industry & practice

Industry & Practice Research / Development / Technology Conferences / Seminars / Exhibitions

Reports about new technological developments Personnel and administrative developments New projects and progresses

Energy Security in Caspian Region Towards Greener Materials In Pipeline Concrete Coatings Advancing through the ages: Co- extruded three-ply tape systems High-Efficient Heating Concepts Integrity Management of Polymer Lined Water Injection Pipelines pipelines vs earthquakes: design challanges

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Pipeline technology journal - September 2014Editorial 3

Editorial

However, there do exist future outlooks according to which the importance of the natural gas pipeline system is declining.

In general, two main arguments are stressed:

natural gas is a fossil fuel and its consumption should be reduced over time to match carbon reduction targets

future demand for heating would tend to Zero due to improved insulation of buildings.

But natural gas has the lowest emission among all fossil fuels and it should not be concealed that the activation of wind or solar plants

causes emission too. Natural gas infrastructure provides additional benefits especially where other techniques fail - like in case of

large scale and long-term energy storage.

The WEO has studies how an increased utilization of natural gas and of the existing capable infrastructure can lead to a reduction of

emissions. Also other researchers have proved that the costs for saving one ton of CO2 are significantly lower when the utilization

of modern gas appliances is pushed forward, when power-to-gas technologies are fosters to design the emission profile of the gas

accordingly instead of an investment into insulation of premises. Therefore, the natural gas system remains a warrantor for a safe &

reliable, an environmentally sustainable and last but not least - affordable future energy supply an option without regret that can

enfolds its strengths in a sensible interaction with power and renewables.

Yours Sincerely,

Prof. Dr. Gerald Linke CEO of DVGWDVGW German Technical and Scientific Association for Gas and Water

Advisory Committee Chairmen

Dr. Klaus Ritter, President, EITEP - Euro Institute for Information and Technology Transfer

Uwe Ringel, Managing Director, ONTRAS-VNG Gastransport

Waleed Al-Shuaib, Manager Support Services Group (S&EK), Kuwait Oil Company (KOC)

Juan Arzuaga, Executive Secretary, IPLOCA

Arthur Braga, Director, RB&B Consulting

Uwe Breig, Member of the Execu-tive Board / BU Utility Tunnelling , Herrenknecht

Hans-Joachim de la Camp, Head of Dept. Pipelines, Authorized Inspec-tor, TV SD Industrie Service

Ricardo Dias de Souza, Oil Engi-neer - Senior Advisor, Petrobras / Transpetro

Andreas Haskamp, Pipeline Joint Venture Management, BP Europa SE

Dr. Andreas Helget, Business Solutions Line Head for Pipelines, Siemens

Jrg Himmerich, Managing Director / Technical Expert, Dr.-Ing. Veenker Ing.-ges.

Maximilian Hofmann, Managing Director, MAX STREICHER

Mark David Iden, Director, Charterford House

Dirk Jedziny, Vice President - Head of Cluster Ruhr North, Evonik Industries

Dr. Gerhard Knauf, Head of Div. Mech. Eng., Salzgitter Mannes-mann Forschung / Secretary General EPRG

Wolfgang Krieg, President, NDT Global

Prof. Dr. Joachim Mller-Kirchen-bauer, Head of Dept. Gas Supply, TU Clausthal

Dr. Michael Neiser, Head of Strate-gic Business Segment Infrastruc-ture, TV NORD Systems

Advisory Committee Members

Pipelines future energy backbones and investments with no regret

Driven by market mechanisms the natural gas grid has grown rapidly over the last

decades. These infrastructure investments can reveal their benefits in the decades to come:

The pipeline system is the backbone for:

the gas supply of distributed generation units such as micro CHPs

or fuel cell heating systems

the integration of renewables gas like biomethane or of excess power from wind

and solar via electrolysis or methanation

extended clean mobility based on proven CNG technology or mobile LNG units

a better convergence of the power and the natural gas industry

to combine the strengths of both.

Hermann Rosen, President, ROSEN Group

Carlo Maria Spinelli, Technology Planner, eni gas & power

Tobias Walk, Director Instrumen-tation, Automation & Telecom/IT-Systems, ILF Consulting Engineers

Heinz Watzka, Senior Advisor, EITEP - Euro Institute for Information and Technology Transfer

Manfred Bast, Managing Director, GASCADE Gastransport

Filippo Cinelli, Senior Marketing Manager, GE Oil & Gas

Jens Focke, Head of Sales & Marketing, GEOMAGIC

Dr. Hans-Georg Hillenbrand, Director Sales, Europipe

Dr. Thomas Hwener, Managing Director Technical Services, Open Grid Europe

Cliff Johnson, President, PRCI - Pipeline Research Council International

Reinhold Krumnack, Div. Head, DVGW - German Technical and Scientific Association for Gas & Water

Frank Rathlev, Manager of Network Operations, Thyssengas

MuhammadAli Trabulsi, former General Manager Pipelines, Saudi Aramco

Conference ManagementDennis Fandrich, Director Confer-ences, Euro Institute for Informa-tion and Technology Transfer

see also http://www.dvgw-innovation.de

Content 2/2014

Industry & Practice

Power of Siberia Russia-China Pipeline Construction launched

Czech NET4GAS Increases Reverse-Flow Capacity for Central and Eastern Europe

Baker Hughes Acquires Weatherfords Pipeline and Specialty Services Business

Pembina Pipeline Corporation Increases Capacity of Phase III Pipeline Expansion and Secures Additional Volumes

ROMAT: ROSEN`s novel Pipe Material Characterization Service

GE and Accenture Announce Breakthrough Industrial Internet Technology for Safer, More Efficient Oil and Gas Pipeline Operations

Improving Hard Spot Detection, Characterization, & Prioritization Comprehensive Inline Inspection with Multiple Dataset Platform

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Leak Testing Goes Online with Esders LIVE Cloud Technology

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Research / Development / Technology

Conferences / Seminars / Exhibitions

Energy Security Struggle In Caspian Region From The View Of Important Pipeline Projects

Towards Greener Materials In Pipeline Concrete Coatings

Advancing through the ages: Co-extruded three-ply tape systems

High-Efficient Heating Concept For Long-Distance Pipeline Transport Of Waxy / High Pour Point Crude Oil

Integrity Management of Polymer Lined Water Injection Pipelines: Case Study

Review of the 9th Pipeline Technology Conference 2014 in Berlin

Join the next Pipeline Technology Seminar Middle East in November 2014, Abu Dhabi

34

38

44

54

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90

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Kuwait - the next hub in the Middle East92International infrastructure and pipeline events 201494

Designing onshore high-pressure gas pipelines against the geohazard of

bearthquake induced slope instabilities

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17 54 66

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8 Pipeline Technology Journal - September 2014Industry & Practice

Industry & Practice

Lingen / Germany ROSEN has successfully

introduced a new service

addressing the MAOP

validation for pipelines

Page 14

Oakland / USA Improving Hard Spot Detection,

Characterization, & Prioritization

Comprehensive Inline Inspection with

Multiple Dataset Platform by TDW.

Page 16

London / England

GE and Accenture Announce

Breakthrough Industrial Internet

Technology for More Efficient Oil

and Gas Pipeline Operations

Page 15

Texas / USA

Baker Hughes Acquires Weath-

erfords Pipeline and Specialty

Services Business

Page 12

Alberta / Canada

Pembina Pipeline Corporation

Increases Capacity of Phase III

Pipeline Expansion and Secures

Additional Volumes

Page 13

Industry & Practice

Pipeline Technology Journal - September 2014Industry & Practice 9

Haselnne / Germany Leak Testing Goes Online with

Esders LIVE Cloud Technology

Page 17

Eastern Russia

Power of Siberia Russia-China Pipe-

line Construction launched

Page 10

Czech RepublicCzech NET4GAS Increases Re-verse-Flow Capacity for Central and Eastern EuropePage 11


Industry & Practice

Power of Siberia Russia-China Pipeline Construction launched

Yakutsk hosted celebrations dedicated

to welding the first joint of the Power of

Siberia gas transmission system (GTS)

meant to be a crucial element of the

gas supply system being built in east-

ern Russia. The GTS will convey gas from

the Yakutia and Irkutsk gas production

centers to the Far East and China.The

attendance was comprised of Russian

President Vladimir Putin, Zhang Gaoli,

First Vice Premier of Chinas State Coun-

cil, Yury Trutnev, Deputy Prime Minister

of the Russian Federation and Presiden-

tial Plenipotentiary Envoy to the Far

Eastern Federal District, Alexey Miller,

Chairman of the Gazprom Manage-

ment Committee, Wang Dongjin, Vice

President of China National Petroleum

Corporation and Yegor Borisov, Acting

Head of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia).

The Power of Siberia gas pipeline will

run nearly 4,000 kilometers through

five Russian constituent entities: the Ir-

kutsk Region, the Republic of Sakha (Ya-

kutia), the Amur Region, the Jewish Au-

tonomous Region and the Khabarovsk

Territory and have an annual capacity

of 38 billion cubic meters of gas.

By late 2018, a 2,200-kilometer pipe-

line section will be built to connect the

Chayandinskoye field in Yakutia to the

city of Blagoveshchensk on the Rus-

sian-Chinese border. It also planned

to build sections from the Kovyktin-

skoye field in the Irkutsk Region to

the Chayandinskoye field (around 800

kilometers) and from the town of Svo-

bodny in the Amur Region to the city of

Khabarovsk (around 1,000 kilometers).

In this way, Power of Siberia will be con-

nected. The GTS route will run in par-

allel with the Eastern Siberia Pacific

Ocean operational oil pipeline, thus en-

abling to streamline the infrastructure

and power supply costs. The GTS route

will pass, inter alia, through swampy,

mountainous and seismically hazard-

ous areas. The bulk of pipes used in the

construction will be domestically man-

ufactured. Some 11,700 experts will be

engaged within Phase 1 of the Power of

Siberia project and some 3,000 employ-

ees will ensure the pipelines operation.

Contact

Gazprom+7 495 [email protected]

Russias President Vladimir Putin at the construction site

Play Video

Industry & Practice


Czech NET4GAS Increases Reverse-Flow Capacity for Central and Eastern Europe

NET4GAS will bolster capacities at the

Lanhot border transfer station for the

reverse flow of natural gas in the west-

east direction (in the direction of Slova-

kia) by close to five million cubic me-

ters per day starting on 16 September

2014. This measure is a result of high

demand for additional reverse flow ca-

pacities in the first half of 2014 and it is

also intended to mitigate potential lim-

itations of gas transit through Ukraine

in the upcoming winter season. The

venture is another case in point of in-

vestments made by NET4GAS into the

Czech transmission infrastructure in

line with our commitment to rein-

forcing the energy security not only

in the Czech Republic, but also in the

CEE region as a whole says NET4GASs

CEO Andreas Rau. Work on increasing

reverse-flow capacity for the transmis-

sion of natural gas in the west-east di-

rection (to Slovakia) began at the end

of June. Starting on 16 September 2014,

the NET4GAS transmission system at

the Lanhot exit point will feature a ca-

pacity nearly five million cubic meters

per day higher than its current output.

t means that the current capacity of ap-

proximately 730 GWh per day will incr-

ease to 780 GWh per day. The invest-

ment will strengthen the energy secu-

rity in CEE countries. NET4GAS has in

parallel started discussions with the

adjacent gas transmission system op-

erators in Germany in order to analyze

short-term and long-term possibilities

for enhancing also physical entry ca-

pacities into the Czech Republic.

Contact

Milan epkaNET4GAS, s.r.o.+420 220 221 [email protected]

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Industry & Practice

Baker Hughes Acquires Weatherfords Pipeline and Specialty Services Business

Baker Hughes Incorporated and Weath-

erford International plc announced

that they have closed the previous-

ly announced purchase and sale of

Weatherfords pipeline and specialty

services business. The acquisition pro-

vides Baker Hughes with an expanded

range of pre-comissioning, deepwater

and in-line inspection services world-

wide. The addition of over 700 pro-

cess and pipeline specialists to Baker

Hughes Process and Pipeline Services

further enhances the companys ability

to provide innovative solutions for oil

and gas asset owners and operators,

upstream, midstream and downstream.

This acquisition adds sophisticat-

ed subsea pipeline commissioning

services and new ultrasonic inline

inspection technologies to the Baker

Hughes portfolio, said Martin Craig-

head, Chairman and Chief Executive Of-

ficer of Baker Hughes. Expanding our

services will allow us to more effec-

tively address our customers process

and pipeline challenges. Comment-

ing on the closing of this transaction,

Bernard J. Duroc-Danner, President

and Chief Executive Officer of Weather-

ford, stated, We are pleased with the

closing of this transaction with Baker

Hughes. This combination enhances

the focus and service delivery to our

pipeline and specialty services cus-

tomers worldwide and allows for

growth opportunities for the em-

ployees. This transaction also demon-

strates the execution capabilities of

the Weatherford team and is another

important step in our restructuring

efforts this year. All proceeds will be

used to pay down outstanding debt.

Contact

Melanie KaniaBaker Hughes+1 713 439 [email protected]

10th Pipeline TechnologyConference8-10 June 2015, Estrel, Berlin, Germany

Pipeline Technology Conference 2010

More Information: www.pipeline-conference.com

Euro Institute for Information and Technology Transfer

Europes Leading Conference and

Exhibition on New Pipeline Technologies

2014 08 3R ptc 182x125.indd 1 12.08.2014 12:53:19

Play Video

Industry & Practice



Pembina Pipeline Corporation an-

nounced that due to strong customer

demand, it plans to expand its pre-

viously announced Phase III pipeline

expansions by constructing a new 16

diameter pipeline from Fox Creek, Al-

berta into Namao, Alberta and a new

12 diameter pipeline from Wapiti, Al-

berta into Kakwa, Alberta (the Wapiti

to Kakwa Pipeline).

The 16 diameter pipeline will span ap-

proximately 270 kilometres (km) in

length and be built in the same right-

of-way as the proposed 24 diameter

pipeline from Fox Creek to Namao.

Pembina expects the two pipelines to

initially have a combined capacity of

420,000 barrels per day (bpd) and an

ultimate capacity of over 680,000 bpd

with the addition of midpoint pump

stations. Since December 2013, Pembina

has secured an additional 59,000 bpd

under contract. With these commit-

ments, total volumes under contract

are approximately 289,000 bpd, or 69

percent of the initial combined ca-

pacity. The proposed Wapiti to Kakwa

Pipeline is intended to debottleneck a

portion of Pembinas existing pipeline

system. It will be approximately 70 km

in length and is expected to have an

initial capacity of approximately 95,000

bpd. This debottleneck will ultimately

allow product to be delivered into the

Companys core segment of the Phase

III Expansion between Fox Creek and

Namao. As part of this project, Pembi-

na also plans to build two new pump

stations. Subject to regulatory ap-

proval, Pembina expects the Wapiti to

Kakwa Pipeline to be in-service in late-

2016 to mid-2017, consistent with the

timing of the initial expansion.

Combined, Pembina expects to incur

additional capital expenditures for the

additional 16 diameter pipeline and

the Wapiti to Kakwa Pipeline of approx-

imately $435 million, bringing total esti-

mated capital for the Phase III Expansion

to $2.44 billion. Pembina submitted its

regulatory application for both pipe-

lines from Fox Creek to Namao on Sep-

tember 2, 2014.

Contact

Pembina Pipeline Corporation+1 (403) [email protected]

Stay informed!Subscribe to our newsletter and be the first to get the latest news and develop-ments on pipeline technology www.pipeline-journal.com

@



Industry & Practice

ROMAT: ROSEN`s novel Pipe Material Characterization Service

ROSEN has successfully introduced a

new service addressing the MAOP vali-

dation for pipelines. ROMAT is the novel

Pipe Materials Characterization Service

offered utilizing a newly developed

specialized In-Line Inspection (ILI) tool

capable of identifying and differenti-

ating pipeline steel grades. In order to

reliable assess the mechanical integrity

of a given line material properties must

be known. Records must be complete,

traceable and verifiable.Especially for

some older lines, built before the 1970`s

this information is not available. A R&D

forum recently organized by PHMSA

and held in Chicago has thus identi-

fied a great need for a non-destructive

methodology in order to determine ma-

terial properties of pipelines. Tech

Technologies should be made available

that can be applied on ILI tools or in the

ditch. The new ROSEN service answers

this need. One element of the service

is the application of a newly developed

tool. The measurement principle uti-

lized is based on an electromagnetic

sensor technology where eddy cur-

rents are applied in a pre-magnetized

pipeline wall. The signal obtained from

the eddy current sensors are processed

with ROSEN proprietary algorithms so

that the yields strength is measured in

high resolution over the entire circum-

ference with a sample distance of up

to 2.5 mm. All measurements obtained

from a specific joint are then used to

calculate one single value for each in-

dividual joint.

In January 2014, a first in-line inspection

was performed in a 16 natural gas pipe-

line. For this pipeline only incomplete

records were available. Certain sections

were known to be X42, X52 and X60.

However various sections consisted of

unknown pipe grades. The ILI data was

processed and analyzed and used to

identify different steel grades. First ex-

cavations further confirmed the validity

of the system. Further details will be pre-

sented at the upcoming International

Pipeline Conference & Exposition (IPC)

in Calgary starting September 29th.

Michael BellerRosen [email protected]

Contact

Figure 1: CAD sketch of the new 16 material characterization tool

Figure 2: Color scan of the pipe grade measurement.

The different steel grades are clearly visible.

Play Video

Industry & Practice


GE and Accenture Announce Breakthrough Industrial Internet Technology for Safer, More Efficient Oil and Gas Pipeline Operations

GE and Accenture announced the

launch of the Intelligent Pipeline Solu-

tion, the first-ever Industrial Internet of-

fering to help pipeline operators make

better decisions concerning the condi-

tion of their critical machines and as-

sets in the oil and gas pipeline industry.

It combines Pipeline Management, a GE

Predictivity software solution powered

by the PredixTM platform, with Accen-

tures digital technology and systems

integration capabilities, to help cus-

tomers make better, faster decisions

on their pipeline operations to improve

safety and prevent costly downtime.

Columbia Pipeline Group (CPG), strate-

gically located within the Marcellus and

Utica shale plays, will be the first cus-

tomer to implement this breakthrough

technology across its network of 15,000

miles of interstate natural gas pipelines.

We need an agile and comprehensive

pipeline solution that could be de-

livered quickly and allows for a more

real-time view of pipeline integrity

across our interstate natural gas pipe-

lines, said Shawn Patterson, president,

operations and project delivery, Colum-

bia Pipeline Group. Current transmis-

sion pipeline infrastructure stretches

across nearly 2 million miles globally.

Considerable amounts of natural gas

transported in the United States are

coming from the Marcellus and Utica

shale plays, and operators like Colum-

bia are looking for ways to keep up with

current demand. Much of the U.S. pipe-

line infrastructure has been in place for

at least 20 years, and operators are tak-

ing added precautions to ensure safety

remains at the forefront when trans-

porting increased production volumes

from shale formations. Pipeline com-

panies are investing up to $40 billion a

year to expand, maintain and modern-

ize existing infrastructure. To help make

the most of these significant invest-

ments, operators increasingly require

more robust data, real-time workforce

planning and information to optimize

the safe performance of these net-

works and relevant systems. The Intelli-

gent Pipeline Solution is the first indus-

try solution co-developed and brought

to market as part of a strategic global

alliance formed by GE and Accenture in

2013. Together they will develop tech-

nology and analytics applications that

help wide-ranging industries take ad-

vantage of the massive amounts of data

generated through business operations.

Contact

Lindsey BentonGE Oil & Gas+ 281 921 [email protected]

Play Video


Industry & Practice

Improving Hard Spot Detection, Characterization, & Prioritization Comprehensive Inline Inspection with Multiple Dataset Platform

Pipeline hard spots: created due to lo-

calized quenching of steel during the

manufacturing process. A potential

threat to pipeline integrity, hard spots

can become brittle and crack with time

and under certain conditions. As such,

operators with an environment condu-

cive to the development of these cracks

are very interested in detecting and ad-

dressing the threat before they contrib

ute to a failure event. A major US pipe-

line operator recently suspected hard

spots with potential for cracking on a

section of one of its 30-inch pipelines.

The operator needed the ability to not

only locate the hard spots, but to detect

cracking initiated within the hard spots

themselves. This level of characteriza-

tion would provide the operator with

a means to prioritize, allowing the op-

erator to address the most critical hard

spots first. As part of the commitment

to safe and reliable operation, the oper-

ator requested support from global

pipeline solutions provider T.D. Wil-

liamson (TDW) to provide improved

detection and characterization of its

hard spot integrity threats. The technol-

ogy selected was the Multiple Dataset

Platform (MDS) with SpirALL Magnetic

Flux Leakage (SMFL). MDS utilizes mul-

tiple technologies, on the same tool, to

overcome the limitations of individual

inspection technologies. The platform

includes Deformation, High Field Axial

Magnetic Flux Leakage (MFL), Patented

SpirALL MFL, Low Field Axial MFL, and

XYZ Mapping. Each technology on the

platform provides a unique assessment

of an integrity threat. In this case, the

Low-Field MFL provides primary detec-

tion of hard spots, High Field MFL con-

firms, and SpirALL MFL identifies any

crack-like defects within the hard spots.

In addition, the data collected by the

MDS platform is captured, synchronized

and analyzed in a single software, pro-

viding a unique comprehensive assess-

ment where one, two, or even three

technologies may not be sufficient to

detect, characterize, size, and prioritize

given integrity threats. The MDS inspec-

tion analysis confirmed the operators

suspicion: cracking within hard spots.

Due to the advanced characterization

offered through the overlapping inspec-

tion data, the operator was able to prior-

itize the hard spots and address as

needed. The MDS platform, engineered

by TDW, has been used to detect integrity

threats such as hook cracks, lack-of-fusion,

selective seam weld corrosion, mechan-

ical damage, and axially-extended metal

loss. As a result of this innovative technol-

ogy, pipeline operators are looking to the

potential of MDS to help solve detection

and characterization challenges with a va-

riety of additional integrity threats.

Contact

Chuck HarrisT.D. [email protected]

Multiple Dataset Inspection Platform with SpirALL MFL from TDW

Industry & Practice


Leak Testing Goes Online with Esders LIVE Cloud Technology

Esders GmbH announces the market

launching of Esders LIVE cloud technol-

ogy which will be presented at gat, a

gas industry symposium held in Karls-

ruhe from 30 September to 1 October

2014. Esders LIVE utilizes automated

data storage and processing by a cen-

tral server to provide virtual real-time

availability of leak test data taken on

site. Used to support pressure tests

and leak rate surveys, LIVE accelerates

workflow as a whole starting with ac-

ceptance inspection and going right on

through to invoicing. The automated

data stream also eliminates error sourc-

es typically encountered in monitoring,

reporting, transmission and evaluation

of data taken on sites.

Esders LIVE provides users maximum

independence and flexibility in test

data storage and retrieval, explains

Bernd Esders, Managing Director of Es-

ders GmbH. In many instances, pipeline

leak testing involves on-site storage

of data readings in the test instrument

which are retrieved at weeks end in

the office or transferred by means of an

USB flash drive. As a result, evaluation of

results and their documentation in re-

ports can require much work as well as

time-consuming administration.

Esders GmbH has already smoothed

the way considerably in this regard

with their EBTM Esders Bluetooth Mod-

ule which enables readout of test data

and direct transmission from the survey

site. With their new cloud technology,

Esders goes a step further. Esders LIVE

makes data readings available simulta-

neously to all involved parties, either

on site or at remote locations using any

internet-capable computer or mobile

Android terminal. Bernd Esders adds:

For service providers, gas works and

pipeline installers, this translates to

significant time savings and big cost

advantages.

Test Reports Provided Immediately in

PDF Format.

Esders LIVE makes use of a dedicated app

for data exchange between the test in-

strument, whether Bluetooth-equipped

or combined with an EBTM Esders Blue-

tooth Module, and the server. Installa-

tion of local software is not required as

data in Esders LIVE are available to any

terminal with browser-based web ac-

cess. The user sends the test readings to

the server by means of the EBTM module

and an Android device. Remote data

readout from the server and supply

of user-defined test documentation

from the server are realized by the

same path. The completed test report

is displayed in PDF file format directly

on the terminal. The display is normal-

ly sufficient for acceptance inspection

purposes, i.e. paper print-outs are not

required on site in most cases. In addi-

tion to the test reports, the test data

are also available online for inspection

as necessary. Automatic updates are

provided to ensure that the latest Es-

ders LIVE version is in use at all times.

Esders LIVE also fulfills high standards

in the area of data security: The test

data is transmitted in encoded form

and processed and stored exclusively

in TV-certified computer centres lo-

cated in Germany. Esders GmbH will

present Esders LIVE at the gat Sympo-

sium in Karlsruhe / Germany.

Christian WopenSputnik GmbH+49 251 / 62 55 [email protected]

Contact

The latest MagneScan in-line inspection tools continue to impress after more than four years in operation. This fourth generation MFL technology from PII is shorter, lighter and more fl exible than ever before, and deliver a higher level of data quality. The size range is now extended up to 36 inches with enhanced variable gas bypass capability in the larger diameters to enable full inspection of high-speed gas pipelines with no loss of production.

MagneScan combines multiple inspections in a single run. The foundation MFL inspection is complemented by a fully integrated high-resolution caliper and a GIS mapping unit as a standard option for improved data alignment. The corrosion detection capability is 5% of wall thickness at 90% POD, while depth-sizing accuracy is 10% at 90% certainty at tool speeds up to 5 m/s.

To complement the multi-mission hardware capability, PII has developed software for fl exible processing, analysis and reporting. Analysts and pipeline operators can see all data sets aligned together in the latest version of the client viewing software. Similarly, the new single integrated report covers all data sets and can include integrity engineering recommendations if requested. The result is a fast reporting interval with a fully integrated inspection and integrity assessment to facilitate timely planning.

PII Pipeline Solutionsa GE Oil & Gas and Al Shaheen joint venture

MagneScan capabilitieskeep expanding

The full MagneScan system (hardware, software and analysis) continues to exceed pipeline operators expectations around the world with performance covering categories of features that are typically not visible to traditional MFL systems. MagneScans ability to detect and size pinholes and axial slots, and previously undetectable weld defects was confi rmed in dig verifi cation data from the earliest inspections:

At the end of 2011, a 2 mm deep, 5 mm diameter pinhole was reported and verifi ed in a 14" 139 km pipeline in Australia.

PII partnered with a Canadian gas operator to further investigate identifi cation of axial slots. In a blind test, the system repeatedly detected axial slots less than 1 mm wide and even detected features as narrow as 0.4 mm.

A Chinese operator used MagneScan to study spiral weld anomalies in late 2011, and a US operator used the system to assess girth weld defects in a large diameter gas pipeline in early 2012. Again, MagneScan demonstrated its outstanding capability to detect, discriminate and size features within the weld area including circumferential crack openings of only 0.25 mm.

The combination of dig verifi cation data and blind-test results completed in partnership with operators worldwide has conclusively demonstrated the systems capabilities regarding previously sub-specifi cation features (i.e. pinholes, axial and circumferential slots). PII is therefore publishing an improved specifi cation covering these additional feature classes recognized by both API & POF.

As the systems proven capabilities continue to expand, further specifi cation and reporting enhancements are anticipated in the near future.

The combination of dig verifi cation data and blind-test The combination of dig verifi cation data and blind-test results completed in partnership with operators worldwide results completed in partnership with operators worldwide has conclusively demonstrated the systems capabilities has conclusively demonstrated the systems capabilities has conclusively demonstrated the systems capabilities regarding previously sub-specifi cation features (i.e. pinholes, regarding previously sub-specifi cation features (i.e. pinholes, regarding previously sub-specifi cation features (i.e. pinholes, axial and circumferential slots). PII is therefore publishing axial and circumferential slots). PII is therefore publishing axial and circumferential slots). PII is therefore publishing an improved specifi cation covering these additional feature an improved specifi cation covering these additional feature an improved specifi cation covering these additional feature classes recognized by both API & POF.

As the systems proven capabilities continue to expand, As the systems proven capabilities continue to expand,

The combination of dig verifi cation data and blind-test The combination of dig verifi cation data and blind-test results completed in partnership with operators worldwide results completed in partnership with operators worldwide has conclusively demonstrated the systems capabilities has conclusively demonstrated the systems capabilities

Performance confi rmed around the worldconfi rmed around the world

2014 report card

Serving customers in: Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, China, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, France, Germany, Holland, Indonesia, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Mexico, New Zealand, Norway, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, Spain, Switzerland, UK, USA

Total inspections: 750+ inspections Pipeline diameters: 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 17, 18, 24, 30, 32, 34, 36 Total distance inspected: 33,000+ km (20,500+ miles) Longest run: 385 km (240 miles) Pipe: onshore & offshore, seam welded, spiral welded, seamless Media: condensate, CO2, crude oil, diesel, jet fuel, natural gas,

naphtha, nitrogen, water First runs success: 95% Dig verifi cation: 150+ digs, 1,000+ features, 90%+ in tolerance

MagneScan brings together critical aspects of metal loss inspection and analysis including highly accurate detection and sizing, precise data alignment, GPS location and feature prioritization for verifi cation and planning.

GE_PII_MagneScan_2014_Update-032514-2.indd 1-2 14-03-27 2:27 PM

Play Video

The latest MagneScan in-line inspection tools continue to impress after more than four years in operation. This fourth generation MFL technology from PII is shorter, lighter and more fl exible than ever before, and deliver a higher level of data quality. The size range is now extended up to 36 inches with enhanced variable gas bypass capability in the larger diameters to enable full inspection of high-speed gas pipelines with no loss of production.

MagneScan combines multiple inspections in a single run. The foundation MFL inspection is complemented by a fully integrated high-resolution caliper and a GIS mapping unit as a standard option for improved data alignment. The corrosion detection capability is 5% of wall thickness at 90% POD, while depth-sizing accuracy is 10% at 90% certainty at tool speeds up to 5 m/s.

To complement the multi-mission hardware capability, PII has developed software for fl exible processing, analysis and reporting. Analysts and pipeline operators can see all data sets aligned together in the latest version of the client viewing software. Similarly, the new single integrated report covers all data sets and can include integrity engineering recommendations if requested. The result is a fast reporting interval with a fully integrated inspection and integrity assessment to facilitate timely planning.

PII Pipeline Solutionsa GE Oil & Gas and Al Shaheen joint venture

MagneScan capabilitieskeep expanding

The full MagneScan system (hardware, software and analysis) continues to exceed pipeline operators expectations around the world with performance covering categories of features that are typically not visible to traditional MFL systems. MagneScans ability to detect and size pinholes and axial slots, and previously undetectable weld defects was confi rmed in dig verifi cation data from the earliest inspections:

At the end of 2011, a 2 mm deep, 5 mm diameter pinhole was reported and verifi ed in a 14" 139 km pipeline in Australia.

PII partnered with a Canadian gas operator to further investigate identifi cation of axial slots. In a blind test, the system repeatedly detected axial slots less than 1 mm wide and even detected features as narrow as 0.4 mm.

A Chinese operator used MagneScan to study spiral weld anomalies in late 2011, and a US operator used the system to assess girth weld defects in a large diameter gas pipeline in early 2012. Again, MagneScan demonstrated its outstanding capability to detect, discriminate and size features within the weld area including circumferential crack openings of only 0.25 mm.

The combination of dig verifi cation data and blind-test results completed in partnership with operators worldwide has conclusively demonstrated the systems capabilities regarding previously sub-specifi cation features (i.e. pinholes, axial and circumferential slots). PII is therefore publishing an improved specifi cation covering these additional feature classes recognized by both API & POF.

As the systems proven capabilities continue to expand, further specifi cation and reporting enhancements are anticipated in the near future.

The combination of dig verifi cation data and blind-test The combination of dig verifi cation data and blind-test results completed in partnership with operators worldwide results completed in partnership with operators worldwide has conclusively demonstrated the systems capabilities has conclusively demonstrated the systems capabilities has conclusively demonstrated the systems capabilities regarding previously sub-specifi cation features (i.e. pinholes, regarding previously sub-specifi cation features (i.e. pinholes, regarding previously sub-specifi cation features (i.e. pinholes, axial and circumferential slots). PII is therefore publishing axial and circumferential slots). PII is therefore publishing axial and circumferential slots). PII is therefore publishing an improved specifi cation covering these additional feature an improved specifi cation covering these additional feature an improved specifi cation covering these additional feature classes recognized by both API & POF.

As the systems proven capabilities continue to expand, As the systems proven capabilities continue to expand,

The combination of dig verifi cation data and blind-test The combination of dig verifi cation data and blind-test results completed in partnership with operators worldwide results completed in partnership with operators worldwide has conclusively demonstrated the systems capabilities has conclusively demonstrated the systems capabilities

Performance confi rmed around the worldconfi rmed around the world

2014 report card

Serving customers in: Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, China, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, France, Germany, Holland, Indonesia, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Mexico, New Zealand, Norway, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, Spain, Switzerland, UK, USA

Total inspections: 750+ inspections Pipeline diameters: 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 17, 18, 24, 30, 32, 34, 36 Total distance inspected: 33,000+ km (20,500+ miles) Longest run: 385 km (240 miles) Pipe: onshore & offshore, seam welded, spiral welded, seamless Media: condensate, CO2, crude oil, diesel, jet fuel, natural gas,

naphtha, nitrogen, water First runs success: 95% Dig verifi cation: 150+ digs, 1,000+ features, 90%+ in tolerance

MagneScan brings together critical aspects of metal loss inspection and analysis including highly accurate detection and sizing, precise data alignment, GPS location and feature prioritization for verifi cation and planning.

GE_PII_MagneScan_2014_Update-032514-2.indd 1-2 14-03-27 2:27 PM

20 Pipeline Technology Journal - September 2014Research / Development / Technology


Energy Security Struggle In Caspian Region From The View Of Important Pipeline Projects

Oguzhan Akyener, Turkey Energy Strategies and Politics Research Center (TESPAM)

Caspian Region involves the countries with important ener-

gy resources (oil & gas), which attracts all major energy play-

ers of the world. As a result of this appeal on the energy re-

sources; from the view of supply and demand security, there

is a critical balance and very complex struggle among these

major players.

To analyze the oil and gas supply-demand balances in the

field of energy security policies: first of all; it is better to de-

fine the main players of the region. Furthermore, in order

to evaluate the long-term development plans; it is very im-

portant to examine the planned and existing transferring

infrastructure in the region (pipelines, ports, transformation

facilities, railroads, etc.).

IntroductionAbstract

Geographically, by involving the countries having important

portion of oil and gas reserves of the world, Caspian is an im-

portant region from the sight of energy. In addition to have

huge oil and gas reserves potential, standing between too

important energy demanding markets; such as Europe-Chi-

na and India, increase the geo-political importance of the

Caspian Region.Hence, having an attractive geo-political

importance due to the existing energy resources of the re-

gion, Caspian magnetizes nearly all of the important energy

players of the world.

Important Players In Energy Struggle in

Caspian Region

To elect important energy players in Caspian Region; poten-

tial suppliers in the region, huge consumers importing from

Russia, Azerbaijan, Iran, Turkmen-

istan, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, In-

dia, China & EU can be accepted

as the main important players in

the energy struggle in Caspian

Region.

In this study, initially, by mentioning the im-

portance of Caspian Region for world energy

markets, portfolios of the important players

who are active and who want to be active in

this region will be analyzed. Secondly, defi-

nitions of energy security for each important

players in the region will be determined and

possible targets for each players energy security definitions

will be estimated. For analyzing these targets and also the

struggle observed for these targets; after mentioning the

relevant resource development plans and the supply/de-

mand potentials, the situations of the existing and planned

transportation capacities of the pipelines will be described.

By this way, the results of the struggle in energy security in

the region will be tried to be predicted.

the region and other politically dominant

governments have studied. Interests of

these players in the region can be ob-

served from oil/gas import export val-

ues, private E&P or service companies

working in the region and political atti-

tudes. Russia, Azerbaijan, Iran, Turkmen-

istan, Kazakhstan & Uzbekistan are the countries having im-

portant energy resources potential existing in the region. In-

dia-China and European Union (EU) can be accepted as the

important energy demander (importers) countries through

the region. US & Japan are the other important energy play-

ers which are also active in Caspian Region with their private

oil & gas companies (other than important levels of oil/gas

imports like EU-China and India).

21


Pipeline Technology Journal - September 2014Research / Development / Technology

Hence not being importer or exporter, locating too far from

the region and other geographical conditions, US & Japan

will not be considered as important energy players in the

struggle in Caspian Region. Indeed, from the sight of parallel

political attitudes, US can be accepted at the same side with

EU. US is one of the main dominant countries in the region.

By the way, from the energy politics side; US directly supports

EU benefits in order to weaken Russia & China.)

Note that: Due to very few activities and interests in the re-

gion, some important international energy players such as

Canada, Australia, Saudi Arabia, Iraq, South Korea etc. are not

taken into account.

As a result, as shown on the map below; Russia, Azerbaijan,

Iran, Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, India, China &

EU can be accepted as the main important players in the en-

ergy struggle in Caspian Region.

Figure 1: Important Players in Energy Struggle in Caspian Region

Azer

baija

n

Turk

men

istan

Uzb

ekist

an

Kaza

khst

an

Iran

Russ

ia

Indi

a

Chin

a

EU

Proved Oil Reserves billion bbl 7 0.6 0.6 30 157 87.2 5.7 17.3 7.9Oil Production m bbld 872 222 68 1728 3680 10643 894 4155 1762Oil Consumption m bbld 93 100 82 265 1971 3174 3652 10581 12700Demand Valume m bbld -779 -122 14 -1463 -1709 2758 2758 6426 109381 year Prod/Reserves 0.045 0.133 0.041 0.021 0.008 0.056 0.056 0.086 0.080RESULT Supply Supply x Supply Supply Demand Demand Demand DemandProved Gas Reserves tcm 0.9 17.5 1.1 1.3 33.6 1.3 1.3 3.1 1.9Gas Production bcma 15.6 64.4 56.9 19.7 160.5 40.2 40.2 107.2 153Gas Consumption bcma 8.5 23.3 47.9 9.5 156.1 54.6 54.6 146.6 456Demand Volume bcma -7.1 -41.1 -9 -10.2 -4.4 14.4 14.4 39.4 3031 year Prod/Reserves 0.017 0.004 0.052 0.015 0.005 0.031 0.031 0.035 0.081RESULT Supply Supply Supply Supply Supply Demand Demand Demand DemandGDP billion $ 98 47.5 104.7 231.3 997.4 4784 4784 12380 15630Oil & Gas Rate in GDP % 0.38 0.64 0.21 0.30 0.19 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.01RESULT Dependent Dependent Dependent Dependent Dependent Dependent x x x

Table 1: Table1: Energy Statistics of the Main Energy Players in Caspian Region



The reserves, productions, consumptions, demand value

(consumption-production), 1 year total production/reserves

values (which will give information about the development

and investment rate on the resources) and the GDP depen-

dencies of each players of oil and gas production is given

in the table1 above. The table below shows the future gas

consumption estimates of important gas consumers.

Table 2: 2035 World Gas Consumptions2 (units are bcma)

2008 2015 2020 2025 2030

OECD 1.541 1.615 1.691 1.773 1.865

North America 815 841 872 924 986

United States 662 661 668 700 741

Europe 555 574 608 636 653

Pacific 170 200 210 213 226

Japan 100 118 122 123 127

Non-OECD 1.608 2.070 2.328 2.611 2.912

E. Europe / Eurasia 701 755 786 824 857

Russia 453 474 487 504 522

Asia 341 576 715 864 1049

China 85 247 335 430 535

India 42 81 104 134 176

Middle East 335 428 470 536 592

Africa 1000 139 154 164 170

Latin America 131 172 203 224 245

Brazil 25 48 66 76 88

World 3.149 3.685 4.019 4.384 4.478

European Union 536 553 587 609 621

The figure below shows the changes in oil import values of the big-

gest consumers in 2035. Again from the figure below, the huge in-

crease expectations in Indias and Chinas oil exports in 2035 in con-

trast to the decrease in EU, US and Japan is observed.

Figure 2: World Oil Imports

From the suppliers side in the Caspian region, table below

shows the oil and gas export potential estimates of the

Caspian energy suppliers in 2035. As seen from the table, in

2035 there will be a decrease in Azerbaijans and Russias

oil export capacities (mainly due to production decline in

mature fields). For gas export potentials; all the players will

increase their supplies.

Oil (bbld) Gas (bcma)Azerbaijan 250.000 40Turkmenistan 250.000 140Uzbekistan 0 80Kazakhstan 2.100.000 60Iran No Estimations Due To SanctionsRussia 6.000.000 350

Energy Security Definitions For Each Player

Generally, for an exporter country, energy security means;

to be able to economically and safely continue to export

her resources. In the opposite side, for an importer country;

to be able to economically and safely continue to import

demanded resources.

For both import and export to be continuous, secure and

economic; diversification of resources and markets, decreas-

ing transportation costs, obtaining political-economic stabil-

ity are important. Thats why these factors are important

energy security issues for all players. To briefly describe

main energy security definitions for each players in the

region:

Table 3: 2035 Caspian Energy Suppliers Export Estimations

Azerbaijan

oil exporting capacity more than 750 000 bbld. as exporting capacity more than 7 bcma.

Due to existing & planned pipeline projects and geopolitical conditions Azerbaijan becomes the energy gate of Caspian Energy Resources to Europe (Although it is more economical to transport some energy resources in Caspian Region to Europe through Iran or Russia, due to EU & US strategies, Azerbaijan is the unique political choice.) New resource potentials are mainly gas and all are usually deep offshore. (Means: not easy to develop.) International huge oil companies are interested for investment

Main energy security targets are:

To develop new offshore gas field with the foreign investors and to gain access to European gas markets via the planned pipelinesTo be an important gas supplier for EU and by this way get EUs & USs political supportsTo continue to securely access existing markets: for gas - to Turkey and Georgia; for oil - to Ceyhan, Supsa & NovorossiyskTo get more production with new investments and development plans from the most important oil field ACG To have more control over the existing and future projects in AzerbaijanTo construct more offshore drilling platforms for continuous development activities in Caspian SeaTo reach gas export capacity of 50 bcma in 2035To solve conflicting claims over the maritime and seabed boundaries of Caspian Sea with Iran & TurkmenistanTo be an energy hub in the coming 30 years by transporting Turkmenistan and Kazakhstan oil & gas resourcesTo construct the regions biggest refinery and become an important oil products supplier in the regionTo construct gas power plants and become an electric supplier in the region

23



Picture by Urek Meniashvili 1



Turkmenistan

oil exporting capacity more than 100 000 bbld. gas exporting capacity more than 40 bcma Lack of sufficient foreign investment Locating too far from the important markets Lack of sufficient oil export pipeline infrastructure Majority of gas is exported to Russia and some portion of gas is exported to China and Iran Important portion of gas reservoirs are high pressure and temperature reservoirs and have high percentages of H2S

and CO2; means not easy to develop due to economical & technical aspects Due to important gas reserves having attraction of all other players in the region


To get attraction of new foreign investors and develop more gas fields.To continue to securely access to Russia, Iran and China gas marketsTo increase the capacity of transportation to access China gas marketsTo access to Pakistan, India and European gas markets via planned pipelinesTo complete the construction of these relevant pipelines (TAPI & Trans Caspian) To reach gas export capacity of 230 bcma in 2035 (expected to be more than 140 bcma)To reach oil export capacity over 1 million bbld in 2035 (expected to be more than 250 000 bbld (due to expected increasing condensate production; but new infrastructures to transport will be needed)To complete East-West pipeline inside Turkmenistan and have the ability to transport South East resources to the Caspian Sea markets (Then from Trans Caspian to EU (also seems uneconomic))To solve conflicting claims over the maritime and seabed boundaries of Caspian Sea with Iran & Azerbaijan

Uzbekistan

gas exporting capacity more than 9 bcma. Lack of sufficient foreign investment Locating too far from the important markets and land locked in all sides Lack of sufficient export pipeline infrastructure Majority of gas is exported to Russia and some portion of gas is exported to China and Iran Important portion of gas reservoirs are high pressure and temperature reservoirs and have high percentages of H2S and CO2; means not easy to develop due to economical & technical aspects Due to important gas reserves, having attraction of all other players in the region Main energy security targets are:

To get attraction of new foreign investors and develop more oil and gas fields.To continue to securely access to Russia, Kazakhstan & Kyrgyzstan gas marketsTo increase the capacity of transportation to access Russia gas marketsTo access to China gas markets via Central Asia-China Pipeline after capacity extensionTo reach gas export capacity of 80 bcma in 2035 In the short term; increase gas to liquid converting processes to reduce oil importing To explore and develop possible oil shale reservesTo construct new facilities to decrease flaring of associated gas and increase usage (Today nearly 2 bcma gas is flared)

25



Kazakhstan

oil exporting capacity more than 1,4 million bbld. gas exporting capacity more than 10 bcma. International huge oil companies are interested for investment but also there are some obscurities

on legal regulations An important oil exporter for European Markets (with more than % 50 of oil production)

and also China (more than %15) All gas exports are transported to Russia (Mainly for gas processing plants) Geographically important dependency to Russia for oil exports More than 85 percent of gas produced in Kazakhstan is associated gas.

Nearly 5 bcma part of gas production is reinjected.


To continue to securely access to existing oil markets through Russia, Azerbaijan and also China oil marketsTo develop the giant oil field Kashagan and continue developing of new phases of other 2 giant fields; Tengiz & KarachaganakTo reach oil export capacity of 2,5 million bbld in 2035 To have more control over the existing and future projects in KazakhstanTo increase the capacity of transportation to access China oil marketsTo complete the construction of Eskene-Aktau Pipeline for domestic oil transportation, and domestic natural gas pipeline system for gas distribution and for meeting the gas import demand from Uzbekistan and RussiaTo construct Trans Caspian and Kazakhstan-Turkmenistan-Iran Oil Pipelines for market diversification of oil exports To reach gas export capacity of 60 bcma in 2035

IranIran holds the worlds largest proven gas reserves and worlds fourth largest proven oil reserves.. Iran is a very important oil & gas exporter in the region and is a member of OPEC:oil exporting capacity more than 1,7 million bbld. gas exporting capacity more than 10 bcma. (Only Turkey is importing gas from Iran.)

Holds the Strait of Hormuz; which is an important route for oil exports of Persian Gulf Countries. International sanctions negatively affected all parts of the oil and gas market in Iran including; the export & import

movements, development of new fields, new transportation projects, foreign investments and etc. (For example: In spite of the above oil export capacity, today Iran can export less than 800 000 bbld)

If Iran cannot find a peaceful solution to stop the sanctions and change all scenarios, then the main energy security targets can be:

Access to existing oil markets which are %50 China & India, %20 Japan & N. Korea and %20 Turkey & Spain & Italy & GreeceFind some back-doors to perforate the sanctions. Such as: - More swap agreements in oil & gas trade movements- To increase the swap capacity; making investments in anti US & EU countriesPrepare suitable legal legislations for foreign investors to make investment in development projects in IranDevelop shared reservoirs as specially; South Pars Field. - By developing gas fields, export the gas as LNG by constructing relevant facilities- Make agreements with Turkey to sell extra gas, develop the transportation capacities and make Turkey to construct an LNG facility if needed - Make suitable agreements with Pakistan for gas export



Russia

Russia holds the worlds second largest proven gas reserves and worlds ninth largest proven oil reserves oil exporting capacity more than 7,4 million bbld. gas exporting capacity more than 175 bcma. Russia EUs largest energy resources importer (2009) 36% of the EUs total gas imports originate from Russia 31% of the EUs total crude oil imports originate from Russia 30% of the EUs coal imports originate from Russia The EU Russias largest trade partner for energy goods5 80% of all Russian oil exports go to the EU 70% of all Russian gas exports go to the EU 50% of all Russian coal exports go to the EU Most part of Russian sector of the Caspian Sea are unexplored and undeveloped

but may hold large hydrocarbon reserves Most important oil producing fields in Russia are mature and having a declining production trend Russia has an extensive domestic and export pipeline network.


To continue to securely access to existing oil and gas markets (mainly EU, China, Japan, Turkey)To continue the market share volumes, dominance and influence on EU oil & gas marketsBy importing oil or gas from Turkmenistan Kazakhstan & Uzbekistan, increase export capacity (also buy cheaper and sell with higher prices)Get prepared for oil & gas supply infrastructure for the increasing demand in ChinaFor having an alternative gas route to Central Europe, avoiding Ukraines territory, construct south stream gas pipeline Make investment to explore new oil & gas resourcesUse the technology, some enhanced recovery methods and make investment for new phases of development to avoid decreasing production trends in the important mature oil fields To reach gas export capacity of 230 bcma in 2035 (expected to be more than 140 bcma)To reach oil export capacity over 1 million bbld in 2035 (expected to be more than 250 000 bbld (due to expected increasing condensate production; but new infrastructures to transport will be needed)To complete East-West pipeline inside Turkmenistan and have the ability to transport South East resources to the Caspian Sea markets (Then from Trans Caspian to EU (also seems uneconomic))To solve conflicting claims over the maritime and seabed boundaries of Caspian Sea with Iran & Azerbaijan

Picture by . (Julmin) / Surendil 1

27



India is the fourth largest energy consumer in the world after US, China and Russia oil importing capacity more than 2,7 million bbld. gas importing capacity more than 14 bcma. Most of the oil imports are supplied from Middle East Countries (%64)

and only lower than %64 rate is coming from Iran. All natural gas demands are met by (usually long term) LNG imports and the

internal gas production. (In 2011 India was the 6th largest LNG importer in the world) There is an important incremental rate in oil and gas demand for India. Also India is an important oil importer, due to the refinery capacity; she is a net exporter of petroleum products Up to 2.6 tcm unconventional gas resources (coalbed methane) potential is estimated to exist in onshore and

offshore India


Meet the increasing energy demandsMake India an energy independent country: Development and exploration of unconventional resources (such as coalbed methane and shale gas) Investment on new exploration and development projects Decrease the usage percentage of motor fuels Energy efficiency Make investments on gas pipeline infrastructure to meet the increasing gas demand Construct TAPI pipeline and import Turkmenistan gas If there is a solution on the US sanctions of Iran; construct IPI (Iran-Pakistan-India) Pipeline to import Iranian gas Increase LNG terminals import capacities and make more long-term agreements with the sellers. With the Indian oil and gas companies take part in important oil and gas E&P projects all over the world.

India

China

China is the worlds most populous country and the largest energy consumer in the world. Rapidly increasing energy demand has made China extremely influential in world energy markets.

oil importing capacity more than 6,4 million bbld. gas importing capacity more than 40 bcma Most of the oil imports are supplied from Middle East Countries (%50) and from Caspian suppliers; %10 from Iran,

%7 from Russia, %4 from Kazakhstan. There is an important incremental rate in oil and gas demand for China. Up to 10 tcm unconventional gas resources (coalbed methane) potential is estimated to exist in prospects


Meet the increasing energy demands diversify supply sources, make long term contractsDevelopment and exploration of unconventional resources Set domestic wholesale energy pricesInvestment on new exploration and development projects by mostly focusing on western interior provinces and offshore fields.Apply enhanced recovery methods for mature fields and improve energy efficiencyMake investments on construction and integration of domestic oil & gas pipeline infrastructureIncrease the oil supply capacity from Russia & Kazakhstan and gas supply capacity from TurkmenistanMake the relevant agreements and build pipelines for gas supply from Russia to China Construct an oil import pipeline from Myanmar to bypass the potential choke point of Strait of MalaccaIn the short term complete the construction of gas pipeline from Myanmar (with a capacity of 12 bcma) With the Chinese oil and gas companies take part in important oil and gas E&P projects all over the world. Increase gas storage capacity up to 32 bcmSolve territorial disputes with Japan



European Union

EU is the largest energy consumer structure in the world. Most important oil & gas importer in the world oil importing capacity more than 10 million bbld. gas importing capacity more than 300 bcma. 36% of the EUs total gas imports originate from Russia and around %28 is from Norway and other important

portion is from Algeria, Qatar, Nigeria and Libya. A central gas import system and policy exists for the union. 31% of the EUs total crude oil imports originate from Russia and around % 10 from Norway and other imports

are originate mainly from Libya, Saudi Arabia, Kazakhstan & Iran, Nigeria, Azerbaijan, Iraq and other middle east countries.

Some members of EU is directly dependent on Russian gas import, this situation becomes a strategic constraint for the unions energy security issues


Continue to meet the energy demands in a sustainable, competitive and secure wayLess greenhouse gas and carbon emissions. Use more biofuelsIncrease market competition.Focus on the Caspian gas market and work on potential supply possibilities for diversity of resources: For the initial step transport Azerbaijan gas to EU (with SCPX-TANAP-TAP) For the second step; transport Azerbaijan future gas to EU (after extending the capacities of existing pipelines and also construct IAP) For the third step; transport Iraq or/and East Mediterranean Sea gas to EU (after the extension of constructed infrastructure in the previous steps and also construct Nabucco West) For the fourth step; transport Turkmenistan gas to EU (Trans Caspian) (but seems not-economic)Check for other gas supply potentials via pipeline or LNGDevelop a Strategic Energy Technology Plan to develop technologies in areas including renewable energy, energy conservation, low-energy buildings, fourth generation nuclear reactor, clean coal and carbon capture.Develop an Africa-Europe Energy partnership for the continent to be a sustainable energy supplier for EUDecrease gas imports, increase efficiency, use more renewablesDevelop and implement common energy policies with the EU

29



Important Pipelines In The Region & Capacities

Name of Pipeline From ThroughTo

(Markets)

Capacity (million

bbld)Name of Pipeline From Through To (Markets)

Capacity (bcma)

BTC Azerbaijan AZ-GEO-TR World 1,2 SCP Azerbaijan AZ-GEO Turkey 8WREP Azerbaijan AZ-GEO World 0,15 GAZI-MAGOMED-MAZDOK Azerbaijan AZ-RUS Russia 1NREP Azerbaijan AZ-RUS World 0,3 BAKU-ASTARA Azerbaijan AZ-IRAN Malcjcovam 0,5

Railway Azerbaijan AZ-GEO World 0,22SCPX Azerbaijan AZ-Geo Turkey-EU 16

TANAP Georgia Turkey EU 16TAP Turkey Gre-Alb Italy 10IAP Albania Mont-Bosn Balkans 5

CAC Turkmenistan Turk-Uzb-Kaz Russia 100KORPEZHE KK Turkmenistan Turk Iran 13

DAULETABAT-KANGIRAN Turkmenistan Turk Iran 6CENTRAL ASIA-CHINA Turkmenistan Turk-Uzb-Kaz China 40

BUKHARA-URALS Turkmenistan Turk-Uzb-Kaz Russia 20EAST-WEST Turkmenistan Turk Caspian 30

TAPI Turkmenistan Turk-Afg-Pak India 34TRANSCASPIAN Turkmenistan Az Turkey-EU 30

CENTRAL ASIA-CHINA X Uzbekistan Uzb China +18

CAC Turkmenistan Turk-UzbBUKHARA-URALS Turkmenistan Turk-Uzb-Kaz

TASHKENT-BISK-ALMATI Uzbekistan Uzb-Krg

CACX Uzbekistan Uzb Russia +30CENTRAL-ASIA-CHINA X Uzbekistan Uzb China +10

CPC Kazakhstan Rus World 0,7 BUKHARA-URALS Turkmenistan Turk-Uzb-Kaz Russia 20KAZAK-CHINA Kazakhstan Kaz China 0,24 CAC Turkmenistan Turk-Uzb-Kaz Russia 100

RAILWAY Kazakhstan Kaz Caspian 0,34 CENTRAL-ASIA_CHINA Turkmenistan Turk-Uzb-Kaz China 40UZEn-ATYRAU-SAMARA Kazakhstan Kaz Russia 0,6

ESKENE-AKTAU Kazakhstan Kaz Caspian 0,76 KAZAK-CHINA Kazakhstan Kaz China xKAZAK-CHINA X Kazakhstan Kaz China 0,16TRANSCASPIAN Kazakhstan Kaz World x

KAZAK-TURKMEN-IRAN Kazakhstan Kaz-Turk Iran xCPC X Kazakhstan Rus World +0,7

KORPEZHE KK Turkmenistan Turk Iran 13DAULETABAT-KANGIRAN Turkmenistan Turk Iran 6

IRAN-Turkey Iran IR Turkey 14

IRAN-PAKISTAN Iran IR Pakistan 28IRAN-IRAQ-SYRIA Iran IR-IRQ-SYR World x

DRUZHBA Russia Bel-Ukr-Eu EU 2 YAMAL1 Russia Bel EU 28,5BALTIC Russia Rus World 2,1 YAMAL2 Russia Bel EU 28,5

NORTH-WESTERN Russia Bel EU 0,3 BLUE STREAM Russia Rus Turkey 16ESPO Russia Rus Pacific 0,6 NORTH CAUCASUS Russia Geo Armenia 10

ORENBURG-WESTERN BORDER Russia Ukr EU 26

Exist

ing

Russ

ia

Futu

reTur

kmen

istan Exist

ing

Exiti

ngFu

ture

Iran

Uzb

ekist

an

Exist

ing

Futu

reEx

istin

gFu

tureKa

zakh

stan

Oil Gas

Exist

ing

Futu

reAze

rbai

jan

URENGOY-UZHGOROD Russia Ukr EU 28YAMBURG-WESTERN BORDER Russia Ukr EU 28

DOLINA UZHGOROD Russia Ukr EU 20KOMARNO-DROZDOWICHI Russia Bel EU 5

UZHGOROD-BEREGOVO Russia Ukr EU 11HUST-SATU-MARE Russia Ukr EU 2

ANANYEV - TIRASPOL'-IZMAIL & SHEBELINKA-IZMAIL Russia Ukr EU 24

KOBRIN-BREST Russia Bel EU 5ST. PETERSBURG-FINLAND Russia Rus EU 7

SOUTH STREAM Russia Rus Eu 63ALTAI Russia Rus China 30

RUSSIA-CHINA 1&2 Russia Rus China 80

Exist

ing

Futu

re

Russ

ia



Name of Pipeline From ThroughTo

(Markets)

Capacity (million

bbld)Name of Pipeline From Through To (Markets)

Capacity (bcma)

TAPI Turkmenistan Turk-Afg-Pak India 34

IPI Iran Pak India x

KAZAK-CHINA Kazakhstan Kaz China 0,24 CENTRAL ASIA-CHINA Turkmenistan Turk-Uzb China 40

KAZAK-CHINA X Kazakhstan Kaz China +0,16 CENTRAL ASIA-CHINA X Uzbekistan Uzb China +10+18MYANMAR-CHINA Myanmar Myn China 0,48 KAZAK-CHINA Kazakhstan Kaz China x

RUSSIA-CHINA 1&2 Russia Rus China 80MYANMAR-CHINA Myanmar Myn China 12

DRUZHBA Russia Bel-Ukr-Eu EU 2 YAMAL 1 Russia Bel EU 28,5NORT-WESTERN Russia Bel EU 0,3 YAMAL 2 Russia Bel EU 28,5

BLUE STREAM Russia Rus Turkey 16NORTH CAUCASUS Russia Geo Armenia 10

ORENBURG-WESTERN-BORDER Russia Ukr EU 26URENGOY-UZHGOROD Russia Ukr EU 28

YAMBURG-WESTERN BORDER Russia Ukr EU 28DOLINA-UZHGOROD Russia Ukr EU 20

KOMARNO-DROZDOWICHI Russia Bel EU 5UZHGOROD-BEREGOVO Russia Ukr EU 11

HUST-SATU-MARE Russia Ukr EU 2ANANYEV-TIRASPOL' IZMAIL &

SHEBELINKA IZMAIL Russia Ukr EU 24

KOBRIn-BREST Russia Bel EU 5ST. PETERSBURG-FINLAND Russia Rus EU 7

MAGHREB Algeria Mor EU 12MEGDAZ Algeria Alg EU 8

GALSI Algeria Alg EU 10TRANS-MEDITERRANEAN Algeria Tun EU 30

GREENSTREAM Libya Lib EU 11TANAP Georgia Turkey EU 16

TAP Turkey Gre-Alb Italy 10IAP Albania Mont-Bosn Balkans 5

SOUTH STREAM Russia Rus EU 63NABUCCO WEST Turkey EU EU 20

EU

Exist

ing

Futu

re

Oil Gas

Indi

a

Futu

re

Chin

a Exi

stin

gFu

ture

Table 4: Caspian Energy Players and existing & future pipeline capacities

To check all the players 2035 extra supply and demand potentials on the figures 2 & 3 below

(2035 value todays value)

Figure 2: 2035 Extra Gas Supplies and Demands

31



Figure 3: 2035 Extra Oil Supplies and Demands (unit million bbl/d)

In 2035:

EU does not need extra oil supply so; main item for EU energy security is gas.

China and India need very important amount of oil supply and they will not meet their demand only from the

Caspian Region. Moreover, oil supply in the Caspian region will decrease (as 1,2 million bbl/d) in spite of the

expected production increase in Kazakhstan. (By considering there will not be a solution in sanctions on Iran. If a

solution to the sanctions can be found, Iran will change all the oil supply potential in the region. Otherwise, India

and China will have to find oil supplies from Middle East-North America or Africa)

From this view, meeting both oil and gas demands are the most important energy security issues for India & China

There is totally 428 bcma extra gas supply in Caspian Region players and 895 bcma extra demand. This means

struggle in gas demand security will be deepened.

For logical analysis of this struggle also some other items have to be considered such as:

- Other gas demanding markets those can get

supplies from this region; such as Turkey, Japan, Korea and

etc.

- Other supply potentials from Africa-North America or

Middle East (but much more extra LNG capacities have to

be constructed for such an option.)

- EU policy to diversify the gas supply resources and

mitigating the gas dependency to Russia

- There is also going to be a struggle between the gas

suppliers in the region (Mainly; between Russia and others)

- Effect of Unconventional Resources in supply and gas

prices

- Long and short term gas prices effects

Pricing, Sale & Contract Mechanisms

- Success Possibilities of Planned Pipelines & Development

Projects

- Iran and Sanctions



After shortly analyzing supply-demand balances in the re-

gion between the energy players in 2035, it is observed that

the struggle is going to be mainly on the gas resources and

gas supply security.

Subsequent to selecting gas for evaluating the supply-de-

mand balances, the other most important factor that is go-

Both China & India do not have enough planned gas

transportation capacities in 2035 to meet their de-

mands. Both countries can negotiate on having more

supplies from Turkmenistan &Uzbekistan. For China; al-

ways there will be a possibility to have more gas from

Kazakhstan and Russia, however, range of extra invest-

ments and gas prices are important.

Figure 2: 2035 Extra Gas Supplies and Demands

It is observed that there are strug-

gles and even more important

struggles will happen on gas sup-

ply balances between all energy

players of Caspian Region.

ing to determine the results of this struggle

and the changes in the balances are the trans-

portation capacities of the gas pipeline proj-

ects. In addition to suitable capacities of the

pipelines, the tariff estimations, transportation

costs and also the market prices have to be

considered in analysis.

After checking the future available transportation capacities

of pipelines in the region (as assuming future pipeline con-

structions will successfully be completed), the map below is

prepared, which is showing each suppliers transport capac-

ity available in 2035.

As a result of this map:

EU also will not have enough trans-

portation capacities in 2035. New LNG

projects, Azerbaijan North Africa and

Eastern Mediterranean gas resources

will be important for EUs gas security

future.

Russia will have huge amount of extra supply transpor-

tation capacity and to EU (Assume South Stream with 63

bcma will be agreed with EU and completed). However,

it will be better for Russia to agree with China, develop

new transportation facilities and export her gas to huge

demander southern neighbor (Also todays sanctions

and political problems have to be taken into consider-

ation) to export.

33



For Turkmenistan, it will be better to increase the

transportation capacities to India and China and make

extra exports to those countries. In the EU side; there

are important political and economic problems waiting

for solutions (economic problems will be more difficult

to solve due to the pricing regulations of EU and high

tariffs), thats why gas supply of Turkmenistan to EU

does not seem logical.

For Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan, both have to decrease

gas exports to Russia and make better sale agreements

with China and increase their pipeline capacities to

China.

Russia, have to secure her dominancy in all markets and

continue to import Caspian gases

Summary

Energy supply-demand balances in Caspian Region are very

important and are very carefully be followed by these main

players of the region. It is very important to analyze todays

and futures supply-demand potential scenarios to be able

to read correctly these balances. In addition to the supply-

demand potentials, transportation capacities in the region

are also very important.

As a result of this study, it is observed that there are strug-

gles and even more important struggles will happen on gas

supply balances between all energy players of Caspian Re-

gion. Pipeline capacities and politics will be important deter-

mining key factors among these balances.

Author

Ouzhan Akyener

TPAO Azerbaijan

AZ 1005

Baku/Azerbaijan

[email protected]

www.tpao.gov.tr/eng/

The Caspian Sea from the orbit



Towards Greener Materials In Pipeline Concrete Coatings

Mohit Jain, GSPL India Transco Limited (GITL)

Pipelines are by far one of the most efficient and safe meth-

od of transporting Natural Gas. However, a different field

condition obligates different laying methodologies for the

same. Dry environments demand such treatment when the

field is rocky (for mechanical protection). Same is the case

with Wet environments too. Offshore pipelines and pipe-

lines at river or lake crossings also need special treamtents

for the same (for alancing buoyancy).

During the course of time, several measures were devised to

control the buoyancy of pipelines (based of the optimum cri-

teria) in marine environment. The optimum criteria for buoy-

ancy control systems can be listed as,

1. the ability to maintain the required level of negative

buoyancy over the entire service life of the pipeline,

2. the ability to be installed within the limited access of

ROU,

3. minimazation of the overall environmental impact of

the project,

4. minimazation of the installation as well as material cost

without affecting the overall quality,

Numerous buoyancy control measures were tried. Each had

their fair share of advantages and deficiencies. For example,

Cast concrete systems which consisted of precast concrete

blocks affixed to the underwater pipeline, was ineffec-

tive as it lead to wrinkles. The use of Aggregate envelope

type, where geotextile bags filled with heavy aggregates,

was discontinued owing to its questionable performance

in areas with strong water currents and the possibility of

tearing of bags. It it here when the method concrete coat-

ings come into picture. Concrete with a density of 2200 to

2400 Kg/m3, high strength and durability properties is the

perfect material for coating pipes and imparting weight.

35



Pipeline Concrete Coatings

Pipeline Concrete coatings are usually 25 to 150mm thick

and consist of a rebar cage or a wire mesh. The Wire mesh /

fabric is manufactured in rolls or sheets. The weight required

is calculated based on pipe weight and pipe contents

weight incorporating adequate factor of safety (ranging

from 1.1 to 1.5). Then, the coating thickness is calculated

based on the required negative bouyancy required. If the

coating ghickness is less than 50mm then single layer of

reinforcement is used and if it is more than 50mm then two

sets of concentric reinforcements are used (At 1/3rd and 2/3

thickness).

There are two methods of applying concrete layer on the

pipe surface.

1. First is the Casting method where the wire sheet

fabric is rolled around the pipe. Then the complete

arrangement is enclosed in a Formwork / Mold with

openings on the top. Concrete is poured from the top

and is vibrated using specialized machines.

2. The second method is impinging, where concrete is

projected at a very high velocity on the external surface

of the pipe containing the wire roll fabric.

Cement Replacement

Indian Standards IS 1910 on concrete lining and coating pre-

fers the concrete constituents as Ordinary Portland Cement

(OPC), aggregates and water. However, ordinary concrete is

fraught with shortcomings; it sets quickly in warm climates

and slowly in cold climates, it is adversely affected by miner-

als (eg. Sulphate attacks, Cloride ingrees,

Method 1

Method 2

carbonation etc) and some of its constituents (like Cement)

are non-environment friendly. It is daunting to note that

Portland cement and Iron ore (used for heavy aggregates)

manufacturing increases CO2 emmisions by 100kg per ton.

Also, one can always improve mechanical and durability

properties with the use of industrial by-products



like, Fly Ash, GGBFS (Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag)

or other metal Slags as a replacement of cement thereby

reducing our dependence on an inferior product.

The construction industry has been known to use GGBFS in

concrete through high-slag blastfurnace cement (HSBFC)

or Portland Blast Furnance Cement (PBFC) (Eg. Koteshwar

hydroelectric projekt, Uttarakhand). Slag Cement (whi

industry & practice

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