industrialism – technology, society, and reform. thesis the industrial revolution was more of a...
TRANSCRIPT
Industrialism – Technology, Society, and Reform
Thesis
• The Industrial Revolution was more of a revolution of social structure than products and factories.
The First Industrial Revolution – 1700 to 1850’s
• There were a series of inventions that advanced the Industrial Revolution – this is a pictorial representation of that.
• This is mostly pre-steam power.
TEXTILE INVENTIONS
The Second Industrial Revolution – 1850-Early 1900’s
• When people started getting new power sources, that is when the revolution began to spread and expand.
• Germany, France, Italy, and the Netherlands were most greatly affected by the revolution.
POWER TECHNOLOGY
Social Structure• Social structure changed forever.– No more self-sustaining farms.– Destruction of the noble classes creates a vacuum
for the middle class factory owner – Bourgeoisie eventually becomes the dominant class by the end of the 19th century.
– Larger middle class – factory owners, doctors, lawyers, bankers, artisans, etc. – gained power
– Larger working class – factory workers, miners, rural laborers, - lost power
– Upwards of 75% of all early workers in factories women and children.
Thesis
• The most important movement to come out of the industrial era was the union movement.
Social Structure
• Early Industrial Rev.– Artisans still
outnumbered factory workers
– Had skills to ply– Large group of servants
among the lower classes.– Begin to see wealth as
the distinction between upper, middle, lower classes.
• Later Industrial Rev.– Artisans going away –
factory workers dominate.
– Attempted expansion of unions and guilds.
– Violent clashes between middle and lower classes
– Unskilled men push women and children out of positions
Captains of Industry (Robber Barons) – Late Industrialization
• These middle class leaders become the new rich.
• Bankers and financiers become more important – J.P. Morgan.
• Problems with monopolies of industries
• Despite these problems – wages remained stable with union pressure and prices dropped.
• OVERALL – the gap between the poor and the rich widened not because poor were poorer, but because rich became ultra rich.
Problems with Factory• Poor sanitation – lead to disease spreading
quickly• Unsafe machines – often times not
maintained.• Long hours = tired workers = Accidents• Because of lack of ventilation – smoke would
fill lungs• Often times in factory towns – owner of
factory also owned stores and lodging.
Child Labor*Children were abused in factories and allowed to work long hours.*At first they were limited in their hours – could only work if they were older than 9 and had to limit it to 12 hours until they were 18.*By 1854 the labor of children and women in mines was forbidden.*This dramatically dropped their number in the workforce, but they still were abused until the early 1900’s.
Reform Movements
• Chartist Movement• The Luddites• Peterloo (Reading the Riot Act)• Socialism and Marxism• Sadler Report / Commission - 1833
Chartist Movement
• 1838 – sought to get the People’s Charter passed
• Working class movement that sought to extend suffrage to all men and sought to eliminate property qualifications.
Luddites
• British movement against the textile changes.• Often times did so by destroying looms.• Named for Ned Ludd – fought with army and
lost….bad.• In France, same movement reflected in the
Sabbo, thrown in machines
Peterloo Riots and Massacre
• Riot happened in St. Peter’s field in Manchester, England 1819.
• Cavalry charged – 15 people died and 400 injured.
• Scandalous in London – led to parliament giving reforms to workers.
Socialism and Marxism
• Supported by workers as a redistribution of wealth.
• Radicalism that was put down by most governments in Europe.
Sadler Commission
• 1832 – Parliamentary investigation into the lives of factory workers in textiles.
• Led to the Reform Act of 1833.• See additional reading.
Women’s Suffrage Movement
• In mid-late 1800’s women start losing jobs in factories, however they are able to begin demanding more rights.
• Ironically, they don’t start winning rights until the men need them back in the factories (WWI)
• English, Colonies, and US lead the way
Women’s Suffrage
• Began with the publication “A Vindication of the Rights of Women” by Mary Wollstonecraft
• Initially W.S. tied to utopian movements.• By mid 19th century women began to advocate
for voting rights in colonies (Australia, US, New Zealand)
• English movement began with Reform Act of 1832, US movement began with Abolition movement.
Arguments Against Women’s Suffrage
• Women not intelligent enough• Would destroy the family – women would be
encouraged to work more and become ‘uncouth’
• Afraid women would only be influenced by husbands
• Socialists tied it to economic issues
Leaders
• England– Women could vote for
local officials in late 1800’s.
– Emmeline Pankhurst set up Womens Francise League in 1889.
– Considered extremists– Instrumental in getting
vote by 1918 in the Representation of the People’s Act
• USA– 1848 – Seneca Falls
Convention• Elizabeth Cady Stanton• Susan B. Anthony
– National Women’s Party set up in 1917
– By 1919, the 20th amendment makes the vote official in US.
Leaders
• Germany – Clara Zetkin• Secretary of the
Bookbinders Union despite being ineligible to be a member.
• Eventually elected to German Reichstag and prominent in Communist Party in Germany.
Actual Reform Laws
• 1802• Health and Morals of Apprentices Act • Hours of work were limited to 12 per day, with no
night work allowed. • Employers were to provide education, decent clothing
and accommodation. • Inspectors were to enforce the Act and appoint
visitors. • For all textile factories employing over 20 persons,
proper ventilation was to be provided and mills were to be whitewashed twice a year.
Reform Laws (Cont.)• 1833• Factory Act • No children under 9 were to work in factories
(silk mills exempted). • Children under 13 years were to work no more
than 9 hours per day and 48 hours per week. • Children under 18 were not to work nights. • 4 paid Inspectors were appointed. • Two 8-hour shifts per day of children were to be
allowed.
Reform Laws Cont.
• 1834 • Poor Laws Amendment• Established workhouses to help those
desperate for work and money.• HATED by workers and only gone to at last
resort.• Charles Dickens wrote about them – Oliver
Twist.
Reform Laws Continued
• 1878• Factory Act • Extended the Factory Acts to all industries. • No child anywhere under the age of 10 was to be
employed. • 10-14 year olds could only be employed for half
days. • Women were to work no more than 56 hours per
week