is to investigate the SNAP-IT! intervention in improving the letters
recognition skill. Based on the teaching reflection of the researcher, the participants faced problems
in recognizing letters and associating its sounds. From these problems rise the following questions:
1. How does SNAP-IT! can improve the pupils’ letter recognition skills?
B. Research Design
This action research adopts the Kemis and McTaggart (1988) cyclic process of research. Data were
collected with the use of pre-test and post-test, observation checklist and semi-structured interview.
The tests were design by adapting the LINUS 2.0 reading instruments focusing on learning standards
outlined in the Curriculum Standard Document for Year 1 which are learning standard 3.1.1 to identify
and recognize the shapes of the letters in the alphabet and 3.1.2 recognize and sound out with support
beginning, medial and final sounds in a word. The pre-test was administered during the first cycle of
intervention, whereas the post-test was administered during the second cycle.
C. Sampling
In this action research, five pupils were chosen from the Year 1 pupils as they complement the
characteristics of and emergent learner. The characteristics include low level of letter recognition skill
and multiracial. The low letter recognition skill is defined as those who scored below than 2 marks in
the diagnostic test given by the school which was adapted based on the LINUS 2.0 instrument.
D. Procedure
Users or pupils need to scan the SNAP-IT! letter cards by using the CXOCARD application, hence,
videos on the letters will appear in an augmented reality form. Worksheets is given by the teacher in
hardcopy in order to enrich the pupils with the letters learnt from the videos.
FINDINGS A. Pre-test and Post-test
The marks collected in the pre-test and post-test were analyzed by using Statistical Package of Social
Sciences (SPSS).
Table 1: Data Analysis
Pupils Pre-test score Post-test score
P1 30 80
P2 25 70
P3 20 65
P4 20 70
P5 25 65
Mean (M) 24.00 70.00
Standard Deviation (SD) 4.183 6.124
Using SPSS, the following results of this analysis; pre-test, N=5, M=24.00, SD=4.183 and post-test,
N=5, M=70.00, SD=6.124. The results show that the pupils scored higher during the post-test which
indicates that they have improved in letter recognition skills.
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B. Observation
Based on the observation, it can be seen that the respondents were actively engaged during the
intervention. The sense of touch, sight and hearing as well as motor skills involved in the use of
SNAP-IT! were able to increase the pupils’ attention span. They learnt and followed the videos on
letters as they scan the letter cards via CXOCARD. In the second cycle, it can be seen that the
respondents were able to carry out their learning independently in which freedom was given to the
pupils to scan any letter cards provided by the teachers and learnt through it.
C. Interview Analysis
Interview has been carried out among the respondents after the second cycle was carried out. The
respondents have given positive response about the usage of SNAP-IT in improving their letters
recognition skills and nurturing fun learning. Listed below are the responses of two respondents that
indicate that the SNAP-IT helps them to learn effectively.
“Yes, I can learn on my own.”/ “Best”
P1. Interview (Cycle 2)
“Yes, SNAP-IT because it is fun.”/ “The video is like magic.”
P2. Interview (Cycle 2)
CONCLUSION SNAP-IT! has indeed improved the ability to recognize and distinguish letter sounds. This will help
them in the next level of reading literacy. The tool has also improved the pupils’ motivation to learn
in a fun learning environment. They were actively participated during the intervention in which they
focused and followed the videos appeared in augmented reality. Moreover, with the features provided
by SNAP-IT, it has nurtured the pupils to learn independently in which with the existence of
technology and innovative aids will provide opportunities for them to learn at their own pace. Hence,
this shows that the use of SNAP- IT associating the AR technology has many benefits towards the
pupils’ development. Augmented reality in education provides benefits in which it increases the
pupils’ attention, motivation, student-centered learning and many more (Diegman et al. 2015).
Additionally, it also benefits the teachers and society in which the children can be independent for
their own learning where only limited guidance can be given.
REFERENCES 1. Hasfiyah Assan, Nurnadirah Khairul Annuar Asya’ri, and Melor Md Yunus, “Phonic Game as an
Approach to Improve Letters Recognition Skills,” International Journal of Scientific and Research
Publication 11, no. 1 (January 2019): 725-730
2. Izwan Nurli mat Bistaman, Syed Zulkarnain Syed Idrus, and Salleh Abd Rashid, “The Use of
Augmented Reality Technology for Primary School Education in Perlis, Malaysia,” Journal of
Physics: Conference Series 1019, (November 2017):1-9
3. Mehmet Kesim, and Yasin Ozarslan, “Augemented Reality in Education: Current Technologies and
the Potential for Education,” Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences 47, (2012): 297-302
4. Phil Diegmann, Manuel Schmidt-Kraepelin, Sven van den Eynden, and Dirk Basten, “Benefits of
Augmented Reality in Educational Environments – A Systematic Literature Review,”
Wirtschaftsinformatik Proceedings, (2015): 103
161
VIID2482 - CoSB Game
(CONSTRUCTION SITE BOARD
GAME)
Roseline anak Ikau1, Hemyza binti Budin2, Ahmad Faiz bin Abdul Rashid3 and Wan Mohd Nurdden bin Wan Muhammad4
1,2,3 Faculty of Architecture, Planning and Surveying, UiTM Sarawak, Malaysia. 4 Faculty of Architecture, Planning and Surveying, UiTM Shah Alam, Malaysia.
([email protected], [email protected], [email protected],
ABSTRACT: The development of the CoSB Game (Construction Site Board Game) is as a platform to offer
the students the overview of the construction industry, basically on the general knowledge of the construction
process. The CoSB Game provide the information on the processes involves in the construction works,
comprising the knowledge from site preparation until the completion of the projects. This interactive game fulfils
the syllabus related to construction courses such as Site Management, Building Contract, Project Management,
and, Pre and Post-Contract Administration Practice. It is well known that students having difficulty with theory
related understanding, especially for the period of long discussions in lectures. As a result, the students will often
fail to remember the information delivered during the lecture. The application of CoSB Game in a classroom
provides a more conducive method for the students to improve their understanding of the construction-related
processes – in a stress-free setting. This board game suitable for a tutorial session with supervision by the
lecturers. Through games, students are more motivated to learn, thus, improve their attention in class. Even
more, this game serves as an indicator for the lecturer to verify the level of understanding of the students on the
construction knowledge.
Keywords: Construction Industry, Construction Process, Tool Indicator, Learning Process
INTRODUCTION The construction process commences after the delivery of information provided by the client’s
consultants. This information is in the form of drawings, specification, and quantities. The
construction process embraces a wide range of activities. These activities include the erection,
renovation, repair and also the construction of building structures (A. Supardi et al.,2020). Also,
include in the construction activities are the production, transportation and distribution of construction
material and equipment (Z. Liang, 2012).
The CoSB Game (Construction Site Board Game) is a learning game that has been developed to
support the teaching and learning process involving the built environment for university students. By
using game-based learning technique, the students will be exposed to the learning process differently
compared to the ordinary discussion session. A learning process that incorporates the elements of
games is a technique used to provide collaborative exposure to the students (Horizon Report, 2017).
This method can help students to understand and subsequently apply the information in a more
conducive way than the typical learning process carried out in the classroom.
Objective of the study The purpose of CoSB-Game (Construction Site Board Game) is designed based on the listed objectives:
1. To make available the knowledge on the construction process as per highlighted in the syllabus.
2. To motivate the students to learn and participate in the discussion.
3. To provide an alternative and fun way for the student to do their revision related to
construction process
162
METHODOLOGY The main question that leads to the development of this board game is:
How can students memorize the processes involved in the construction more easily?
The questions will be prepared according to some topic related to the construction process in syllabus
such as Site Management, Building Contract, Project Management and Pre and Post-Contract
Administration Practice that will be answered by the players in the game.
Figure 1. The Concept of Game Board
The rules of CoSB Game (Construction Site Board Game) as follows :
1. The game involves 2 to 6 players.
2. During the game, the players need to answer several questions about the construction process.
3. The move is based on the number stated on the dice.
4. If the player stops at the box, the player will be sent to the MAINTENANCE and miss one
(1) turn.
5. After one (1) turn, to continue playing, the player can choose either to roll the dice and get 6
or answer a question from the cards.
6. When the player stops at the , the player needs to pick up a card from the cards and answer
a question.
7. The correct answer entitles the player to roll the dice and the player can move according to the
number stated at the dice.
8. If the player fails to provide the correct answer, the player needs to back a few steps according
to the number stated at the dice.
9. The first player that arrives at the FINISH (CCMGD) is the winner of the game.
PROBLEM STATEMENT
Students normally having difficulties in understand theories by reading materials (printed or digital).
This one- way method of learning requires the students to depends on books or reading materials for
the information regarding the subjects. In the built environment courses, the students are required to
have high imagination to better understanding the subjects. Interactive learning is known for better
knowledge transfer while providing an attractive learning experience by allowing the students to
interact, argue, justify and able to compromise the information. Therefore, the incorporation of an
interactive learning method for knowledge enhancement can be beneficial to Built Environment
students.
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NOVELTY
The number of game-based learning materials that can be used in the tertiary education level (focusing
on a certain subject) in Malaysia is limited. The CoSB Game is designed to provide the theoretical
information of the construction process interactively. This game has a higher potential to be used as
an alternative to the typical teaching and learning experience – combining several subjects related to
the built environment in a single platform, connecting the ideas and knowledge between subjects.
COMMERCIALISATION/IP/COPYRIGHT The CoSB Game has strong potential to be widely used by the lecturer as an indicator to verify the
level of understanding of the students on the construction knowledge. It also serves as an alternative
way of knowledge transfer for a tutorial session. This game can be potentially improved from time to
time in line with the current syllabus. The framework has been registered with an IP from MyIPO
(Copyright No: LY2020005352).
FINDINGS Research has shown that applying game-based learning method in the classroom has helped students
to have a better understanding of the subjects (Holmes & Jamie, 2009). To make the learning process
more interesting, the lecturers can incorporate at least one game a day into the key learning methods
– teaching tool, learning tool, assessment strategy or classroom motivator. The integration of games
in the classroom can increase the overall motivation of the students – students are more motivated to
learn, pay attention and participate in the given tasks. Games also provide the students with an
opportunity to become part of a team and take responsibility for their learning. Games can also be a
great classroom management tool and helping to motivate the class.
CONCLUSIONS By applying a variety of strategies in a game, students are capable to use their active memory to resolve
problems and increase their intellectual cognition. The stimulation of the brain due to strategies in a
game can be a comprehensive brain training. The game also will educate the students about goals,
adaptation, rules, interaction and problem-solving in a fun way, creative and full of passion.
REFERENCES
[1] A. Supardi, I.M Kamil, A. A. Hassan, M. Maisham and N. A. Abdullah (2020). Malaysian Construction
Contract for Professional Practice 1st Edition
[2] The Horizon Report (2007). https://library.educause.edu/resources/2017/2/2017-horizon-report
[3] Holmes, Jamie (2011). “US Military is Meeting Recruitment Goals with Video Games – But at What
Cost?” Christian Science Monitor.
[4] Z. Liang (2012). Brief Discussion on Construction Site Progress Control Management. Innovation and
Application of Science and Technology.
164
VIID2485 - UPCYCLING IDEAS:
TURNING PLASTIC TRASH INTO
WOOD PLASTIC COMPOSITES
Noorshashillawati Azura binti Mohammad1, Nurul Husna Mohd Hassan2,
Zaimatul Aqmar Abdullah3, Siti Zalifah binti Mahmud4 1,2,3,4School of Wood Industry, Faculty of Applied Sciences,
UniversitiTeknologi Mara Pahang Branch,
Jengka Campus Malaysia
ABSTRACT: Nowadays solid waste has causing a great issue to global especially plastic waste which has slow
degradation material rate. Plastic waste raises the landfill capacity and causes water pollution. According to
Jabatan Pengurusan Sisa Pepejal Negara (JPSPN), there are 17,000 tonnes of municipal waste produced daily in
Malaysia and 24% of the total waste is plastic waste. According to the National Solid Waste Management
Department, Malaysia (JPSPN) and Malaysian Plastics Manufacturers Association (MPMA), plastic waste can be
divided in to two types namely thermoplastics and thermosets. Thermoplastics are the plastics which can be
recycled and consists of seven types while on the other hand thermosets are plastics which cannot be recycled. In
statistic of JPSPN, Malaysia has 112 landfill facilities however just 6% of them are under environment control.
In year 2001 until 2017, the number of landfills increases into 306. Thus, JPSPN encourages the implementation
of 3R concept which are reduce, reuse, and recycle. Recycling provides opportunities to reduce oil usage, carbon
dioxide emissions and the quantities of waste requiring disposal. Hence, there is need to produce composite
materials from waste material such as recycled plastic and wood waste. Wood plastic composite (WPC) seems
the best option to be alternative or replace the conventional wood materials. WPC has quite similar properties and
characteristics compared to natural wood. These WPC will enhance mechanical strength, dimensional stability,
water resistant, reduce material weight and fuel consumption, lower production cost, and improve
biodegradability. As consumption and production of plastics continue to rise, advances in systems and
technologies are introducing new innovations and creating new opportunities for brands to transform plastics and
waste from trash to resource. In this study plastic waste and wood waste are used as a composite material in
making WPC. The objectives of this research are to study the physical and mechanical properties of WPC produce
from virgin and recycled plastics. In the environment aspect, the addition of plastic waste in WPC will reduce
landfill and pollution. In economy aspect, the reuse of solid waste (plastic and wood waste) as material will save
more money and energy. In summary, recycling is one strategy for end-of-life waste management of plastic
products. It makes increasing sense economically as well as environmentally and recent trends demonstrate a
substantial increase in the rate of recovery and recycling of plastic wastes. Thus, reuse plastic in industry would
be an alternative way to prevent littering of plastic and a substitution of virgin plastic.
Keywords: plastic waste, pollution, recycling, wood plastic composites
INTRODUCTION Plastic waste is littering our oceans and threatening the lives of millions of marine animals. Seals,
whales, dolphins, seabirds, fish, crabs, and many other sea animals are dying and becoming sick because
of this deadly environmental concern [1]. Microplastics are small plastic particles (<1 mm) originating
from the degradation of larger plastic debris. These microplastics have been accumulating in the marine
environment for decades and have been detected throughout the water column and in sublittoral and
beach sediments worldwide. About 80% of micro plastics are from land-based sources like’s bottles
and bags. After ingesting micro plastics, seals, and other animals, may suffer for months or years before
they die [2, 6]. So, plastic recycling is the best solution to solve this problem. Plastic recycling refers
to the process of recovering waste or scrap plastic and reprocessing the materials into functional and
useful products. This activity is known as the plastic recycling process. So, re-use plastic waste for
manufacturing WPC seems like great ways to solve the problem.
165
Wood processing industries primarily include sawmilling, plywood, wood panel, furniture, building
component, flooring, particle board, moulding, jointing and craft industries. Biomass from wood
processing industries is generally concentrated at the processing factories, e.g. plywood mills and
sawmills [5]. The amount of waste generated from wood processing industries varies from one type
industry to another depending on the form of raw material and finished product. The biomass wastes
generated from wood processing industries include sawdust, off-cuts, and bark [4]. Recycling of wood
wastes is not done by all wood industries, particularly small to medium scale wood industries. The off-
cuts and cutting are sold or being used as fuel for wood drying process. Bark and sawdust are usually
burned. Recycling of wood wastes is not done by all wood industries, particularly by smallholders.
These wastes are normally used as fuel for brick making and partly also for cooking. Some of the wastes,
like dry sawdust and chips, are being used as fuel for wood drying process. Bark and waste sawdust are
simply burned or dumped [3]. The abundant of wood-based industry waste such as sawdust usually
finds inadequate final disposal (burning, land filling) The utilization of the plastic and wood waste
reduces the disposal costs, and at the same time reduces the manufacturing cost of WPC.
METHODOLOGY
Wood plastic composite were prepared by using dispersion compounder method. Wood waste (25µm
in sizes) and recycled plastic (polypropylene, polyethlene) were blended using dispersion mixing
process. A typical composition for a melt-blended composite is 40 to 60% by weight. The mixtures
were then placed in a rectangular mold box with and the mats were then compressed on aluminum cauls
in a hot-press at 180ºC using a pressure of 3 MPa for 6 min, then panels were cold pressed to an average
target thickness of 3.2 mm. The edges of the WPC board were trimmed off. The mechanical behavior
of the composites was characterized via tensile, flexural, and internal bonding tests in accordance with
ASTM Standards D 638, D 790, and 1037, respectively.
FINDINGS
This innovation benefited the society, environment, industry, and nation. It helped to recycle plastic
waste and used it instead in high quality product, WPC specifically. The mechanical and physical
properties data obtained from this WPC were used to seek the possibility of the WPC to be used in the
industry.
Table 1: Summary of DMRT analysis on different amount of filler loadings
Different
Loading (%)
BENDING TENSILE
TS
WA
MOE MOR
MOE MOR
40 2888.77b
26.12a 4022.73b
8.47a 2.53a 0.23a
50 2263.28a
29.50a 2793.83a
15.77b 4.08a 0.56a
60 2239.69a
28.32a 2605.32a
13.69b 7.40a 0.94a
70 2349.87a
29.05a 2742.89a
15.59b 8.93a 1.03a
CONCLUSIONS In summary, recycling is one strategy for end-of-life waste management of plastic products. It makes
increasing sense economically as well as environmentally. Hence, this study is carried out to address
the environmental issue by recycling plastic and wood waste and can generate new income to the nation.
166
Thus, reuse plastic in industry would be an alternative way to prevent littering of plastic and a
substitution of expensive virgin plastic. The results of the study conducted to evaluate the possibility of
utilizing recycled plastic in composites manufacturing indicated that wood waste/recycled plastic meets
minimum requirements apart from physical and mechanical properties of panel. On the other hand, this
study could provide a value-added economic incentive to convert a waste material into marketable
composite product.
REFERENCES [1] Adamcová, Dana, Maja Radziemska, Joanna Fronczyk, Jan Zloch, and Magdalena Daria Vaverkova.
"Research of the biodegradability of degradable/biodegradable plastic material in various types of
environments." Przegląd Naukowy. Inżynieria i Kształtowanie Środowiska 26, no. 1 [75] (2017).
[2] Andrady, Anthony L. "Microplastics in the marine environment." Marine pollution bulletin 62, no. 8
(2011): 1596-1605.
[3] Greinert, Andrzej, Maria Mrówczyńska, and Wojciech Szefner. "The use of waste biomass from the
wood industry and municipal sources for energy production." Sustainability 11, no. 11 (2019): 3083.
[4] Koh, M. P., and W. K. Hoi. "Sustainable biomass production for energy in Malaysia." Biomass and
Bioenergy 25, no. 5 (2003): 517-529.
[5] Mekhilef, S., Saidur, R., Safari, A. and Mustaffa, W.E.S.B., 2011. Biomass energy in Malaysia: current
state and prospects. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 15(7), pp.3360-3370.
[6] Van Cauwenberghe, Lisbeth, Ann Vanreusel, Jan Mees, and Colin R. Janssen. "Microplastic pollution
in deep-sea sediments." Environmental pollution 182 (2013): 495-499.
167
VIID2486 - KLAPPER CHEESELIKE
SPREAD
Sara Nabila Ismail1, Muhammad Safuan Abdul Latip2, Ameleya Muhammad Ghazali3, Mohd Azuan
Mohd Alias 4, Mohamad Amiruddin Mohamad5 1 Faculty of Hotel and Tourism Management,
University Teknologi MARA Cawangan Terengganu,
Kampus Dungun, Sura Hujung, 23000 Dungun, Terengganu, Malaysia
Abstract: The high demand for cheese has been one of the most significant factors influencing the dairy industries.
Indeed, the demand for the cheese from large scale industrial and home-used has led to massive commercial
production of traditional cheese. As a result, conventional dairy farming continuously increases globally, which
cause abusing and exploitation of animal by the animal breeding industry. Moreover, most of the cheese products
for local consumption are imported, so the price of the cheese product in the Malaysia market is high. Therefore,
the Klapper Cheeslike Spread is introduced. The product is made from a few main ingredients, namely coconut
milk, nutritional yeast, tapioca starch, seaweed gelatine, garlic powder, and salt. The methodology employed in
this project is mainly producing and assessing the life span, storage temperature, colour changes, the melting and
solid point of the Klapper Cheeselike Spread. The test from 30 respondents revealed that most of the respondents
accepted the appearance, aroma, taste, texture, and consistency of the Klapper Cheeselike Spread as similar to the
animal milk cheese spread in the market. Furthermore, the hedonic scale result has shown that the respondents
felt that they liked and welcomed Klapper Cheeselike Spread. Therefore, it can be suggested that coconut milk
can be used as an alternative in cheese making, provided with acceptable sensorial qualities. Moreover, the product
is an excellent choice to protect the environment, reduce the wastewater, and ensure food sustainability
consumption, with a very competitive price to be offered for the market.
Keywords: Klapper cheeselike spread, coconut milk, food innovation, sensorial qualities, hedonic scale
INTRODUCTION The cheese was introduced from a long time ago and originated from animal milk with long shelf life
characteristics (Elek 2014). Cheese contains a high amount of protein and other nutrients for human
(Bachmann 2001). It is considered a good source of energy for the body. However, animal milk such
as cow and buffalo are widely used as the main ingredient for making delighted cheese, without taking
the consideration of the sustainability and adverse effects from commercial animal agriculture towards
the environment. Thus, the dependency on imported cheese products leads to such high prices in the
local market to fulfil the demand (Ocansey 2010). Therefore, the objective of this innovation is to create
an alternative cheese made from a plant-based ingredient that has the same taste with existence cheese
spread in the market.
The Klapper Cheeselike Spread is an excellent product with plenty on novelties. The coconut milk is
used compared to cow or buffalo milk for regular cheese spread. Besides, as most of the cheese products
available in the local market are imported, thus the price is relatively high due to the tax imposed and
other costs. However, by using coconut milk, the raw material price can be lowered as the resources are
abundant locally. Moreover, the Klapper Cheeselike Spread is an effective substitute for regular cheese
spread to reduce the abusing and exploitation of animals by the breeding industry as well as the
environment. The livestock industry emits almost 64% of total ammonia emissions, contributing
significantly to acid rain and acidification of the ecosystem. Besides, the production cost of preparing
the Klapper Cheeselike Spread is low as the cooking time is shorter than regular cheese and required
less energy usage. Indeed, the product is suitable for vegetarians. As the eco-consumerism are arising,
and consumer is concern about environment sustainability (Latip, Newaz, Noh, et al. 2020; Latip,
Newaz, Ramasamy, et al. 2020); thus, the Klapper Cheeselike spread have an excellent potential in the
market.
168
METHODOLOGY The innovation of the product was carried out on the development, nutritional evaluation, and
consumers’ acceptability assessment of the Klapper Cheeselike Spread, which is mainly made from
coconut milk. The methodology used in Klapper Cheeselike Spread project was an experiment and
consumers’ acceptability of the product.
The development and nutritional evaluation of Klapper Cheeselike Spread
Two tests are being conducted, which are cheeselike from milk (control) and cheeselike from coconut
milk was prepared in the Food Laboratory of the Faculty of Hotel and Tourism Management, Universiti
Teknologi MARA Kampus Puncak Alam. The Klapper Cheeselike Spread was prepared using a
standardized recipe with the supplementation of milk and coconut milk at different levels. For each
recipe, one control and experimental sample, which is cheeselike from coconut milk, were prepared.
Consumers’ acceptability of Klapper Cheeselike Spread
The sensory evaluation was conducted to examine the consumers’ acceptability of the Klapper
Cheeselike Spread. It is a scientific experiment that involves the humans’ smell, sight, taste and touch
(Wadhwani and McMahon 2012). The sensory evaluation was used through the descriptive test,
comparison test between the original cheese and cheeselike from coconut milk and also the consumers’
preferences and perception of the cheeselike (Sharif et al. 2017). The hedonic scale was also used for
the respondents to rate the Klapper Cheeselike Spread on the scale based on their response.
FINDINGS
Based on the results, there were no changes in the lifespan of the cheeselike spread from 0th day, 3rd day
and 6th day. The Klapper Cheeselike Spread was not affected by the other microorganisms like moulds
or bacteria that can spoil them (Felfoul, Attia, and Bornaz 2017). Meanwhile, for the colour, the CIE
L*a*b* Coordinates was used. The lightness value (L* value) from sample 1 to sample 3 is between
91.30 to 93.93. The L* between 91.30 until 93.93 indicates the Klapper Cheeselike Spread colour is
more to neutral and whiter than the regular cheese. Meanwhile, the red/green coordinate (a* value) from
sample 1 to sample 3 scored between 1.02 to 2.15. The a* value shows that the Klapper Cheeselike
Spread colour has lacked a red colour than regular cheese.
Besides, the Klapper Cheeselike Spread has a good melting ability because of the existence of tapioca
starch. Similarly, the tapioca starch was suggested by previous studies as an excellent ingredient to give
almost similar characteristics of cheese (Sipahioglu and Alvarez 2000; Oberg et al. 2015; Klemaszewski
et al. 2016; Diamantino et al. 2019; Fu and Nakamura 2017). Meanwhile, for the consumers’
acceptability, the paired compared test was used. Most of the respondents accept the appearance, aroma,
taste, texture and consistency of the Klapper Cheeselike Spread as similar to cheese from milk. For the
evaluation of consumers’ preferences and perceptions, the hedonic scale was used.
Most of the respondents were amazed by the Klapper Cheeselike Spread, which accumulated to 46.7
per cent (n=14). The second highest that the respondents were neither like nor dislike in which
accumulated to 23.3 per cent (n=7). However, some respondents likely dislike in which accumulated
16.6 per cent (n=5). Some respondents were moderately like in which accumulated to 10 per cent (n=3).
Lastly, there was only one respondent whom moderately dislike in which accumulated to 3.3 per cent.
Meanwhile, 95 per cent of the respondent during Young Innovator Exhibition 2019 live food tester
accept the appearance, aroma, taste, texture and consistency of the Klapper Cheeselike Spread as similar
to cheese from milk. Indeed, the respondents are excited and love the product.
CONCLUSIONS Klapper Cheeselike Spread is an excellent way of utilizing coconut milk in Malaysia as coconut
resources are abundant. The quality of local coconut is better than imported coconut as they are fresh,
and the coconut milk is creamy and has more fragrant. The respondents who tasted the Klapper
Cheeselike Spread have also accepted the appearance, taste, consistency, texture and even the aroma.
The product itself able to reduce the adverse effects cause by regular cheese making and ensure
169
sustainable food consumption in the market. However, there is some limitation of the study existed.
The research required a longer time to test the expired period of the product and the phase of product
deterioration. Besides, a different method of packaging should be tested to preserve the quality of the
product. Lastly, Klapper Cheeselike spread is an excellent substitute product to fulfil the demand from
special diet consumer, including vegetarian and lactose intolerance. Besides, the production cost and
production time of the product is lower compared to the regular product that potentially leads to a much
lower selling price in the market.
REFERENCES
Bachmann, Hans-Peter. 2001. “Cheese Analogues: A Review.” International Dairy Journal 11 (July): 505–15.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0958-6946(01)00073-5.
Diamantino, Vivian R., Mariana S. Costa, Sebastião R. Taboga, Patrícia S.L. Vilamaior, Célia M.L. Franco, and
Ana Lúcia B. Penna. 2019. “Starch as a Potential Fat Replacer for Application in Cheese: Behaviour of
Different Starches in Casein/Starch Mixtures and in the Casein Matrix.” International Dairy Journal 89:
129–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.idairyj.2018.08.015.
Elek, Szabolcs. 2014. “Evaluating the Benefits and Risks of Organic Raw Milk Cheese. Challenges in the
Production of Organic Cheeses Made from Raw Milk.” https://doi.org/10.13140/2.1.5157.0243.
Felfoul, I., H. Attia, and S. Bornaz. 2017. “Shelf Life Determination of Fresh Cheese Subjected to Different
Modified Atmospheres Packaging.” Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology 19 (4): 847–60.
Fu, Wei, and Takashi Nakamura. 2017. “Food Hydrocolloids Effects of Starches on the Mechanical Properties
and Microstructure of Processed Cheeses with Different Types of Casein Network Structures.” Food
Hydrocolloids. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodhyd.2017.12.001.
Klemaszewski, Joseph L., Dirk Fonteyn, Fabien Bouron, and Laurence Lemonnier. 2016. Cheese Product With
Modified Starches, issued 2016.
Latip, Muhammad Safuan Abdul, Farhana Tahmida Newaz, Ismayaza Noh, and Amiruddin Mohamad
Mohamad. 2020. “Individual Green Consideration Model: A Conceptual Study.” International Journal of
Management 11 (7): 849–58. https://doi.org/10.34218/IJM.11.7.2020.075.
Latip, Muhammad Safuan Abdul, Farhana Tahmida Newaz, Ravindran Ramasamy, Siti Aisyah Tumin, and
Ismayaza Noh. 2020. “How Do Food Safety Knowledge and Trust Affect Individual ’ s Green
Considerations During The COVID- 19 Pandemic in Malaysia ?” Malaysian Journal of Consumer and
Family Economics 24: 261–85.
Oberg, E N, C J Oberg, M M Motawee, S Martini, and D J Mcmahon. 2015. “Increasing Stringiness of Low-Fat
Mozzarella String Cheese Using Polysaccharides.” Journal of Dairy Science 98 (7): 4243–54.
https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2014-8733.
Ocansey, Alfred Kabutey. 2010. “Development of Cheese Product from Coconut Milk.” University of Science
and Technology Kumasi.
Sharif, Mian, Masood Butt, Hafiz Sharif, and Muhammad Nasir. 2017. “Sensory Evaluation and Consumer
Acceptability.” In , 362–86.
Sipahioglu, O, and V B Alvarez. 2000. “Structure , Physico-Chemical and Sensory Properties of Feta Cheese
Made with Tapioca Starch and Lecithin as Fat Mimetics” 9 (1999): 783–89.
Wadhwani, R, and D J McMahon. 2012. “Color of Low-Fat Cheese Influences Flavor Perception and Consumer
Liking.” Journal of Dairy Science 95 (5): 2336–46. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2011-5142.
170
VIID2496 - UTILIZATION OF EXTRACT
MORINGA OLEIFERA AND ALOE
VERA TO REGENERATE WOUNDS
AND INHIBIT INFECTION IN
WOUNDS CAUSED BY
PSEUDOMOAS AERUGINOSA
BACTERIA
Genius Abid Karunia, Apriansa
SMAN 1 Rejang Lebong, Rejang Lebong, Bengkulu,
Indonesia
Abstract: Wound infection is one of the most common cases in tropical countries and it is indicated that the cause
of the event is bacteria that infect wounds without treatment to inhibit and regenerate wounds. An example is
Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria that infect many wounds, especially scratches, cuts, and burns. Moringa
oleifera are believed to be one of the plants that have efficacy, as well as Aloe vera which contains chemical
compounds such as flavanoids, tannins, saponins, and others. The purpose of this research is to create a product
that is able to inhibit the development of infection-causing bacteria in the wound and able to regenerate wounds
to improve quickly. This research uses experimental methods and literature studies of several scientific journals.
Experimental methods include the process of extracting Moringa oleifera, taking Aloe vera, making gels and
benchmarking with some existing products. While the study of literature is done as a reference. Based on the
research, obtained results that Moringa oleifera extract and Aloe vera are able to be one of the products that can
inhibit bacterial infections and regenerate wounds like some products that are already on the market. It is hoped
that this research will be able to be one of the innovations worth selling and supporting creative economic drivers
especially during the COVID-19 pandemic as it is today
Keywords: Aloe vera, Bacteria, Moringa oleifera, Wounds
INTRODUCTION Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a type of bacteria (germ) had been found commonly in the environment,
like in soil and in water. Of many different types of Pseudomonas, the one that most often causes
infections in the blood, lungs (pneumonia), or other parts of the body after surgery.
WHO (World Health Organization) revealed there are about 13 bacteria that belong to a type of
harmful bacteria. Examples in gram-negative bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinobater
baumanni, and Enterobacteriaceae are considered who are considered the most serious threats by
WHO, and classified as ‘CRITICAL’ type bacteria because they are resistant to several type of drugs.
Many studies have shown that Moringa oleifera contain Saponins, Flavanoids, Tannins, Albumins and
other compounds that act as antibacteria and antifungal as well as Moringa oleifera can play in role in
accelerating skin regeneration. (Kasolo et al., 2011; Kawo et al., 2007). Flavonoid have been shown
to be broad-spectrum targeted antibiotics. (Sri et al., 2011). Aloe vera contains Tannins, Phenols, and
saponins and can accelerate the regeneration of wouns. Based on that, researchers are interested in
171
conducting research on the use of Moringa oleifera and Aloe vera to inhibit infection by Pseudomonas
aeruginosa bacteria based on incision wound, scratches and burns.
METHODOLOGY In this research, carried out by experimental methods and literature review. The experimental method
was carried out to make a gel and tested on mice (Mus muculus) in several groups / doses. Making the
gel includes extracting Moringa oleifera, taking Aloe vera, then proceeding with mixing it with several
chemicals such as Methyl Parabens, Glycerol, Propylenglycol, Triethanolamine and Sodium CMC.
The gel is made in two doses, namely 60 mg and 80 mg. Furthermore, mice were divided into three
groups and three treatments. The first group was the group that was treated with cuts, the second group
with burns, and the third group with lacerations. The three groups were again separated into 3 different
treatment groups, namely no treatment (negative control), treated with a gel dose of 60 mg, and
treatment with a dose of 80 mg. Also put Pseudomonas aeruginosa on a pentri dish to check whether
this gel is able to hold and inhibit the bacteria from growing. To ascertain where it goes, the gel has
also been tested several times.
FINDINGS After the research and trials were carried out, the results showed that mice with a dose of 80 mg had a
fast rate of regeneration and healing.
Table 1.
Treatment D
a
y
0
D
a
y
1
D
a
y
2
Da
y 3
Da
y 4
D
a
y
5
Da
y 6
Avera
ge
Negative Control 0,3
0,26
0,22
0,19
0,15
0,1
0,08
0,18
At Dose of 60 mg 0,3
0,19
0,12
0,06
0,01
0 0 0,10
At Dose of 80 mg 0,3
0,18
0,09
0 0 0 0 0,08
Table 1 shows Incision Wounds, a Mus muculus sample with a dose of 80 mg showed satisfactory
results. The cuts can be completely closed on the day fourth, while the mus muculus with a dose 60
mg takes five days.
Table 2.
Treatment Day 0 Day 3 Day 7 Day
14
Day
21
Negative Control 3,00 3,00 2,60 1,75
0,30
At Dose of 60 mg 3,00 3,00 2,10 0,98
0,14
At Dose of 80 mg 3,00 3,00 2,40 0,75
0,10
Table 2 shows burns, giving gel influence in dealing with burns. To be able recover completely take
> 20 days
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Table 3
Treatment Day
0
D
ay
1
D
ay
2
Day
3
D
ay
4
Day
5
Negative Control 1 0,9
0,85
0,7 0,4
0
At Dose of 60 mg 1 0,9
0,85
0,6 0,3
0
At Dose of 80 mg 1 0,8
0,65
0,4 0 0
Table 3 shows the effect of the gel on healing Scratch wounds which takes 4 days at dose of 80 mg,
and takes 5 days at dose 60 mg.
On a Petri dish that has been placed with the Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria, it shows that
MORIVERAGEL is able to hold and slow down bacteria to grow so that it is difficult to infect a
wound. In addition, the gel has passed the test stages such as the organoleptic test, the gel was observed
visually by paying attention to the characteristics of the gel. There is an effect between the active
substance of Moringa leaf extract and Aloe vera with the carrier substance contained in the gel, because
it does not show any change in the gel formula, thus showing that the ingredients in the gel are stable
and do not undergo a decomposition process during the 7-day storage time.
Homogeneity requirements should not contain palpable harsh materials. The homogeneity test results
show that the gel meets the homogeneous requirements, does not contain particles and clumps of the
gel that can be touched which means the ingredients in the gel (Moringa oleifera extract, Aloe vera,
methyl paraben, triethanolamine, glycerin, sodium CMC, and propylenglycol) merges.
Gel that meets the pH requirements is that in skin preparations, it should have a pH that is
approximately the same as the pH of the skin so that it is not easy to irritate the skin, which is between
5- 7 (Swastika et al., 2013). All gels meet pH requirements, because if the gel is too acidic and too
alkaline it affects the skin, if it is too acidic it will irritate the skin, and if it is too alkaline it will make
the skin dry, therefore pH testing is very important in gels for wounds and preventing infection. ,
because the pH of the gel can affect the wound and even the condition of the skin.
One of the requirements in the gel is that it meets the requirements for sticking the gel. The adhesion
requirement for topical preparations is not less than 4 seconds. MORIVERAGEL is made to meet the
requirements of more than 4 seconds, the gel adhesion can affect the duration and speed of absorption
of a drug into the skin.
CONCLUSION
Based on the research that has been done, there is a significant influence between the administration
of Moringa oleifera and Aloe vera to the wound infection bt Pseudomonas aeruginosa, the higher dose
of gel, will faster the wound heals and closes.
173
REFERENCES
Swastika, A. (2013). ). Aktivitas Antioksidan Krim Ekstrak Sari Tomat (Solanum lycopersium L.). Traditional
Medicine Journal, 132-140. Syamsuni, H. (2006). Farmasetika Dasar Dan Hitungan Farmasi. Jakarta:
EGC.
Kasolo, J.N., Bimenya, G.S., Ojok, L., Ochieng, J., Ogwal-okeng, J.W. 2010. Phytochemicals and uses of
Moringa oleifera leaves in Ugandan rural communities. Journal of
Medicinal Plants Research, 4(9):753-757.
Kawo, A.H. 2007. Water purification potentials and in-vivo toxicity evaluation of the aqueous and petroleum
ether extracts of Calotropis procera (Ait.F) Ait.F. latex and Moringa oleifera Lam seed powder. PhD
thesis.. Microbiology Unit, Department of Biological Sciences, Bayero University, Kano. 184.
174
VIID2497 - NETGUARD:
SECURING ONLINE ACTIVITY
USING INTEGRATED OPENVPN,
PI-HOLE, AND IPS ON
RASPBERRY PI.
Abidah Mat Taib1, Mohammad Fikri Hanif Ishak2, Muhammad Tholhah
Zabari3, Nur Khairani Kamarudin4, Nor Azira Mohd Radzi5 Universiti Teknologi
MARA Perlis, Malaysia [email protected],[email protected], [email protected],
[email protected], [email protected]
Abstract: The Internet has been connected to nearly every single gadget that humans owned and it is becoming
essential to all types of communication. However, with the dependency on the internet, users are faced with a
security threat. Most users are insensitive and unaware of their data are being watched and monitored by Internet
Service Providers (ISPs) and other third-party companies. A third-party company is monitoring the users with each
information they fill in the search box so that they know the user’s interest and then will pop up advertisement
which related to the user's interests. Unethically, these third-party will have all the user’s sensitive information.
Looking at the needs of users, a device that can protect the user is needed. A device with a capability to conceal the
user's Internet Protocol (IP) and protect them from any tracker and advertisement from the internet is proposed in
this project. The OpenVPN server can hide the user’s IP address that is being used in another country and making
it safe for the user from being tracked by an attacker. Subsequently, blocking any Domain Name System (DNS)
request for known pursuing and advertising domain is achieved by using the Pi-Hole project that is being kept by
the online community. Not only that but also with the implementation of OSSEC IPS inside the Raspberry Pi also
has effectively barred the brute force attack from inside the network to provide extra protection. The NetGuard is
the device with these integrated features that guarantee users security in network activities while enjoying a smooth
network performance.
Keywords: Advertisement, DNS, IPS, OpenVPN, Raspberry Pi.
INTRODUCTION Every device connected to a network; are risky to security technology. These include unauthorized
access, Denial of Service (DoS) attacks and repurposing of a device by downloading malware, as with
other devices attached to the network. One technique is by using hardware such as firewalls and IPS
can be used to analyse types of attacks and implement security tools [1] [2].
This paper presents an innovation of implementing a VPN router on a Raspberry Pi that is proficient to
encrypt the end-to-end connection between a user’s device to servers so that attackers cannot intercept
the
175
data [1][2]. Also, a Pi-Hole is combined into this project to block advertisements at the user’s device.
Pi- Hole works as a DNS sinkhole that blocks queries of advertisements from being forwarded to the
internet, unlike ad-block that hides advertisements and only works with supported browsers [3]. OSSEC
(open- source host-based intrusion detection system) IPS is also performed for improved security.
Firewall functions as an intrusion prevention system (IPS), but it focuses on attack deterrence on layers
that most firewalls are not yet capable of translating [1][2]. This project is to develop a network tool
that can secure the whole network environment from man-in-the-middle (MITM) attacks, adware, and
any suspicious packets using Raspberry Pi technology.
METHODOLOGY NetGuard development comprises three main features; network encryption via OpenVPN, implementing
Pi-Hole to block advertisement and preventing potential intrusion using OSSEC IPS. AVPN connection
is reputable by using OpenVPN to secure and encrypt the data transferred by the user to ensure safer
browsing of the internet without worries of data being captured by the third party. To block any DNS
request online advertisement or tracking site the implementation of Pi-Hole inside the VPS alongside
OpenVPN is done so users are in an ad-free setting. The Raspberry Pi 3 B will boot up using Raspbian
which is a dispersal of Linux for Raspberry Pi. The Putty can be connected remotely using Raspberry Pi
after configurations are done for remote connection set up. A graphical desktop; Virtual Network
Computing (VNC), sharing system are used to control the interface of the Raspberry Pi 3 B. The
Raspberry Pi is attached to OSSEC IPS [3].
Three main aspects are tested for NetGuard; first is the anonymity of user online and the data sent from
the user to the internet is prone to MiTM attack or not. The second is testing the Pi-hole feature which is
to block all queries that matched advertisement queries with the tracker queries constructed to the user’s
device while internet browsing. The third is analyzing the IPS implemented inside the Raspberry Pi.
Brute force attacks conducted to the Raspberry Pi to check the effectiveness of the OSSEC IPS.
FINDINGS The test conducted for the anonymity of user online was checking the IP address with a location leak test
and DNS leak test. The two leak tests are performed to ensure that the users’ location and DNS do not
leak to the public. Besides, it is to make sure that users’ sensitive data is secure and encrypt all the traffic
request and process by them. The result showed that the user’s IP address location is exposed which
allows the attacker to trace the user’s current location. However, after connecting to the VPN that is
implemented in Netguard, the ISP of the network has been hidden by replacing the actual ISP to Digital
Ocean which is the VPS used for the OpenVPN. VPN hides the user’s address thus making the attackers
assume that the user’s location is real though it is a fake location. A detailed discussion of the conducted
leak test result can be found in [1] and [2].
In avoiding the advertisement, the Netguard helps the user to browse the Internet without any pop-up
advertisement as it is blocked by implementing Pi-hole. Figure 1 below is the snippet from the Pi-hole
GUI that shows the number of queries made by the websites and the number of advertisements that have
been captured and blocked by Pi-hole during Internet browsing by 5 users for 24 hours. During the
browsing hour, a total of 1,437 of queries have been made by 5 users and a total of 259 queries have been
blocked. This shows that approximately 18% of the total queries contain advertisements and have been
successfully blocked by the Pi-hole in 1 day.
176
Figure 1. Number of Queries Blocked in 1 Day
OSSEC IPS that was built in the Netguard can block and at the same time log all the anomaly activities in the
network. Figure 2(a) below shows Level 3 alert rate logged by OSSEC IPS during the last 30 minutes of network
activity. Level 3 alert refers to any successful or authorized events which include successful login attempts. Next,
figure 2(b) shows Level 7 alert rate that refers to bad words matching that include “bad”, “error”, and others. This
means that the OSSEC IPS works successfully as it can log all the activities made in the network.
a) Level 3 Alert rate during 30 Minutes
b) Level 7 Alert rate during 30 Minutes
Figure 2. Alert rate produced by OSSEC IPS
Finally, the network performance test was done to monitor the effect of using VPN, Pi-hole and IPS to the network
by using Speedtest by Ookla. This testing compares ping, download and upload speed before and after using all
the features of Netguard. As been presented in [1], the applying of Netguard might affect a little bit of the users’
online activities. Despite this experience, the user can feel at ease as their online activities are secure and free from
annoying advertisements [1] [2].
CONCLUSIONS The configuration for NetGuard is user friendly to ensure even novice users can use and implement it to secure
their network. The NetGuard guarantee users’ security in network activities while enjoying a smooth network
performance.
REFERENCES A.M.Taib, M.F.H. Ishak, N.K. Kamarudin, M.Y. Darus and N.A.M. Radzi, “Securing Network Using Raspberry Pi by
Implementing VPN, Pi-Hole, and IPS (VPiSec)”, International Journal of Advanced Trends in Computer Science and
Engineering, 2020, 9(1.3 Special Issue), pp. 457-464.
A. M, Taib, M. T, Zabri, N. A. M. Radzi and A. K. Evizal, “Netguard: Securing Network Environment Using Integrated
OpenVPN, Pi-Hole, and IDS on Raspberry Pi”, Chapter in Book of Charting the Sustainable Future of Asean in Science and
Technology, Proceedings from the 3rd International Conference on the Future of Asean (ICoFA 2019), Volume 2, 2020. 97-
110.
D. Teixeira, L. Assunção, T. Pereira, S. Malta, P.Pinto OSSEC IDS Extension to Improve Log Analysis and Override False
Positive or Negative Detections, Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks, 2019, 8,46
177
VIID2504 - ‘LOW CARB’ KEROPOK
LEKOR
Siti Rapidah Omar Ali1, Nur Shafini Mohd Said2, Khalid Amin Mat3, Siti Khadijah Hasan 4
1,2,3Faculty of Business Management, 4Faculty of Electrical Engineering
Universiti Teknologi MARA Cawangan Terengganu, Kampus Dungun
[email protected], [email protected],[email protected], [email protected]
Abstract:A very popular dish namely keropok lekor is a fish sausage-like food eaten by communities and all races in Malaysia.
The demand for keropok lekor among customer has been increasing as well. Usually produced daily to fulfil market request,
it is widely be bought in the local market especially in school canteen, night markets and many more. While many can enjoy
keropok lekor, it is a slightly different for those with some health issues such as diabetes and obesity who need to be more
cautious in selecting food. This study seeks to establish an improvise version of keropok lekor with some ingredient’s
modification so that people with related health problem can enjoy keropok lekor with healthier choice. The use of almond
flour and psyllium husk substituting sago flour is the main ingredients besides a few other side ingredients to flavor it. It is
showed that new created keropok lekor with low carbohydrate ingredients taste not much different with the original keropok
lekor but some alteration of taste should be considered. There is no significant different in terms of smell, colors and look
compared to the original keropok lekor. Apart from that, it is no substantial effect on blood sugar since psyllium husk and
almond flour contain low carbohydrate substance and acceptable ingredients in most low carbohydrate diets as well as the
obesity and type 2 diabetes management. Hence, this study suggests that these two main ingredients could replace sago flour
in keropok lekor to enhance the nutritional values and at the same time the quality aspects of keropok lekor can be preserved.
Keywords: Low carbohydrate, keropok, lekor
INTRODUCTION
Fish cracker or ‘keropok lekor’is a traditional Malay snack originated from Terengganu. Terengganu has been
the leading manufacturer of Keropok Lekor, which initially devised by fishermen and has become their major
economic income (Hatta, 2015). It is also known as the famous local food in the state. It is also a delicacy that is
loved by everyone as a complemented during teatime. The basic ingredients of Keropok Lekor are minced fish,
sago flour, sugar, salt, crushed ice and permitted flavour enhancer (Malaysian Fisheries Department, 2014). The
flour and/or starch are used as the fish flesh filler in the Keropok Lekor preparation. However, the use of sago
flour as the main ingredients in the original keropok lekor contain high carbohydrate which is should be avoided
by people in type 2 diabetes and obesity diet management. 100 grams of sago flour normally consists of 94 grams
of carbohydrate which is considered high. Further, to make keropok lekor tastier, keropok producers or
manufacturers will often add a lot of sugar and monosodium glutamate (MSG) into the dough.
Generally, diabetics are incapable to process high carbohydrates. Sago flour might put a diabetes patient at some
risk since the starch gets converted into sugar or glucose very quickly. Sugar and MSG also should be avoided
since these substances can affect our health and risk for certain diseases in the long run. With the ingredients
substitute to healthier choice, makes this new version of keropok lekor can be enjoyed without guilty by everyone.
Using almond flour and psyllium husk as the main ingredients besides minced fish, make this low carb keropok
lekor is the best for healthier choice.
178
MATERIALS AND METHODS This low carb version of keropok lekor uses few premium and organic materials. Almond flour is a
gluten- free nut flour that comprise of ground blanched almonds. It is often used as a low-carb
replacement for wheat flour. Almond flour is higher in protein and lower in starch than many other
gluten-free flours, which is pleasing for a low-carb diet. Psyllium is a form of fiber made from the husks
of the Plantago ovata plant’s seeds. Almost entirely of the carbs in psyllium husk come from fiber which
can help control blood sugar. Psyllium husk can benefit for gluten-free versions as its capability to imitate
the texture (Franziska, 2020).
A variety of fish to choose from to make this low carb keropok lekor like sardines, mackerel, tamban
and others. This fish was deboning manually and minced using food processor. These ingredients were
mixed in the food processor. For better taste and texture, salt, sweetener, and baking powder were added
to the main ingredients. Himalayan pink salt was used instead of common white salt. The white salt is
normally highly processed and strongly ground, with most of its impurities and trace minerals
eliminated. Meanwhile, having pure harvesting process, pink Himalayan salt is believed to possess
many other minerals and trace elements that are not found in regular white salt (Kriss, 2018).
Apart from that, lakanto sweetener was used replacing regular white refined sugar. Person with diabetes,
overweight or other health related issues, lakanto sweetener seems to be exceptional choice to sugar
since there is no change in blood sugar or insulin levels. White refined sugar possess 50% glucose and
50% fructose makes it 100% carbs and have harmful influences on weight gain and blood glucose (Kris,
2018). Major manufacturers and producers of keropok lekor added monosodium glutamate (MSG) to
make it tastier, but in this low carb keropok lekor MSG is excluded. The dough then shaped and rolled.
Keropok lekor then steamed or boiled for a few minutes. The steamed Keropok Lekors were rest and
left to cool down to the room temperature. To preserve its quality and texture, low carb keropok lekor
can be placed in freezer. This low carb keropok lekor can be served directly after boiled or streamed or
for those who do not really like the fishy smell, deep fry might be the option.
Figure 1: Low Carb Keropok Lekor Making Process
Step 1
Fish is completely clean. Rub off the meat
Step 2 Fish meat minced finely. Add ice cube,
almond flour, whole psyllium husks.
himalayan pink salt, baking powder and lakanto. Blend until it becomes a smooth dough.
Step 3 Roll the dough into a tube-shaped
Step 4 Using double boiler technique, steam it
Step 5 Set aside to cool
Step 6 Another option to enjoy is deep-fry in hot oil
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FINDINGS
Findings revealed that the new created keropok lekor with low carbohydrate ingredients taste not much
different with the original keropok lekor but some alteration of taste should be considered. There is no
significant different in terms of smell, colors and look compared to the original keropok lekor. Apart
from that, it is no substantial effect on blood sugar since psyllium husk and almond flour contain low
carbohydrate substance and acceptable ingredients in most low carbohydrate diets as well as the obesity
and type 2 diabetes management. With approximately contain only 2gram net carbs, 14grams fats, 18
grams protein and 4 grams fiber make this keropok lekor better choice for those concern with
carbohydrate contain and deal with other related health issues. Hence, this study suggests that these two
main ingredients could replace sago flour in keropok lekor to enhance the nutritional values and at the
same time the quality aspects of keropok lekor can be preserved. This low carb keropok lekor can be
enjoyed in two ways, either steamed or deep fry. For those concerns with the nutritional and health
purpose, boiled or steamed low carb keropok lekor should be considered compared to deep fry.
CONCLUSION
It can be concluded that, almond flour and psyllium husk employed as the alternative for sago flour is
likely possible to be used in producing healthier version of keropok lekor. The smell, colors, taste, and
look are not much different to original keropok lekor offers a great marker that it could be produced
without experiencing the differences compared to the original version. The nutrient content in psyllium
husk and almond flour compared to high carbs content in sago flour added advantage to this new
formulated keropok lekor. Hence, the findings supported that by substituting sago flour and other side
ingredients with healthier items is an option to develop the nutritional content while preserving the
value of attributes.
REFERENCES .
Hatta, W.N.N.W.M. (2015). The Authentic of “Keropok Lekor” Process. Arts and Design Study, 27, 1–
7.
Malaysian Fisheries Department. (2014). Retrieved on October 27, 2020 from Department of Fisheries
Website: http://www.dof.gov.my/index.php/pages/view/1.
Franziska, S. (2020). Psyllium husk guide. Retrieved on 27 October 2020
from https://www.dietdoctor.com/low-carb/guides/psyllium-husk.
Kris, G. (2018). Types of Salt: Himalayan vs Kosher vs Regular vs Sea Salt. Retrieved on 27 October
2020 from https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/different-types-of-salt.
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VIID2506 - COVID-19 WARGA LOGGER
Luqmanul Hakim Bin Zulkornain 1, Mohd Saiful Najib Bin Ismail @ Marzuki 2, Mohamad Taib Bin
Miskon 3, Siti Khadijah Binti Hasan 4, Wan Ahmad Khusairi Bin Wan Chek 5 1,2,3,4,5 Universiti Tekonologi MARA (UiTM) Cawangan Terengganu
Kampus Dungun 23000 Sura Hujung Terengganu
Abstract: The year 2020 was welcomed with the rise of the Covid-19 pandemic. Millions of deaths have been
recorded and although it has shown signs of slowing down, there is yet to be any cure for the disease. The disease
spreads through contact and is also airborne as affected persons could spread it through coughing and sneezing. The
only measure to be taken is to identify those with symptoms and the easiest way is to take their body temperature
reading. Those with a reading of 37.5 degree Celsius and above is deemed as to be of a high risk of being affected.
Since contact is also a problem, taking temperature reading using temperature guns can still expose one to infection.
The objective of having this device is to reduce contact with the device itself thus reducing the risk of infection. The
device is able to log body temperature reading as well as data such as staff or students ID or even phone number
without contact with the device itself. The device was developed using an Arduino board coupled with sensors such
as the contactless temperature sensor, IR sensor, buzzer, and a Bluetooth module (to connect to the Android device)
for temperature reading. For data logging and the device makes use of an Android device with an application
developed using the MIT App Inventor 2. After the temperature is read, users will have to scan their ID card or
generate a barcode consisting of their name and phone number using a barcode generator website on their own phone
to be scanned by the Android device. After these two processes are completed, the data will be automatically logged
into a database for screening and later use. The whole process doesn’t require any contact with the device thus
minimizing the risk of Covid-19 infection. It also made use of staff and student ID cards which are always being
carried around the campus.
Keywords: Covid-19, pandemic, temperature, risk management, IOT.
INTRODUCTION The year 2020 was welcomed with an ugly start with spread of the Covid-19 pandemic. Although it has
shown signs of slowing down, the cure is yet to be found. The most effective measure in fighting the
pandemic is through prevention (Bruinen de Bruin et al. 2020; Hussein et al. 2020). This is done through
identifying those infected and to avoid their contact with others. The government has outlined a standard
operating procedure where premises have to log visitors’ personal data and to check their body temperature
for each visit (Hussein et al. 2020).
The government, organizations, as well as private premises have come up with several ways to log visits.
Among them are the MySejahtera mobile application, e-Saring, Google Form, and the easiest would be
manually taking body temperature reading and manually writing personal data in a physical log book.
These however, come with their own handicaps. MySejahtera does not log body temperature reading, e-
Saring is time consuming as there are a lot to declare, Google Form and both MySejahtera and e-Saring
require mobile phones with internet connection, and manually writing personal data in physical workbook
requires contact and this may spread the virus (Han and Yang 2020; Bruinen de Bruin et al. 2020; Benzell,
Collis, and Nicolaides 2020).
The paper aims to come up with a solution for these handicap. It aims to propose a device which could log
both personal data and body temperature reading without any contact. The proposed device is mobile and
can connect to any Android powered devices. The proposed device is aimed to be used in organizations
and will employ the use of staff or matric cards with barcode containing personal data.The device works
by having members of an organization taking the reading of their body temperature using the device and
flashing their staff or matric cards with barcode containing personal data in front of the connected Android
powered phone. The data will then be uploaded to the database. This results in having both personal data
and body temperature reading logged into the database for further use in fighting the pandemic.
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METHODOLOGY In developing the prototype, the first step taken was to identify the handicaps in the current logging
methods employed in the war against the pandemic. After the handicaps were identified, possible solutions
were discussed and it was found that having both personal data and body temperature reading would
provide a better logging solution as the data logged would be more comprehensive for further use
(Beddows and Mallon 2018; Singh and Saikia 2017).
Following this, ideas for prototype were discussed and it was decided that Arduino paired with mobile
application will be used as the solution to the problems. The body temperature reading would be taken
using a device developed using Arduino and sensors. Sensors used are MLX 90614 contactless
temperature, IR sensor, buzzer, and HC-05 Bluetooth module. Data logging would be done using an
Android device, in this case, an Android powered smartphone installed with the application developed to
connect to the Arduino device, scan personal data barcode, and send the data to the database. The flow of
the project is illustrated in Figure 1.
Figure 1: The block diagram illustrating project flow.
The device was developed and tested for the best circuitry, coding and design for it to be mobile and
reliable. This is done via employing coding and simulation on Arduino IDE. Then, the Android application
was developed and tested using MIT App Inventor 2. The end prototype was tested in real time situation
for errors and accuracy issues.
The device works by having members of an organization taking the reading of their body temperature
using the device and flashing their staff or matric cards with barcode containing personal data in front of
the connected Android powered phone. The data will then be uploaded to the database. This results in
having both personal data and body temperature reading logged into the database for further use in fighting
the pandemic.
FINDINGS
It is found that the prototype is capable of logging both personal data and body temperature reading.
Furthermore, it also logs the date and time for each visit. Data logging proves to be able to be done without
any contact with the device hence reducing the risk of infection.
It was also found that the device behaves according to the coding. This is illustrated in Table 1 where the
when a body part is placed in front of the IR sensor at a proximity of below 2cm, the buzzer beeps indicting
the start of the process and the temperature sensor is triggered and the body temperature reading is taken.
The data is displayed in the mobile application on the connected Android smartphone. Nothing happened
when the proximity is above 2cm. When the temperature is displayed on the smartphone, a barcode scanner
window will appear. Placing the staff or matric card to be scanned completed the process as data is logged
into the database.
Body part is placed in
front of the IR sensor
<2cm
MLX 90614 sensor reads
the body temperature
(buzzer on)
Arduino sends body temperature
reading to Android smartphone
via Bluetooth using HC-05
Personal data barcode
is scanned using the Android smartphone
Personal data and
body temperature are logged into database
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CONCLUSIONS This product complements the existing devices and applications utilized in curbing the Coronavirus
infection. It can log both body temperature reading and personal data information. By having these, a
better prevention method in the war against the pandemic can be exercised.
REFERENCES
Beddows, Patricia A., and Edward K. Mallon. 2018. “Cave Pearl Data Logger: A Flexible Arduino-
Based Logging Platform for Long-Term Monitoring in Harsh Environments.” Sensors
(Switzerland) 18 (2). https://doi.org/10.3390/s18020530.
Benzell, Seth G., Avinash Collis, and Christos Nicolaides. 2020. “Rationing Social Contact during the
COVID-19 Pandemic: Transmission Risk and Social Benefits of US Locations.” Proceedings of
the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 117 (26): 14642–44.
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2008025117.
Bruinen de Bruin, Yuri, Anne Sophie Lequarre, Josephine McCourt, Peter Clevestig, Filippo Pigazzani,
Maryam Zare Jeddi, Claudio Colosio, and Margarida Goulart. 2020. “Initial Impacts of Global Risk
Mitigation Measures Taken during the Combatting of the COVID-19 Pandemic.” Safety Science
128 (April): 104773. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2020.104773.
Han, Yu, and Hailan Yang. 2020. “The Transmission and Diagnosis of 2019 Novel Coronavirus
Infection Disease (COVID-19): A Chinese Perspective.” Journal of Medical Virology 92 (6): 639–
44. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.25749.
Hussein, Molla Rashied, Md. Ashikur Rahman, Md. Jahidul Hassan Mojumder, Shakib Ahmed, Samia
Naz Isha, Shaila Akter, Abdullah Bin Shams, and Ehsanul Hoque Apu. 2020. “Trust Concerns in
Health Apps Collecting Personally Identifiable Information during COVID-19-like Zoonosis.”
http://arxiv.org/abs/2009.07403.
Singh, Pushkar, and Sanghamitra Saikia. 2017. “Arduino-Based Smart Irrigation Using Water Flow
Sensor, Soil Moisture Sensor, Temperature Sensor and ESP8266 WiFi Module.” IEEE Region 10
Humanitarian Technology Conference 2016, R10-HTC 2016 - Proceedings.
https://doi.org/10.1109/R10-HTC.2016.7906792.
183
VIID2511 - CODING LINGO
Adeline Engkamat1, Hemyza Budin2 , Ismariani Ismail3 1,3Fakulti Sains Komputer & Matematik,, Universiti Teknologi Mara Cawangan Sarawak
2Fakulti Senibina, Perancangan dan Ukur, Universiti Teknologi Mara Cawangan Sarawak
[email protected], [email protected], [email protected]
Abstract: Learning to write a computer program using a programming language is just like learning a foreign
language. In a foreign language, it is important to learn its alphabet, words, and grammar. As for a programming
language, the significant rule to write meaningful programs is to learn and understand the special symbol, words, and
syntax rules and semantic rules. Before students begin programming, it is practical to understand the basic
terminology and master the rules. Therefore, Coding Lingo is developed to introduce programming terminology to
students in a fun way. It is an educational card game that is used to innovate teaching and learning methods by
incorporating fun activity, both in and outside classrooms, either in schools or universities. This learning activity will
encourage the students to learn and use official programming terms and enable them to communicate correctly and
effectively with others. Playing this card game also enables the students to get a break from staring at screens too
long. It also encourages students to collaborate, communicate and work in teams during learning by playing. Coding
Lingo would be beneficial in turning the dry and complex subject matter into an interesting subject and further
motivate and excite all introductory programming students. The collection of data involved the 70 students of
Diploma in Computer Science, UiTM Cawangan Sarawak. Prior to the distribution of questionnaires, the participants
were guided on how to use the card game. From the findings, high responses were obtained for the users’ satisfaction
elements. In addition, Coding Lingo promotes self-directed learning, useful, fun and interactive card game for a
teaching and learning aid. Hence, this innovative learning activity will contribute to improving and deepening the
students’ fundamental knowledge of the programming language.
.
Keywords: Coding Lingo, card game, innovative learning activity, programming terminology.
INTRODUCTION
A programming language is like a foreign language. In foreign languages, understanding the alphabet,
words, and grammar is the key to mastering the language. The same rules are applied in the learning
process of a programming language. It is significant to learn and understand the basic terminology, such
as special symbols, words, and syntax rules and semantic rules. These terms are common in curriculums
for tertiary education, where the students will be exposed to the basic concepts and methods of artificial
intelligence, and problem-solving using a computer programming language [1]. A basic understanding of
programming concepts involving basic algorithms development (summation, average, counting, minimum
and maximum) and writing computer programs enable the students to builds their knowledge that can be
further developed without having to relearn terms and concepts at a later time [2, 3]. The best practice to
understand the language is by relating the terms to previous experiences and use the term in
communication (oral and written) [4].
Students in introductory programming courses are required to understand the basic terminology and master
the syntax rules and semantic rules. However, students are having difficulties in understanding and
memorizing the programming terminology by reading books and referring to websites. The students are
easily bored with lots of readings, and this reduces their interest to learn the programming concepts,
making it difficult for them to understand the technical terms used. This is reflected in their exam marks
where students have difficulties in answering theory-based exam questions related to definitions and
concepts.
Thus, Coding Lingo, is developed as an educational game that provides a different learning experience for
184
the students to learn and understand the official programming terms. The usage of Coding Lingo in the
classroom provides collaborative exposure to the students, encouraging collaboration, communication,
and teamwork [5]. Hence, this innovative learning activity will contribute to improving and deepening the
students’ fundamental knowledge of the programing language.
METHODOLOGY
Coding Lingo is introduced as an educational card game that is used to innovate teaching and learning
methods for programming terms and definitions, by incorporating fun activity, both in and outside
classrooms as shown in Figure 1, either in schools or universities. This educational game can be
incorporated in the teaching and learning of courses related to the fundamentals of algorithms, computer
problem solving, programming paradigm, programming with C++, and any computer programming
subjects.
Coding Lingo This card game consists of 70 terms cards, a dice and player scorecard.
1. The number of players can be between two (2) to four (4) persons.
2. Player A flips a card and hands it over to Player B.
3. Player B will read out the description of the term and Player A has to guess the term. Another way
is, player B reads out the term and Player A provides the definition.
4. If player A can guess the term or definition correctly, the player can roll the dice and the points
that will be recorded in the scorecard is based on the dice.
5. The failure in guessing the term or definition correctly will result in the player to miss a turn.
6. The winner is the player with the most points when time is up or all the word cards are used.
Testing the Game The card game was tested out with 70 students of Diploma in Computer Science, UiTM Cawangan
Sarawak. The class began by grouping the students into a group of 2 to 4 participants. The time taken for
them to play Coding Lingo was approximately 30 minutes. Marks are recorded in the players’ scorecard.
After the class had ended, the students were given a set of questionnaire and they were asked to rate each
item that related to theirs satisfaction in playing Coding Lingo.
NOVELTY
LECTURE
TUTORIAL
INSIDE
CLASSROOM
OUTSIDE CLASSROOM
Figure SEQ Figure \* ARABIC 1: The implementation of Coding Lingo
185
Online web sites, flashcards and books are available for learning the computer programming terms and
definitions. However, a card game for learning the computer programming terms and definitions is new.
Most card games available in the market focus on learning the coding structures and codes excerpts only.
Coding Lingo is a card game that focuses on learning, understanding, and memorizing the programming
terms.
COMMERCIALIZATION POTENTIAL
Coding Lingo has the potential to be used as educational STEM games to promote interest in technology
and programming among students in schools. It is universal; thus, it can be used as teaching aid in the
class, which can be used by educators in schools and higher learning education that offer computer science
and computer programming subjects. As a self-learning tool, Coding Lingo enables the students to share
the fun learning experience with their friends and to immerse their learning capabilities through play. This
game card has been registered with an IP from MyIPO (Copyright No: LY2020005317).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
User Satisfaction
N Min Max Mean
Std.
Deviation
● The game can help me in
understanding & using official
programming terms.
70 4 5 4.86 .350
● The game provides a leisure way
of learning. 70 3 5 4.66 .559
● The game can increase
understanding compared to only
reading notes/books.
70 2 5 4.39 .686
● The game encourages student's
interaction and communications. 70 3 5 4.73 .533
● The game can make my revision
fun and allows me to memorize
programming terms more easily.
70 2 5 4.52 .694
● The game is attractive
Valid N (listwise)
70
70
3
5
4.65
.537
Table 1: The mean scores of the User Satisfaction Elements in Coding Lingo
As depicted in Table 1, all items in the user satisfaction elements in Coding Lingo have high mean scores
ranging from 4.39 (SD=0.686) to 4.86 (SD=0.350). From the findings, it revealed that the respondents
were satisfied with the user satisfaction elements in Coding Lingo. As shown by the evidence from the
survey, Coding Lingo was used to good effect as a supplementary learning aid. Coding Lingo was able to
attract the students’ attention to the card game and they displayed the desire to participate in knowledge
enhancement activities.
CONCLUSION
It is documented that the usage of game-based learning in the classroom has a better impact on students'
understanding of the subjects [1]. The application of Coding Lingo in classroom activities increases the
students learning ability to use official programming terms. This will enable them to communicate
186
correctly and effectively with others. This card game also enables the students to reduce their screen hours
and encourages the students to collaborate, communicate and work in teams while learning and playing.
This will benefit the introductory programming students.
REFERENCES
Szeliski, Richard. 2010. Computer vision: algorithms and applications. Springer Science & Business
Media, 2010.
Malik, S. I., Shakir, M., Eldow, A., & Ashfaque, M. WMalik, Sohail Iqbal, Mohanaad Shakir, Abdalla
Eldow, and Mohammed Waseem Ashfaque. 2019. "Promoting algorithmic thinking in an
introductory programming course." . International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning
(iJET) 14, no. 01 (2019): 84-94.
Malik, S. I., Mathew, R., & Hammood, M. M. Malik, Sohail I., Roy Mathew, and Maytham M. Hammood.
"2019. PROBSOL: A web-based application to develop problem-solving skills in introductory
programming." In Smart Technologies and Innovation for a Sustainable Future, pp. 295-302.
Springer, Cham, 2019.
Soosai Raj, A. G., Ketsuriyonk, K., Patel, J. M., & Halverson, R. 2018.Soosai Raj, Adalbert Gerald,
Kasama Ketsuriyonk, Jignesh M. Patel, and Richard Halverson. "Does Native Language Play a Role
in Learning a Programming Language?." In Proceedings of the 49th ACM technical symposium on
computer science education, pp. 417-422. 2018.
Blau, I., Shamir-Inbal, T., & Avdiel, O. 2020Blau, Ina, Tamar Shamir-Inbal, and Orit Avdiel. . "How does
the pedagogical design of a technology-enhanced collaborative academic course promote digital
literacies, self-regulation, and perceived learning of students?." The internet and higher education 45
(2020): 100722.
Abidin, H. Zainol, and FH Kamaru Zaman. 2017. "Students' perceptions on game-based classroom
response system in a computer programming course." In 2017 IEEE 9th International Conference on
Engineering Education (ICEED), pp. 254-259. IEEE, 2017.
187
VIID2514 - HEALTHY MIND
APPLICATION (HEMA) BASED ON
COGNITIVE BEHAVIOURAL
THERAPY (CBT) FRAMEWORK
Zahidah Zulkifli 1, Nur Nadhirah Shamsul Nizam
1Department of Information Systems, Kulliyyah of Information and Communication Technology, International
Islamic University Malaysia [email protected]
Abstract: The statistic of depression in Malaysia is increasing from 12% in 2011 to 29% in 2017 as stated by The
Patron of the Malaysian Psychiatric Association (MPA). Some of the cases reported are due to peer pressure
through social media, problems in the workplace or home and lack of social skills that lead to depression.
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Framework (CBT) is an approach which combines cognitive and behavioral
techniques that helps the patients understand the thoughts and feelings that influence behaviors. Thus, the objective
of this paper is to develop a healthy mind application (HEMA) based on CBT framework. In order to develop the
system, a research and analysis has been conducted beforehand to investigate the current problems and the best
system features for the system. This research has implemented System Development Life Cycle (SDLC) as the
methodology that involved series of interviews with counselors and International Islamic University Malaysia
(IIUM) students, and also a survey to IIUM students. The proposed system is developed by PHP language and
using the Laravel framework. The code editor for the development is using the Atom and Visual Studio Code.
With the system, patients can undergo therapy using online platform with the certified IIUM counsellors. It
promotes a better mind whereas the patients can undergo therapy in a flexible way.
Keywords: mental health, depression, cognitive behavioral therapy, web-based system,
INTRODUCTION The most extensive survey ever been carried out nationwide was the National Health and Morbidity
Survey (NHMS) which were priory carried out every 4 years interval. Overall, the prevalence of
generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) among the adult of 16 years and above was 1.7% and the prevalence
of lifetime depression and current depression were 2.4% and 1.8% respectively. In 2012, NHMS focused
on the health issues among the adolescent and the attempted suicide was reported by 6.8% which was
apparently high (Ritchie, Roser, 2018). Depression will be a major mental health illness among
Malaysians by 2020 as more people are expected to experience increased stress due to work and family
pressure, says Tan Sri Lee Lam Thye. In a nutshell, as the technology is growing, the people tend to
follow the updated lifestyle from the social media. There is no specified place for mental health people
to share their thoughts and emotions towards others. CBT is an approach which combines cognitive and
behavioral techniques that helps the patients understand the thoughts and feelings that influence their
behaviors. According to Very Well Mind, the goal of CBT is to teach patients that while they cannot
control every aspect of the world around them, they can take control of how they interpret and deal with
things in their environment. CBT is usually a short-term treatment option which is often more affordable
than other types of therapy and has been shown to effectively help patients overcome a wide variety of
maladaptive behaviors (Cherry, 2019). On the other hand, in a 2009 study published in the Lancet, 38%
of patients who received up to 10 sessions of CBT via Instant Messaging recovered from their
depression.
188
Hence, the objectives of this project are:
1. To investigate the current problem involving mental health issues among IIUM students.
2. To develop a healthy mind application (HEMA) based on CBT framework.
Our main targeted users will be the IIUM students that are facing mild and moderate depression or
anxiety and need therapy to boost up their spirit.
METHODOLOGY SDLC is a workflow process which defines the core stages and activities of development cycle. SDLC
aims to produce a high-quality software that meets customers’ expectations, reach completion within
time and cost estimates. This project has implemented the SDLC in conducting this project. Table 1
below shows how SDLC has been implemented to the proposed system project.
Table 1: Implementation of SDLC
SDLC PHASE PHASE DESCRIPTION PROPOSED SYSTEM’S PHASE
Planning &
Ideation
Brainstorming the ideas based on the
problem stated by the targeted users.
*Learn about the users, observe and
engage with the targeted users.
*Summarize the information about
mental health and its issues. *Review the existing system in Literature Review.
Requirement
Gathering
Gather and document the system
requirements with the stakeholders.
*Conducting a data collection for
user requirement gathering.
*Use questionnaires for the surveys and conducting an interview session with IIUM counsellor and students.
Requirement
Analysis
Transform the user requirement
into traceable, complete and
consistent requirements.
* Analyse the data collection and
present it in chart or graph. *Identify the highest *Draw the system analysis design diagram
for the proposed system.
Design To translate the requirements into
software design.
*Drawing the sketches for the system and its features. *Create the prototype based on the sketches.
Development Build the actual software in specified
platform.
*Connect with the database. *Build the system using web application framework. *Ensure all the functionalities and
features are well developed.
Testing To ensure the system meets user’s
requirements.
*Conducting a User Acceptance Test
(UAT).
*Fix the errors.
Deployment Deliver the software to the users. *Evaluate the system by get the feedback
from the users.
FINDINGS On the second phase of SDLC, the data collection is divided into two parts. The first one is the
questionnaire that will be given to the IIUM students and the second part is the interview session with
the IIUM counsellor. 99 responses have been collected from the survey ad 2 counselors has been
interviewed in the interview sessions. From the findings, a use case diagram, as shown in Figure 1 has
been illustrated as part of the analysis and design part.
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Figure 1: Use case diagram of the proposed system
The system is fully developed by using the Laravel framework and connected with the MySQL for the
user authentication and database part. It is using the free open source server, xampp to connect between
the application and database. On the other hand, PHP language is used by the developer to complete the
web application. The user acceptance test (UAT) has been conducted during the development of the
project which is after the beta testing. Figure 2 and 3 shows pages in the HEMA CBT system.
Figure 2: The Home Page of The System Figure 3: Student Dashboard
The User Acceptance Test (UAT) is conducted with 3 students and 1 counselor and based on the results,
participants are actively giving suggestion on the improvement of the system and they have been added
to the system which are the placement of the SOS button and fixing some bugs that happened during
UAT. The alert pop-up was also added in the system using the sweet alert function. With this alert, user
is more aware of the changes made in the system
CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, HEMA CBT is able to help students with mental health disorder to have a better mind,
to minimize the barrier between students and therapist and create awareness of mental health among
students. In addition, it provides a platform for people that are experiencing depression problems to
have their therapy in anywhere and at any time. The main function which is to allow the therapy to
conduct online is also achieved by using the Skype ID. Moreover, the other features such as
‘Assessment’ and ‘Appointment’ are also working successfully. The ‘diary’ which is the handout for
students to complete as it is one of CBT requirement is also completed with the ‘Learn More’ function.
In other words, the system is completed with the student and counsellor having different view according
to the requirement that the developer received throughout the development of the system.
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REFERENCES Ritchie, Roser. "Mental Health". Published at Our World in Data, Oxford Martin School,
University of Oxford, 2018.
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, “What is Mental Health?” Last modified May 28,
2020. https://www.mentalhealth.gov/basics/what-is-mental-health
Cherry, “What Is Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)?” Last modified March 18, 2019.
https://www.verywellmind.com/what-is-cognitive-behavior-therapy-2795747
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VIID2519 - GET GRADUATES TO
BECOME AGROPRENEURS
Sarina Hashim & Muzamil Mustaffa
Faculty of Applied Sciences
Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) Cawangan Pahang,
26400 Bandar Tun Abdul Razak Jengka,
Pahang, Malaysia
Corresponding author: [email protected], [email protected]
Abstract: Motivational members always say when you are diligent, you can make money. They always remind us
that there are many ways to improve the living standard of our self and our family. Therefore, an agricultural-based
programme has been developed to provide opportunities for prospective graduates to explore the field of
entrepreneurship. The programme has been implemented at Laman Agroteknologi, UiTM Cawangan Pahang. From
the basic agricultural projects up to the sale of agricultural products, this programme only offered to interested
students. The goal of the programme is to produce agricultural entrepreneurs full-time or part-time when they have
graduated later. The first group training started in 2017 involving theory classes and basic workshops of modern
agriculture. The success of the first chili cultivation project through fertigation technique attracted more students to
participate in this programme. Until 2020, there are four groups of students who are successfully trained here. Each
group showed improvements in agricultural techniques and made an increase in agricultural yields and sales revenue.
In conclusion, this programme has achieved the goal of producing graduates skilled in basic agriculture and business.
27 students have successfully obtained SSM certificates. Some of them have become agropreneurs who can make
money from agriculture practices and constantly deepen their knowledge and understanding of agricultural business.
Keywords: Agricultural-based projects, agricultural products, agropreneurs
INTRODUCTION
Entrepreneurship is the process of doing something new or something different for the purpose of creating
wealth for the individual and adding value to society (Kao, 1993). In Malaysia, entrepreneurship has found
its way to the Malaysian universities since the mid-1990s. Government believed that entrepreneurship
education could nurture unconventional talents and skills, and directly influence students’ personality, and
increase students’ intention to start viable and sustainable business enterprises (MoHE, 2011). To achieve
the goals, government has made entrepreneurship course compulsory for all students in public universities
to foster entrepreneur skills in youths, since graduates cannot be entirely absorbed in formal salary wage
employment. They also provide entrepreneurship education and training because skills can be learned and
translated to viable and sustainable business enterprises over time. Many research conducted to show the
effectiveness of entrepreneurship education especially in Malaysia (Ooi & Ahmad, 201;2 Asliza et al.,
2015; Azman et al., 2018; Nor Azizan et al., 2019). Through entrepreneurship, they hope the country can
generated several ongoing innovations to improve its goods, services and enhance the quality of live.
To complement government efforts on various entrepreneurship support programmes, universities have
also been working tirelessly to inculcate entrepreneurship knowledge and spirit in students. The effective
way to educate entrepreneurship course is teaching through class discussions, workshops, and training.
Prabhu (2020) studied the entrepreneurship education and he concluded that the entrepreneurial
programmes should equipped with the required skills, together with characteristics that would motivate
graduates to become entrepreneurs even while in their various campuses.
Agricultural entrepreneurship is one of the branches of entrepreneurship that has good potential in the
country. As an agricultural country, there are many agricultural elements that can be highlighted and
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commercialized. In response to the government's call to succeed in entrepreneurship programme,
Universiti Teknologi MARA Cawangan Pahang (UiTMCP) has launched an agricultural entrepreneurship
programme. The programme aims to train graduates how to success in agriculture field and to earn money
with agriculture business.
Agricultural entrepreneurs
The Knowledge Transfer Programme (KTP) was officially launched by Minister of Higher Education on
26 June 2012. As shown in Figure 1, KTP aim to enable the development and improvement of the quality
of products, services, and policies to be shared for mutual benefits between the stakeholders - academia,
industry/community, and the graduate/postgraduate intern (MoHE, 2011). Therefore, Public Higher
Education Institutions (IPTA) should effectively engage with government aims and direction, especially
for graduate or postgraduate to enhance their personal and professional development.
Figure 1: Model of KTP implementation in Malaysia.
Universiti Teknologi MARA Cawangan Pahang (UiTMCP) have taken steps to respond to the
government’s goal to provide the platform for the exchange of tangible and intangible intellectual property,
expertise, learning and skills between academia and graduates. Therefore, half the KPT grant awarded was
used to setting up the project area and agricultural equipment. The agricultural-based projects had been
started and implemented in an area of one acre at Laman Agroteknologi, UiTMCP. From the basic
agricultural projects up to the sale of agricultural products, this programme only offered to interested
students. The first group of graduates started in 2017, with only four members. But then, the number of
graduates involved is increasing and they started to set up fertigation system. They also attended the theory
classes and basic workshops of modern agriculture. The graduates were also made trips to several
successful agricultural area located in Maran and Temerloh. This academic visit inspired them that
agricultural is a profitable business.
The first batch had implemented chilli cultivation by fertigation technique with 500 polybags. They
learned the plant physiological characteristics and the care and control of the disease. They learned the
basic components need by plant – soil, light intensity, water, and nutrients. They were not born in an
agricultural environment and they had to learn and adopt farming techniques and technology from scratch.
As quality cannot be measured it can only be seen through the productivity, hence training plays major
role in quality field (Krishnaveni and Veeramani, 2020). They have successfully implemented it and can
sold their product to the surrounding community and market.
The students had learned the most effective way to improve the agricultural skills is by practicing
independent working and team working. They plans, implements, operates and assumes financial risk in a
farming activities and agricultural business. In entrepreneurship programmes, the students own the
materials and other required inputs and keep financial records to determine return to investment. They are
always ready to take a risk because they enjoy the excitement of a challenge. They are highly motivated
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and always diversify agricultural products (Table 1). Until 2020, there are four groups of students (or 35
students) who are successfully trained here. Each group made improvements in agricultural techniques
and showed an increase in agricultural yields and sales revenue. This programme has achieved the goal of
producing graduates skilled in basic agriculture and agricultural business with 27 students have
successfully obtained SSM certificates.
Table 1: List of products from Laman Agroteknologi, UiTMCP.
No. Items Price
1. Chilli fruit / cili besar (1 kg) RM10
2. Chilli fruit/cili bara (1 kg) RM15
3. Chilli plant (cili besar) (15x15 inch polybag) RM18
4. Chilli plant (cili bara) (15x15 inch polybag) RM15
5. Chilli saplings (4x4 inch polybags) RM 5
6. Eggplant (15x15 inch polybag) RM 10
7. Eggplant saplings (4x4 inch polybags) RM 5
8. Yard long bean (15x15 inch polybag) RM 10
9. Yard long bean saplings (4x4 inch polybags) RM 5
10. Herbaceous plant (4x4 inch polybags)
- kesum, selasih, pudina, bayam, kencur, cekur,
temu pauh, kunyit, rosemary, aloe vera and many
more)
RM 5
11. Liquid fertilizer (AB) RM 10
12. Polybags - 4x4 inch, 4x9 inch, 9x9 inch, 15x15
inch
(1 kg)
RM 9
13. Mix soil (3 bags) RM 10
14. Cocopeat (1 kg) RM 10
SUCCESSFUL AGROPRENEURS
In general, high levels of entrepreneurship skills are associated with competence in the process of
opportunity identification, the ability to undertaking problems, the creativity to make decision and arrange
of skills associated with developing and implementing business plans. Lans et al. (2014) deeply discuss
the three key elements of entrepreneurial behaviour - innovativeness, risk taking and pro-activeness. The
graduates themselves should be more self-directive toward removing the general stigma by seeking
knowledge and self-participating in the industry to understand more about agricultural sector (Saili et al.,
2018).
According to Department of Business Innovation and Skills (2015), there are five basic step that will guide
the graduate to become agropreneur:
1. Plan what need to be done, always involve in planning process to encourage ownership of the task, and
set expectations
2. Monitor and periodically evaluate individual performance
3. Develop the individual skills through training, challenging work, and opportunities for advancement
4. Review the performance using a rating scale or other form of objective measurement
5. Reward good performance with positive reinforcement
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Agropreneur’s attitude determine how they approach everything in life every day. They should
have a good attitude and characters that will determine how successful there are and how far they will
go in life. Most people approach success from the outside in, but a real success come from inside out. The
key success of agropreneurs are skills and innovative thinking in making the agricultural products
attractive and be the choice of people. Nor Azizan et al. (2019) listed the entrepreneurial characteristics -
locus of control, need for achievement, risk taking propensity, innovation, self-confidence, leadership skill
and tolerance of ambiguity. They demonstrated that entrepreneurial characteristics are important
determinant of students’ entrepreneurial intentions. The skills and abilities can help entrepreneurs become
successful business people and valuable contributors to their communities. Simple suggestion by Robert
(2020), a successful entrepreneur always learn how to sell, always be a student, learn through trial and
error, have an entrepreneur mindset and work more to give more to others.
CONCLUSION
Agropreneurs should be learn something outside the box and challenge themselves to do better every day.
Successful agropreneur must have more belief in their ability to control situation, have problem-solving
abilities and they are social initiative types. Agropreneurs are important for the economy. If successful,
their innovations can improve their standard of living, and by successfully creating jobs opportunities to
others, they contribute to the development of the nation.
REFERENCES
Asliza, Y., Noor Haslina, A. & Hasliza, A.H. (2015). Promoting agropreneurship among gen Y: An
integration of individual, institutional and social level factors. Australia Journal of Basic and Applied
Science, 9(14), 74-86.
Azman, A., Rahmat, S.R., Mohd, S. & Samsurijan, M.S. (2018). Knowledge transfer programme
implementation: A review of selected countries. International Journal of Academic Research in Business
and Social Sciences, 8(11), 587-597.
Department of Business Innovation and Skills. (2015). Entrepreneurship skills: Literature and policy
review. BIS Research Paper, No 236, Hull University Business School, UK. Pp. 1-50.
Kao, R.W.Y. (1993). Defining entrepreneurship: Past, present and?”. Creativity and Innovation
Management, 2(1), 69-70.
Krisnaveni, K. & Veeramani, G. (2020). A study on effectiveness of training and development in Hatsun
Agro Product Ltd., Kanchipuram. International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology, 29(8), 688-
695.
Lans, T., Seuneke, P., & Klerkx, L. (2014). Agricultural entrepreneurship. Retrieved from https://www.
researchgate.net/publication/260985365
MoHE (Ministry of Higher Education). (2011). Knowledge Transfer Programme – KTP Policy. Higher
Education Department, Ministry of Higher Education, Malaysia.
Nor Azizan, C.E., Jaiyeoba, H. & Sheila, A.Y. (2019). The effects of students’ entrepreneurial
characteristics on their propensity to become entrepreneurs in Malaysia. Education and Training, 2018-
2029.
195
Ooi, Y.K., & Ahmad, S. (2012). A study among university students in business start-ups in Malaysia:
Motivations and obstacles to become entrepreneurs. Int. Journal of Business and Social Science, 3(19),
181-192.
Prabhu, J.J. (2020). A study and analysis of entrepreneurial skills and entrepreneurship education:
recommendation for arts and science college students. IJSART, 6(3), 849-855.
Robert, K. (2020). Five secrets to being successful entrepreneur. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.
com/watch?v=p4miETh5M14.
Saili, A.R., Mazia, M.S, Saili, J., & Hamzah, N.M. (2018). Youth inclination in agropreneurship:
Strategies of youth participation in small holding farming activities. Sci. Int. (Lahore), 30(3), 497-500.
196
VIID2523 - ALOE COAT: EDIBLE SHELF
LIFE EXTENDER
Nor Lailatul Wahidah Musa, Liliwirianis Nawi, Nur Thabitah Shaikh Nasir, Nurun Nadhirah Md
Isa, and Sarah Laila Mohd Jan
Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA Pahang, Jengka Campus, 26400 Bandar Tun Abdul Razak
Jengka, Pahang, Malaysia
Abstract: Fruits in tropical climate often exhibit short shelf life. For that reason, safe, edible and environmental
friendly coatings that can extend shelf life and conserve fruits quality are required. The aim of this work was to
study the effects of edible coating incorporated with aloe vera gel on the fresh-cut apples. In this study, the apple
slices were coated with two concentrations of aloe vera gel (50% and 100%), gelatin (1%) and distilled water
(negative control) using the dipping method and were kept in zip lock bag at 4°C for 9 days. The weight loss,
titratable acidity, ascorbic acid amount, antioxidant activities of fresh-cut apples were analyzed and compared at 2nd,
6th and 9th day of treatments. The sensorial qualities were evaluated by using 5-point hedonic scale technique. Apple
slices coated with aloe vera (100%) concentration was shown to have a significant reduction in weight loss with a
high content of titratable acidity, ascorbic acid and antioxidant activity as compared to the other coating after 9 days
of treatments. The sensory quality using 5-point hedonic scale was also recorded higher for apple slices coated with
aloe vera (100%) concentration during most of the storage period. As a conclusion, the overall assessment of the
present study found that aloe vera coating (100%) concentration has the potential to extend the shelf life and
retarding the quality losses of fresh-cut apples.
Keywords: aloe vera, coating, shelf life, apple.
INTRODUCTION
Fresh-cut fruit cannot retain all the quality attribute and nutrient content due to peeling and cutting
process. The quality of the high perishable fresh-cut fruit will decrease due to many different
environmental effects such as enzymatic browning, decaying and water loss. Traditional preservation
techniques such as drying, salting, and acidification have been used to prevent the spoilage and growth of
bacteria in fruits, but it will reduce the nutritional content inside the fruits. In contrast, preservation by
using edible coating has been demonstrated to be more effective in protecting the fruits without degrading
the nutritional value of the fruit. Edible coatings are thin films of consumable material deposited on the
surface of the fruits for additional protective of natural wax (McHugh and Senesi, 2000). Recently,
interest has increased in using aloe vera gel-based edible coating material for fruits and vegetables. This
gel is tasteless, colorless and odorless. According to Chauhan et al., (2014), aloe vera can be used as
edible coatings for fruits as its biological competency can avoid softening, drying, controlling rate of
respiration and reduce the time for oxidative browning, and minimize microorganism proliferation. The
main purpose of this study was to assess the effect of aloe vera gel coating in extending the shelf-life of
apple fresh-cuts.
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METHODOLOGY
Aloe vera leaves were obtained from Kuala Lipis, Pahang. The upper epidermis of aloe vera was removed
and the inner mucilaginous material was cut into small dice and the gel was blends using a food processor
(Panwar and Mishra, 2015). The mixture was filtered to eliminate fibre and pasteurized at 70°C for 45
minutes. The gel was cooled immediately to an ambient temperature for 5 minutes, followed by adding
1% ascorbic acid and 1% citric acid. Then, apples were cut into slices and cooled to ambient temperature
before coating. A five step method was used to ensure the proper coating of the apple slices. The apple
slices were dipped into each coating solution, aloe vera gel (50%) concentration (AL50) and aloe vera gel
(100%) concentration (AL100), gelatin (1%) and distilled water (-ve control) for 2 minutes and allowed
the coating dripped off for 2 minutes before submerged into calcium chloride solution for 1 minute. The
prepared apples slices were kept in zip lock bag and stored in refrigerator at 4°C for 9 days. Quality
attributes of apple slices were assessed using titratable acidity (TA), weight loss determination, ascorbic
acid content and antioxidant activities at 2nd, 6th and 9th day of treatments. Ascorbic acid analysis and
antioxidant activities were carried out by using titration method and DPPH assay, respectively. Sensory
evaluation was performed to evaluate the samples by visual inspection of color, odor, texture, firmness
and overall quality using 5-point hedonic scale from Lim (2011). The collected data on various
parameters were statistically analyzed using ANOVA.
FINDINGS
After nine days of treatments, apple slices coated with AL100 shows the significant least reduction
(p<0.05) in titratable acidity (TA) weight loss, ascorbic acid and antioxidant activity compared to the
other coating formulations. Results are shown as in Table 1.
Table 1: Effect of application of different coatings on quality attributes of the apple slices after nine days
of storage in 4°C.
Treatment
Titratable
acidity
reduction (%)
Weight loss
reduction (%)
Ascorbic acid
reduction (%)
Antioxidant
activity
reduction (%)
AL100 10 5.1 65 34.7
AL50 14 13.27 75 39.1
Gelatine 46 31.23 76 46.9
Control 31 34.7 76 40
TA indicates the total organic acid content in a fruit which impact the flavour of food. TA reduction
correlative with fruit maturity as organic acid such as malic acid, which is abundant in apples, is
converted into sugars. Also, during fruit ripening, organic acids are used in the respiration process, further
decreasing the TA level which causes fruit rotting (Thakur, Gothwal, and Singh 2017). Weight loss is
mostly due to respiration and transpiration processes. Due to the hygroscopic properties of aloe vera, it
tends to absorb moisture from the surroundings. Porosity of apple treated with aloe vera gel is reduced
due to the bindings of the gel molecules to the surface of apple slices and the gel acts as semi-permeable
barrier against gaseous oxygen and carbon dioxide, thus reducing water evaporation (Misir, Brishti, and
Hoque 2014). Ascorbic acid is a potent water-soluble reducing and antioxidant agent commonly found in
fruits. As respiration rate and total soluble sugars increased, the content of ascorbic acid decreased. Aloe
vera gel reduces the diffusion of oxygen into cells, reducing the oxidation of ascorbic acid into
dehydroascorbic acid. Antioxidant activity correlates positively with the concentration of ascorbic acid
contained in a fruit. Aloe vera contains aloe-emodin, a type of anthraquinone, which retain antioxidant
198
activity and thus increase the resistance of tissues to decay (Sridevi et al. 2018). Colour and appearance
are the most common attributes used by consumers to assess the freshness of fruits. After nine days of
treatment, AL100 scored the highest acceptability on all sensory tests. Aloe vera slows down polyphenol
oxidase, an enzyme that contributes to browning of fruits so that the fruits can maintain their original
colour for longer duration (Chauhan, Gupta, and Agrawal 2014). In odour sensory test, as the storage
period extends, control and gelatine samples started producing unpleasant smells. Aloe vera delays
ripening process of fruit which in turns delays softening of fruit, thus maintaining the texture of fruit
(Misir, Brishti, and Hoque 2014).
CONCLUSIONS
Aloe vera has positive outcomes on maintaining the titratable acidity, ascorbic acid content, antioxidant
activity and moisture of fruits. It increased the shelf life and maintained overall quality of fruits by
delaying deterioration of fruit, thus preserving beneficial nutrients. It is also harmless, biodegradable and
safe for the health and environment. As the duration of shelf life is extended, food waste can be avoided.
REFERENCES
Chauhan, Shweta, K. C. Gupta, and Mukesh Agrawal. 2014. “A new approach of hurdle technology to
preserve mango fruit with the application of aloe vera gel and calcium chloride.” International Journal of
Current Microbiology and Applied Science 3, no. 5: 926-934.
Lim, Juyun. 2011. “Hedonic scaling: A review of methods and theory.” Food quality and preference 22,
no. 8 (June): 733-747.
McHugh, T. and Senesi, E. 2000. “Apple Wraps: A Novel Method to Improve the Quality and Extend the
Shelf Life of Fresh‐cut Apples”. Journal of Food Science 65, no. 3: 480-485.
Misir, Jawadul, Fatema H. Brishti, and Md. Mozammel Hoque. 2014. “Aloe vera gel as a novel edible
coating for fresh fruits: a review.” Am. J. Food Sci. Technol. 2, no. 3 (June): 93-97.
https://doi.org/10.12691/ajfst-2-3-3
Panwar, Sonu, and Mishra, Bhawana. 2015. “Effect of Aloe vera based composite edible coatings on
physical characteristics of peeled carrots during storage at room and refrigerated temperatures”.
International Journal of Agriculture Sciences 7, no. 3 (July): 460-464.
Sridevi, P., V. Vijaya Bhaskar, P. Subbaramamma, and D. R. Salomi Suneetha. 2018. “Effect of aloe vera
gel on the physiological, biochemical and quality parameters of pomegranate arils cv. ‘Bhagwa‘.” Int. J.
Curr. Microbiol. App. Sci 7, no. 1 (January): 1757-1766. https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2018.701.213.
Thakur, Jay Prakash, Padam Prakash Gothwal, and Iboyaima Singh. 2017. “Post-harvest treatments for
extension of mango fruit var. Dashehari (Mangifera indica L.).” International Journal of Food Science
and Nutrition 2, no. 4 (July): 156-162.
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VIID2526 - THE IMPACT OF
MATHEMATICS INNOVATION GAME ON
STUDENTS’ PERFORMANCE:
NAME THE NUMBERS!
Puteri Faida Alya Zainuddin1, Azilawati Banchit2, Lai Tze Wee1 1Faculty of Computer and Mathematical Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Cawangan Sarawak
[email protected], [email protected] 2Faculty of Business and Management, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Cawangan Sarawak
Abstract: Many university students are still weak in math even though they have spent more than a decade in the
formal education system. The objective of this simple but copyrighted innovative game is to educate the players to
classify numbers as real, odd, even, prime, whole, integer and rational/irrational numbers in a fun way. Most of the
digital games are available in the market for the same objective of this game, but as there are still many areas in
Sarawak which do not have proper and stable internet line, this type of game can be easily made available to
teachers as another teaching tool aside from the typical pen and paper method. An analysis of pre-diploma students
in a local University performed significantly better in the post-test results after playing the game showing
improvement of understanding in classifying numbers. Therefore, as the learning process is developed from playing
the game, students will have fun learning which is known to help improve their knowledge and understanding better.
Keywords: number, classification, mathematics, innovation, game
INTRODUCTION He (Allah SWT) taught Adam the names of all things, then He presented them to the angels and said,
“Tell Me the names of these, if what you say is true?”. They (the Angels) replied, “Glory be to You! We
have no knowledge except what You have taught us. You are truly the All-Knowing, All-Wise.”(The
Qur’an, 2:31-32)
Numbers do have names or identity as in any other settings where humans must classify them so that
everyone can understand of what, in this case, the specific numbers, are called and what they mean. In
this game, the players will pick up a card with the assigned numbers and then place it in the correct cup
with sticks to attain marks. By the end of the game, the player with the highest marks will be the winner.
This innovation is unique as the game will not only involves the participation of players, but also the
answers are made available by a unique QR code provided to ensure they can do their own self-check
even when they are playing outside of school or class hours. Numerous games have been produced for the
same objective but most of them are accessible with need of the players to own electronic devices and
internet access. As there are still many areas in Sarawak which do not have proper and stable internet line,
this type of game can be easily made available to teachers as another teaching tool aside from the typical
pen and paper method.
Another motivation to create this game is also because there are still many students in the universities
who are still weak in math even though they have spent more than a decade in the formal education
schools (Ali and Hassan 2019). One of the main reasons indicated by the students was that they suffer
from mathematic anxiety or feeling fearful, stressed and anxious which lead to rejection towards the
subject (Ali and Hassan 2019, Puteh and Khalin 2016, Arem 2009). There is also a huge concern to the
Malaysian Government as it is reported that students interested in the field of science, technology,
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engineering and mathematics (STEM) are dwindling with only 44% of students took STEM subjects in
2018, a lot less than the government’s target of 60% (The Star 2019). Learning math does not only
involved calculating but the students need to apply techniques of memorising, understanding and
reasoning (Muhajir 2019) for which this is necessary in the basic but important beginning step to classify
numbers. It is well established in the literature that children who are proficient with basic numerical
skills, will be able to perform advanced mathematics which are arithmetic (Nosworthy et al. 2013),
fractions (Mou et al. 2016, Fuchs et al. 2013) and geometry (Lourenco and Bonny 2017). In fact, these
students seem to be successful in their other subjects in school, and later in their life (Ray and Smith
2010, Nguyen et al. 2016, Williams 2019, Berger, Mackenzie, and Holmes 2020) where eventually, they
will earn higher salaries resulting in higher accumulated gross domestic product (GDP) for the country
(Bregant 2016).
METHODOLOGY The aims of this pre and post-tests is to measure whether the memorisation and understanding process to
classify the numbers have been achieved after playing the game. Two sets of quizzes have been prepared
and to be answered by students before and after they have played the game. The scores in the were then
recorded and analysed to identify the impact of “Name the Numbers!©” on their performance.
FINDINGS The players consisted of 30 pre-diploma students, 73.3% of female while the remainders were male who
had only studied the subject during their secondary schools. For the normality test, the p-value of the
Shapiro-Wilk test is less than 0.05 which indicates that the data was not normally distributed. Therefore, a
Wilcoxon-Signed Rank test has been used to evaluate the impact of the game on students’ performance.
Table 1. Rank Table
After – Before
Playing N
Mean
Rank
Sum of
Ranks
Negative Ranks 7a 8.71 61.00
Positive Ranks 19b 15.26 290.00
Ties 4c
Total 30 a. After < Before; b. After > Before’ c. After = Before
Table 2. Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Analysis
After – Before Playing
Z statistic -2.925a
p- value 0.003
a. Based on negative ranks.
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Based on Table 1, there were 7 students scored lower in the quiz after they played the game whereas 19
students scored better in the quiz after they played the game. Four out of 30 students scored the same
before and after they played the game. The median of the scores shows there is an improvement for the
majority of the students before (Median = 5.5) and after (Median = 6.5) they have played the game.
Furthermore, the Wilcoxon Signed-Rank test according to the Table 2 indicated that there is a statistically
significant difference in students’ result before and after playing the game (T = 290, z = -2.925, p < 0.05).
It can be concluded that the game has a positive impact on students’ performance in classifying the
numbers.
CONCLUSIONS It is imperative that people who deal with numbers daily from earning salaries and buying groceries, to
watching the numbers of Covid-19 pandemic patients; to understand what the numbers mean to enable
making rational decisions which involve their quality of life for themselves and others surrounding them.
As quoted in the Al Baqarah surah, verse 31 to 32 earlier, men and women are equipped with the ability
to rational and judge what is right and wrong through understanding and this begins by being able to
name them. This paper shows that to classify the numbers subject, an easy but usually are taken lightly by
students and sometimes even by the teachers and lecturers, can be incorporated in a fun and simple game.
The results conducted which are shown here have also proven that it does significantly help the players to
achieve its objective which is to name or classify the numbers. More data must be collected by allowing
other students of all ages to participate in the game to ensure that the results are not just confined to this
non-parametric analysis alone. Nevertheless, the objective to make STEM the main choice of most
students remains one of the Government’s priority and hopefully naming the numbers would be a small
step to help achieve that for the benefit of the student him/herself, community, country, and the world.
REFERENCES Ali, Nuur Adila Mohammad, and Norlizah Che Hassan. 2019. "Mathematics Anxiety and Mathematics
Motivation among Students in the Faculty of Science of a Public University in Malaysia."
Arem, Cynthia A. 2009. Conquering math anxiety: Nelson Education.
Berger, Nathan, Erin Mackenzie, and Kathryn Holmes. 2020. "Positive attitudes towards mathematics and
science are mutually beneficial for student achievement: a latent profile analysis of TIMSS
2015." The Australian Educational Researcher:1-36.
Bregant, Tina. 2016. "Mathematical Competence of a Child–Life Success of an Adult." Interdisciplinary
Description of Complex Systems: INDECS 14 (4):353-359.
Fuchs, Lynn S, Robin F Schumacher, Jessica Long, Jessica Namkung, Carol L Hamlett, Paul T Cirino,
Nancy C Jordan, Robert Siegler, Russell Gersten, and Paul Changas. 2013. "Improving at-risk
learners’ understanding of fractions." Journal of Educational Psychology 105 (3):683.
Khattab, Mustafa, Abu-Isa Webb, Aaron Wannamaker, and Hisham Sharif. 2016. The Clear Quran: A
Thematic English Translation of the Message of the Final Revelation: Book of Signs Foundation.
Lourenco, Stella F, and Justin W Bonny. 2017. "Representations of numerical and non‐numerical
magnitude both contribute to mathematical competence in children." Developmental Science 20
(4):e12418.
Mou, Yi, Yaoran Li, Mary K Hoard, Lara D Nugent, Felicia W Chu, Jeffrey N Rouder, and David C
Geary. 2016. "Developmental foundations of children’s fraction magnitude knowledge."
Cognitive development 39:141-153.
Muhajir, Muhajir. 2019. "Understanding of Early Number and Numeration of Mathematics at IIUM
Educare, Gombak, Malaysia." Jurnal Ilmiah Soulmath: Jurnal Edukasi Pendidikan Matematika
7 (1):1-12.
Nguyen, Tutrang, Tyler W. Watts, Greg J. Duncan, Douglas H. Clements, Julie S. Sarama, Christopher
Wolfe, and Mary Elaine Spitler. 2016. "Which preschool mathematics competencies are most
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predictive of fifth grade achievement?" Early Childhood Research Quarterly 36:550-560. doi:
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecresq.2016.02.003.
Nosworthy, Nadia, Stephanie Bugden, Lisa Archibald, Barrie Evans, and Daniel Ansari. 2013. "A two-
minute paper-and-pencil test of symbolic and nonsymbolic numerical magnitude processing
explains variability in primary school children's arithmetic competence." PloS one 8 (7):e67918.
Puteh, Marzita, and Siti Z Khalin. 2016. "Mathematics anxiety and its relationship with the achievement
of secondary students in Malaysia." International Journal of Social Science and Humanity 6
(2):119.
Ray, Katherine, and Maureen C Smith. 2010. "The kindergarten child: What teachers and administrators
need to know to promote academic success in all children." Early Childhood Education Journal
38 (1):5-18.
The Star. 2019. "Govt worried over dwindling number of STEM students." The Star.
Williams, Avis Carla. 2019. "Early Numeracy in Kindergarten and Examining the Effects of
Socioeconomic Status on Math Achievement Research Project." Brenau University.
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VIID2544 - MATCH-IT© 2.0: A CARD
GAME FOR LEARNING LEGAL CASES
Nur Hidayahtul Nabihah Binti Manas1, Noor Amira Syawani Binti Abd Rahman2, Mohd Rozaimy Bin
Ridzuan3, Siti Nadiah Binti Nain4, Muhamad Hafiz Bin Hishamudin5 1Tunku Abdul Rahman University College (TAR UC), Pahang Branch
[email protected] 2Universiti Teknologi Mara (UiTM), Kampus Raub, Cawangan Pahang
[email protected] 3Universiti Teknologi Mara (UiTM), Kampus Raub, Cawangan Pahang
[email protected] 4Tunku Abdul Rahman University College (TAR UC), Pahang Branch
[email protected] 5Mr & Mrs H (UT0013605-D), Kuantan, Pahang
Abstract: Teaching legal cases to the non-law students, who are the students from other programs such as
Accounting, Business, and Science Policy, is challenging for law educators. There are many legal cases in one law
course; thus, it turned down the students' interest in learning it. Besides, with most of the lectures still using classic
methods, it has further caused them to feel the law course as dry, repetitive, and boring. This paper presents our
implementation of an innovative approach: game-based learning using the card game to learn, understand, and
remember the legal cases. To produce valid data and valuable insights for this study, we carried out action research.
There are 75 students who volunteered to be part of this study. Even though it is a small-scale study, it can still
contribute to the existing knowledge in improving the current law pedagogy that we have.
Keywords: Educational Games, Action Research, Innovative
INTRODUCTION A non-law school such as business, accounting, and science policy schools has included law courses as
mandatory or core courses in the program structure. The common law courses that can be found in many
diploma and degree programs are business law or commercial law (Ku Yusof et al. 2017, 1-6). Both
courses have a similar topic, which the contract law as the main topic. The students are required to pass it
to graduate from the program they choose. However, it appears that learning law for the students from
these non-law schools is not a pleasant experience for them (Kariyawasam & Hang 2014, 1-20; Pasley &
Yoder 2016,1-6). The issue is because there are too many legal cases that they have to learn. With that
number of cases, the students feel terrified as they unable to understand and remember the legal cases.
Not only that, it requires a lot of reading and there is no interactive method in teaching legal cases other
than common lecture. Thus, it makes the students feel the law courses are difficult, boring, and very dry.
With this mindset and environment, it will increase the failure rate in the quiz and examinations.
In response to this, we try to adjust the classic teaching and learning methods like Socratic and Casebook
methods by introducing the card game as the innovative method in learning the legal cases. Teaching and
learning using games has been widely adopted and claimed to be effective in students' learning process
from various range of ages. Existed evidences show many other courses such as biology,
entrepreneurship, and software engineering has been implemented this method, but not for law courses.
(Vandercruysse, Clarebout & Vandewaetere 2012, 628-647; Su, Cheng & Lin 2014, 504-515; Soska &
Wolff 2016, 576-584; Aries et al 2020, 763-768). Match-It© is 6 in 1 card games that focuses on the legal
cases in contract law. The first version of Match-It© was introduced to the students in 2019. After we
received the feedback from the first version of Match-It©, we have upgraded it. Among the upgraded
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features are we have published a book and an e-book titled '50 Cases for Law of Contract' as the answer
reference, the visual graphic of the card such as color-coded and numbering sequence paired between
these cards. With the upgraded version, Match-It© is available to students who study law and the public
as awareness or early exposure to contract law.
METHODOLOGY We decided to adopt action research as the methodology for this study. Action research is a continuous
process conducted by educators to monitor their teaching practices (Mills 2018, 56-60). It is not about
learning why we do certain things, but rather how we can do things better (Ferrance 2000, 1-3). This
method allows us to experiment and identify the strengths and weaknesses of this card game in learning
legal cases. We conducted two observations with two quizzes in two different settings to get valid data.
The settings are before and after introducing Match-It© to the students.
FINDINGS Before introducing Match-It© to the students, the students were distracted during the classic lecture
method. They lose their interests after the first 20-30 minutes and start to talk with their next friends, fall
asleep or play with their phones. The students also unwillingly to answer the questions. This observation
clearly shows that the students are not interested in listening to the classic lecture method and prove what
has been claimed by many other scholars in the previous studies. However, when we introduced the card
game, Match-It©, to the students, all of them are focus on how to play and win it. They take the initiative
to ask questions regarding the case and its principles. They also occupied with the book which listed out
the cases as the answers reference. None of them are playing with their phone nor falling asleep. There
are loud noises due to the students' discussion as all of them take part in the game. This observation
proves that learning using card game together with the book as answer reference are effectively improve
the engagement in the lecture and at the same time can increase the interest and motivation for students in
learning law. Thus, making law class less boring.
Chart 1: Students’ Performance in the Quizzes
Chart 1 shows an increase in the percentage of students who passed the quiz after being introduced with
Match-It©. The requirement to pass the quiz is to obtain a minimum of 50 out of 100 marks. The pre-quiz
results, which is before the introduction of the card game, are 56% pass and 44% fail. These numbers
change to 76% pass, and 24% fail. In brief, this data shows that the students can understand and
remember more legal cases when using the card game in the classroom.
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CONCLUSIONS In summary, Match-It is unique as it can help students to learn the legal cases effectively in an interactive
way. Since this game offer 6 in 1 option on how to play the game, it enables the educators and students to
choose which activity is deemed to be suitable to fit their teaching and learning style. Based on the
observation and research, none of the sellers in the market is selling this kind of product. Even though
using card games during the lecture is still new for the law courses, extending this study further is
possible. It does effectively address the challenges in learning legal cases and its principles among the
students. We hope that Match-It© will be beneficial widely not only to the students but also to the public
at large.
REFERENCES
1. Aries Vional, Lista Ayu Saraswati , Liana Wijaya, and Ridho Bramulya Ikhsan, 2020. “Gamification
in Learning Process and its Impact on Entrepreneurial Intention,” Management Science Letters, vol
10, no 4 (2020), 763-768.
2. Eileen Ferrance, Action Research. (Rhode Island: LAB Brown University, 2000), 1-3.
3. Kanchana Kariyawasam, and Hang Yen Low, “Teaching Business Law to Non-Law Students,
Culturally and Linguistically Diverse (‘CaLD’) Students, and Large Classes,” Journal of University
Teaching & Learning Practice, vol 11, no 2 (2014), 1-20.
4. Ku Mohd Amir Aizat, Bin Ku Yusof, Rafidah@Malissa, Binti Datuk Salleh, Lenny, James Matah,
Geeta, Sammanthan, Habibun Nisa Binti Mohamed Ajmal, and Muhammad Azril Bin Roslan,
“Exploring New Approaches in Teaching LAW299 to Non-Law Students in UiTM Sabah.” In
Kolokium Hal Ehwal-Akademik 2017 UiTM Cawangan Sabah, 1-6. Sabah, Malaysia.
5. Geoffrey E. Mills, Action Research: A Guide for Teacher Researcher. (Boston: Pearson, 2018), 56-
60.
6. Will Pasley, and Traci Yoder. 2016. “Changing Legal Pedagogy.” Accessed September 30, 2020,
from National Lawyers Guild (NLG): https://www.nlg.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Changing-
Legal-Pedagogy.pdf
7. Alexander Soska and Christian Wolff. 2016. “An Experimental Card Game for Software Testing.” In
2016 IEEE Global Engineering Conference (EDUCON), 576-584. Abu Dhabi, UAE.
8. TzuFen Su, Meng-Tzu Cheng, and Shu-Hua Lin, “Investigating the Effectiveness of an Educational
Card Game for Learning How Human Immunology is Regulated,” CBE-Life Science Education, no
13(2014): 504-515.
9. Sylke Vandercruysse, Geraldine Clarebout, and Mieke Vandewaetere. 2012. “Game-Based Learning:
A Review on the Effectiveness of Educational Games.” In Handbook of Research on Serious Games
as Educational, Business and Research Tools. 628-647, Hershey, PA: IGI Global.
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VIID2551 - “LOVE ME” KIT:
PREVENTION IS BETTER THAN CURE
Ts. Norkamruzita Saadon1, Nor Ashikin Yusof1, Dr. Fatahiya Mohamed Tap1, and
Dr. Nur Syukriah Abd Rahman1
UiTM Cawangan Terengganu Kampus Bukit Besi
Abstract: Malaysia is experiencing the third wave of COVID-19 cases and this is a fearful warning to
Malaysians. The number of COVID-19 positive cases has been in 3 digits for the past few days and due to
this, the Malaysian government has taken several measurements to control the virus from infecting more
people, including making aggressive campaigns in reminding people to keep them safe, like the campaign
in washing their hands. However, many Malaysians were found not completely embraced to the new
normal. This is due to some factors, like the unavailability of hand wash or hand sanitizer, especially
when they are outside of their house. Thus, the objectives of this research are to formulate hand sanitizer
which not only kills bacteria but also moisturizes hands, to formulate hand wash which is natural and safe
for any type of skins, and to develop a prototype of a portable kit which can help Malaysians to instill the
new norm of washing their hands. The novelty of this product is our own formulated hand sanitizer and
hand wash, which have been registered for their Intellectual Property (IP) rights. The hand sanitizer has
been tested for its effectiveness on the inhibition of microbial growth using disk-diffusion method, and
the results revealed mild inhibition on certain microbial growth. For the hand wash, the physical
characteristic testing has been conducted, which includes its pH, dryness and cleaning ability. The testing
revealed that the hand wash has a pH of 5.5, which could restore and support the skin pH, and it was
found to moisturize and able to remove dirt after its application. With the believe in “prevention is better
than cure”, this product “Love Me” kit has the potential to encourage Malaysians, even the young ones, to
adapt to the new norm of washing hands frequently in their daily activities since the kit is portable and
available to be used at any situation. “Love ME” kit, as the name goes, will remind Malaysians that
loving our own selves (by preventing ourselves from being infected) is the first and crucial part to be
done before we protect our loved ones from being the COVID-19 victims.
Keywords: COVID-19, natural hand wash, hand sanitizer, prevention kit, microbial growth.
INTRODUCTION On 25 January 2020, Malaysians were startled with the first detected positive COVID-19 case and that
was the beginning of a continuous battle in fighting the pandemic. Since then, Malaysian government has
taken many measures and implemented procedures, including the measurements to control the virus from
infecting more people, and these efforts auspiciously reduced the number of positive cases after battling
the second wave of the pandemic which started on 27 February 2020. However, since 20 September 2020,
the number of positive COVID-19 cases keeps soaring and as a result, Malaysia is experiencing the third
wave of the pandemic. This has induced the Malaysian government to intensify the procedures and
measures implemented earlier, including the campaigns in promoting hand hygiene. According to the
Minister of Health, Malaysia, Dr Adham Baba “Hand hygiene has always been considered by the experts
as the single most effective infection control measure” (CodeBlue, 2020). However, hand hygiene,
specifically hand washing, has not yet been completely embraced by Malaysians as part of their new
normal, based on a study done in 11 countries, The findings revealed that Malaysia has the highest
percentage in the hand-washing activity, which is 76 percent (Arumugam, 2020) and this percentage
should remind Malaysians that efforts in instilling the new normal should be continuously done. Another
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study was conducted on the hospital workers’ poor conformity to the recommended instructions for hand
hygiene and the results revealed that among the reasons for poor conformity were the irritation to the skin
caused by the hand wash and the unavailability of hand products (Garon, 2020). Hence, the objectives of
this research are to formulate hand sanitizer which not only kills bacteria but also moisturizes hands, to
formulate hand wash which is natural and safe for any type of skin, and to develop a prototype of a
portable kit which can help Malaysians to instill the new norm of washing their hands. The novelty of
this product relies on its own formulated hand sanitizer and hand wash, which have been registered for
their Intellectual Property (IP) rights. The same formula of hand sanitizer has been used to provide hand
sanitizer for the campus’s internal use.
METHODOLOGY In the product development, the IDEO approach has been adopted (“Frameworks for the Product
Development Process” 2020), which involves 6 steps; observe, ideate, visualize, prototype, gather
feedback and implement. The product development is in the fourth stage, which the prototype was
developed. The methods involved three stages, which are:
a) Formulating the hand sanitizer
Two qualities were considered in formulating the hand sanitizer; it should be able to kill bacteria and
moisturizes the hands. The hand sanitizer was sent for a lab testing, to measure its effectiveness on the
inhibition of microbial growth using disk-diffusion method. The hand sanitizer was supplied to the three
campuses for internal usage during the Movement Control Order (MCO). Feedback of the hand sanitizer
will be conducted in the fifth stage.
b) Formulating the hand wash.
The formulation was based on the natural ingredients to ensure its safety for all type of skins. The
physical characteristic testing was conducted, which includes the test on its pH, dryness and cleaning
ability.
c) Developing the prototype
The prototype of the kit was developed after the observation on the demand of the similar product in the
market was conducted.
FINDINGS a) Results on the lab test done on the hand sanitizer
A sample of the formulated hand sanitizer was sent for a lab testing to measure its effectiveness on the
inhibition of microbial growth using disk-diffusion method. The results are as shown in Table 1 below.
Table 1 shows that the hand sanitizer had mild inhibition on the Micrococcus luteus growth, and low
inhibition on Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus. No inhibition was detected on Pseudomonas, E.
Coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae. The medical grade hand sanitizer (Septo-Sol 80) showed mild inhibition
on the growth of all microbes except for Klebsiella pneumoniae (low inhibition). The 70% ethanol
showed no inhibition on the tested microbes, and Gentamicin showed strong inhibition on all microbes’
growth. The result shows that the formulated hand sanitizer is capable to inhibit all the gram positive
bacteria and unable to inhibit all the gram negative bacteria.
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b) Results on the hand wash
The testing revealed that the hand wash has a pH of 5.5, which could restore and support the skin pH, and
it was found to moisturize and able to remove dirt after its application.
c) Developing the prototype
To cater the needs of each gender and age category, the kit was developed in three sets, which are for the
men, ladies and children. For the adults, the kits consist of a portable hand wash and hand sanitizer, which
are formulated to cater the needs of individual gender. For the children’s kit, only the hand wash is
provided due to safety precautions. The hand wash for the children was formulated using natural
ingredients, which makes it to be a safe product to be handled by the children with less adult supervision.
CONCLUSIONS The “Love Me” kits are believed to help in overcoming the barriers which Malaysians may have in
adapting hand hygiene as their new normal. All the kits are portable, which help the users to clean their
hands in any circumstances. The adults’ kits provide two different methods in cleaning their hands, and
this can help the adults to maintain their hand cleanliness. The ingredients have been formulated in order
to reduce the problem on skins. The formula is natural and safe for all types of skin. The formula and the
design of its containers are the kit’s novelty. Hence, it is believed that the kit has a good
commercialization potential in the current situation, where everyone wants to stay safe.
REFERENCES
Al-Naggar, Redhwan Ahmed, and Karim Al-Jashamy. “Perceptions and Barriers of Hands Hygiene
Practice among ...” International Medical Journal Malaysia , April, 2014.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/261288350_Perceptions_and_Barriers_of_Hands_Hygiene_Pra
ctice_among_Medical_Science_Students_in_a_Medical_School_in_Malaysia.
Arumugam, T., 2020. Study: Increased Handwashing Among Malaysians Amid Covid-19 Outbreak |
New Straits Times. [online] NST Online. Available at:
<https://www.nst.com.my/news/nation/2020/03/571953/study-increased-handwashing-among-
malaysians-amid-covid-19-outbreak> [Accessed 31 October 2020].
“Frameworks for the Product Development Process.” 2020. Productboard. March 13, 2020.
https://www.productboard.com/glossary/product-development-process/.
209
Ilana Garon. “Hand Hygiene: Unexpected Challenges and Cutting-Edge Solutions.” InfectionControl.tips,
July 9, 2020. https://infectioncontrol.tips/2020/07/09/hand-hygiene-unexpected-challenges/.
“WHO Welcomes Health Minister Adham Joining '#SafeHands Challenge'.” CodeBlue, September 8,
2020. https://codeblue.galencentre.org/2020/09/08/who-welcomes-health-minister-adham-joining-
safehands-challenge/.
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VIID2555 - DAKOVID19 (DAKON COVID-
19) IS AN EFFORT TO PRESERVE
TRADITIONAL GAMES IN PREVENTING
THE TRANSMISSION OF COVID-19
FROM AN EARLY AGE DURING THE
PANDEMIC
Febi Auliyah Duwi Insani1, Siti Fathimatuz Zahro2, Tsania Nur
Fajriyah3
1, 2, 3Islamic Senior High School 1
Gresik [email protected]
Abstract: The outbreak of Covid-19 (Corona Virus disease-2019) throughout the world has caused major changes
in the life order of every organism around the world, especially changes in the aspect of education, such as
children who initially can learn directly are now forced to participate in distance learning which of course can
change children's learning and play patterns, where initially children can play with their friends on the guidelines
of school learning, now children are only focused on taking part in learning from home. One solution to
overcome this problem is the existence of learning media in the form of educational toys so that children will not
feel bored in receiving the learning material. In the Millennial era like now, many educational providers choose to
use technology as an educational toy, even though there are still many traditional games that are rarely used and
almost eroded by the times, so that in addition to learning while playing, children can also get to know the
traditional game culture that should be preserved. Based on these problems, we took the initiative to provide
solutions in the form of innovations in traditional dakon games combined with learning Covid-19 material which
until now is still rarely taught in learning, so that children can learn Covid-19 material while playing and
preserving the culture of play traditional. This research uses the type of field research (field research) as for the
method used in this research is a qualitative analysis method. In addition, this study also uses a literature study
design using data and references from online media, books, and journals. This study is limited to school-age
children (focusing on elementary school students), the sample of this study is elementary school students grade
4th, 5th, and 6th. The research instruments used in this study were observation and interview questionnaires. Data
analysis technique used in this research is descriptive quantitative and qualitative.
Keywords: Dakon, covid-19, childhood, and traditional games.
INTRODUCTION The outbreak of Covid-19 (Corona Virus disease-2019) all over the world has caused major changes in
the life order of every organism around the world, including children, especially changes in the
educational aspects of these children, children who can initially learn now directly forced to take part
in distance learning which of course can change the pattern of learning and playing children, where
initially children can play with friends on the sidelines of school lessons, now children are only focused
on taking lessons from home.
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In fact, not a few children claim to be stressed and bored with this distance learning pattern, this is
largely due to the number of tasks given to the child. Likewise with educational providers and
teaching staff who feel overwhelmed in providing material to students, especially material about the
dangers of the Covid-19 pandemic.
One solution to overcome this problem is the existence of learning media in the form of educational
toys so that children will not feel bored in receiving the material. In the Millennial era like now, many
educational providers choose to use technology as educational toys, even though there are still many
traditional games that are rarely used and almost eroded by the times, which can be used as
educational toys, so that apart from learning while playing, children can also play. know the
traditional game culture that should be preserved. Traditional games themselves are all forms of
games that have existed since ancient times and have been passed down from generation to
generation.
Based on these problems, we took the initiative to provide solutions in the form of innovative
traditional games combined with learning material for Covid-19, which until now is rarely taught in
learning, so that children can learn Covid-19 material while playing and preserving the culture of play
traditional.
OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The main objective of this research is to provide learning media for children in the form of innovative
traditional games combined with Covid-19 learning materials, which until now are rarely taught in
learning. The following specific objectives are set to achieve the main objectives:
1. Preserving traditional Indonesian culture
2. Providing knowledge of the dangers of Covid-19 to children to prevent transmission from an
early age
3. Providing interesting and fun learning media, so that children do not get bored easily in learning.
LITERATURE REVIEW Traditional games are all forms of games that have existed since ancient times and have been passed
down from generation to generation to each generation. The traditional game of congklak is a game
known by various names throughout Indonesia which is usually played by two people using a board
called a congklak board and two seeds called congklak seeds or congklak fruits. In this study,
Congklak is one of the learning media. According to James W. Brown [1], the teaching media consists
of a medium and a device. In the sense that this medium is a teaching medium more than just materials
and tools, as well as the people who provide it and operate it, utilize it, organize it and process it, and
how the materials and tools themselves interact with children.
According to Kurniati [2], the traditional game of congklak is a game that focuses on mastery of the
brain, strategy, body movements and counting. This game has several roles, including training
children's numeracy skills and fine motor skills. With the traditional game of congklak, children can
learn to count by counting congklak seeds, besides that, when children put congklak seeds one by one
on the congklak board, this can train the child's fine motor skills. Train fine motor manipulation skills
so that children are ready to write. In addition, the role of the traditional congklak game is that children
are required to be patient when waiting for their friend's turn to play.
Teaching strategies are always adapted to the child's learning habits. Strategy according to Al-
Syaibany [3] is a popular term in cognitive psychology, which means mental procedures in the form of
stages that require the allocation of cognitive efforts and are always influenced by cognitive choices or
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children's learning habits. A good choice is a choice of learning habits that arise because of
encouragement from within the child. Therefore, children are expected to focus their attention more so
that they really understand and think about what they are experiencing. Meanwhile, the teacher's job in
this case is to use teaching methods that allow children to use learning strategies that can introduce
skills in the teaching and learning process, one of which is learning while playing.
The ability to count is the ability to use reasoning, logic, and numbers According to Daniel Muijs and
David Reynolds [4] that the ability to count or mathematical intelligence is the ability to use reasoning,
logic, and numbers. Logical / mathematical lerner thinks conceptually in terms of logical and numerical
patterns, looking for relationships between pieces of information. They ask a lot of questions and enjoy
experimenting. One of the new ways to teach counting to children is through learning congklak games
for children related to everyday life. How to improve children's numeracy skills does not have to
always use the old methods, namely by using formulas, because this old method can lead to failure in
children. In line with this, a child has a good talent in arithmetic and mathematics. Unfortunately, he
was not taught mathematical theory in the correct way. Instead he was being taught mathematical
theories in the wrong way. The result is no doubt that this child will be weak in mathematics. For this
reason, teaching children does not have to always be dealing with serious formulas, but they can be
included in their daily activities. Like through games, in this way we indirectly teach children about the
concept of addition and subtraction.
Method is an important factor in improving children's abilities. Often the success or failure of programs
to increase numeracy skills in children is related to the methods used by teachers / parents in learning,
because methods have an important role in achieving the goal of increasing children's brain ability.
With a good and appropriate method, it is hoped that the goal of increasing children's brain ability can
be maximally achieved. The playing method according to Armai Arief [5] is a teaching method where
the teacher provides the opportunity for children to play certain games such as those found in everyday
life. Play has several meanings, another element of play is repetition, repetition the child gets the
opportunity to consolidate his skills,
Increasing the ability of the brain for children who prioritize skills, is not the same as formal learning
in elementary, junior high and high schools because there are several conditions that must be created in
the learning process to achieve skill cultivation and brain development. For this reason, a method that
is considered to be more varied is needed, including playing congkak. The choice of this method is of
course aimed at increasing the brain's ability of children. The theory of Practice for Adulthood from K.
Gross in Muksin [6] states that playing is an opportunity for the development of skills and knowledge
of children, which are very important for them when they are approaching adulthood. Through play,
children can develop their creativity. Play is very important for the cognitive development of a child by
training the ability to adapt to the environment and a pleasant atmosphere. And through play, children
can develop their brain and bodily abilities that exist in them.
The results of temporary observations at the Sukadana Pembina Kindergarten that one of the cognitive
development methods in Kindergarten conducted by the teacher are using the congklak play method. In
line with this, playing congklak can directly help children's cognitive abilities. In the field of children's
cognitive abilities, they are still relatively low, especially those who cannot count, add and subtract.
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY This research was conducted from 10 September 2020 to 15 October 2020 at MI Tashwirul Afkar,
Gresik Regency. This research uses a descriptive quantitative approach and interview techniques. The
quantitative approach technique in this research is done by dividing the pretest and posttest. In
addition, this study also uses a literature study design using data and references from online media,
books, and journals. The sample selection was carried out by using probability sampling method,
namely by determining the class as the research sample. We determine as many as 3 classes for each
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grade level. The students to be interviewed were randomly selected as many as 20 to 30 students from
the existing student sample. The results of the analysis after the pretest and posttest were by collecting
grade 4, 5, and 6 who played the role of DAKOVID19 game player as an effort to add insight into
Covid-19 during the pandemic by taking the value of level card test results that had either never been
studied or had been studied. The data obtained from the results of observations, pretest and posttest, as
well as interviews will be further analyzed. The data that has been collected is then analyzed to get
conclusions for this study.
HOW TO PLAY DAKOVID19 GAME
The number of players in this game is 3 people, namely 2 people as the main players and 1 person as
the referee as well as the reader of questions on the CO card. The main purpose of this game is to be
maintained from the dakon game, which is usually the highest number of seeds in the main hole
(usually called the winner).
Decides which player goes first i.e. First player takes all the seeds out of each hole on their side of the
board. Move clockwise around the board and drop one seed into each hole in an attempt to reach its
own storage area at the end of the board. Don't drop the shell into storage.
The first step of the game starts with counting 7 seeds into each hole on the side of your board. Leave
your storage area (in the end) empty. If your board has less / more than 7 holes on each side, fill each
hole with an equal number of playing seeds into each hole on the side of the board.
If the last hole where you dropped the seed: If "there is a seed in it" then you have to take all the seeds
out of that hole and place them in your storage area and continue the board game as you did at the start
of the game. If it is "empty" then leave your seed in the hole and end your turn. Your turn is up, and
now it is your opponent's turn. And if it is "in your safe" then you have another turn. Take all the
acorns out of any hole on your side of the board and keep turning it clockwise moving around the
board.
After the first player's turn runs out (dies), start the opponent's turn and play the same way. This round
ends when a player runs out of seeds on the side of the board.
The next step is that the referee gives the player questions to answer. If the player answers correctly
then the player can continue the journey if the seed falls in the hole with the seed and so on until you
run out of seeds first (lose the road), your opponent wins the round (wins the road). Then proceed to
the next player and so on. If the player answers the CO card incorrectly, the player must be stopped so
that he cannot continue the journey and the journey is continued by the next player.
As for the end of this game, the game continues with successive rounds until one player loses all the
seeds in their hole, or both players want to stop playing, then the number of seeds will be counted to
see who is the most, and thus the winner.
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Figure 1. The results of the DAKOVID19 in Islamic pretest and posttest playing
scores Elementary School Tashwirul Afkar Gresik Indonesia
The results of this study can also be seen in the bar chart above (Figure 1), from the picture it can be
seen that the pretest score of grade children was 4.5.6 lower than the posttest score after the children
played DAKOVID19, this means that knowledge children are increasing after learning while playing
using the game DAKOVID19, this study shows that DAKOVID19 is successfully implemented.
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Figure 2. Results of analysis of student responses after playing
DAKOVID19
Based on the data from the analysis above (figure 2), the children are interested and like to play the
game DAKOVID19, the children's interest and liking are due to several factors as follows:
1. Children can recognize and preserve traditional games which are almost extinct
2. Children feel happy and not bored because they can learn while playing.
3. Children receive educational, interesting and interactive learning media.
4. Making the child not individualistic so that he can socialize with his friends through the
game DAKOVID19.
5. Children can learn mathematics such as adding and subtracting by playing DAKOVID19 so
that children's cognitive abilities can increase
6. Children can grow and develop their creativity by playing DAKOVID19.
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CONCLUSIONS DAKOVID19 is a traditional toy that is collaborated with knowledge about COVID-19 while
maintaining the concept of the rules of the dakon game and a form of preserving the Indonesian culture
/ heritage. The application of the DAKOVID19 game has succeeded in increasing the average post-test
score and giving students a sense of joy / happiness.
REFERENCES
James, W Brown. 1997. AV Instruction: Technology, Media, and Methods. Fifth, New York:
McGraw- Hill Book Company.
Kurniati. 2006. Traditional Games in Indonesia. Bandung: Youth Rosdakarya.
Al-Syaibany. 2004. Learning Methods. Bandung: Youth Rosdakarya.
Daniel Muijs and David Reynolds. 2008. Effective Teaching: Theory and Application. Yogyakarta:
Student Library.
Armai Arief. 2002. Introduction to Islamic Education Science and Methodology. Jakarta: Ciputat
Press.
Muksin. 2006. Play and Mathematical Intelligence. Bandung: Youth Rosdakarya.
217
VIID2562 - INTERACTIVE LEARNING
THROUGH BUSINESS BOARD GAMES:
SHAREHOLDERS
Phoon Lee Yong
Tunku Abdul Rahman University College, Pahang, Kuantan, Malaysia.
Abstract: In every single organization, shareholders play an essential role. Whether it is a public corporation or
private corporation, an organization needs a shareholder to start their business. According to Forbes, one of the Top
Billionaires is Warren Buffett, who is well-known as the best investor of all time stated that shareholders do not
guarantee an individual to be a billionaire. Still, it is the stepstone for an individual to become a billionaire.
However, high-status individuals usually are the shareholder of a particular organization. As the saying goes, it is
easy to enter the market as a shareholder, but it is not easy to make sure the business strategies are well applied.
Therefore, this study's objectives are to let the players understand the business's nature, the primary business
strategies to be applied for different forms of business, and understand the risk as a shareholder in the real-life
business industries. A questionnaire had been distributed to identify the business theories after the
“SHAREHOLDERS” game was introduced. The positive result proves that players clearly understand the
fundamental business theories as a shareholder.
Keywords: Business, Shareholder, Educational Game
INTRODUCTION The Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic had infected over 32 million people worldwide and
caused over 991 thousand death ("WHO Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Dashboard" 2020). In
Malaysia, over 10 thousand people were infected in this pandemic. This pandemic outbreak began in the
year-end of 2019, and until today, yet to have any medicine to cure it. COVID-19 pandemic brings
significant problems to every sector, including primary, secondary, and tertiary sectors (Nicola et al.
2020).
During the COVID-19 pandemic outbreak, most of the business change their business from brick and
mortar to e-commerce, but still, shareholders are needed. In the marketing mix, price always the most
critical element because it always brings changes to the product (Kotler et al. 2019). The same goes for an
organization. Shareholders are essential because each individual's business strategies bring the change to
the organization, whether positive or negative.
The economy crisis happens worldwide due to production stop operating in this acute crisis, and many
workers are influenced by the COVID-19 pandemic (Craven et al. 2020). To survive in this critical
moment, most business people started to invest in share markets, but unfortunately, most of them face
loss (Capelle-Blancard and Desroziers, 2020). They do not understand the rules and real-life of the
business. Therefore, this “SHAREHOLDERS” is introduced to explain the operation of the share
markets. It also guides the players to think critically while investing in the minimum risk and increasing
their capital.
This card game brings the perspectives and knowledge of business theories and strategies in a real-life
scenario. Students can enhance their knowledge of business strategies and understand risk management.
Students will learn how to trade in and out in the market with the strategies throughout this game and
avoid bankruptcy. According to Davis (2020), Warren Buffett is the top 400 wealthiest billionaires in the
218
world known as the best investor. This game is introduced and applied to encourage the students to treat
Warren Buffett as a role model and enhance the world's economy in the future by using share markets and
business skills.
METHODOLOGY This game is based on the real-life of the competitive business world. There will be 49 cards for six
different organizations in three different sectors. There also will include 12 unique cards that indicated the
risk in the real business world. Besides that, there will be a pack of capital included in this game pack.
The capital is indicating the money to trade in and out of the share in the market. Apart from that, there is
an anti-monopoly pin for each organization to avoid the market's player monopoly.
This game is suitable for the students' age 15 and above. It can be played up to 4 players. The game start
with different characters. Each character might have different amount of capital and share before the real
game start which indicated in the real life, individuals are from different background and they might start
their shareholders’ journey in a different pathway. In being a shareholder, players have to figure out how
to use minimum capital to get the share and avoid getting the anti-monopoly chip. Besides that, players
also need to find ways to earn the market share and be the most successful shareholder.
FINDING “SHAREHOLDERS” is a game that integrates business theories, strategies, and capital. Most business
games focus on selling property and earning rental by referring to research, which does not generate a
massive impact on the business concept to players. By playing “SHAREHOLDERS,” it not only let the
players understand the differences of sectors, but it also enhances the business strategies in trade in and
out of the share and ways to monopolize and anti-monopoly in the competitive business world.
Students age 15 and above are called for a pilot test, and a set of questionnaires was distributed after the
game. The questionnaire is used to identify students' understanding regarding shareholders in three
different types of sectors and business strategies in the real-life business world.
Chart 1: Pilot Test Result.
Chart 1 shows after playing the games, 100% of students understand in the real-life of the business world.
In the game, there are different characters with different backgrounds. To become a successful
shareholder, they must fully utilize their knowledge to make sure they can monopolize the organization
by holding the largest share and gaining more capital from the market.
Students also clearly knew in this trading business world; they might face different risks, whether they
might be the largest shareholder or lose their capital and share by the end of the game, which aligns with
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the real-life business. This game can close the gap of students who are curious about the market share and
yet to have the opportunity to explore it.
CONCLUSIONS In short, business students are well encouraged to play this game. It helps them to understand how a
shareholder is created and have a better picture of shareholders in real-life scenarios in a short period.
Besides, there are different characters to be random pick by each player. With this, it helps them to figure
out several business strategies to be applied toward different characters in real-life. If this game is
implemented in education, it is more effective and efficient than students sitting hourly in the lecture hall.
This game is worthy of commercializing because it brings advantages to all business students.
REFERENCES
1. Capelle-Blancard, G. and Desroziers, A., 2020. The Stock Market Is not the Economy? Insights from
the COVID-19 Crisis. SSRN Electronic Journal.
2. Craven, Matt, Linda Liu, Matt Wilson, and Mihir Mysore. 2020. "COVID-19: Implications For
Business". Mckinsey & Company. https://www.mckinsey.com/business-functions/risk/our-
insights/covid-19-implications-for-business.
3. Davis, Dominic-Madori. 2020. "Meet The 15 Richest People In Africa Who Have A Collective Net
Worth Of Over $73 Billion". Business Insider. https://www.businessinsider.in/thelife/news/meet-the-
15-richest-people-in-africa-who-have-a-collective-net-worth-of-over-73-
billion/slidelist/78173321.cms.
4. Kotler, Phil T, Gary Armstrong, Lloyd C Harris, and Hongwei He. 2019. Principles Of Marketing.
Harlow, United Kingdom: Pearson Education Limited.
5. Nicola, Maria, Zaid Alsafi, Catrin Sohrabi, Ahmed Kerwan, Ahmed Al-Jabir, Christos Iosifidis,
Maliha Agha, and Riaz Agha. 2020. "The Socio-Economic Implications Of The Coronavirus
Pandemic (COVID-19): A Review". International Journal Of Surgery 78: 185-193.
doi:10.1016/j.ijsu.2020.04.018.
6. "Warren Buffett". 2020. Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/profile/warren-buffett/?list=rtb%2F. 7. "WHO Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Dashboard". 2020. Covid19.Who.Int.
https://covid19.who.int/.
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VIID2364 - STUDENT’S IMPROVEMENT
IN PERFORMANCE, CONCEPTION, AND
INTEREST ON COMPOUND NOUNS
LEARNING VIA INOMAJ
Aqeef Farrel Bin Juzairi1, Muhamad Haris Bin Mohd Hamdi2,
Ahmad Afandi Bin Yusri 3
SK. Bayan Lepas Dua
Abstract: This study aims to investigate the usage of innovative flashcards called Inomaj to help students’ performance,
conception, and interest in compound nouns learning. This study was conducted on year 1 students. This study is based
on a quantitative method that was collected through classroom assessments, pre, and post-tests, observations, and
questionnaires. Before the treatment session, students were given a Pre-Test to determine their performance in the
classroom assessment. The student’s attitude during the treatment session was recorded by the observation method
through the checklist. Post-tests were given to respondents after the treatment session ended. The questionnaire was
conducted to collect information and feedback from them after using Inomaj. All data obtained is analyzed based on the
content analysis approach. The findings show that the usage of Inomaj is effective to improve their performance in
compound nouns learning. The post-tests result showed about 83% improvement. Similarly, students also interest to
learn and able to conceptualize compound nouns.
Keywords—Inomaj, flashcards, students, conceptualize, compound nouns
INTRODUCTION
Compound nouns are very unique and productive vocabulary. This statement was also supported by linguists
such as Asmah (1993), Abdullah and Ainon (1994), Liaw and Abdullah (1994). Although different terms have
been used by Asmah (equivalent phrase), Abdullah and Ainon (compound phrase), & Liaw and Abdullah
(plural noun), they are actually referring to the same word formation. The usage of plural nouns still widely
discussed despite many linguists wrote relevant articles. Moreover, the type of compound nouns that want to
study also does not have uniformity in detailed terms and descriptions. The confusion as to whether it is a
compound word or phrase is still a question. These conflicts have in fact opened up opportunities for clearer
explanations, especially in this study. By Asmah (1982), Malay as the 'equivalent phrase' that give the
impression in the minds of the Malays who like to look at the incidence and nature in pairs. The adverb phrase
described by Asmah (1982) is the word that describes the verb. Examples of name phrases, work phrases,
personality phrases and adverbial phrases. Her opinion is same with Abdullah and Ainon (1994) which states
that one of the special features of the Malay language is like to use the two words overlap meaning. They
believed that there are two types of word phrases. The first type consists of two words that have almost
identical meanings. In describing Malay’s compound nouns, the prevailing analysis was conducted by
members of the language is based on the shape, type, function and meaning. Generally, most researchers agree
on the classification of Malay compound nouns in terms of functionality. For example in the study by Asmah
(1982), Liaw and Abdullah (1994), Abdullah (2006) and Nik Safiah Karim, Farid M. Onn, Hashim Haji Musa
and Abdul Hamid Mahmood (1989, 2008). They divide compound words into plural nouns, plural verbs, and
221
plural adjectives. For students in primary school, it is very important for them to learn compound noun. This
is because they must able to make conception. So, one of the efforts to help them is by trying to innovate them
with an innovative learning tool.
PROBLEM STATEMENT
1. Low Achievement
- Year 1 students from 1 UTM got almost lower marks in classroom assessment.
2. Misconception
- Students cannot generalize about compound nouns term.
3. Unattractive Learning
-They easily get bored and focus cannot be done.
METHODOLOGY 1.0 REFLECT
1.1.1 Classroom Assessments Result
Table 1. Pre-test Result
NUMBER OF STUDENT MARKS
2 0-20 (very low)
5 30-50 (low)
3 60-70 (moderate)
- 80-90 (good)
- 100 (excellent)
10 STUDENTS TOTAL
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1.1.2 Observation Result Before Treatment
Table 2. Preliminary Observation Analysis
1.1.3 Questionnaire Result Before Treatment
Table 3. Preliminary Questionnaire Analysis
NO. STATEMENT Yes
Person (%)
No
Person (%)
1. Student get ready when teacher
enter the class.
2 (20) 8 (80)
2. Student keep on focusing
during lesson.
1 (10) 9 (90)
3. Student participate very well
during lesson. .
2 (20) 8 (80)
4. Student can easily understand
about the topic given.
1 (10) 9 (90)
5. Teacher able to use an
interesting method during
lesson.
1 (10) 9 (90)
NO. STATEMENT Yes
No. (%)
No
No. (%)
1. I know and understand about
compound nouns.
1 (10) 9 (90)
2. I completely love to learn the
compound nouns topic so much.
1 (10) 9 (90)
3. I can say any compound nouns
taught by teacher.
2 (20) 8 (80)
4. I can say other words that form
compound nouns.
0 (-) 10 (100)
5. I can apply some compound noun to
form new words.
0 (-) 10 (100)
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2.0 PLAN
i. The game will be started by a judge and followed by two players.
ii. The judge will explain the rules of the game. Each game will be given the same red and yellow
marked flash cards.
iii. The first player will first choose a picture card to place in the middle of the Inomaj site.
iv. Players will answer and place the correct card on the basis of a picture card. Each answer will be
checked by the judge via AR tool named Aurasma.
v. Each question that is answered correctly will get 10 marks. If the player fails to answer correctly,
the player will ger no score.
vi. Students who successfully complete the score and finish the game are considered winners.
3.0 ACT
4.0 OBSERVATION
The results will be analyzed and interpreted in the form of tables and percentages to examine the results of the
study through post-test result, checklist, and questionnaire.
FINDINGS
Table 4. The Comparison Marks Result
Subject Pre-Test Mark
(%)
Post-Test Mark
(%)
Score Advancement
(%)
1 20 50 30
2 60 90 30
3 50 90 40
4 20 50 30
5 40 80 40
Figure 1. The Action
Learning process
without treatment Pre-Test
Data
Collection
Usage of
treatment
and data
collection
Post-Test
Data Analysis
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Table 5. Questionnaire Analysis
NO. STATEMENT Yes
No. (%)
No
No.
(%)
1. I know and understand about compound
nouns.
9 (90) 1 (10)
2. I completely love to learn the compound
nouns topic so much.
10 (100) 0 (-)
3. I can say any compound nouns taught by
teacher.
9 (90) 1 (10)
4. I can say other words that form compound
nouns.
8 (80) 2 (20)
5. I can apply some compound noun to form
new words.
9 (90) 1 (10)
Table 6. Checklists Analysis
CONCLUSIONS
Based on the findings, students showed improvement in their achievement. They love to learn in a conducive
atmosphere. In addition to this, innovative flashcards called Inomaj came with an augmented reality tool that
impressed them to have fun in learning. In fact, students know how to provide a brief, complete description
of the compound nouns. Some respondents can give more than one example from another word. The affective
aspect has also shown positive changes. Subjects became supportive, active, enthusiastic, and interested
6 30 50 20
7 70 100 30
8 30 80 50
9 50 70 20
10 60 100 40
NO. STATEMENT Yes
No. (%)
No
No. (%)
1. Student get ready when teacher enter the
class.
9 (90) 1 (10)
2. Student keep on focusing during lesson. 10 (100) 0 (-)
3. Student participate very well during
lesson. .
10 (100) 0 (-)
4. Student can easily understand about the
topic given.
7 (70) 3 (30)
5. Teacher able to use an interesting method
during lesson.
9 (90) 1 (10)
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during lessons. In the future, the concept of learning for fun by using a technology designed by educators will
help to boost their knowledge. Indeed, the current industrial revolution 4.0, need students to come with a high
level of knowledge and skills.
REFERENCES
1. Abdullah Hassan, & Ainon Mohd. (1994). Tatabahasa dinamika berdasarkan tatabahasa dewan. Kuala
Lumpur: Utusan Publications & Distributors Sdn. Bhd.
2. Abdullah Hassan. (2006). Morfologi. Kuala Lumpur: PTS Professional Publishing Sdn. Bhd.
3. Asmah Hj. Omar. (1982). Nahu Melayu mutakhir. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.
4. Asmah Hj. Omar. (1993). Nahu Melayu mutakhir (Edisi keempat). Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan
Pustaka.
5. Liaw, Y. F., & Abdullah Hassan. (1994). Nahu Melayu moden. Kuala Lumpur: Fajar Bakti.
6. Nik Safiah Karim, Farid M. Onn, Hashim Haji Musa, & Abdul Hamid Mahmood. (1989). Tatabahasa
Dewan: Perkataan. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.
7. Nik Safiah Karim, Farid M. Onn, Hashim Haji Musa, & Abdul Hamid Mahmood. (2008). Tatabahasa
Dewan (Edisi ketiga). Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.
226
VIID2382 - HIDDEN STORAGE SIDE
TABLE
Ainul Munirah Binti Abdul Jalil1, Nur Hannani Binti Abdul Latif1, Muhd Faiz Bin Ismail1, Dr. Siti
Zalifah Binti Mahmud1, Zaimatul Aqmar Binti Abdullah1
1Department of Wood Industry, Faculty of Applied Sciences,
Universiti Teknologi Mara UiTM Pahang, 26400 Bandar Pusat Jengka, Pahang, Malaysia
Abstract: Furniture is a product used to make a space convenience and support human activities, for working and living
purposes. There are variety of furniture materials including wood, plastic, metal, or any other materials. Side table is
commonly designed to be placed at the side of a sofa or armchair to support magazines and other small items to be used
while sitting. In this study, a hidden storage side table was designed and manufactured using meranti wood for keeping
valuable things and to determine customer satisfaction towards the design, material, satisfaction, commercial value and
price. Meranti wood has been used as the raw material as it is widely used due to its durability and easy working
properties. After the product successfully designed and manufactured, a survey was conducted, and the collected data
was analysed based on questionnaire that had been distributed to 104 respondents of different age, gender, profession
and income. Based on the feedback, commercial has the highest score followed by satisfaction, design, material and
price. Overall, the Hidden Storage Side Table was accepted by most respondents since it provides positive impacts and
benefits to consumer.
Keywords: side table, hidden storage, meranti.
INTRODUCTION Furniture is the materials used to make a place or space suitable for working and living such as tables and
chairs. Furnitures are invented to support human activities such as seating, eating, sleeping and work as storage
(Steve et al., 2015). Table is the commonly used furniture facility in daily life. A table is a furniture with a
flat tabletop or flat upper surface used to support object, for storage, show or manipulation (Bruder et.al,
2017). Table is usually provided with four legs which support and extend downwardly from the bottom end
corners of the tabletop (Wilson et al., 2016). In furniture industry today, people are aware of many types of
furniture that suits their taste and lifestyles. For example, there are many types of table available in the market
which are design with different kind of perspective, purpose, emotions, appearance and symbol. Different
expertise may come up with different ideas such as space saving, traditional or modern concept, cultural
concept and many more ideas to attract customers (Zhou & Chen, 2018).
Houses and garages are the most popular site that usually occurred burglary activities besides schools,
warehouse and shops (Jenion, 2003). This legal activities or crime gives a great impact upon civilians which
house are often breakdown by the burglars. Victim’s properties such as money, gold, diamond and other
valuable things are usually the burglars target. Things at home should be safe enough to be keep, but nowadays
people who involves in abusive of drug uses will bravely enter people house to find valuable things for
exchanging of drugs to their dealer. Every house should have their own secret or hidden storage to keep their
valuable things at home. That is why hidden storage side table is produced to help people to secure their
valuable properties and at the same time, carving is embedded at the legs of the side table to enhance the look
of the side table. The objectives of this study are to produce hidden storage side table for keeping valuable
things at home and to get respondent’s feedback regarding on design, material, satisfaction, commercial value
and price of the side table.
227
METHODOLOGY The methods to produce a hidden storage side table include the design process and the manufacturing process.
The product design process accordance to Grimes Industrial Design (James Grimes, 2014). Basically, the size
of side table is around 20 inches height, 17 inches width and 28 inches long (Bagby, 2019). Meranti wood
was obtained from Temerloh, Pahang and product cost estimation are RM200. A set of questionnaires was
distributed to 104 respondents. Likert scale is used in survey forms. Data analysis was performed using
Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS). Figure 1 shows the process of Hidden Storage Side Table.
Figure 1. Manufacturing process
FINDINGS Table 1 indicates the demographic analysis of this study. The respondents were male (n = 63, 60.6%) and
female (n = 41, 39.4%). Figure 2 shows overall descriptive analysis. The result revealed the commercial
factor obtained the highest score mean was 4.49.
Table 1: Demographic Analysis
Results shows that the respondents were given high score into the commercial of the product which has the
highest mean among the five factors. Commercial factor score was (M = 4.49, SD = 0.79) and followed by
satisfaction (M = 4.41, SD = 0.79), design (M = 4.40, SD = 0.84) and material (M = 4.32, SD = 0.88)
respectively. The lowest preference score was price with the score of (M = 3.90, SD = 1.18).
DEMOGRAPHIC FACTOR FREQUENCY (n) PERCENTAGE (%)
23 – 34 years 64 61.5
AGE 35 – 44 years 20 19.2
Above 45 years 20 19.2
GENDER MALE 63 60.6
FEMALE 41 39.4
GOVERNMENT 52 50.0
PROFESSION PRIVATE 26 25.0
SELF-EMPLOYED 26 25.0
<RM2000 46 44.2
INCOME RM2000 – RM5000 38 36.5
>RM5000 20 19.2
TOTAL 104 100
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Figure 2: Overall Descriptive Analysis Chart
CONCLUSIONS From this study, it can be concluded that most of the respondents realized that the hidden storage in a furniture
is important since many valuable things are kept at home. Meranti wood was used as the raw material is also
suitable due to its physical properties and characteristics that is easy to carve and durable. Based on the results
recorded, all respondents have given their positive evaluations and feedback.
For the entire variable, price had the lowest mean score, meanwhile commercial had the most positive
feedback. The respondents were totally agreed with each variable that related to the product such as design,
material, satisfaction, commercial and price. The respondents also agreed simplicity with touch of simple and
traditional concept can make the product look more stylish. Therefore, the respondents also had accepted that
this product has a great potential to be commercialized in furniture market. Finally, with positive feedback
from the respondents, this hidden storage side table surely can enter the furniture industry market.
REFERENCES Bruder. Woffgang, Arthur Oswald, Veyhl GmbH. “Table Frame and Table”, United States Patern, Pattern No.
US009730512B1. (2017).
Chris Bagby. “Standard Dimension Furniture, Highland Hardware dba Highland Woodworking”, Available
at https://www.highlandwoodworking.com/furnituredimesions.aspx (2019).
James Grimes, “8 Steps to Take You from Product Design to Manufacturing”, Available at
http://www.gidcompany.com/blog/product-design/8-steps-to-take-you-from-product-design-to-
manufacturing/ (2014).
Jenion, Greg. “Analysis of the burglary phenomena: problem solving unspecified temporal break and enters
in the City of Burnaby.” (2003).
Steve Kingston, Mike Gallawa, Howard Porter, Joel Grossman. “Furniture Objects Including Writable
Elements”, Publication number: 20150104779 (2015).
Zhou, Jie., & Chen, Xuejin. “Convertible furniture design. Computers and Graphics, 70, 165–175”. DOI:
10.1016/j.cag.2017.07.033. (2018).
4.40 4.32 4.41 4.49 3.90
0.001.002.003.004.005.00
Overall Descriptive Analysis
229
VIID2419 - DEVELOPMENT OF A
GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACE
PLATFORM FOR PREDICTING ROOFTOP
PHOTOVOLTAIC POWER GENERATION
Yun Nee Wee1, Ahmad Fateh Mohamad Nor2
Green and Sustainable Energy Focus Group
(GSEnergy), Faculty of Electrical and Electronic
Engineering, University Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia
(UTHM)
Batu Pahat, Johor,
Malaysia
my
Abstract: Photovoltaic (PV) system is known for being most popular as harvesting energy and has major challenges
due to the difficulty to control the output. The performance of PV panel output is incompatible and is affected due to
the changes of climate condition. Due to unlimited amount of solar radiation and ambient environmental factors, it is
hard to determine the power output of PV panel system. Data is always unavailable due to solar radiation; hence it
will be helpful if solar radiation from the system could be predicted. This project involves the development of
Graphical User Interface Platform (GUI) in order to predict the rooftop PV array. The GUI was developed using
Matlab App Designer. The user just has to enter values of required information such as temperature, rating of PV
panel, number of PV panels and PSH that can be found in the panel’s datasheet and meteorological website or software.
The calculations of the output power generation are performed in the GUI and shown automatically. Data can be
inserted either daily, monthly or annually. The results have shown that the developed GUI has the ability to predict the
rooftop photovoltaic power generation.
Keywords: photovoltaic, solar electricity, renewable energy
INTRODUCTION As years pass by, renewable energy industry has generated billions in economic activity with continuous
and rapid growth, which begins to ensure a world of clean and sustainable energy (Nor et al. 2020).
Renewable energy is also known as green energy can be defined as the electrical energy that is being
generated from the natural sources that can be replenished. The most common renewable energy includes
wind, PV, geothermal, biomass, and hydropower.
PV or photovoltaic (PV) cells are made from silicon or other materials that convert sunlight directly into
electricity. In Malaysia, distributed PV systems generate electricity evenly and locally for buildings, homes,
farms and businesses either through rooftop panels or community projects that power entire neighborhood
(Du, Zhang, and Tian 2018). One of the advantages of PV energy is that it has the least negative impact on
the environment compared to any other energy sources. It does not produce greenhouse gases and does not
pollute the air and water. Moreover, generating own electricity means that there will be less usage from the
utility supplier. This will immediately contribute to savings on energy bills.
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Even though PV system is one of the electricity sources that is clean environment-friendly and endless
energy source, PV system has several problems when implementing PV system in Malaysia. The location
of Malaysia is in a tropical climate zone which experiences extreme rainfall and dry days that take place
regularly every year. The PV panel will only produce power according to its rating under the Standard Test
Condition (STC). STC requires solar radiation of 1000 Watts per square meter and temperature of 25 degree
Celsius. Hence, the PV system will not produce solar power generation value according to its rating due to
the parameters of weather, sun hours and the temperature in Malaysia is averagely above 30 degree Celsius
(Antonanzas et al. 2016). For this reason, the prediction of PV power generation involving the calculation
of parameters such as peak sun hours (PSH) and temperature plays an important role, as the output of the
PV panel will not be produced according to its rating.
METHODOLOGY
The application consists of two windows which are the main menu shown as Figure 1 and the prediction
of PV array generation of one day, monthly and annually which are in tabs. Users just have to key in the
input values at the “Inputs” section which are the PV panel information, system information and
environmental information.
Figure 1: Main Menu of GUI
FINDINGS
This invention has shown that the developed GUI has the ability to predict the rooftop photovoltaic power
generation. Figure 2 shows the GUI of Prediction of Rooftop PV Power Generation for monthly and
annually where all the generated outputs will be shown automatically. Every tab shows all procedures,
explanations and formulas of predicting rooftop photovoltaic power generation in detail which is simple
and easy to understand. This will help enhance users’ understanding about this topic.
.
Figure 2: GUI of Prediction of Rooftop PV Power Generation for monthly and annually
231
CONCLUSIONS The project has shown that the developed GUI has successfully calculated the prediction of rooftop PV
power generation. The calculated outputs are depending on the PV panel information, system information
and environmental information. This is one of the important reasons why predicting PV power output is
very crucial especially in PV system design.
REFERENCES
Antonanzas, J., N. Osorio, R. Escobar, R. Urraca, F. J. Martinez-de-Pison, and F. Antonanzas-Torres.
2016. “Review of Photovoltaic Power Forecasting.” Solar Energy.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2016.06.069.
Du, Liufeng, Linghua Zhang, and Xiyan Tian. 2018. “Deep Power Forecasting Model for Building Attached
Photovoltaic System.” IEEE Access. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2018.2869424.
Nor, Ahmad Fateh Mohamad, Suriana Salimin, Mohd Noor Abdullah, and Muhammad Nafis Ismail. 2020.
“Application of Artificial Neural Network in Sizing a Stand-Alone Photovoltaic System: A Review.”
International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems.
https://doi.org/10.11591/ijpeds.v11.i1.pp342-349.
232
VIID2420 - pamaCARAg+: Sustainable Car
Sanitizer
Zainab Razali1, Norrizah Jaafar Sidik2, Saifollah Abdullah3, Roejhan Md Kawi4, Dyia Syaleyana Md
Shukri5 1,5Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Arau Campus, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia
2Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor,
Malaysia 3Centre of Foundation Studies, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Dengkil Campus, 43800 Dengkil,
Selangor, Malaysia 4Faculty of Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, 02100 Padang Besar, Perlis,
Malaysia
Abstract: pamaCARAg+ is a novel car sanitizer contain silver nanoparticles(Ag+) fabricated from combination of
pineapples and mangosteen peels extracts. This novel product emphasizes the use of green Ag+ enriched with a bundles
of powerful bioactive compounds from both plants offer a promise to sanitize the car interior by killing off
microorganisms and viruses during this COVID-19 pandemic. pamaCARAg+ also formulated as alcohol-free
bioproduct and meant for people who are concern hygiene practical and looking for newfangled product for their
vehicles. From the scientific finding, the ingredients that made up the pamaCARAg+ shown antiviral antibacterial,
antifungal properties, no allergic to skin, and at the same time, it is estimated to be stable at room temperature for a long
term storage. It is believed that pamaCARAg+: Sustainable Car Sanitizer promoting potential marketable hygiene product
in purpose of able to give highly hygiene to our car without consist of alcohol matter.
Keywords: car sanitizer, silver nanoparticles, pineapples, mangosteen, hygiene, COVID-19
INTRODUCTION
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is dramatically defined as illness caused by a novel coronavirus
which was first identified during an outbreak of respiratory illness cases in Wuhan City, Hubei Province,
China (David, 2020). In addition of that, WHO (2019) mentioned COVID-19 was initially reported on
December 31, 2019 and on January 30, 2020, declared the COVID-19 outbreak as a global health emergency
and a global pandemic. The problem become critical when the virus that causes COVID-19 is mainly
transmitted through droplets generated when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or exhales. These droplets
are too heavy to hang in the air, and quickly fall on floors or surfaces. Spread from touching surfaces is not
thought to be a common way that COVID- 19 spread. Therefore, the prevention is not only wearing face
mask, applying hand sanitizer or wash hand practice but need extra precaution with sanitize all the matter
that really close with us, including our vehicle/car.
Consequent from these problem, pamaCARAg+ as sustainable car sanitizer has been invented to sanitize the
car interior by killing off microorganisms and viruses during this COVID-19 pandemic. This novel car
sanitizer consists of silver nanoparticles(Ag+) fabricated from combination of pineapples and mangosteen
233
peels extracts. It’s formulated with a green AgNPs with a plethora of powerful bioactive compounds from
both plants extract. Ramteke et.al., (2012) highlighted silver nanoparticles(AgNPs) are the most fascinating
nanomaterials as they possessed a lots of benefits and due to these reason silver nanoparticles have been
explore to be useful in nanoscience and nanotechnology. To name a few, silver ions are widely implemented
in field of micro- electronics, use as catalysts, coating in medical devices, antibacterial coating in water filters,
soaps, wet wipes, detergents and shampoos (Prabhu & Poulose, 2012).
According to Ming et. al. (2015), pineapple or Ananas comosus which is belongs to the family Bromeliaceae
and showed the presence of saponin, terpenoid, flavonoid, amino acid, protein, phytosterol, carbohydrate,
alkaloid and cardiac glycosides contribute to save the cells from destruction that could lead to many diseases.
The plant extracts of pineapple were also used as capping and reducing agent for the silver nanoparticles
synthesis due to their reducing properties available in the extract (Bashpa and Seema, 2017). Karthiga et.al.,
(2012) claimed, there is one active compound found, xanthones in the mangosteen extract that been attracted
special attention of many researches have ability on treating tuberculosis, demonstrated strong antibacterial
activity, antioxidant and anti-proliferate.
In this regard, an emphasize of invention on this pamaCARAg+ as car sanitizer created good atmosphere in
order to improve the hygiene practice among people as well as able to reduce the infection of COVID-19.
This car sanitizer also alcohol free makes its not harm the material used to build the interior of the car. Since
our car interiors are made up of materials such as leather, plastics, vinyl, and polyurethane, using any form of
alcohol to clean these surfaces would quicken its wear and tear process because the alcohol dries up the
leather and vinyl while removing the protective lacquer and exposing its bare surfaces. Creation of
pamaCARAg+ also in direct way with the concern to reduce the accumulation of solid waste in our biosphere.
METHODOLOGY
Ananas comosus and Garcinia mangostana were collected and the peel of both fruits were separated from its
flesh. Weighed and dried in the oven at 50◦ C for 2 days. Later, the dried peels are grounded and extracted
using a water. The solution of extracts was mixed with silver nitrate for the synthesis of silver
nanoparticle(AgNPs). The present of AgNPs fabricated with A. comosus and G. mangostana peel extracts
was characterized using visual observation and UV-Vis Spectroscopy. The formulation of pamaCARAg+
started and undergoes several testing including allergic test, stability and antibacterial assay.
FINDINGS
From the result after 24 hours of incubation, the colour of the mixtures gradually changed to dark brown.
According to Moodley et. al, (2018), primary indication of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) formation is
signified by a reaction solution colour change to dark brown. Das et.al., (2019) claimed the synthesis of silver
nanoparticles (AgNPs) from A. comosus peel extract was progressive as the colour of the reaction showed
changes from colourless to reddish brown.
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Figure 1: Colour changes indicate the synthesis of AgNPs in combination of pineapple and mangosteen peel
extracts sample after 24hours incubation time
CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, pamaCARAg+ is a car sanitizer formulated from silver nanoparticles synthesize from
pineapple and mangosteen peel extracts as the visual observations showed colour changes from colourless
to reddish dark brown. This novel product has a potential to reduce microorganisms especially
microorganisms that landed on surface of our car interior.
REFERENCES
Bashpa, P., & Seema, D. (2017). Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles from Orthosiphon thymiflorus leaf extract.
International Journal of Green and Herbal Chemistry, 6(4), 207-211.
Das, G., Patra J. K., Debnath, T., Ansari, A., Shin, H-S. (2019). Investigation of antioxidant, antibacterial, antidiabetic
and cytotoxicity potential of silver nanoparticles synthesized using the outer peel of extract of Ananas comosus (L.)
Public Library of Science, 14(8), 1-19.
David, J.C. (2020) What is COVID_19? https://www.medscape.com/answers/2500114-197401/what-is- covid-19
Karthiga, P., Soranam, R., Annadurai, G. (2012). Alpha-mangostin, the major compound from Garcinia mangostana
Linn. Responsible for synthesis of Ag nanoparticles: its characterization and evaluation studies. Research Journal of
Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, 2(2), 46-57.
Ming, R., VanBuren, R., Wai, C. M., Tang, H., Schatz, M. C., Bowers, J. E., & Zhang, J. (2015). The pineapple
genome and the evolution of CAM photosynthesis. Nature genetics, 47(12), 1435-1442.
Moodley, J. S., Krishna, S. B. N., Pillay, K., Govender, S., Govender, P. (2018). Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles
from Moringa oleifera leaf extracts and its antimicrobial potential. Advances in Natural Sciences: Nanosciences and
Nanotechnology, 9, 1-9.
Prabhu, S., & Poulose, E. (2012). Silver nanoparticles: mechanism of antimicrobial action, synthesis, medical
applications and toxicity effects. International Nano Letters, 2(3), 1-10.
Ramteke, C., Chakrabarti, T., Sarangi, B. K., Pandey, R. A. (2012). Synthesis of silver nanoparticles from the aqueous
extract of leaves of Ocimum sanctum for enhanced antibacterial activity. Journal of Chemistry, 2(1), 1-8.
World Health Organization(WHO) (2020). WHO Timeline - COVID-19. https://www.who.int/news/item/27-04-
2020-who-timeline-covid-19
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VIID2443 - EFFECT OF RECTANGULAR
SLOT ON HOLLOW PYRAMIDAL
ABSORBER
Mas Izzati Fazin1, Ahmad Rashidy Razali1 , Hasnain Abdullah@Idris1, Mohd Nasir Taib2 , Norhayati
Mohamad Noor, Azizah Ahmad 1 Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Cawangan Pulau Pinang, Kampus
Permatang Pauh, 13500 Permatang Pauh, Pulau Pinang 2 Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor
Abstract: A microwave absorber is one of the key electromagnetic frequency (EMF) component to be created and used
when communication technology emerges. Basically, non-echo room called anechoic chamber equipped with microwave
absorber internal wall is designed to minimize energy disruption interference from unwanted sources by absorbing
electromagnetic radiation reflections. Instruments that exposure radiation can affect the electromagnetic devices. Thus,
electromagnetic equipment must go through a performance test in order to assess its operating condition prior to
deployment. This research work proposed a novel design of a rectangular slot on hollow pyramidal microwave absorber.
The implementation of the design is carried out in CST simulation to analyze the absorption performance for the desired
frequency range of 1GHz to 12GHz. It is also fabricated and measured using Vector Network Analyzer (VNA) for
verification. In the observation, simulation and fabrication results proved that the novel rectangular slot has produced a
better absorption performance compared to unslotted design. It was also observed to generate good results at all frequency
band which make it a good candidate for low cost but good performance microwave absorber.
Keywords: microwave absorber, pyramidal, slot array, electromagnetic wave
INTRODUCTION The electromagnetic wave are passes through the free space and penetrate through a substance that allow the
wave to be reflected, transmitted or absorbed. The electromagnetic wave absorber design is improved by
materials that have an electric or magnetic dipole (Idris et al. 2016). Permittivity and permeability are
significant material parameter that are typically studied to determine the absorption properties of the material
(Liu et al. 2015). The pyramid shape is the most well-known standard microwave absorber material that
commonly offered by electromagnetic anechoic chamber manufactures. The unique pyramidal design offered
great wideband performance at both normal incidence and at wide angle incidence angles. It is mainly used
to minimize forward scattering, however provide good back scattering properties, making it ideal for use in
all positions inside an anechoic chamber (Orakwue and Onu 2019).
Apart of that, there is a concept called slotted array that is used to improve the performance of the antenna
and microwave absorber. In the field of antenna technology, a lot of attention has been given to slotted array
design to increase the antenna performance in wireless communication and broadcasting system. Thus, the
theory of basic slot array is proposed in this work by generating the ideas from the slot antenna achievement
in order to enhance the performance in pyramidal microwave absorber. This has initiated absorber researchers
come out in various directions to improve the existing absorption performance. A few researchers have proved
that the slot array design is one of the technique to improve the performance (Abdullah@Idris et al. 2016;
Yusof et al. 2017).
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METHODOLOGY 1.1. Absorber Design
There are two types of hollow pyramidal microwave absorber have been designed with different designs.
Figure 1 shows the design for the Model A and Model B. The size of single hollow pyramidal microwave
absorber is complied with the industrial standard which is 20cm length x 20cm width x 40cm height.
Model A Model B
Figure 1 : Models of Hollow Pyramidal Microwave Absorber
1.2. Simulation and Measurement
The optimization process is carried out to analyze performance results. Parameters considered during the
optimization process are shape, dimension and material properties of the microwave absorber. For
measurement process, the free space arch reflectivity measurement method is used to analyze expected
absorption performance.
RESULTS
Figure 1 and 2 show the absorption performance obtained by simulation and measurement process for both
designs. Meanwhile, Table 1 shows the maximum absorption results obtained by both designs during
simulation and measurement.
Figure 2 : Simulation results for Model A and Figure 3 : Measurement results for Model A and
Model B Model B
Table 1 : Absorption performance
Frequency band
(GHz)
Model Simulation (dB) Measurement (dB)
L (1-2) A -29.28 -2.79
B -29.01 -3.39
S (2-4) A -37.49 -5.36
B -39.06 -14.44
C (4-8) A -46.06 -37.83
B -59.15 -38.16
X (8-12) A -57.11 -48.12
B -62.15 -59.35
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FINDINGS
The results prove that the slotted absorber has given better absorption performance compared to non-slotted
model. The contribution of this research will be a novel and pioneer findings in terms of the studies and
analysis in slot array on hollow pyramidal microwave absorber absorption properties. This innovation can
improve hollow pyramidal microwave absorber absorption performance and serve as the gauge for advance
microwave absorption research for researchers.
CONCLUSIONS The rectangular slot on hollow pyramidal microwave absorber is proven to have better absorption performance
at all frequency band in both simulation and measurement. The rectangular slot design has a potential to be
used as alternative method in order to enhance the reflectivity performance.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The authors would want to specific the appreciation to Kementerian Pengajian Malaysia FRGS/1/2018/TK1
0/UITM/02/20 and all the events involved, mainly the Microwave Laboratory, UiTM Penang staff at some
stage in the study were conducted.
REFERENCES
Abdullah@Idris, Hasnain, Mohd Nasir Taib, Mohamad Syafiq Iskandar Nazaruddin, Najwa Rawaida Ahmad, Azizah
Ahmad, Noor Azila Ismail, Linda Mohd Kasim, Nazirah Mohamad Kasim, and Norhayati Mohamad Noor. 2016.
“ Slot Radial Array Design on Hollow Pyramidal Microwave Absorber.” In Applied Mechanics and Materials,
850:77–81. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.850.77.
Idris, Fadzidah Mohd, Mansor Hashim, Zulkifly Abbas, Ismayadi Ismail, Rodziah Nazlan, and Idza Riati Ibrahim.
2016. “Recent Developments of Smart Electromagnetic Absorbers Based Polymer-Composites at Gigahertz
Frequencies.” Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 405 (July 2018): 197–208.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmmm.2015.12.070.
Liu, Shu Ting, Kang Kang Yan, Yuan Hu Zhang, Shi Di Jin, Ying Ye, and Xue Gang Chen. 2015. “Magnesiothermic
Reduction of Rice Husk Ash for Electromagnetic Wave Adsorption.” Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic
Materials 394 (June 2015): 266–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmmm.2015.06.074.
Orakwue, Stella Ifeoma, and Igochi Praise Onu. 2019. “Pyramidal Microwave Absorber Design for Anechoic Chamber
in the Microwave Frequency Range of 1GHz to 10GHz.” European Journal of Engineering Research and
Science 4 (10): 1–3. https://doi.org/10.24018/ejers.2019.4.10.1409.
Yusof, Ahmad Syahmi, Hasnain Abdullah, Najwa Rawaida Ahmad Ahmad Fauzi, Noor Azila Ismail, Ahmad Rashidy
Razali, Azizah Ahmad, Mohd Nasir Taib, Azwati Azmin, Nazirah Mohamat Kasim, and Aiza Mahyuni Mozi.
2017. “Slotted Triangle on Hollow Pyramidal Microwave Absorber Characteristics.” In Proceedings - 6th IEEE
International Conference on Control System, Computing and Engineering, ICCSCE 2016, 563–68.
https://doi.org/10.1109/ICCSCE.2016.7893639.
238
VIID2502 - BITERBE (Bitter Melon
Rosemary Leaf Tea) AS A SOLUTION
USING BITTER MELON AND
ROSEMARY'S LEAVES AS A CURE FOR
DIABETES MELLICURE
Ni Luh Putu Eka Yanti, Ni Made Sukma Permata Sari, Kadek Ardelia Dwi Aprily
One Kuta Junior High School
e-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT: The study was aimed 1) to learn how bitter melon processing and rosemary's leaves became BITERBE.
2) what prospects for BITERBE in the fight against diabetes. 3) how do people respond to BITERBE. This type of
research is an exploratory description. There are two sets of data in this study, namely primary and secondary. Results:
1. The process of making BITERBE begins with the washing of bitter melon and Rosemeri, then cutting and drying it,
the next step of blending and continuing with the process of packaging BITERBE powder into a tea bag weighting 10
grams per bag; 2) BITERBE has excellent prospects as an alternative health drink for the prevention and treatment of
diabetes mellitus because it contains charantin, polypeptide-p, lektin, carnosic acid, rosmarinic acid. 3). BITERBE has
been received as good responses from the public as evidenced by the data that led that overall, the society affected to the
author's products have been in accordance with the tastes of the community with a percentage of 90% and will continue
to be improved to get the most out of it.
Keyword: bitter melon, rosemary, BITERBE, diabetes mellitus
INTRODUCTION
Diabetes mellitus is a condition in which the sugar content in the blood exceeds normal and tends to be
decreased. Diabetes is also called a chronic and lifelong condition, which affected to the body's ability in using
energy from digested foods. Diabetes mellitus is a disease that has been suffered by many people, namely as
many as 350 million people worldwide, aabout 3 to 4 million people died of diabetes in 2004. More than 80
percent of diabetes mellitus are related to the deaths occur in middle to low income countries. The World
Health Organization (WHO) estimates the number of diabetes mellitus are related the deaths will be double
between 2005 and 2030. Meanwhile, in Southeast is of Asia, from 82 million in 2017, to 151 million in 2045.In
Indonesia estimately 90% of all diabetes mellitus cases in the world.
During at this time, diabetes mellitus treatment is still using insuline injections, taking anti-diabetic drugs,
taking aspirin and reducing carbohydrous foods, which requires very expensive costs. Therefore, the authors
took the initiative to find the solutions to prevent and treat diabetes by using natural ingredients in the form
of plants that are easily cultivated, such as bitter melon and rosemary plants. The combination of these plants
is processed into a drink that is favored in the community in the form of tea. The combination of these
ingredients is expected to have a physical and psychological impact. The physical impact is to prevent and
treat diabetes mellitus, while the psychological impact is the fragrant aroma of rosemary can obtain calm in
the mind when consuming it. Through this study, the authors could make healthy drinks in the form of
BITERBE. BITERBE (Bitter Melon Rosemary's leaf) as a product innovation made from local food
treatment diabetes melittus.
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Formulation of Problem in research: 1) how bitter melon processing and rosemary’s leaves became
BITERBE? 2) to know the prospects for BITERBE in the fighting against diabetes? and 3) to know public
response about BITERBE? Research purposes: 1) to find out bitter melon processing and rosemary’s leaves
became BITERBE; 2) to find out the prospects for BITERBE in the fight against diabetes; 3) To find out
public response about BITERBE.
This innovation in rosemary and bitter melon is expected to be one of the strategies for treating diabetes
mellitus and needs to be introduced to communities in order to increase the supplying product. The results of
this study are expected to increase the public's knowledge of the efficacy of BITERBE. As we know that with
the content owned by BITERBE can be used as a solution in preventing diabetes mellitus
LIBRARY REVIEW
Diabetes Melittus
Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a disease caused by metabolic disorders characterized by an increasing in blood
sugar called hyperglycemia (Ada, 2018). DM is a hidden disease before symptoms appears that seem like easy
hunger, thirst and frequent urination. These symptoms are often noticed when the sufferer has felt a complaint,
so called the silent killer (Isnaini and Ratnasari, 2018). Diabetes mellitus is a health disorder in the form of a
collection of symptoms caused by increased blood sugar (glucose) levels due to deficiency or insuline
resistance. The disease is caused by obesity due to a high lifestyle and diet.
DM became a common public disease, becoming a public health burden, widespread and carrying many deaths
(Bustan, 2007). Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder that is genetically and clinically included
heterogeneous with manifestations of a loss of tolerance to carbohydrates. The body cannot be converted
carbohydrates or glucose into energy because the body is unable to produce or produce less insuline and it is
not even able to use the resulting insulin, so glucose cannot enter the cell to convert into energy and cause
glucose levels in the blood to increase. The condition can cause damage in various tissues in the body ranging
from blood vessels, eyes, kidneys, heart and nerves called complications from Diabetes mellitus (Sugianto,
2016).
Bitter Melon
The meaning of Bitter Melon is a fruit vegetable that is widely grown in the yard. The stem is longer to more
than two meters long, is propagated with the help of its tendrils shaped like twists, has a small stem size
forming many branches (R. Sutarya 1995).
The classification of pare plants is as follows:
Division : Spermatophyta
Sub Division : Angiospermae
Class : Dicotyledoneae
Ordo : Cucurbitales
Family : Cucurbitaceae
Genus : Momordica
Species : Momordica charantia L.
Bitter Melon plants are widely found in the tropics, grow well in the lowlands and can be found growing wild
in derelict soils, moors, cultivated or planted in the yard by are being vined on fences, for fruit to be taken
(Widyaningrum 2011). This plant does not require much sunlight, so it can thrive in rather sheltered places.
Plants a year, creeping or climbing with a buyer's tool or spiral-shaped tendrils, many branching, smelling
bad. Single leaf, long round shape, heart-shaped base, dark green color. Taju is coarse-toothed until noticed
Single flower. sex in one tree, long stemmed, yellow. The round fruit is elongated, irregularly speckled, the
taste is bitter. The color of the fruit is green, when ripe orange that breaks with 3 valves. Seeds a lot. yellowish
brown, flat shape hard (Widyaningrum 2011).
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Rosemary
Rosemary plant is one of the family in flowering plants those are widely utilized as a source of fragrances,
essential oils, spices and cooking seasonings. Menurur Suthar (2014), the family Lamiaceae is a plant of the
mint family so it has a distinctive smell of each species. Some species of the family plant Lamiaceae are
planted located in the surrounding environment (Anggraini, et al. 2017). Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis
L.) which is a family of Lamiaceae is a spice-producing plant and cooked seasoning of the same name.
Rosemary is commonly used in Mediterranean cuisine, such as Italian, Greek/Turkish cuisine, and the
Levantia region. Classification according to USDA (2019) rosemary plants is as follows:
Kingdom : Plantae
Superdivision : Spermatophyta
Division : Magnoliophyta
Class : Magnoliopsida
Subclass : Asteridae
Order : Lamiales
Family : Lamiaceae/Labiateae
Genus : Rosmarinus L.
Species : Rosmarinus officinalis L.
RESEARCH METHODS
The data collection techniques the authors are using are experiments and references. An experiment is an
action taken to test a hypothesis against a problem. The experiment the authors conducted was to prove that
bitter melon and rosemary can be used as BITERBE.
The data that has been collected by the author is still in raw data. Therefore, the data must be processed first
through various stages. These stages are sorting and coded with the aim of summarizing data on rosemary
waste to the research process on BITERBE production that has been collected to make it simpler and according
to the needs of the author. Then the data is presented in a narrative way.
DISCUSSION
Bitter melon and Rosemeri Processing into BITERBE
BITERBE manufacturing process 1) Wash Pare and Rosemeri cleaned, drained 2) cut thinly into pieces of
pare. 3) dry the pare and rosemeri for approximately 2 days, or use the oven at 100ºC for 3 minutes 4) Once
dry, wait for the pare and rosemary to be cool.5) mix Puree the pare and rosemary using a blender. 6) Put 1
teaspoon of pare powder and rosemary in a tea bag.7) Paste the tea bag with sealer. In driened kg of pare and
wet rosemeri, it can produce 700 grams of pare and dried rosemary that can fill 70 bags of BITERBE weighting
10 grams per bag. For maximum results, BITERBE can be brewed with hot water as much as 150 ml and
consumed as much as 2 times a day.
The Prospect of BITERBE As an Alternative To Diabetes Mellitus Drugs
During this time, diabetes mellitus treatment is still using insulin injections, taking anti-diabetic drugs, taking
aspirin and reducing carbohydrous foods, which require very expensive costs. Prevention and treatment of
diabetes by using natural ingredients in the form of plants that are easy to cultivate, among others pare and
rosemary plants (BITERBE) become a new breakthrough and excellent prospects. In terms of health
BITERBE has an excellent content of substances for health, where in pare contains charantin, polypeptide-p,
lektin, carnosic acid, rosmarinic acid and rosemery contains carnosic acid, carnosol, ursolate, carsonic acid
and rosmarinic.
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Charantin, vicine, and polypeptide-p are active antidiabetes substances. One of the functions of charantin is
to lower blood sugar levels in the body. Meanwhile, polypeptide-p is known as a compound that resembles
insulin. The above three substances have an effect to help the body reduce blood sugar levels. Laboratory
research shows that the content in substances in pare has the ability to fight cancer cells. Research reveals that
pare has anticancer properties and is potentially used as an exterminating agent of various types of cancer,
such as breast, colon, prostate, liver, and blood cancer (https://www.alodokter.com). The content of saponins,
flavonoids, polyphenols, and vitamin C pare fruit serves as antioxidants aimed at warding off free radicals
that can interfere with the survival of Leydig cells due to diabetes mellitus (Agoes, 2010).
Carnosic acid, carnosol, ursolate, and rosmarinic have anti-cancer properties. Antioxy and anti-inflammatory
compounds in rosmery are beneficial in warding off free radicals that can cause a variety of problems for the
body. As a result, the immune system increases, the circulation gets smoother. Carsonic acid is an antioxidant
and antimicrobial acid compound, which is beneficial in preventing neurodegenerative diseases such as
alzeimer and dementia.
Community Response to BITERBE
The authors distributed a questionnaire that would collect data on people's responses to BITERBE. The
respondent was a community of 20 people aged 15-24 years old located in Kuta Village, Kuta District, Badung
Regency with a questionnaire return rate of 100%.
Table 1. Results of Community Response Recapitulation (QUESTIONNAIRE I)
ET 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 T P
FA 9 9 9 - - - 13 10 17 17 84 42%
A - - - 3 2 1 7 5 3 3 24 12%
LA 4 4 4 3 3 5 - 5 - - 28 14%
DA 7 7 7 14 5 6 - - - - 46 23%
HAD - - - - 10 8 - - - - 18 9%
TOTAL 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 100%
Based on the classification results of the questionnaire it is known that the score (5) appears in the ninth, and
tenth statements. The two statements were the most dominant statements chosen by the respondents, each
chosen by 17 respondents. The ninth statement that stated " I felt the primacy of biterbe after a week of
consuming it" and the tenth statement stating " I agree that biterbe was an innovation using bitter melon and
rosemary as a cure for Diabetes Mellicure" has proven that BITERBE is an innovation in the utilization of
pare and rosemary as a diabetes mellitus drug with the content of charantin, polypeptide-p, lektin, carnosic
acid , rosmarinic acid required by the body with the recommendation of consumption of 2 bags per day in
order not cause side effects. Therefore, BITERBE is the right solution to utilize pare and rosemary as diabetes
mellitus drugs.
Table 2. The results of society’s recapitulation (QUESTIONNAIRE II)
Indicators Assessment Total
Excessive Appropriate Less
1 Taste 0 18 2 20
2 Smell 0 20 0 20
3 Colour 0 20 0 20
4 Amount 0 58 2 20
5 Presentase 0% 90% 10 % 100%
From the above data can be concluded that overall the society assesses the author's products have
been in accordance with the tastes of the community with a percentage of 90%. However, it became an
important note on the taste of BITERBE which was rated less by 2 respondents.
242
CONCLUSIONS The following statements can be concluded as : 1. The process of making BITERBE begins with the washing
of bitter melon and Rosemeri, then cutting and drying it, the next step of blending and continuing with the
process of packaging BITERBE powder into a tea bag weighting 10 grams per bag; 2) BITERBE has excellent
prospects as an alternative health drink for the prevention and treatment of diabetes mellitus because it
contains charantin, polypeptide-p, lektin, carnosic acid, rosmarinic acid. 3). BITERBE has been received as
good responses from the public as evidenced by the data that led that overall, the society affected to the
author's products have been in accordance with the tastes of the community with a percentage of 90% and will
continue to be improved to get the most out of it.
The results of this study are expected to be a source of information and reference in the utilization of pare and
rosemeri through BITERBE. BITERBE is not the perfect work for that more research is needed in increasing
the use of pare and rosemeri as healthy drinks to prevent diabetes mellitus. 2). This innovation in BITERBE
is expected to be one of the strategies for prevention of diabetes mellitus and needs to be introduced to the
community in order to increase for it fans.
REFERENCES American Diabetes Association (ADA). (2018). American Diabetes Association Standards Of Medical Care In
Diabetes—2018. https://diabetesed.net. Diunduh pada 26 Oktober 2020.
Agoes, A. 2010. Indonesian Medicinal Plants. Jakarta: Salemba Medika
Anggraini, Putu. Jecika, et al. 2017. Imperative and Politeness in " Presidential Debates Between Barrack Obama and
Mitt Romney " Transcript. Journal of Humanist, Faculty of Culture Unud. Vol 18. 2. ISSN: 2302-920X
Bustan, M. N. 2007. Epidemiology : a disease not contagious. Mold 2. Jakarta : Rineka Cipta
Isnaini, Nur & Ratnasari. (2018). Risk Factors Affect The Incidence of Type Two Diabetes. Aisha Journal of Nursing
and Midwifery, 14 (1), 59-68
I Ketut A.Y, Made S.A, Son of A.G.O.D. 2013. "Identification of The Chemical Compound Group of Estrak Ethanol
Pare Fruit (Momordica charantia) and Its Effect on The Decrease in Blood Glucose Levels of Male White
Rats (Rattus novergicus) Induced By Aloksan." Udayana Veterinary Bulletin.
Sutarya, R., and Gerrard Grubben, 1995, Guidelines for Planting Lowland Vegetables, Gajah Mada University Press,
Yogyakarta.
Widyaningrum, H. 2011. Book of Medicinal Nusantara plants. Yogyakarta : Pressindo Media.
243
VIID2512 - THE IMPRESSION OF A
SINGLE TRIANGULAR SLOT ON
HOLLOW PYRAMIDAL MICROWAVE
ABSORBER
Mohamad Faisal Asmadi1, Hasnain Abdullah 2, Mohd Nasir Taib3,
Linda Mohd Kasim4, Nazirah Mohamat Kasim5, Noor Azila Ismail6 12456Faculty of of Electrical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Cawangan Pulau Pinang, Kampus
Permatang Pauh, 13500 Permatang Pauh, Pulau Pinang 3Faculty of Electrical Engineering Universiti Teknologi MARA (UITM), 4050 Shah Alam,
Selangor,Malaysia
Abstract: The growth of electronic technologies, especially in telecommunication systems give rise to the demand for
anechoic chambers. Microwave absorber is an essential thing in anechoic chamber construction, since the side walls, the
roof and the ceiling of the anechoic chamber are shielded by it. Much exposure radiation to the electronic equipment can
degrade the quality life of the equipment. The interference signal from other sources can interfere with the operation of
the instrument system. This has initiated the researchers to invent a new design by proposing the triangular slotted on
hollow pyramidal microwave absorber to improve the absorption performance. The equilateral and isosceles triangle
slotted has been designed on a hollow pyramidal absorber. The measurement was conducted using an arch measurement
method at frequency range 1GHz to 12GHz. Both designs performance is compared and analysed their absorption
performance. Overall, the generated results show that the isosceles triangle slotted has a better performance compared to
the equilateral triangle slotted.
Keywords: microwave absorber, triangular slotted, anechoic chamber
INTRODUCTION
Recently, a novel type of microwave absorber has been receiving attention by researchers to provide a cost
effective, friendly environment and enhance the existing pyramidal absorber performance. The main
characteristic of a room anechoic chamber must have low reflectivity, low scattering and low backscatter,
which provide an environment free of extraneous signals (Chung et al. 2015). Microwave absorbers are special
materials that can eliminate unwanted radiation by electromagnetic waves. Special material called Radiation
Absorbing Material (RAM) is typically used in the fabrication of microwave absorbers, for example black
carbon, ferrite, graphite, bamboo charcoal and urethane. However, black carbon is the easiest and cheapest
material that exists in the current market. The RAM is able to absorb electromagnetic radiation by reducing
reflection waves because of their dielectric properties which permittivity and permeability (Idris et al. 2015).
Microwave absorber is available in a variant design such as flat absorber, pyramidal absorber, hollow
pyramidal absorber, wedges absorber, multilayer dielectric absorber, hybrid dielectric absorber, walkway
absorber, and convoluted microwave absorber. Pyramidal and wedge absorbers are mostly used in anechoic
chambers due to its wide frequency and wide incident angle characteristics for the efficient absorption of
arbitrary incoming electromagnetic waves from devices under test within (Yohandri et al. 2018). The slotted
array on hollow pyramidal microwave absorber is one of techniques to improve the absorption performance
by tuning the impedance matching of the pyramidal absorber (Abdullah@Idris et al. 2016). This project is
proposed the two different design of triangular slotted on hollow pyramidal absorber in order to observe their
absorption performance.
244
METHODOLOGY
There are two types of slotted design on hollow pyramidal absorbers which are equilateral and isosceles
triangle. The dimensions of a single hollow pyramidal absorber are similar to the commercial size which is
40 cm height 20 cm width x 20 cm length. The base has 6 cm length x 6 cm height. Figure 1 and Figure 2
show the dimension of triangular slotted design pyramidal absorber and measurement under arch measurement
reflectivity method respectively (Hofmann et al. 2019).
Figure 1: a) Equilateral triangle. b) Isosceles triangle. Figure 2: Arch measurement method.
RESULT
Figure 3: Comparison result Figure 4: Absorption data
FINDINGS
This innovative design would be initial studies by researchers because it has better results to enhance the
pyramidal microwave absorber. The researcher has tended to focus on the triangle slotted technique and the
arrangement of slotted on pyramidal absorber to improve their absorption performance. The Isosceles triangle
slotted pyramidal absorber has high maximum absorption at high frequency band and it prefers to be used in
high frequency applications such as antennas. Due to the lightweight and easy to handle of the triangular
slotted on hollow pyramidal absorber design will attract the researchers and industry to implement in anechoic
chambers.
2.145.61
22.97
30.62
2.82
19.03
30.88
43.50
0
10
20
30
40
50
1 - 2 [L] 2 - 4 [S] 4 - 8 [C] 8 - 12 [X]
Ab
sorp
tio
n (
dB
)
Frequency (GHz)
Maximum Absorption
Equalateral triangle slotted Isosceles triangle slotted
245
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors would want to specific the appreciation to Kementerian Pengajian Malaysia FRGS/1/2018/TK1
0/UITM/02/20 and all the events involved, mainly the Microwave Laboratory, UiTM Penang staff at some
stage in the study were conducted.
CONCLUSIONS
Overall, the triangular slot on the pyramidal absorber gives effect on the absorption performance. Based on
the results, the isosceles slotted design obtained higher absorption at all frequency bands than to the equilateral
triangle slotted. The highest maximum absorption achieved at X frequency band which is - 43.50 dB.
.
REFERENCES
Abdullah@Idris, Hasnain, Mohd Nasir Taib, Mohamad Syafiq Iskandar Nazaruddin, Najwa Rawaida Ahmad,
Azizah Ahmad, Noor Azila Ismail, Linda Mohd Kasim, Nazirah Mohamad Kasim, and Norhayati
Mohamad Noor. 2016. “Slot Radial Array Design on Hollow Pyramidal Microwave Absorber.”Applied
Mechanics and Materials 850: 77–81.
https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.850.77.
Chung, Boon Kuan, Universiti Tunku, Abdul Rahman, and Kuala Lumpur. 2015. “Anechoic Chamber Design
Wave Absorbers,” 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-4560-75-7.
Hofmann, Willi, Christian Bornkessel, Andreas Schwind, and Matthias A. Hein. 2019. “Challenges of RF
Absorber Characterization: Comparison between RCS- and NRL-Arch-Methods.” EMC Europe 2019 -
2019 International Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility, 370–75.
https://doi.org/10.1109/EMCEurope.2019.8871983.
Idris, Hasnain Abdullah, Mohd Nasir Taib, Fatimah Zaharah Ali, Najwa Rawaida Ahmad, Asmalia Zanal,
Azwati Azmin, Mohd Hussaini Abbas, Rohaiza Baharudin, and Norhayati Mohamad Noor. 2015. “The
Study of Green Biomass Coated Hollow Microwave Absorbing Material.” ARPN Journal of Engineering
and Applied Sciences 10 (20):9862–69.
http://www.arpnjournals.org/jeas/research_papers/rp_2015/jeas_1115_2951.pdf.
Yohandri and Z Affandi. 2018. “Optimization of Pyramidal Radar Absorber for Anechoic Chamber
Application Optimization of Pyramidal Radar Absorber for Anechoic Chamber Application,” 0–6.
https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1116/3/032043.
246
VIID2513 - D-ALERT DEVICE
Nur Farahiah Ibrahim1, Shahrizan Drahman2, Siti Aishah Mohd Spawi3, Faznoliza Jamil4 1Universiti Teknologi MARA, Cawangan Sarawak
2Biomedix Solutions Sdn Bhd 34Tadika Aktif Ceria, Kota Samarahan
ABSTRACT: The COVID-19 pandemic struck the world in December 2019 and has infected more than 44 million
people and caused 1.18 million death as of October 2020. After 15 weeks of MCO to curb the spread of COVID-19 in
Malaysia, nursery and kindergarten have been allowed to resume their operation to support working parents with strict
SOP from the government especially the enforcement of safe social distancing. It’s is very difficult for educators and the
children themselves to ensure safe social distancing due to their carefree nature. D-Alert is created to remind children to
maintain their safe distance. The device is mainly constructed using Arduino NANO and a TOF sensor, powered by a
rechargeable Li-Po battery pack. Implementing the VCSEL TOF enables accurate and rapid distance measurement in a
compact dimension. The technology is safe for the human eye compliant with latest standard IEC 60825-1:2014. The
device would detect the proximity of a person within the TOF FOV accurately up to two meters and would sound an
audible alert tone when the person is within one meter. The device is limited in its functionality as it is not yet able to
distinguish between a person, object or an obstacle and the narrow FOV of the TOF sensor limits device detection at
±13.5◦ in both vertical and horizontal plane. Improvement could be made to the sensing methods by implementing multi
TOF sensors to widen the FOV to a more applicable range for human conversation. The usage of a smaller board with
smaller battery supply would be ideal to create a package which is slimmer and lighter and could be clipped on to clothes,
pockets or tags. Further works into the device would enable for a limited AI functionality in distinguishing between a
person or an object. In the case study, D-Alert device is suitable to be used by children and is a useful everyday device
for everyone, reminding us to maintain safe social distancing as opposed to more costly implementation method available
in the limited market.
Keywords: children, social distancing, alert, TOF and Arduino NANO
INTRODUCTION COVID-19 was first reported in Wuhan, China in December 2019 has shocked the world. The World Health
Organization (WHO) has declared it as a pandemic on 12 March 2020 and has called upon the global
community to work together to combat it. As of 28 October 2020, there have been 43,766,712 confirmed cases
of Covid-19 including 1,163,459 deaths (WHO, 2020). Few Non-Pharmaceutical Interventions (NPIs) has
been introduced to help in containing the spread of Covid-19 such as mandatory face mask, isolations,
quarantine, social distancing and traffic restriction. Social Distancing is the most effective and easiest
implementation of NPI for containing the spread (Yacong Bo et al., 2020).
On 18th March 2020, Malaysia government announced 2020 Movement Control Order (MCO) to prevent the
spread of Covid-19 after an increasing number of case and death reported in the country (Ain Umaira et al.,
2020). The MCO which first scheduled to end in 14 April 2020 has been extended many times with improving
phases. During Recovery MCO, the government has allowed several sectors to resume their operations
(Wikipedia, 2020). For pre-schools, kindergartens, nurseries and day care centers, they were allowed to
resume their operations on 1st July 2020 to support working parents with strict SOP from the government
especially the enforcement of safe social distancing (Ministry of Education, 2020).
247
From the preliminary study that is done, it is found that educators are having difficulty to ensure children
adhere to safe social distancing to their carefree nature, especially in a small enclosed area like a kindergarten
or nursery. They do know that they have to maintain a safe distance, but more often than not they tend to
forget or do not know how far they should distance themselves between others. D-Alert device is designed to
assist and to remind the user especially the children to maintain safe social distancing.
D-Alert is constructed using Arduino NANO and a TOF sensor, powered by a rechargeable Li-Po battery
pack. The usage of VCSEL TOF enables accurate and rapid distance measurement in a compact dimension.
The device would detect the proximity of a person within the TOF FOV accurately up to two meters and
would sound an audible alert tone when the person is within one meter. However, the device has limitation in
its functionality as it is not yet able to distinguish between a person, object or an obstacle and the narrow FOV
of the TOF sensor limits device detection. Improvement could be made to the sensing methods by
implementing multi TOF sensors to widen the FOV to a more applicable range for human conversation
METHODOLOGY After study is made, D-Alert device is then constructed using Arduino NANO, LIDAR time-of-fight (TOF)
and other electronics components. TOF sensor have been selected due to its significant benefits over distance
sensing in terms of wider range, faster reading and greater accuracy. TOF sensor works by emit IR-LED at
the target object from its transmitter. The pulse of the LED is then picked up by the target and reflected back.
Distance is then calculated by using the relationship between constant speed of light in air and the time
between sending/receiving of the signal.
Arduino NANO was used as the prototype platform due to its low cost, wide compatibly with various sensors
and user-friendly IDE with great community support. A LiDAR TOF using VCSEL source was used and care
is taken to ensure the selected TOF sensor complies to optical radiation safety standards as per IEC 60825-
1:2014. The TOF is able to measure up to two meters accurately within 3% in best situation. It is also superior
to the conventional ultrasonic sensor from its accuracy, adaptability, power consumption and most
importantly, very compact size. Powering the system is a rechargeable 3.7V 3800mAh Li-Po with a DC-DC
converter, increasing the output voltage to 5V for Arduino NANO board. It is calculated that the TOF sensor
and the Arduino NANO consume less than 20mA, thus battery life would be in the weeks. The whole system
is housed in a small ABS box hooked on to a lanyard.
FINDINGS On-site test of D-Alert device was done with the educator’s supervision. It is found that D-Alert is successful
in implementing its design ideas with both the wearer and the other party being made aware of safe distancing.
After extended testing, the students were able to instinctively increase the social distancing upon receiving
the audible alert. Both educator and student have a positive acceptance towards D-Alert usage and mentioned
the easiness of detecting safe distancing.
During the design process, it was noted that D-Alert has some limitation in its ability to distinguish between
a person, object or an obstacle. This is alleviated by instructing the children to remove the device when they
are at their table and only to wear it when they are roaming around, either playing or conversing. Further
works would enable the device to distinguish the detection between a person or an object by implementing AI
with additional sensor.
The device is also limited in its detection due to the narrow FOV of the TOF at ±13.5◦ in both vertical and
248
horizontal plane. Improvement could be made to the sensing methods by implementing multi TOF sensors to
widen the FOV to a more applicable range for human conversation. Four TOF sensors at 30◦ apart would
enable a 120◦ cone of detection in front of the device, suitable for the detection of social distancing in a normal
interaction.
Ergonomics of D-Alert could be improved to be smaller, lighter and more universally adaptable to everyday
clothing. Minimizing the circuit by using the more compact controller at 3.3V, usage of slimmer and lighter
battery circuitry which enables the device to be shaped into a clipped badge form-factor. This would enable
the D-Alert to be more practically adapted by clipping the device to clothes, id tag, bags etc.
CONCLUSIONS From the finding, it can be concluded that D-Alert device have successfully met its design purpose of ensuring
safe social distancing between one another even with its current limitation. Further works into D-Alert would
significantly improve its application not only in a kindergarten environment, but in day-to-day life,
everywhere at the office, market, meetings and events.
REFERENCES Ain Umaira Md Shaha, Syafiqah Nur Azrie Safria, Rathedevi Thevadasb, Nor Kamariah Noordinc, Azmawani
Abd Rahmand, Zamberi Sekawie, Aini Iderisf, Mohamed Thariq Hameed Sultana. 2020. “COVID-19
outbreak in Malaysia: Actions taken by the Malaysian government.” International Journal of Infectious
Diseases, Volume 97: 108-116.
https://www.ijidonline.com/article/S1201-9712(20)30400-8/fulltext
Ministry of Education. 2020. “Garis Panduan Pembukaan Semula Sekolah”
https://www.moe.gov.my/pekeliling/3480-garis-panduan-pembukaan-semula-prasekolah/file
Shawn from Seedstudio “Types of Distance Sensor and how to select one?” Accessed Oct 20, 2020
https://www.seeedstudio.com/blog/2019/12/23/distance-sensors-types-and-selection-guide/
Wikipedia. 2020. “Malaysia Movement Control Order.” Accessed Oct 29, 2020.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Malaysia_movement_control_order
World Health Organization (WHO). 2020. “Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Situation Report.”
Accessed Oct 28, 2020.
https://covid19.who.int/
Yacong Bo,1,2# MSc; Cui Guo,1# PhD; Changqing Lin,3 PhD; Yiqian Zeng,1 MSc; Hao Bi Li,4 BSc;
Yumiao Zhang,3 PhD; Md Shakhaoat Hossain,3 MSc; Jimmy W. M. Chan,3 PhD; David W. Yeung,5
BSc; Kin-on Kwok,1 PhD; Samuel YS Wong,1 PhD; Alexis K. H. Lau,4,6* PhD; Xiang Qian Lao,1*
PhD. 2020. “Effectiveness of non-pharmaceutical interventions on COVID-19 transmission in 190
countries from 23 January to 13 April 2020.” International Journal of Infectious Diseases.
249
VIID2541 - EASY STUDENT ACCESS
(EaStAc)
Nurul Syuhada Baharuddin1, Nurul Aisyah Awanis binti A Rahim2, and Humaira Nuha Mohd Hisam3
1,2,3Faculty of Business and Management, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Cawangan Terengganu, Dungun
Campus, 23000 Dungun, Terengganu, Malaysia
Abstract: The spread of virus COVID-19 has been declared as a pandemic and it has taken the world by storm and forced
us to adapt to drastic changes in our daily routine. The education system is in no exception - major changes and new
norms must be applied and practiced. There are no more face-to-face meetings in the entire process of student registration
to courses registration, and even classes. All matters are now resorted to strictly only open-distance learning (ODL) and
virtual meetings. Thus, EaStAc has been specially created to provide a super coordinated and systematised platform that
is time-saving and user-friendly. EaStAc is an invention, a new mechanism or a checkpoint for all-round engagement
between lecturers and students, especially initial of the semester. EaStAc introduces an easy way, a platform for both
students and lecturers to access the right courses and groups. It is effective not only for educators but also for repeaters
or students from excluded batches as they will be able to reach their particular classes easier. EaStAc has utilizes the
basic technology with a cost-effective platform as the material needed is only any mobile device with internet connection.
This platform is very practical to tackle all age groups, even those who are not tech-savvy due to time constraint and lack
of knowledge on mobile device applications. With the flexible and customisable user interface, EaStAc has a great
potential to be applied to anyone who has the similar interest and objectives, especially in higher learning institutions all
over the world.
Keywords: student access, mechanism, platform, virtual meeting, ODL
INTRODUCTION
Undeniably, the 2020 pandemic has changed our daily routine a complete 180 degrees, including our
education system. In order to adapt to this new norm that has altered our day-to-day living activities, most of
higher learning institutions have to resort to only virtual meetings and open-distance learning (ODL) to
decrease the potential spreading of COVID-19. ODL system is a system that utilizes communication to convey
announcements, course administration information, course material, also as a sharing, supporting and
encouraging platform that acts as a medium of discussion and clarification (Mayende, Prinz, & Isabwe, 2017).
Online learning appeals to diverse groups of students with ranging academic needs that conventional
education classes are inadequate or incapable of fulfilling (Gilbert, John, & College, 2015). Due to the
COVID-19 pandemic, the classes had to be carried out virtually (Moawad, 2020).
On certain occasions, such as classes for new intakes, the process of learning becomes more complicated due
to lack of two-ways communication. This situation will require the helpless instructors or lecturers to
personally reach out the students or any class representatives on their own. This is obviously a burden - time
consuming, tedious, and involves a lot of people. However, it is a vital step as it is by far the only efficient
way to convey information to the classes. Therefore, a platform is necessary to play the role as a hub for the
lecturers to reach the student in order to acquire the contact number of the class representatives.
The communication between lecturers and students is vital because inefficiency in this matter will lead to lack
250
of motivation, difficulty in understanding learning materials and decrease in communication level between
those two parties (Alawamleh, Al-Twait, & Al-Saht, 2020). Nevertheless, online learning method do have its
advantages if the process were done in clear communication level with excellent engagement included (Burke
& Fedorek, 2017).
METHODOLOGY
EaStAc mechanism has been created in order to help the communication process between stated parties to
run smoothly. The following is the process of creating EaStAc:
Diagram 1: The methodology of EaStAc creation
FINDINGS
It is proved that EaStAc is a first of its kind as this is an innovation of one-touch platform for lecturers to
reach their students, especially initial of the semester. Aside from the said efficiencies, students who are
repeaters or from any excluded batch will be able to look for their classes for any particular semester easier.
Besides that, the variety of mediums included allows user to alter and set the application to suit their
preferences and creates flexible user interface. Contradict with study by Alhat (2020), EaStAc has proven
that as its mechanism is simple, but proficient – virtual learning can now be experienced by everyone
comfortably not only to the urban individuals who are experts in technology. Figure1 has shown from 95
respondents of the consumer satisfaction, 63 (67%) agreed that EaStAc is useful while 45 (47.9%) describe
this mechanism is practical.
Figure 1: Consumer Satisfaction over EaStAc
Ready to use.
Share link folder to all lecturers and students.
Class Representatives create a group messaging platform for all related courses and copy the link to one drive created.
Create a group messaging platform for Class Representatives.
251
EaStAc also provides maximum particle impact through total student participation as students’ motivation is
crucial in making sure the classes are conducted successfully (Lee & Martin, 2017). The efficiency of this
platform is not only limited to educators solely, core and servicing faculty will also be able to benefit from it
as all data are centred. This will further increase the positive ripple as cost, energy, and time can be saved
tremendously, and it will also reduce burnout issues among lecturers.
CONCLUSION
By and large, the creation of EaStAc system will help lecturers and students to enjoy the process of ODL. The
issues difficulty in acquiring contact information of respective student or lecturer will be solved. In the future,
it is hoped that EaStAc will be developed progressively by serving more functions such as lecturers and
students personal details therefore it is easier to do two ways communication and ease the learning transferring
and sharing process. With the flexible and customisable user interface to suit various groups of students and
courses, EaStAc has a great potential to be applied to anyone who has the similar interest and objectives,
especially in higher learning institutions all over the world.
REFERENCES
Alawamleh, M., Al-Twait, L. M., & Al-Saht, G. R. (2020). The effect of online learning on communication between
instructors and students during Covid-19 pandemic. Asian Education and Development Studies.
https://doi.org/10.1108/AEDS-06-2020-0131
Alhat, S. (2020). Virtual Classroom: A Future of Education Post-COVID-19. Shanlax International Journal of
Education, 8(4), 101–104. https://doi.org/10.34293/education.v8i4.3238
Burke, A. S., & Fedorek, B. (2017). Does “flipping” promote engagement?: A comparison of a traditional, online, and
flipped class. Active Learning in Higher Education, 18(1), 11–24. https://doi.org/10.1177/1469787417693487
Gilbert, B., John, S., & College, F. (2015). Online Learning Revealing the Benefits and Challenges How has open access
to Fisher Digital Publications benefited you ? Fisher Digital Publications.
Lee, J., & Martin, L. (2017). Investigating students’ perceptions of motivating factors of online class discussions.
International Review of Research in Open and Distance Learning, 18(5), 148–172.
https://doi.org/10.19173/irrodl.v18i5.2883
Mayende, G., Prinz, A., & Isabwe, G. M. N. (2017). Improving communication in online learning systems. CSEDU 2017
- Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Computer Supported Education, 1(December), 300–307.
https://doi.org/10.5220/0006311103000307
Moawad, R. A. (2020). Online Learning during the COVID- 19 Pandemic and Academic Stress in University Students.
Revista Romaneasca Pentru Educatie Multidimensionala, 12(1Sup2), 100–107.
https://doi.org/10.18662/rrem/12.1sup2/252
252
VIID2558 - MANAGEMENT
INFORMATION SYSTEMS (MIS)
INTERACTIVE REPORT: AN
INTRODUCTION OF MICROSOFT EXCEL
AS LEARNING TOOL FOR NON-
COMPUTING STUDENTS
Juliana Hamka Kamaroddin1, Wan Aryati Wan Ghani1, Azman Ariffin2 and Nor Diana Ahmad3
1Faculty of Computer and Mathematical Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA Cawangan Negeri
Sembilan, Kampus Seremban, 70300 Seremban, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia 2Faculty of Engineering and Life Science, Universiti Selangor, 45600 Bestari Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
3Faculty of Computer and Mathematical Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40500 Shah Alam,
Selangor,
Malaysia
Abstract: Information systems improves business performance. Understanding the nature of businesses is crucial and
investing on information systems to efficiently drive or operate the business will indirectly determine success or
failure. Information systems are used in every aspect of life and they are designed with the purpose to make people’s
life easier. Young graduates in the millennial era are mostly well educated and self-employed, with great tendencies
of starting their own business. That being said, the use of technology and the exposure to information systems help to
create technologically literate graduates by means of preparing them to venture in Small and Medium Enterprises
(SMEs). This study proposes Microsoft Excel as a tool to expose and support non-computing students to understand
information systems concept in daily activities so to speak. An average of 3 to 4 rating out of 10 points was calculated
based on an initial study to assess students’ background and knowledge about Microsoft Excel among undergraduate
students enrolling Management Information Systems (MIS) course. At the end of each semester, the outcome of
potentially good information systems developed using Microsoft Excel have been presented by groups of students.
Thus, this study suggests that the MIS background creates an avenue for non-computing undergraduate students to
instill them with a passion for technology in this millennial era.
Keywords: Management Information Systems (MIS), Small and Medium Enterprises (SME), Microsoft Excel,
millennials, non-computing students
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INTRODUCTION Information systems are used in every aspect of life and they are designed with the purpose to make people’s
life easier. It is known that information systems are so essential to run, manage and transform businesses.
Understanding the nature of businesses is crucial and investing on information system is a great way for
firms to achieve strategic business objectives: operational excellence, new products, services, and business
models, customer and supplier intimacy, improved decision making, competitive advantage and survival
(Laudon and Laudon, 2018).
Young graduates in the millennial era are mostly well educated and self-employed, with great tendencies
of starting their own business. Millennial refers to the generation born between 1980 and 2000
(PricewaterhouseCoopers, 2011) and is also labelled as iGen and tech-savvy generation because they were
brought up with smart technologies (Schullery, 2013). Research has shown that early exposure to smart
technologies since childhood and adolescence influence the way millennials’ brain are functioning with
ability to access, sort, categorise and remember information competently (Tapscott, 2009).
This study proposes Microsoft Excel as a tool to expose and support non-computing students to understand
information systems concept in daily activities so to speak. An average of 3 to 4 rating out of 10 points was
calculated based on an initial study to assess students’ background and knowledge about Microsoft Excel
among undergraduate students enrolling Management Information Systems (MIS) course. Microsoft Excel
is a spreadsheet software developed by Microsoft. It is a handy software/tool that can be used to store,
organize and make sense of many data sets.
Research conducted by Barrett (2015) found that 80% of first year undergraduate belief that education is
important to secure for good paying job. To venture into business sector, they need to equip basic skills
beyond traditional topical knowledge in the employment process. This is supported by Freidman and
Friedman (2015) that education institution must stress and teach skills that help students be successful and
survive and thrive in the new knowledge economy. It is found that a high percentage of middle-skilled jobs
demand at least a basic understanding of spreadsheets, and some even advanced level skills (Formby et al
2017). That being said, the use of technology and exposure to information systems help to create
technologically literate graduates by means of preparing them to venture in Small and Medium Enterprises
(SMEs).
The MIS course prepares students with the fundamental concepts and theories of MIS in organisations. At
the end of each semester, they are required to demonstrate their skill to analyse some business problems,
develop systems solutions using Microsoft Excel to facilitate decision making in business applications.
Thus, this study suggests that the MIS background creates an avenue for non-computing undergraduate
students to instill them with a passion for technology in this millennial era.
METHODOLOGY The expected outcome of the project is a deliverable of an MIS interactive application that uses Microsoft
Excel as a tool to manage sets of data and produced useful reporting for organisations. They are required to
work in a team of 3 to 4 people. Figure 1 illustrates the overall methodology for the application
development. First: They need to propose a business context and define appropriate business problem to be
solved. Second: They need to develop data relationship and data dictionary related to the problem that they
proposed. In this course they learn about foundations of business intelligence that prepares them with some
knowledge about databases and information management. Third: They need to generate about 1000 records
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of dummy data. They are taught to apply Microsoft Excel feature (data validation) and function (Vlookup)
to accelerate the data generation process. Vlookup is a built-in function in Microsoft Excel that is
categorized as a lookup or reference function. Fourth: Once the data are ready, they will start to perform
data analysis using Microsoft Excel’s most powerful feature which is the pivot table. A pivot table is a table
of statistics that summarizes the data of a more extensive table. It allows user to extract the significance
from a large and detailed data set. Fifth: They will create charts and interactive dashboards that helps engage
stakeholders through visualisations produced from raw data. Sixth: They are expected to interpret
visualisations into a MIS report.
Figure 1. Methodology for MIS application development
FINDINGS The MIS application shall consist of collection of Microsoft Excel worksheets in a workbook, which
comprise of raw data, data analysis, charts and dashboards. The prototype described in this invention is
about an information system to manage business operation of a café. Some of the analysis performed are:
(i) analysis of weekly sales, (ii) analysis of café operating hours, (iii) analysis of menu performance, (iv)
analysis of staff performance and (v) What-If analysis to forecast business sales and profit. Figure 2 shows
an excerpt from the application that shows an illustration of analysis of menu preferences by customers.
Define business context &
business problems
Develop data relationshiop
& data dictionary
Generate dummy data
Perform data analysis
Create charts and interactive dashboards
Interpret charts and
dashboards for report
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Figure 2. Excerpt prototype of MIS application
CONCLUSIONS Microsoft Excel is the most fundamental spreadsheet software or tool used by organisations in making
sense of big data that their business generates in daily business transaction. We found that it is the most
appropriate tool that can be utilised by non-computing students to prepare their computer skills in managing
data.
In this prototype, the data is generated for a month business operation. A spectrum of one-year business
operation can be seen if the transaction date is generated for 12-months business operation. More analysis
can be done which needs students’ extra effort, creativity and observation in finding common requirements
for a typical business MIS report.
REFERENCES Barrett, Michael, Elizabeth Davidson, Jaideep Prabhu, and Stephen L. Vargo. "Service Innovation in the Digital
Age: Key Contributions and Future Directions." MIS Quarterly 39, no. 1 (2015): 135-154.
Formby, Samuel K., Dawn Medlin, and Virginia B. Ellington. "Microsoft Excel®: is it an important job skill for
college graduates?" Information Systems Education Journal 15, no. 3 (2017): 55.
Friedman, Hershey H., and Linda Weiser Friedman. "Six steps to transform an ordinary college into an exceptional
institution." Available at SSRN 2730371 (2016).
Laudon, Kenneth C., and Jane P. Laudon. Management information systems: managing the digital firm. Pearson
Education Limited, 2018.
Schullery, Nancy M. "Workplace engagement and generational differences in values." Business Communication
Quarterly 76, no. 2 (2013): 252-265.
Tapscott, D. (2009). Grown up digital: How the Net generation is changing your world. New York, NY: McGraw-
Hill.
PricewaterhouseCoopers, P. W. C. "Millennials at work. Reshaping the workplace." URL: http://www. pwc.
ru/en_RU/ru/hr-consulting/publications/assets/millenials-survey. pdf (дата обращения (2011).
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VIID2383 - THE DEVELOPMENT OF
RELATIONAL DATABASE FOR
INFORMATION SYSTEM USING MS
ACCESS: A METHODOLOGY FOR
BEGINNER USER
Nor Azlina Aziz Fadzillah ¹, Rozianiwati Yusof ², Norhafizah Hashim³, Noorihan Abdul Rahman4 123Faculty of Computer and Mathematical Sciences
Universiti Teknologi MARA Seremban Branch
Negeri Sembilan Campus
Persiaran Seremban Tiga/1, Seremban 3, Negeri
Sembilan, Malaysia
4Faculty of Computer and Mathematical Sciences
Universiti Teknologi MARA Machang Branch
Kelantan Campus
Machang, Kelantan, Malaysia
Abstract: A relational database management system (RDBMS) is a software that enables a relational database to be
developed, modified, and managed. In today's information era, a massive amount of data is produced every second. As
the amount of available data grows, the problem of managing the information becomes more difficult. People from any
industry also influence with this phenomenon. Without fully utilize and managing the data, the data produced will be
wasted. So, all people should know the basic ways of managing the data and turn into information. Therefore, one
methodology has been proposed as guidelines for developing a relational database for the information system using
Microsoft Access. In UiTM, this methodology has been applied to students who are taken the ICT450 course, which is
a Database Design and Development. This course is providing a foundation for the design, implementation and
management of database systems. This research aims to demonstrate and create a database using MS Access software
based on the proposed methodology. The students will be evaluated on the understanding of relational database
development by developing an Information system as their project. The rubric form was used to evaluate the student's
project development performance. Most of the students manage to obtain more than 90% marks for their project by
following all the steps in the proposed methodology.
Keywords: Relational database, IS, MS Access, Methodology, Basic
INTRODUCTION
Microsoft Access is a software from Microsoft office for relational database development. It comes with the
Microsoft Jet Database Engine with a graphical user interface. This software provides an environment for
users to enter data easier and faster using a form. It can also ferret out errors such as duplicate records, records
with misspellings, and records with missing information and fix them. This software has been said one of the
easiest software for database development. To be in line with Industry Revolution 4, which emphasizes on
advanced technology that causes information exploding, all peoples should know the way to manage and
analyze data. Without utilize all the data, it can be wasted. Many types of database application software for
the relational database has been used by many developers such as Oracle, Microsoft SQL Server and MySQL
(Qiangqiang, H., et. al., 2019; Eugene, I., et. al., 2019). However, Microsoft Access is the best software for a
beginner user in developing a database and get useful information. Based on past research, many researchers
have proposed a methodology to fit with the purpose of the study, Mohankumar (2016) proposed a model
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based on SDLC to reduced energy consumption on server. Meanwhile Chaudry (1999) proposed a
methodology for relational database focused on imprecise dataset. Therefore, many researches can be done
based on SDLC methodology to fulfill the aims of study.
METHODOLOGY
This section elaborates on how a database is going to be developed by using active participation among users
and database designers. Initially, business problem and opportunities are identified for clarifying database
requirements (Christian, L., et. al, 2019). At this stage, the database designer needs to identify the solution
from storyboard which has been provided previously from the user interface design (Wei, Z., et al, 2019).
Storyboard gives the storyline to the database designers which enable them to come out with the logical model
for developing a database. The activity of designing and developing database is crucial for ensuring dynamic
relationship between the user interface and end users. Overview of strategic requirements is discussed to
ensure the precise design of the database in the later phase. The use of system requirements is also useful in
extending the view from logical model to the physical model of the database whereby physical model helps
the programmer to link the database and the execution of the system implementation. During the elicitation
stage in system analysis, possible business rules are also contributed in producing possible entities, attributes,
relationships and possible constraints. This can help the database design to plan what are the data included in
the system product.
A Methodology for Beginner User Using Microsoft Access
The methodology for beginner user consists of five steps in developing the database system by using Ms
Access, which are data analysis, ERD modelling, creating form, sql testing and producing a report (figure
1.0). Basically, there are four objects used in MS Access: table, form, queries and report. The first step in this
methodology is data analysis which to construct the table structure by defining the entities, the attributes, the
primary key and the datatype. These tables consist of one or more entities. All related data will be input in
this table. For example, in Flower Ordering System, it may consist of three entities which are customer, order
and flower. For each entity, define the data or the attribute (custID, custName, orderID, colour, price), the
datatype (text, number, date) and the primary key (custID, orderID).
The second step is to design the ERD model. The iterative process has been applied in creating the ERD
model. Iteration means carrying out a process repeatedly, in which the ERD model connected all tables. This
diagram will create a relationship among those entities based on the primary key and the foreign key by
clicking the enforce referential integrity function. This function is use as a check list in order to show the
connectivity of the relationship. Do the same processes for all related tables by joining the same attributes
name. The connection between each table must be error free . If there are some errors, the designer should
repeat the process and update the primary key or the foreign key in each table object.
The third step is to design a form object as an interface for the user. This form is created from the table object.
In this form, the user can add, update or delete data by using the button wizard. This button wizard also have
other function such as to retrieve the first data, the next data, or the last data, where the user can simply choose
the button actions. Once user make changes on any data in the form object, the action button will update the
related data in the table object.
The fourth step is to test and run the system by writing the queries statement (SQL). This query will display
the selected data that a user has chosen from the table object. The most common operators involve in SQL
statements are logical operators (AND, OR, NOT), comparison operators (<, <=, >, >=, ==, !=) and arithmetic
operators (+, - , /, *). The fifth step is to generate a report by selecting any data from the tables or SQL
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statement. This report can be used by management people for decision making.
Figure 1. A methodology for beginner user using MS Access
FINDINGS
This section describes the performance of the students in the database project development. The student
performance has been evaluated based on the methodology for beginner user and the rubric evaluation form.
The rubric form consists of marks for tables and ERD, construct queries, design forms, and generate reports.
This project has been tested to 31 students from the Degree of Statistics program in Semester Mac-July 2020.
They were divided into nine groups with three or four members each. Table 1 shows the results of the students’
projects.
Table 1 Students' Database Project Result
Group Tables and
ERD
Construct
Queries
Design
Forms
Generate
Reports
Total mark
(26)
Percentage
%
1 9 3 7 4 23 88.46
2 9 3.5 8 3.5 24 92.30
3 9 3.5 8 3.5 24 92.30
4 9 3 8 3 23 88.46
5 9 3.5 8 3.5 24 92.30
6 9.5 3.5 8 3.5 24.5 94.23
7 9 3.5 7 3.5 23 88.46
8 9 3.5 8 3.5 24 92.30
9 9.5 4 8 4 25.5 98.08
The five-steps in the methodology was assessed in the rubric evaluation form of which 26 marks are allocated
for this part. The creation of table and ERD shows that all groups able to get at least 9 marks out of 10 which
is the crucial part in developing a database system. Then, for the next three steps, most groups obtained just
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0.5 – 1 mark lower than the subpoint. As a result, six of the groups managed to get more than 90% for the
methodology section. It shows that although they are not from Computer Science field, they are able to
develop the database project based on the steps in the proposed methodology.
CONCLUSIONS
This study shows that the five basic steps in the proposed methodology for developing a database are easy to
follow even though the students are not from the Computer Science program. As they accomplished Step 1
and 2 without much problem, the other next steps will be much easier to be completed.
This course offers only the basics of database design and development for beginners.
REFERENCES
Eugene, I. C., Matthew, P., and Souripriva, D., Improving RDF Query Performance Using In-memory
Virtual Columns in Oracle Database, IEEE 35th International Conference on Data Engineering (ICDE),
Macao, pp. 1814-1819, 2019.
Introduction to the Oracle Database, accessed Jun 2020,
https://docs.oracle.com/cd/B19306_01/server.102/b14220/intro.htm.
MySQL, accessed Jun 2020, https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/8.0/en/what-is-mysql.html,.
Oracle Database, accessed Jun 2020,
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_Database#Releases_and_versions.
Qiangqiang, H., Zhichun, G., and Bin, Z., Design and Implementation of Oracle Database Incremental Data
Capture Based on Trigger and Identification Table, Journal of Physics: Conference Series, vol. 1237, Issue
2, 2019.
Mohankumar, M. and Anand, K.M., Green Database Design Model in Software Development Life Cycle
Phase Indian Journal of Science and Technology, vol. 9, Issues 30, 2016.
Chaudry, N., Moyne, J. and Rundensteiner, E.A, An Extended Database Design Methodology For
Uncertain Data Management, Journal of Information Sciences, vol 121, Issues 1-2, 1999.
Christian, L., Joeri, V. L., and Eva, S., Implementation Challenges of Self Service Business Intelligence: A
Literature Review,Proceedings of the 51st Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS),
pp 5055-5063, 2018.
Wei, Z., Ao, D., Xi, C., and Zhang-lin, C., VIStory: interactive storyboard for exploring visual information
in scientific publications, International Symposium on Visual Information Communication and Interaction
(VINCI 2019), pp 1-8, 2019.
260
VIID2390 - DESIGN OF POSTERIOR
LUMBAR INTERBODY FUSION
CAGES WITH VARIOUS INFILL
PATTERNS FOR 3D PRINTING
APPLICATION
Muhammad Hazli Mazlan1, Wan Nur Arifah Mior Idris1, Nur Sarah Abdullah1, Nur Dalilah Diyana
Nordin2 1Electronic Engineering Department, Faculty of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Universiti Tun
Hussein Onn Malaysia, Malaysia. 2Center of Information Technology, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia,
Malaysia.
Abstract: Degenerative disc disease is a spinal condition when intervertebral disc which can help to protect the nerves
and increase the flexibility of the spine begin to breakdown. Mostly this disease occurs in the lumbar spine, because
the main function of the lumbar spine is to bear the weight of the body and these vertebrae are much larger in size to
absorb the stress of carrying heavy objects. There are many treatments for this disease and one of the treatment
techniques is Posterior Lumbar Interbody Fusion (PLIF) surgery. There are many unresolvable clinical implications
due to Posterior Lumbar Interbody Fusion (PLIF) procedures such as cage retropulsion, mechanical cage failure, cage
migration and stress shielding effects. In order to overcome these problems, the effectiveness of the interbody cages
should be improved. In this project, various infill pattern of interbody cage design was used to develop the ideal
interbody cage that can be implanted to suit bones’ compatibility’s order to reduce the consequences of PLIF technique
by using Finite Element Analysis (FEA). Type of material that used was Polylactic Acid (PLA) and Solidworks
software was used to design the interbody cages. The cage dimension was set to 205 mm in length, 100 mm in height
and 60 mm in width. The designed interbody cage was implanted between first lumbar (L1) and second lumbar (L2)
vertebra which was extracted from CT scan images in 3D Slicer software. The implanted model was analysed in Ansys
workbench software to determine the structural strength of the designed interbody cage after implantation. From Ansys
Workbench Software, the implanted model analysed in terms of Von Mises Stress, and Maximum Principal Stress
values, then compared to their theoretical values. The main factors were the limitations of the load and the conditions
of the motions or movements such as flexion, extension, axial rotation, lateral bending and compression force.
Keywords: Degenerative Disc, Finite Element Analysis, Posterior Lumbar Interbody Fusion, Von Mises Stress
INTRODUCTION Spine of human consists of the cervical spine, the thoracic spine, the lumbar spine, and sacral bones. The
entire spine was called as vertebrae and made up of 24 bones. Lumbar osteoarthritis, disk degeneration,
degenerative disk disease, and spondylosis are terms that used to describe functional changes to the
vertebral bodies and intervertebral disk spaces that may be related with clinical pain syndromes [1]. One of
the most prevalent disease of human spine is disc degeneration. The cause of degenerative disc can be
difficult to identify, as there are various potential anatomic sources of pain in the lumbar spine [2]. Low
back pain occurs due to the changes of degenerative in the intervertebral disc, facet joint degeneration and
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deep soft tissues surrounding the spine. The potential risk factors includes age, body weight index (BMI),
lifestyle and osteoporosis.
In order to treat the degenerative discs disease, the most usually method used is Posterior Lumbar Interbody
Fusion (PLIF) surgery. PILF procedure is a method that eliminating a disc and combining vertebrae together
in the lower back which is in the lumbar region [3]. However, the retropulsion of the interbody cage
following the surgery is one of the issue that have the addressed [4]. To overcome the complication, two
different of the interbody cage patterns will be used to identify which pattern is more compatible to implant
between spinal bones.
METHODOLOGY
1. Methodology Flow Chart
Figure 1 illustrates the whole process of the project development. It involves the process of developing
interbody cages using rectilinear and honeycomb infill pattern as well as its corresponding Finite Element
Analysis (FEA) approach to analyse the strength of developed cages. Basically there are four stages to be
accomplished in order to achieve the objectives of the study [5]. It consists of CT data acquisition, 3D
model development of interbody cages, Finite Element Analysis (FEA) of the constructed cages and
conclusion. The L1 and L2 vertebra were first extracted from CT scan image using 3D Slicer Software.
After that the interbody cages were developed using the Solidworks software. Interbody cages were
designed based on two different types of infill patterns namely as rectilinear and honeycomb pattern. Next,
the interbody cage was implanted and attached in between L1 and L2 vertebra. Finally, the cage models
were analysed using FEA software. The analysis is consider on basic physiological motions of L1 and L2
which are compression, flexion, extension, axial rotation and lateral bending. From the data obtained by
the Ansys Workbench software, the conclusion was determined as which infill pattern design parameters
are more suitable to be implanted in the lumbar vertebrae, without jeopardizing the structural integrity of
the lumbar segment.
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Figure 1. Flowchart of the project.
2. Lumbar Vertebrae development using 3D Slicer Software
Firstly, the images of CT scan must be extracted using 3D Slicer software. The data of the spine must be
downloaded from the 3D Slicer by selecting the human cardiovascular system from CTACardio. The L1 and
L2 vertebra location were carefully selected from the data to be extracted.
3. Interbody Cage Development
The dimensions of interbody cage were set to 205 mm in length, 100 mm in height and 60 mm in width.
These dimensions of interbody cage are the commercialized specifications available on the market to meet
the requirements for supporting the vertebral body after insertion. The external edges of the cage have
dimensions of 25 mm both left and right side. The shape of rectilinear was designed on the surface of the
interbody cage which located in front and the right of the two planes. The dimensions of the rectilinear
shape were set at 4.24 mm for the length of each side and the distance between the rectilinear was set at
2.12 mm. After the rectilinear design was completed on the interbody cage surface, extrude cut the shape
with through two-dimensional to obtain rectilinear shape extruded cut for both front planes. Same goes to
the right plane, the rectilinear shape was extruded with through two-dimensional. Figure 2 shows the
rectilinear pattern after extruded cut at the frontal plane.
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Figure 2. Rectilinear infill pattern after extruded cut the infill design
For the interbody cage with honeycomb infill pattern, the surface of interbody cage was extruded cut with
honeycomb hexagonal pattern. The shape of the honeycomb pattern was designed in the surface of the
interbody cage which located in front and the right of two sided. The dimensions of the honeycomb shape
were set at 3.46 mm for each length and the distance between of the rectilinear is 2 mm. Figure 3 shows
the honeycomb pattern design view from the frontal plane of interbody cage.
Figure 3. Honeycomb infill pattern design at the frontal view of interbody cage
4. Implant the interbody cage in between L1 and L2 vertebra
From the 3D Slicer software, the vertebral model of L1 and L2 was transferred to the Solidworks software
by converting the format of the model to the Stereolithography (STL) format. In the Solidworks, the
interbody cages were implanted between L1 and L2 vertebra. This assembled Solidworks file was saved and
imported to the Ansys analytics software in IGS () file format.
5. Analysis the design in Ansys Workbench Software
In the Ansys Workbench, Static Structural analysis system was chosen. This is because, the static structural
is used to determine the stresses, strength and forces in the structures or components. It is related to this
research which is to apply the load on the interbody cage. In order to obtain the results, some steps should
be followed in the analytic static structural which are engineering data, geometry, model, setup and solution.
In the engineering data, the mechanical properties information of the material need to key in such as the
Young Modulus, Density, Poisson’ ratio. Yield Strength and Tensile Ultimate Strength of the material used.
In this research, the material used was Polylactic Acid (PLA).
FINDINGS A. RESULTS
1. Von Mises Stress
The whole strength of the developed interbody cage was evaluated based on Von Mises stress and
Maximum Principal Stress. These values are essentially reflected in the Yield strength and Ultimate Tensile
264
strength of the cages. Von Mises stress wasused to compare withthe material yield strength. Von Mises
Stress can be used as an index in biomechanical research to measure the impact of loading on the tissue.
Thus, the higher the stress value of Von Mises Stress as compared to the Yield Strength of the materials,
the higher the risk of failures the structure Figure 4 and 5 show the results of the Von Mises Stress
distributed on the honeycomb and rectilinear infill pattern cage produced during the compression motion.
The external force applied was 400N while the compression motion force applied was 1000Nmm.
Figure 4. Von Mises Stress applied on the Honeycomb Infill Pattern in between L1 and L2 during the compression motion
Figure 5. Von Mises Stress applied on the Rectilinear Infill Pattern in between L1 and L2 during the compression motion
2. Maximum Principal Stress Results
Theoretically, the failure of any material occurs when the Principal Stress of the material was exceeded
the Ultimate Tensile Strength of of the material when the load is applied. Figure 6 shows the results of the
Maximum Principal Stress of interbody cages of honeycomb infill pattern during compression motion.
Figure 7 shows the result of the Maximum Principal Stress of rectilinear infill pattern during compression
motion.
Figure 6. Maximum Principal Stress applied on the Honeycomb Infill Pattern in between L1 and L2 during the
compression motion
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Figure 7. Maximum Principal Stress applied on the Rectilinear Infill Pattern between L1 and L2 during the compression
motion
B. DISCUSSION
Table 1 show the results of the Von Mises Stress of honeycomb infill pattern and rectilinear infill pattern
cage design during compression, flexion, extension, axial rotation and lateral bending motions. All the Von
Mises Stress values that obtained were compared to the Yield Strength of the Polylactic Acid (PLA). Yield
Strength is the strength at which a determined amount of enduring deformation occurs. In other words, the
strength that a material can withstand without any deformation. From the Table 1 it can be observed that
all the values of the Maximum Von Mises Stress of physiological movements L1 and L2 are lower than the
actual Yield Strength of Polylactic Acid (PLA). This is because, honeycomb infill pattern is more resistant
to Von Mises Stress on it. For Rectilinear Infill Pattern, it can be observed that all the values of Maximum
Von Mises Stress that applied on Rectilinear Infill Pattern with physiological movements L1 and L2, are
higher than the actual Yield Strength of Polylactic Acid (PLA). This shows that the rectilinear pattern is
unable to withstand the applied loads.
Table 1. Summary on Von Mises Stress
Physiological
motions of L1 and
L2
Honeycomb Infill Pattern Rectilinear Infill Pattern
Actual Yield
Strength (MPa)
Maximum
Von Mises Values (MPa)
Actual Yield
Strength (MPa)
Maximum Von
Mises Values
(MPa)
Compression 70 18.459 70 182.98
Flexion 70 8.57 70 594.04
Extension 70 28.186 70 87.626
Axial Rotation 70 31.658 70 355.07
Lateral Bending 70 20.181 70 360.24
Table 2 show the Maximum Principal Stress of honeycomb infill pattern and rectilinear infill pattern design
cage that produced during all physiological motions namely as compression, flexion, extension, axial
rotation and lateral bending. It can be observed that, for the all physiological movements of the spine,
Maximum Principal Stresses for the rectilinear infill pattern cage tend to produce higher stress if compared
to the honeycomb infill pattern cage. More importantly, some of the stresses have exceeded the Ultimate
Tensile Stress of the cage material. This condition might significantly increase the risks of cage failures.
This condition can be observed when the cage was exposed to flexion, extension, lateral bending and axial
rotation movement. Overall, the honeycomb infill pattern cage exhibits better structural integrity that can
withstand the stress generated on the cage without pose any risks of cage failure if compared to the
rectangular infill pattern cage.
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Table 2. Summary on Maximum Principal Stress
Physiological
motions of L1
and L2
Honeycomb Infill Pattern Rectilinear Infill Pattern
Ultimate Tensile Strength (MPa)
Maximum Principal Stress (MPa)
Ultimate Tensile Strength (MPa)
Maximum Principal Stress (MPa)
Compression 73 25.261 73 41.976
Flexion 73 8.112 73 196.12
Extension 73 32.076 73 30.041
Axial Rotation 73 37.117 73 283.39
Lateral Bending
73 21.811 73 148.21
CONCLUSION In this study, the structures of the interbody cage of honeycomb and rectilinear were investigated using the
Finite Element Analysis (FEA). Our results indicated that the honeycomb infill pattern exhibited higher
dimensional accuracy and higher compressive properties than rectangular structures. The value of Von
Mises Stress and Maximum Principal Stress obtained on the honeycomb infill pattern is lower than the
value of Von Mises Stress and Maximum Principal Stress on the rectilinear infill pattern.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This research was supported by Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, under TIER1-H118. We thank and
acknowledge our colleagues from Kyushu University and Juntendo University Japan who provided insight
and expertise that greatly assisted the research.
REFERENCES [1] C. Centeno et al., “Treatment of lumbar degenerative disc disease-associated radicular pain with
culture-expanded autologous mesenchymal stem cells: A pilot study on safety and efficacy,” J.
Transl. Med., vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 1–12, 2017.
[2] K. Akeda, T. Yamada, N. Inoue, A. Nishimura, and A. Sudo, “Risk factors for lumbar
intervertebral disc height narrowing: A population-based longitudinal study in the elderly
Epidemiology of musculoskeletal disorders,” BMC Musculoskelet. Disord., vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 1–9,
2015.
[3] R. J. Mobbs, K. Phan, G. Malham, K. Seex, and P. J. Rao, “Lumbar interbody fusion: techniques,
indications and comparison of interbody fusion options including PLIF, TLIF, MI-TLIF,
OLIF/ATP, LLIF and ALIF.,” J. spine Surg. (Hong Kong), vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 2–18, 2015.
[4] Y. Li et al., “Trends of surgical treatment for spinal degenerative disease in China: A cohort of
37,897 inpatients from 2003 to 2016,” Clin. Interv. Aging, vol. 14, pp. 361–366, 2019. [5] M. H. Mazlan, M. Todo, H. Takano, and I. Yonezawa, “Effect of cage insertion orientation on
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VIID2460 - DEVELOPMENT OF VIRTUAL
REALITY (VR) APPLICATION FOR
RECREATIONAL LAKE MODEL IN UiTM
CAWANGAN PERAK
Sr. Gs. Mohd Najib Bin Husain1, Dr. Munirah Radin Bt Mohd Mokhtar2, Ahmad Shahriman Bin Ahmad
Ridzwan3
Department of Surveying Science and Geomatics
Faculty of Architecture Planning and Survey
University of Technology MARA Perak Branch, Seri Iskandar Campus
32610 Seri Iskandar, Perak, Malaysia
[email protected], [email protected], [email protected]
Abstract: This paper explains the development of virtual reality application based on UiTM Perak recreational lake area
for possible future development project. This project is to recreate, redesign, and simulate the recreational lake through
3D visualization. This project started with creating graphics of 3D models objects of all visible elements surrounding the
recreational lake using Autodesk Maya 2016 and Adobe Photoshop CS5 modeling software. Later these objects were
exported into Unreal Engine 4 software for more designing and programming before becoming outstanding realistic
graphics of application software package. This newly built software packages of .apk format finally extracted and being
installed into VR headset Oculus Quest equipment. The achieved results showed that the installed VR application runs
smoothly with Oculus Quest headset and the users also can interact with some elements in 3D worlds. In conclusion, this
project showed that using the VR application as a tool in any project development is very useful and effective for the
decision-makers to deliver the best planning, spot any problems before the construction begins, make any changes, and
later on create better projects.
Keywords: Virtual reality, Autodesk Maya 2016, Adobe Photoshop CS5, Unreal Engine 4 and Oculus Quest.
.
INTRODUCTION Virtual reality (VR) is a simulation application of immersion experience that can be similar to or completely
different from the actual world. Immersion is a unique experience that is connecting the real world with virtual
reality. Therefore, many project developments dealt with a lack of vision for their proposed structure and
meanwhile, the VR technology in project development is a good approach to fill the gap. Now with VR
technology, someone’s imagination can turn to be near reality as he or she will be able to see and experience
the proposed structure before it is constructed (Milovanovic J. et al., 2017). This does not mean reviewing
blueprints, study the digital layout, or watching a video animation of the structure. But possibly immerse in
the VR world by entering a room of any propose building structure, walking through it and interact with
elements by touch or picking things up and rearranging the layout structure (Ahmad K. Bashabsheh et al.,
2019)
Lately there are many research papers consists for VR technology in constructions industry, as for example
M. Al-Adhami et al. (2018) presents a result of an experiment to integrate three different types of Architecture,
Engineering and Construction (AEC) digital modeling data. They also proposed a workflow for immersive
268
virtual reality (IVR) applications in construction, visualization and building performance analysis. Their
experiment deals with construction simulation, rapid generation of the VR scene for existing building and
airflow visualization. Meanwhile Wang, P et al. (2018) in their study presents a critical review of previous
construction engineering education and training (CEET) based on VR-related journal papers. They conclude
that, VR have capabilities to increase students’ participation, interaction and motivation. This review also
highlights the latest trend of integrated teaching materials support, by using VR and other technologies with
construction information management perspective of Building Information Modelling (BIM).
Therefore, the main goal of this project is to design and produce virtual reality software applications then to
be used for design, planning and development in the future. The other goal is to prove the potential of VR as
a best display and interpretation tools for built environment in Malaysia. This project scope includes VR
software application generated with limited study area at Recreational Lake in UiTM Cawangan Perak. The
method adopted in this project is designing and generate the application using the 3D modelling software’s
and programming then install it in VR headset to be accessible for users. The result showed that the application
successfully being generated and achieved its main goal to become the best display model and interpretation
for built environment.
METHODOLOGY
Flowchart 1. VR Application Development Process
This project methodology mainly consists of several steps. Firstly, selecting site location, site investigation,
and collecting data by taking several images surrounding the recreational lake area. Then all the spotted
objects will be further studied to assess their true dimension, shape, and design. Second is, develop, recreate,
and redesign 3D graphic models based on the real objects and also creating the proposed structure by using
the combination of Adobe Photoshop CS5 and Autodesk Maya 2016. After that all of this models or objects
exported to Unreal Engine 2016 software to be design and programmed with the virtual environment and later
producing an android software application (Figure 1). Flowchart 1 explain briefly the process involved in
VR application development. The third step is conducting a test for the software applications surrounding the
recreational lake of UiTM Cawangan Perak for best view and as a comparison between recreated visuals and
the real environment. Lastly the final step is analyzing and discussing the result.
Create 3D model .fbx
Autodesk Maya 2016
and Adobe Photoshop
CS5
Import .fbx 3D model into Unreal Engine 4
Design and programming inside
Unreal Engine 4
Compile .apk format to extracting packaging
Install .apk into VR headset Oculus Quest
Run program inside Oculus Quest
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Figure 1. Screenshot Images of Autodesk Maya 2016 Software, Unreal Engine 4 Software,
and Oculus Quest Headset Device
The following are the process details involved in each step as mention previously.
1. Create a 3D model object using Autodesk Maya 2016 (format use is ‘.fbx’) and Adobe Photoshop CS5.
Later all of the 3D models need to be exported into the Unreal Engine for designing and programming.
2. Google Earth image of Recreational Lake in UiTM Cawangan Perak is used to be as a base and
guideline of the real environment, then later edited through Adobe Photoshop. This step is important as
a guide to the design environment aspects with Unreal Engine 4 and to get a real measurement to be as
close as possible.
3. After done creating a 3D model object, the next step is designing the environment through Unreal
Engine 4. The process starts with importing a 3D model that exports from Autodesk Maya 2016 into
Unreal Engine 4. Such programming is to be done with Unreal Engine 4 and later to be extract into .apk
(Android Version) format.
4. By using Blueprint inside Unreal Engine 4, someone can do adjustments in programming such as
creating load level, lighting adjustment, reflection, resizing an object, movement control etc.
5. When extracting packaging into .apk format, make sure it is the right setting for VR compatibility. One
of them is the SDK version and need to be set to 25 SDK versions. Finally, extract packaging to .apk
format (ASTC package type is selected), which to be installed into VR headset Oculus Quest.
6. After finish the extracting packaging, it is ready to install to VR headset Oculus Quest. Plugin USB
cable from PC to VR headset, then run setup for installation.
7. After done installing the software application to the device it is ready now to run the VR headset Oculus
Quest for VR simulation.
FINDINGS
Figure 2 showed that the visuals from the installed VR application run smoothly with the Oculus Quest
headset. The users also can interact with the elements created in the virtual reality environment. The
application quality image is very good as every aspect and detail of the surrounding area look similar to the
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actual look of real environment (Figure 3). There are three types of aspects created during the previous
process. Firstly, existing recreational lake environments such as trees, grass, lake, sky, and some decorative
stone. Secondly are existing objects such as electricity poles, jetty, exercise equipment, gazebo, jogging trek,
and UiTM Perak Billboard. Last and the most important aspect is the proposed structure for future
development such as Cafeteria and Student Union Building. The result showed that the proposed structure
blends very well with the surrounding lake area. The minimalism and open concepts of the proposed structure
can be the future landmark of UiTM Cawangan Perak or simply can be changed with the other design or
concepts.
Figure 2. Screenshot images from VR application of Recreational Lake with proposed structure in
UiTM Cawangan Perak
Figure 3. Images of Real Environment at Recreational Lake in UiTM Cawangan Perak
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CONCLUSIONS
The journey of this virtual reality project is quite interesting as this is our first attempt in a very short time
thus proving that virtual technology can be accessible, cheaper, and affordable to all levels in society,
especially for construction and development groups. The final results showed that the installed VR application
successfully works with the Oculus Quest headset and the users also can interact with the elements in 3D
worlds with or without a physically present in that area. This application amazingly works very well as it has
a capability of 3600 vision angles, so the users quickly can experience a full immersion into the virtual
environment of the recreational lake model at UiTM Cawangan Perak. This project showed that VR
application is unique, very useful and effective for the decision-makers to deliver the best planning, spot any
problems before the construction begin, and make any changes. This project also showed the wide potential
of virtual reality in the future to be used with Geographical Information System-Building Information
Modelling (GIS-BIM), civil engineering, landscaping, architecture, and many more areas in Malaysia.
REFERENCES
Ahmad K. Bashabsheh, Hussain H. Alzoubi, Mostafa Z. Ali (2019). The application of virtual reality technology in
architectural pedagogy for building constructions.Alexandria Engineering Journal Volume 58, Issue 2, June
2019, Pages 713-723
Wang, P., Wu, P., Wang, J., Chi, H. L. & Wang, X. (2018). A critical review of the use of virtual reality in construction
engineering education and training. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15 (6),
1204.
M. Al-Adhami, L. Ma and S. Wu. (2018). Exploring Virtual Reality in Construction, Visualization and Building
Performance Analysis. 35th International Symposium on Automation and Robotics in Construction (ISARC
2018).
Milovanovic J., Moreau G., Siret D., Miguet F., (2017). Virtual and Augmented Reality in Architectural Design and
Education: An Immersive Multimodal Platform to Support Architectural Pedagogy. 17th International
Conference, CAAD Futures 2017.
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VIID2503 - ANALYSIS OF ELECTRIC
SUPERSONIC IONIZED
PROPULSION AIRCRAFT: A
PROSPECT OF THE FUTURE OF
AVIATION IN PHYSICS
I Gde Agung Sudanta
Mohammad Husni Thamrin Senior High School
[email protected] ABSTRACT: Commercial aviation technology has evolved over time, and the next major advance, is the
supersonic flight era. Due to technical barriers that exist, technical innovation needs to be addressed, including
clean electric aviation. The obstacles faced by lithium-ion and fuel cells are considered to combines the
technologies, making it the optimal choice with the advantages, which is the essence of hydrogen-ion batteries.
Power applications is an ion propulsion engine, due to the advantages of propulsion without moving parts. This
research is key to supersonic electric aviation technology that could pave the way for future investment and
development. With existing limitations, the development method in this research is based on the analysis of
aircraft design, which shows methods for increasing efficiency. Mathematical calculations for supersonic flow,
ion propulsion, and energy generation are provided and give satisfactory results.
Keywords: Supersonic Flight, Ion Propulsion, Hydrogen-Ion Battery
INTRODUCTION
Since the 1950s, aviation technology has evolved, from the propliners, then the jetliners, and, the
supersonics. This technology has benefits and drawbacks in several aspects. With some technical hurdles,
there are scepticisms. To reduce costs and carbon footprint, an increased efficiency and reliable electric
energy source design is required. Technical problems facing lithium-ion and fuel cells, make combining
these technologies is a major advance with advantages. The power application is an ion propulsion
technology, a propulsion system without moving parts. This has the potential that cannot be underestimated,
as components can be made lighter, due to no need to withstand extreme pressure, hence, reduces
maintenance, costs, and noise. This is key to supersonic electric aviation technology for future investment
and development, but this certainly takes time. This investigates innovations in electric supersonic flight
technology, to compete with existing technology. Aircraft design, propulsion systems, and energy sources
for supersonic flight are comprehensively studied and investigated.
LITERATURE REVIEW 1.1. Aerodynamics Considerations
In supersonic flow, fluids (air) are considered as compressible flow, and theoretical calculation involved ideal
273
gas assumption (Anderson 1989). One factor for efficiency is the lift to drag ratio on wing airfoil, where was
calculated as 27.224. Area rule is a concept to considering the drag effect on a body, which defined the ideal
cross-sectional area distribution, and thus minimizing wave drag and sonic boom. The other is swept delta
wing design, which delays the formation of shockwave on an airfoil by manipulating airflow vector, increasing
maximum aircraft cruising speed. With 80o swept angle design, the aircraft design could reach up to 3.25 Mach
before the shockwave occurs on the airfoil. While dihedral wing (upward angle relative to the fuselage) maintain
stability during mid- flight by manipulating pressure gradient during a maneuver in flight (Anderson 2017).to
improve the achievement of students because without teaching aids, the teaching and learning process has lesser quality
and reduced effectiveness as well as lower academic achievement.
1.2. Ion Propulsion
The propulsion system involves four major parts: intake and compressor, hall chamber, ionization and
accelerator chamber, and exhaust nozzle. The ionization and accelerator zone (chamber) involve three major
components. Considering general thrust equation and applying ion movement to electric field equation, with
the potential difference on screen and accelerator grid is 18.8 kV, the exhaust ion velocity can reach up to
500,000 m/s, minimizing required intake mass flow rate, enabling thrust for acceleration up to supersonic,
and for sure, overcoming the drag. The magnetic field array, which is perpendicular to the vector velocity
of the ion, leads it to follows a curved path due to the magnetic force. The emitted electron current from the
hollow cathode is ionizing gas, and neutralizing exhaust plasma (Goebel, et.al. 2008), (Brophy 1984), (Xu
2018).
1.3. Energy Requirement and Design
Energy requirement during flight is defined using the work-energy theorem and calculated as 52 GJ. Thus,
the approximate fuel (hydrogen) needed is ~450 kg, without considering the support system. The
advancement is electrolyser, catalyst, and the main membrane (PEM) with hydrogen storage (PSM)
separation, thus, reducing weight and cost (Larminie, et.al. 2003). PEM and PSM are wrap in a cylinder to
maximizing effective diffusion surface area, increasing power output. Proton (𝐻+) intercalates in a porous
activated carbon layer and can be transported in the processes (Liu 2011). The waste product of the reaction
(water) then ejected out, reducing dead weight. Current from batteries then enters full-bridge series-parallel
resonant inverter (Kong 2011), which converts DC to AC. The high voltage transformer (Williams 1995) is
designed to efficiently step up to the required voltage. AC high voltage then enters the full-wave Cockcroft-
Walton voltage multiplier to be converted to DC (Thakare 2015).
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY This research is quantitative analytical and computational research. The method used in this research is a
literature review, designing, calculation, and computational fluids dynamics (CFD) analysis, which is done
using ANSYS Student 2020 R2 software and fluent solver type. The simulations initial conditions are: planar
2D space, adaptive sizing mesh, 5 level resolution; density-based solver, steady time; energy equation, and
spalart- allmaras (1 eqn) for viscosity; fluids are considered as air, ideal gas, the temperature is 298 K;
velocity-inlet type, 800 m/s (supersonic), 80 m/s (subsonic); and pressure-outlet type; Hybrid initialization
methods, 10,000 number iteration, 1 reporting interval.
274
RESULT AND DISCUSSION 1.4. Design Overview
<<,
Fig. 1: Aircraft (a) Front, (b) Top, (c) Side Fig. 2: Propulsion System Fig. 3: Energy Storage (a) System, (b) Cell
The aircraft design involved a dihedral delta wing, as shown in Figure 1.a and 1.b. This gives stability and
efficiency during flight, as well as considering the Area-Rule principal. The propulsion system engines in
Figure 2, which are placed under the wings, are designed to efficiently transport and accelerate supersonic
flow in form of a high-speed plasma current. The system involved parts as shown. A hydrogen-ion battery
system is designed to store energy in sufficient way. In Figure 3.a (not to scale), the system consists of parts
as shown. Fig 3.b shows a detailed configuration of battery components.
1.5. Computational Fluids Dynamics Results
Below are the results of the CFD simulations, which clearly shows the fluid (air) pressure distribution across
fuselage (supersonic flow) and on airfoil design (supersonic and subsonic flow).
Fig. 5: Pressure from (a) side, (b) top Fig. 6: Pressure on (a) supersonic flow, (b) subsonic flow
In Figure 5.a, the occurrence of minimum pressure gradient under-fuselage indicating a low shockwave
formation, thus a minimum sonic boom generation during flight. Besides, a significant pressure difference
occurs on the top, especially on the cross-sectional change point, indicates high-quality meshing with
smooth change of cross-sectional area across the plane is needed. Figure 5.b shows the top side, where
conditions of the previous case are applied. In both Figure 6.a and 6.b, the angle on the top of the airfoil
generates a considerable high-pressure gradient on the different sides. Using the understanding of
Newtonian fluid mechanics, this indicating generated lift force on the airfoil, in both supersonic and
subsonic flight, with a low angle of attack (Versteed, et.al. 2007).
CONCLUSION
Simulations of supersonic flight conditions with CFD, and calculation in ion propulsion and energy system,
have been performed with satisfactory results. Aerodynamic consideration shows a reliable lift to drag ratio
on the airfoil and minimum sonic boom generation, while guaranteeing flight stability. And the designs show
the possibility of the ion propulsion engine and energy system to support the electric supersonic flight. The
recommendations for future research is designing the prototype for performance testing in a wind tunnel
and real conditions.
275
REFERENCES
Anderson, J. D. 2017.
Fundamentals of Aerodynamics.
6th. New York: McGraw-Hill
Education.
Jansen, A.N., et.al. 1999.
"Development of a High-Power
Lithium-Ion Battery." Journal of
Power Sources 902–905.
Thakare, A. R. 2015. "Analysis of
Cockcroft-Walton Voltage Multi-
plier." International Journal of Scientific and Research Publication.
Anderson, J. D. 1989. Introduction to Flight.
3. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Kong, Peng, et.al. 2011. “Series
Parallel Resonant High Frequency
Inverter”. Energy Procedia.
Versteeg, H.K., et.al. 2007. An
Introduction to Computational Fluid
Dynamics. Edinburgh Gate: Pearson Education.
Brophy, J.R. 1984. Ion Thruster
Performance Model. Government,
Fort Collins: National Aeronautic
and Space Administration.
Larminie, J., and A. Dicks. 2003.
Fuel Cell Systems Explained. 2nd.
West Sussex: Willey.
Vielstich, W., et.al. 2003. Handbook of
Fuel Cells. New York: Willey.
EG&G Technical Services. 2004. Fuel
Cell Handbook. 7th. West
Virginia: U.S. Department of
Energy.
Liu, Z. 2011. "H+ Ions on
Graphene Electrode as Hydrogen
Storage Reservoirs." 3257-3264.
Williams, K. L. 1995. Fundamentals
of Current Transformer. Grand Trans-
former Inc
Goebel, D. M., et.al. 2008.
Fundamentals of Electric
Propulsion: Ion and Hall Thruster.
California: Jet Propulsion
Laboratory.
Raymer, D.P. 2012. Aircraft Design,
A Conceptual Approach. 5th.
Reston: American Institute of
Aeronautics and Astronautics.
Xu, H. 2018. "Flight of an Aeroplane
with Solid State Propulsion." Nature
532- 535.
276
VIID2552 - DESIGN APPLICATION OF A
HOME-GROWN MICROALGAE
PHOTOBIOREACTOR (PBR) FOR
TROPICAL CLIMATE
Mohd Tajul Izrin Mohd Tajul Hasnan1, Julitta Yunus1,2, Siti Aishah Ramli1, Sabarinah Sheikh Ahmad1,
Padzil@Fadzil Hassan1,
1Faculty of Architecture, Planning and Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam, 40450 Shah
Alam Selangor, Malaysia 1Center for Islamic, Philanthropy and Social Finance, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Melaka, Malaysia
Abstract: Microalgae are among the most adaptive organisms on the planet and have become the largest contribution of
oxygen for billion years. Abundant studies verify the reduction of carbon dioxide (CO2) levels are remarkably
contributed by the photosynthesis performed by algae. The ability of microalgae of becoming an alternative renewable
source of energy to the industry has gained widespread attention from the environmental aspects. Research all around
the world proves that there are possibilities in the application of microalgae as one of the promising technologies in the
integration with architecture. Malaysia has shown numerous applications, studies, and research related to microalgae
cultivation in the past few years. The studies mostly cover knowledge on biotechnology and bioengineering which
focused on the production of biomass and its advantages to environmental applications. Nonetheless, there is almost no
exploration of microalgae as an innovative sustainable approach in the Malaysian context. This might be due to the
viability of the project involved a complex cultivation system in buildings – with some still in the testing phase and high
cost due to limited demand for the technology. Therefore, this research intended to introduce microalgae at the smallest
scale yet significant which is home. This high potential application with the architectural integration aims to increase the
comfort level of the building occupants through the reduction of CO2 emissions, increasing oxygen as well as biomass
production. The technology intends to act as a building facade in reducing heat gain and the growth will upgrade the
aesthetical value through shades of green. Furthermore, modular technology allows the ability to suit the Tropical climate
condition which high prospect to expand as a bigger project. Selective precedent studies had been systematically and
critically reviewed the applications of integrated algae-concept products around the world. Thus, gained the
understanding of the process of integrated implementations. Thus, lead the future possible developments of the viable
symbiosis of microalgae and architecture applications in Malaysia.
Keywords: microalgae, photobioreactor, cultivation, building facade, tropical climate
INTRODUCTION
The rapid development of the urban population in cities has become a global concern to the environmental
aspects. With the increasing population by the year, the need to provide demands on housing, transportation,
employment, and infrastructures are also growing. The air quality in cities is becoming worse due to increased
demand (Kim and Patel 2018). These demands will eventually lead to more environmental issues in cities
such as increased energy usage, increased land exploitation, worsened pollutions, and increased CO2 and
greenhouse gas emissions. Thus, the efforts in mitigating climate change are becoming one of the top priorities
277
to the world to provide a better place for us and the future generation.
In Malaysia, microalgae have been cultivated for numerous purposes such as in producing biofuel and
biomass, as well as in reducing water contaminants and air pollution. The study of microalgae has more
strength in the biotechnology and bioengineering sector as there is considerable potential for microalgae
utilization for biodiesel production in Malaysia. However, several challenges have become constraints to
commercially promote microalgae biofuels as a viable technology, e.g. cultivating microalgae requires
suitable resources of land, temperature, water, and CO2 all located on one site (Rajkumar and Takriff 2016).
Therefore, it is crucial to develop a prototype with the best available resources to ensure microalgae can be
harnessed to its potential.
Due to its high beneficial traits, microalgae have opened up opportunities in other sectors such as construction.
Recently, the ability of microalgae to enhance energy efficiency in buildings has gained the attention of
architects and designers to explore the integrated microalgae building facades. Ilvitskaya and Chistyakova
(2020) asserted that there are abundant potentials in its application in architecture i.e. the micro level of using
as building facades promotes energy saving, CO2 emissions reduction, biofuel production, oxygen generation
and wastewater treatment. Adding to these, Mirrahimi et al. (2016) stated that buildings surfaces in Malaysia
have continuous exposure to solar radiation due to the hot and humid climate which resulted in heat gain.
Hence, for the heat gain reduction strategy, Ismail and Al-Obaidi (2019) proved that microalgae can
effectively reduce heat gain up to 44.9% solar radiation in the experimented building facade as a suitable sun
shading strategy in tropical climate. This supports the approach as a highly potential asset to be developed
further into a systematic modular unit on building application. That being so, the study aims to identify factors
of microalgae cultivation on the selected precedent study that will consequently contribute to the production
of the modular design of PBR on the next stage of the research.
METHODOLOGY
This is still ongoing research. The research is currently at the phase of studying the application of microalgae
in architecture and identifying the viability of the process. Hence, it will establish the possible design
parameters to be considered for microalgae application in Malaysia context. This paper aims to utilize the
approach of qualitative method and data analysis conducted as shown in Figure 1. The primary stage consists
of a review of the benefits of microalgae and its potential as an innovative sustainable approach in mitigating
climate change.
Figure 1: Research Methodology
278
FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
Studies were selected based on its application for household users and the flexibility of the implementation. Critical
analysis was carried out to determine the factors affecting the ease of application for indoor use of microalgae cultivation.
The findings of the analysis are illustrated in Table 1.
Factors BioBombola
London, UK
The Coral in Rhode Island
School of Design, US
Algae Curtain
in Lille, France
Algal Infused Living
Furniture in Pittsburgh, US
Designer EcoLogic Studio Hyunseok An Studio Loop.pH Jacob Douenias, Ethan Frier
Project Details
Fosters communities to cultivate algae garden
An indoor microalgae farm to sustainably integrate algae
A living photosynthesizing textile installation
Role of algae in our homes as lighting and furniture.
Species Cyanobacteria Cyanobacteria - Cyanobacteria
Intention Fosters a fulfilling daily
interaction with nature
Intends to change the perception
of algae, and promote its health and environmental benefits
An evolution of the
everyday battery from harvesting a living matter
The designer envisions a kind
of symbiotic relationship between residents and algae
System A single customized PBR is
a 1-meter-tall lab-grade glass
container filled with 15 liters of living
photosynthetic Spirulina
strain and the culture
medium with nutrients.
It is a wall-mounted structure
comprised of 16 cells arranged
in a grid pattern with each cell replenishes its stock on a
biweekly cycle. As algae grow,
it changes color from clear to
varying shades of green
The design is made up of
transparent tubes knotted
into large architectural
drapes suspended in sunny
windows. Living algae is
pumped through the textile
soaking up the daytime sun
The system is connected via
a series of tubes and wires,
housed in the central control cabinet which contains pumps,
tubing, manifolds, LED drivers,
air pumps, heater connections,
and filters.
Harvesting A simple and entertaining
process that performed several times per week
A simple filtration process by
straining the water using a mesh filter
- Can be harvested from glass
vessels that function as high functioning PBRs.
Production It produces up to seven (7)
grams of Spirulina per day (one tablespoon)
Each culture cell produces 2g of
algae – recommended daily intake amount
Biofuel can be used daily. It generates biomass for heat,
light, agitation, air supply, and nutrients (spirulina)
Growth Absorb CO2 and oxygenates
homes while producing the
same amount of oxygen as seven indoor plants
Capable of sequestering carbon
at an absorption rate of an
estimated 10 times greater than typical plants
Algae grow ten times
faster than trees and can
produce a huge amount of oil through photosynthesis.
The integration of living matter
into multifunctional home
furnishings
Table 1: Systematic literature review on microalgae cultivation at a scale of indoor used/home based
CONCLUSIONS
The findings show significant reference on the system used for simple indoor cultivation. These factors are to
be considered to replicate the simple design of PBR for microalgae cultivation under tropical climate.
Microalgae's undemanding nature can easily become part of the homegrown plant at any residential house
and has the potential to be utilized at a bigger scale. This paper has achieved the intention to identify factors
of cultivation which will contribute to the production of a one-to-one scale of the modular design of PBR on
the next stage of the research.
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RECOMMENDATION
For future research, it is recommendable to study the challenges of microalgae PBR implementation in tropical
climate building facade to identify the suitability with the tropical context. It is beneficial to find out the
challenges of maintaining the systems and the readiness of the Malaysian industry to engage this innovative
approach as well.
REFERENCES
Ilvitskaya, S. V., and A. G. Chistyakova. 2020. "Microalgae in Architecture as An Energy Source." IOP Conference
Series: Materials, Science and Engineering. Moscow, Russia: IOP Publishing. 944.
Ismail, M. A., and K. M. Al-Obaidi. 2019. "Exploration in Using Algae to Enhance Indoor Environment in the Tropical
Climate." 2nd Asia Conference on Energy and Environment Engineering (ACEEE). Hiroshima, Japan. 25-29.
Kim, Kyoung Hee, and Shikha Patel. 2018. "Sustainable Tall Buildings: Microalgae Facades for City's Energy
Production, Water Conservation, and Good Air Quality." Proceedings of 125th IASTEM International
Conference. Seoul. 53-58.
Mirrahimi, S., M. F. Mohamed, L. C. Haw, N. L. N. Ibrahim, W. F. M. Yusoff, and A. Aflaki. 2016. "The Effect of
Building Envelope on the Thermal Comfort and Energy Saving for High-rise Buildings in Hot Humid Climate."
Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 53: 1508-1519.
Rajkumar, Renganathan, and Mohd Sobri Takriff. 2016. "Prospects of Algae and their Environmental Applications in
Malaysia: A Case Study." Journal of Bioremediation & Biodegradation 7 (1): 321.
https://terengganu.uitm.edu.my/icon2020/