Inferences

Citing Evidence to Make Inferences

• I can use supporting details and examples to make inferences about text.

• I can cite textual evidence to support inferences drawn from text.

Big Ideas

• Some information in a text is not directly stated.

• Supporting details and examples can be used to help make inferences.

Essential Questions

• What is an inference? How do I make an inference?

• What is text evidence? How do I cite text evidence?

What do you use to make an inference?

• What you already know.

• What you read (text evidence).

What is an inference?

• Inference: an educated guess based on the text.

• What I know + What I read = an Inference

What is text evidence?

• Text Evidence- facts, examples, and other information from the text.

• If you copy word for word from the text, don’t forget to use quotation marks. “…”

Answer the following questions on your own on a separate sheet of

paper.

• What is an inference?

• How do I make an inference?

• What is text evidence?

• How do I cite text evidence?

Practice!!!

• Choose the most likely inference.

• Cite evidence in a complete sentence.

PRACTICE #1• In the 2000s, telephone culture has gone through major

changes. Communities have gotten rid of pay phones because so many people have cell phones. One study found that people are using their thumb for ringing doorbells and even for pointing at things because they are used to punching numbers on their cell phones with their thumb.

• a. Some people used to ring doorbells with a finger other than their thumb.

• b. Because of cell phones, people no longer use the phone book.

• c. Most people have doorbells.

Practice #2• In each of the four years of high school, students are

known by a certain name. A first-year students is called a freshman. In their second year, students are known as sophomores. The next year, they become juniors. In their final year, they are seniors. At the end of their senior year, they graduate.

• a. Sophomores are female.

• b. The words freshman, sophomore, junior, and senior can describe either a student himself or the student’s year of high school.

• c.The plural of freshman is freshmany.

Practice #3• A familiar site in many school hallways is a water

fountain. School water fountains don’t look like the fountains in big city parks. Those are large, often beautiful, and usually built for decoration. Water fountains in schools are installed so students (and teachers) can get a quick drink just by pushing a button. School water fountains are not large and most people would not call them beautiful.

• a. Water fountains in schools are only for decoration.

• b. Water fountains in schools are usually not in classrooms.

• c. Water fountains in schools also offer other drinks, such as milk.

Practice #4• In 1984, the PG-13 movie rating was introduced. It

is assigned to films that contain strong language, violence, or other material that is inappropriate for children younger than 13. An R rating means that no one younger than 17 will be admitted unless with a parent or adult. The first film with a PG-13 rating was Red Dawn.

• a. All movies with strong language get a PG-13 rating.

• b. A 13-year-old may see PG-13 films without an adult.

• c. The PG-13 rating was created because of a film called Red Dawn.

Practice #5• Many teenagers have acne, which is a skin irritation.

They may call it “pimples” or “zits.” Acne commonly develops on the face, but also the chest and back. Some people continue to have acne into adulthood. Though some people think that eating fried or sugary foods can cause acne, some scientists believe this is not true.

• a. Eating candy bars will cause acne.

• b. Acne is caused by something called pimples.

• c. Teenagers are not the only people who develop acne.

Practice #6• The Pledge of Allegiance first appeared in 1892 in a

children’s magazine. Soon after, students began reciting it in schools. The wording has changed slightly several times over the years, but not since 1954. Today, kids say the pledge with their right hands over their hearts. There is no law stating that people must say the pledge. It is up to each school and individual.

• a. The Pledge of Allegiance is said in every school.

• b. No changes were made to the pledge in the 1990s.

• Teachers do not say the pledge with the kids.

Practice #7• To earn a driver’s license, students must show they

understand how to operate a vehicle. They must pass a written test. They will also have to take a road test during which they must obey traffic signals, street signs, and other rules of the road. An employee of the Department of Motor Vehicles will ride with them to evaluate their ability. The employee will also note if the drivers fasten their seat belts and adjust their mirrors.

• a. To get a license, people must take only a written test.

• No one ever passes the test.

• A DMV employee decides if a driver has passed the road test.

Practice #8• Bullying is a problem in schools today. Some kids

pick on other kids because it makes them feel strong. Other kids start bullying because they think it will make them fit in. There is no excuse for bullying. Kids who are bullied are sometimes too upset or scared to tell anyone. Any student who sees bullying should tell an adult.

• a. Bullies are always boys.

• b. Bullies tease only younger kids.

• C. You should report a bully to a teacher even if you’re not the one being bullied.

Practice #9• Schools often plan field trips for students. That gives the

students the chance to experience someplace new. Field trips usually occur during a regular school day. Sometimes field trips take students to aquariums or musical performances. For their own safety, students may attend a field trip only if they turn in a permission slip signed by a parent or guardian.

• a On certain field trips, students can see a live shark in a tank.

• b. Field trips always take place after school.

• Each student must sign a permission slip before going on a field trip.

Practice #10• Some teenaged have curfews. Parents usually don’t want

their kids to stay out too late, especially on a school night. If teenagers can’t make their curfews, their parents expect them to call to explain. In this age of cell phones, it is easier than ever for parents to check in with their children. Sometimes parents give children an earlier curfew as a punishment.

• a. Most teenagers are given curfews only on the weekends.

• Before cell phones, parents had a harder time reaching their children.

• Parents have curfews.

Check your Answers!!!

• 1. a

• 2. b

• 3. b

• 4. b

• 5. c

• 6. b

• 7. c

• 8. c

• 9. a

• 10. b