innovation at and for the bottom of the pyramid
TRANSCRIPT
Innovation At And ForInnovation At And ForThe Bottom Of The PyramidThe Bottom Of The Pyramid
R A Mashelkar
Copyright © 2007, Procter & Gamble, All rights reserved.
The Last Century: Will the Civilization Survive the 21st Century?
Lord Martin Reese, President, Royal SocietyNew Delhi- 9th Jan 2007
Blackett Memorial Lecture Indian National Science Academy
Deep ConcernsDeep Concerns
Climate ChangeClimate ChangeGlobal WarmingGlobal WarmingStratospheric Ozone Layer Stratospheric Ozone Layer DepletionDepletionRavaging of biodiversity by Ravaging of biodiversity by modern societymodern societyOthersOthers……....
Mandela
Mahatma“Poverty is the worst form of violence”
“Like slavery and apartheid, poverty is not natural. It is man made and it can be overcome and eradicated by the actions of human beings.”
New Developmental ParadigmNew Developmental Paradigm
A wrong notionA wrong notion-- Poor people Poor people can do only menial work, not can do only menial work, not mental work!mental work!Inclusive Innovative India Inclusive Innovative India cannot be realized without cannot be realized without knowledge, innovations and knowledge, innovations and practices of the poor as practices of the poor as building blocks.building blocks.
PeoplePeople’’s Innovations Innovation
•Grassroots Innovation
•Artisanal Innovation
•Household Innovation
•Farmers’ Innovation
•Community Based Innovation
Pulley with stopper
Mr. Amrut Bhai Agrawat
•Women, while pulling up water from a well, have to contend with rope burn, fatigue and the prospect of a bucket full of water falling back into the well due to sheer tiredness and inability to continue pulling.
•Amrutbhai has come up with an entirely simple yet brilliant solution. Attach a lever or a ratchet on the pulley so that the bucket can be pulled up but cannot fall back down into the well, thus enabling the women to stop for a breather without the fear of previous effort going waste.
Panihari
•Women carry the load of water vessels on their head, which can result in pain.
•Khimjibhai’s device transfers the load onto the shoulders resulting in ease of carrying the vessel
Mr. Khimjibhai Kanadiya
Gujarat
Coconut tree climber
Climbing tall coconut trees is no mean task. But with Mr Joseph’s tree climber, even women can easily climb up a coconut tree.
It is also ideal for climbing in the rainy season, which is otherwise dangerous. The device also serves in easy application of insecticide.
Technology transfer to several other nations
Mr. M.J. Joseph alias Appachan
Kerala
Innovation led Coconut Economy!
• Kerala has over 16 crore coconut trees
• Most villages have only one or two climbers.
• Kerala government has announced an award of one million rupees for a commercially viable coconut plucking machine!
Nature India
21 August, 2009
•Walking is not only healthy exercise but also enables Parbatbhai, with the help of a cylinder and piston mechanism, to convert the energy derived from the movement of his feet into pressure, which in turn enables the spraying of a liquid.
•A farmer can use this device to cover two parallel crop rows simultaneously, cutting down the operation time by half, in addition to the cost cuts due to the non- requirement of any additional energy to operate the sprayer.
•Technology has been transferred to a toy manufacturer in USA
Mr. Parbatbhai Vaghani
Santokh Singh Khatra
Rasikbhai I Suthar
Chinmay C Patel
‘Bestow’ – Foot Operated Sprayer
Gujarat
Pedal operated washing machine
Pedal operated washing machine which could be marketed as washing machine cum exercising cycle.
Remya, a school going girl is the innovator and has filed a patent in India
Ms. Remya Jose P
Idea: Multi-purpose, efficient and user friendly bullock cart.
Business Model: Innovator turned into an entrepreneur and also
licensed the technology to three entrepreneurs in different regions.
Revenue: Turnover of more than 15 lacs
Patent: Filed in India
“Aaruni” bullock cartMr.Amrutbhai Agrawat
KittanalThe ‘Kittanal’ just a tapered PVC tube!
Reduces drudgery of labour in filling up polythene nursery bags.
Instead of filling the bag by putting mud into the bag in several actions, the Kittanal helps fill the bag in simple scoop.
Efficiency higher by an amazing 300% and so is the income!
Mr. Khimjibhai Kanadia
Modified Scooter
•The innovator, a handicapped dwarf without any legs and with one single hand has demonstrated that where there is a will, there is a way.
Mr. Dhanjibhai Kerai
•His current innovation is a modification of the scooter done to convert it from a two-wheel drive to a four wheel stable unit so that he can ride it comfortably.
•Two additional wheels are fitted at the rear side and the front seat is extended and modified for him to reach the handlebars.
Rider Induced bicycle Mr. Kanak Das, Assam
Bicycle based sprayer Mr. Mansukhbhai Jagani, Gujarat
Bicycle with gear Mr. Jayanti J Patel,GujaratBamboo bicycle, Mr. Dodhi Pathak, Assam
Amphibious BicycleMohd. Saidullah, Bihar
Bicycle based mobile spray pumpSubhas Vasantrao Jagtap, Maharastra
Multipurpose Bicycle, Md. Kamruddin, Rajasthan Bicycle operated pump, Mr. Vikram Rathore, AP Bicycle based portable Pump, Mr. Nasiruddin Gayen, WB
Bicycle based Innovations
Motor-bike based Innovations
Motor-cycle based ploughing attachment ‘Bullet-Santi’Mr. Mansukhbhai Jagani, Gujarat
Modified scooter for handicapped Mr. Dhanjibhai Kerai, Gujarat
Motorcycle based sprayer
Mr. Ganeshbhai Dodiya, GujaratSmall efficient diesel engine
Mr. Mansukhbhai Sanchaniya, Gujarat
Non-return valve for 4-stroke engineMr. Arvind Khandake, Maharashtra
Auto engine Stopper
Mr. Tukaram Varma
Chhattisgarh
National Innovation Foundation
Scouting Scouting andand
DocumentationDocumentation
Dissemination &Dissemination &Information Information TechnologyTechnology
Value AdditionValue Addition& Product& Product
DevelopmentDevelopment
IPRsIPRsManagementManagement
NIFNIF
EnterpriseEnterprise& Business & Business
DevelopmentDevelopment
Survival StrategiesSurvival Strategies
Access to Factors & Product Access to Factors & Product Markets and Kinship networks Markets and Kinship networks
Public Policies for direct & indirect Public Policies for direct & indirect transfer & supporttransfer & support
Knowledge SystemsKnowledge Systems
IndividualIndividual
CollectiveCollectiveContemporary InnovationsContemporary Innovations Traditional KnowledgeTraditional Knowledge
IndividualIndividual
CollectiveCollective
Scouting and Scouting and Dissemination Dissemination
ConvertingConvertingInnovations into ProductsInnovations into Products
Rewarding Rewarding and and CompensationCompensation
Micro Micro PolicyPolicy
Macro PolicyMacro PolicyKnowledge Knowledge NetworkNetwork
Livelihood Reinforcing Livelihood Reinforcing Experimental and Experimental and Innovative EthicsInnovative Ethics
Sustainable LivelihoodSustainable Livelihood
Conservation of Conservation of Biodiversity & Associated Biodiversity & Associated
Knowledge SystemsKnowledge Systems
SRISTI & GIANSRISTI & GIAN
IIMAIIMA IIMAIIMA
SRISTISRISTINIFNIF
NIFNIF
SRISTISRISTINIFNIF
NIFNIF
First CampaignScouted 948 entries comprising of 1613 innovations and outstanding traditiona l knowledge examples
Awarded - 89 innovators and outstanding traditional knowledge holders and 17 scouts
Hon’ble Sh. K.C. Pant conferred the Awards on November 29, 2001 at New Delhi
Second Campaign
Scouted 6228 entries comprising of 13533 innovations and outstanding traditional knowledge examples
Awarded - 52 innovators and outstanding traditional knowledge holders and 5 scouts
Hon’ble President of India, Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam, honoured the innovators on December 17, 2002 at New Delhi
Third Campaign
Scouted 9843 entries comprising of 21931 innovations and outstanding traditiona l knowledge practices
Awarded – 98 innovators and outstanding traditional knowledge holders [including 20 appreciation awards] and 34 scouts
Hon’ble President of India, Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam, honoured the innovators on January 5, 2005 at IIM, Ahmedabad
• IIT Mumbai, IIT Delhi, IIT Kanpur and NIT, Jalandhar
• NID (National Institute of Design, Ahmedabad) : GRIDS (Grassroots Innovation Design Studio)
• Private consultants and voluntary professionals
• Partnerships with ICMR,CSIR, ICAR, BSI
Partnering with formal systems
Patent applications filed in India – 124
Patent applications filed in USA – 07
PCT applications – 01
Trade Mark applications filed in India – 02
Design applications filed in India – 04
19 patents have been granted in India and 3 in US.
The first granted patent by the USPTO was for the Cotton Stripper Machine, No : 6543091 dated April 8, 2003.
IPR Protection
Bottom of the Pyramid!200 million illiterate
579 million without electricity
57 of every 1000 die at birth
25% of the world’s poor live in India
GandhianGandhian Engineering:Engineering:
Getting MoreGetting Morefrom Less from Less for Morefor More
GandhianGandhian Engineering:Engineering:
Getting MoreGetting Morefrom Less from Less for Morefor More
Innovator
“Innovator is one who does not know that it cannot be done”
“Innovator is one, who sees what everyone sees, but thinks of what no one else thinks”
Car Year introduced in U.S.
Horsepower
Price
Model T 1908 20 19,700
Beetle 1956 24 11,333
Mini 1961 34 11,777
Tata Motors 2008 33 2,000
‘ Adjusted to 2007 U.S. dollarsSource : Tata Motors
Transformational Innovation
“Very soon, your chauffeur will drive to your house in a Nano.You will need to make space in your driveway for your chauffeur's car, but more importantly, you will need to make space in your minds for this transformation.”
- R A Mashelkar
Getting More from Less for MoreGetting More from Less for More
Innovative technologyInnovative technologyInnovative processesInnovative processesInnovative systemsInnovative systemsInnovative delivery modelsInnovative delivery modelsInnovativeInnovative…………………………..
AravindAravind Eye CareEye Care
Motivation: Eradicate all needless Motivation: Eradicate all needless blindness (Dr G blindness (Dr G VenkataswamyVenkataswamy))Innovation: Organization of workflowInnovation: Organization of workflow-- From From patient identification to postoperative carepatient identification to postoperative careSurgeries per year: ~ 200000Surgeries per year: ~ 200000Costs: $ 50 to $ 300 (US costs ~$3000!)Costs: $ 50 to $ 300 (US costs ~$3000!)Financing model: Differential pricing (~40% Financing model: Differential pricing (~40% of patients getting it free)of patients getting it free)
More(higher quality) from Less (cost)
Event Aravind Royal College of Ophthalmologists, UK
Capsule rupture 2.0% 4.4%
Iris trauma 0.3% 0.7%
Iris prolapse 0.01% 0.07%
Anterior chamber collapse
0.3% 0.5%
Loss of nuclear fragment 0.2% 0.3%
Retained lens material 0.87% 1.1%
Loss of IOL into vitreous 0.01% 0.16%
Process InnovationAravind Amul
Origination Use of more than 1000 eye camps. Detailed routines for the conduct of eye camps. Selection of patients for treatment.
Collection of milk from individual farm families from over 50000villages and 500000 families. Guarantee quality by inspection at point of origin.
Transport to central facilities
Patients transported by bus to Aravind Hospitals. Often relatives accompany to comfort patients
Milk transported to main processing facilities by refrigerated vans
Processing facility Specialized, world class facilities and highly trained doctors and nurses. Clear innovative work process for surgery
Specialized world class processing facilities to convert raw milk for retail consumption and for milk by products
Post processing Post operative care and counseling. Follow up.
National and global marketing of Amul brand of products
Game Changing Innovation:Game Changing Innovation:Phone call at thePhone call at the
price of a post card!!price of a post card!!
The Indian game has changed!!– World’s lowest call rates – World’s fastest growth of subscribers – World’s cheapest mobile handset
And the World is learning!
Indian Council of Research on International Economic Relations(ICRIER)
Econometric AnalysisImpact on agricultural productivityImpact on poor urban areasImpact on SME sector
Moving the debate forward. The Policy Paper Series. Number 9. January 2009
India: The impact of mobile phones
GandhianGandhian Engineering:Engineering:
Getting MoreGetting Morefrom Less from Less for Morefor More
Psoriasis TreatmentPsoriasis Treatment
Leading US Bio pharmaceutical firmLeading US Bio pharmaceutical firm
Antibody injection under the skin Antibody injection under the skin
Cost of treatment: $20000!Cost of treatment: $20000!Time for Development: 10 years!Time for Development: 10 years!Cost of Development: Few hundred million Cost of Development: Few hundred million
dollars!dollars!
GandhianGandhian Engineering:Engineering:
Getting MoreGetting Morefrom Less from Less for Morefor More
Psoriasis TreatmentPsoriasis Treatment
Cost of treatment: $20000!Cost of treatment: $20000!Time for Development: 10 years!Time for Development: 10 years!Cost of Development: Few hundred million Cost of Development: Few hundred million
dollars!dollars!
X $50?
X 5 years?
X< $10 mn?
“When you wish to achieve results that have not been achieved before, it is an unwise fancy to think that they can be achieved by using methods that have not been used before.”
- Sir Francis Bacon
Reverse Pharmacology Approach(CSIR Innovations)
Drug Clinical Indication
Industrial Partners
AP9CD Breast Cancer Indigene
RRLJ-CD-SFE Psoriasis Genova Biotech
NMITLI-OA-JP Osteo-arthritis Cadilla Pharma
NMITLI-DM-FN Type II Diabetes SreeDhootpapeswar
RRLJ0125-F09 HepatocellularCarcinoma
Indigene
RJM0035 Hypertension
GandhianGandhian Engineering:Engineering:
Getting MoreGetting Morefrom Less from Less for Morefor More
From Printing Press to Google From Printing Press to Google
-- More from Less for MoreMore from Less for More
-- Movement for CenturiesMovement for Centuries
The Google Search
More – Information and knowledgLess- Money (actually zero)For More- Internet penetration,
Google MobileBy More- Solicit website linkages
The Great Indian The Great Indian ChallengeChallenge
What can you search What can you search when you canwhen you can’’t read?t read?
- Getting More from LessIlliteracy in India
• 200 Million illiterates• Illiteracy reducing at 1.3 % per annum• Around 20 years to clear the backlog
Can we do it in 5 years?Can we do it in $2 per person?
An illiterate woman can start reading in 6-8 weeks
Cost- Rs 100 per person= $2
Getting More From Less For More
Getting More From Less For MorePossible to make the entire world literate with $2 billion investment!!!
The Great Global The Great Global ChallengeChallenge
What can you read when What can you read when you canyou can’’t see?t see?
THE DARK SIDETHE DARK SIDE……
--1.6 billion people in the world have no 1.6 billion people in the world have no access to electricityaccess to electricity
-- 579 million of those reside in India579 million of those reside in India
Which is ~ 50% of IndiaWhich is ~ 50% of India’’s population!s population!
The Leg Power
Most Modern Energy Storage Device- Ultra-Capacitors!
Most Modern and Efficient Lighting Devices- LED!
75 watt Generator
Ray of Hope- Gandhain Engineering4 min pedaling= 4 hours of Light!
Mahatma Gandhi said:
“Earth provides enough to satisfy every man’s need, but not every man’s greed”
MORE FROM LESS
“I would prize every invention of Science made for the benefit for all”
FOR MORE
The Only SolutionThe Only Solution……
GandhianGandhian EngineeringEngineering
More From Less For MoreMore From Less For More……..By More and More..By More and More……..