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INDUSTRIAL WASTE TREATMENTCOURSE OUTLINE

VOLUME I, THIRD EDITION

Chapter Topic Page

1 THE INDUSTRIAL PLANT OPERATOR .............................................................................. 1Ken Kerri, Office of Water Programs, California State University, Sacramento, CADan Campbell, New York DEC, Albany, NY

2 INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATERS.............................................................................................. 13William Crooks, Central Valley Regional Water Quality Control Board, Sacramento, CADan Campbell, New York DEC, Albany, NYRichard von Langen, RVL & Associates, Pasadena, CAKen Kerri, Office of Water Programs, California State University, Sacramento, CA

3 REGULATORY REQUIREMENTS ........................................................................................ 69Robert Montgomery, City of Oxnard, CA

4 PREVENTING AND MINIMIZING WASTES AT THE SOURCE ....................................... 109Philip Lo, Sanitation Districts of LA County, Whittier, CATheresa Dodge, Sanitation Districts of LA County, Whittier, CAAlison Gemmell, Del Monte Foods, Walnut Creek, CARob Lamppa, Land O’Lakes, Inc., Arden Hills, MNMischelle Mische, Sanitation Districts of LA County, Whittier, CAJohn Polanski, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN

5 INDUSTRIAL WASTE MONITORING ................................................................................. 151Larry Bristow, Sacramento County, CA

6 FLOW MEASUREMENT......................................................................................................... 207John Esler, New York DEC, Albany, NY

7 PRELIMINARY TREATMENT (EQUALIZATION, SCREENING, ANDpH ADJUSTMENT)................................................................................................................. 249

Richard von Langen, RVL & Associates, Pasadena, CAD. F. Reddy, HYCOR Corp., Lake Bluff, ILMark Acerra, Retired

8 PHYSICAL–CHEMICAL TREATMENT PROCESSES (COAGULATION,FLOCCULATION, AND SEDIMENTATION) ...................................................................... 309

Paul Amodeo, McLaren/Hart, Albany, NYRoss Gudgel, Operational Performance Solutions, Pearl City, HIJames L. Johnson, City of Santa Rosa, CAPaul J. Kemp, McLaren/Hart, Albany, NY

9 FILTRATION............................................................................................................................ 383James L. Johnson, City of Santa Rosa, CARoss Gudgel, Operational Performance Solutions, Pearl City, HIRobert G. Blanck, Koch Membrane Systems, Wilmington, MAFrancis J. Brady, Koch Membrane Systems, Wilmington, MA

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10 PHYSICAL TREATMENT PROCESSES (AIR STRIPPING ANDCARBON ADSORPTION) ...................................................................................................... 481

Fred Edgecomb, Metcalf & Eddy Services Systems, Riverside, CA

11 TREATMENT OF METAL WASTESTREAMS....................................................................... 517Bill Strangio, Strangio and Associates, San Jose, CA

12 INSTRUMENTATION ............................................................................................................ 607Leonard Ainsworth, June Lake PUD, June Lake, CA

13 SAFETY..................................................................................................................................... 665Robert Reed, NEC Electronics, Inc., Roseville, CARevised by Russ Armstrong, Sacramento County, CA

14 MAINTENANCE ..................................................................................................................... 739John Brady, Norman Farnum, and Stan Walton, Sacramento County, CARevised by Malcolm Carpenter, Sacramento County, CA

Appendix COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW QUESTIONS AND SUGGESTED ANSWERS .................... 877

INDUSTRIAL WASTE WORDS ............................................................................................. 903

SUBJECT INDEX..................................................................................................................... 949

Index 949

SUBJECT INDEX

A

AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome), 29, 676Abbreviations

instrumentation, 616regulatory requirements, 79–80

Abnormal conditions, carbon adsorption, 506Abnormal operations

gravity filters, 408pressure filters, 426, 427upflow filters, 440

Abrasion number, 515Absorption, 495Absorption, alkaline buffers, 293Accident

form, 720frequency, 675investigation, 718operators, 675, 720record, 686reports, 720

Accidental discharge, 201Accuracies, flow measurement, 240–244Acidity error, pH adjustment, 294Acids, 182, 681Acoustic flow measurement, 238Activated carbon adsorption

See Carbon adsorptionActivated sludge

flow measurement, 244–246pumps, 753

Acts, pollution control, 81Acute health effect, 35, 532, 682Administration of a monitoring program

database, 160dealing with industry, 161enforcement, 160organization, 160

Administrative fine penalties, 100Adsorber loading, 505Adsorption

See Carbon adsorptionAeration tanks, activated sludge, 707Aerobic bacteria, 28Agglomeration, 322Agricultural use of water, 36Air binding, 409, 425

Air chamber, pump, 835, 838Air drying, metal sludges, 574Air gap device, 716, 717, 862, 863Air pockets, adsorption, 507Air pressure, air stripping, 490Air strainer, ejectors, 839Air stripping

air pressure, 490chemical characteristics, 490controlling discharge, 491discharge, 491equipment, 491incineration, 492maintenance, 493operation, 492organics, volatile, 489packed tower, 489principles, 490product recovery, 492purpose, 489safety, 494start-up, 492temperature, 490troubleshooting, 493types of systems, 489vapor phase, 491volatile organics, 489

Air supply instrumentation, 650Air-vacuum relief valve, 502Algae, 30, 32Alarm instrumentation, 649Alarms, carbon adsorption, 511Alarms, gravity filters, 406Algae, 410Alignment

motors, 814, 815, 816pumps, 756, 782, 831, 847, 848

Alkali conversion table, 288Alkali neutralization graph, 289Alkalinity error, pH adjustment, 294Alternating current, 790Alum, 327, 346, 418Aluminum sulfate, 327, 346, 418Amines, 711Ammeter, 793Amphoteric, 597Amps, 790

950 Treatment Plants

Anaerobic bacteria, 29Anaerobic sludge digestion

drip traps, 706flame arresters, 706

Analog readout, 791Analysis, carbon adsorption, 508Anhydrous, 328Anion, 294Annular space, 436Anodizing, 56Apparent density tests, 515Applying protective coating, 709Aquatic vegetation, 36Aspirator, 367Audits, pollution prevention, 118Authority, pollution control, 81Automatic samplers, 163Axial flow pumps, 759, 766

B

BMR, 87, 95BOD, 268Backflow prevention, 716Backwashing

gravity filter, 396, 400, 402, 404, 406pressure filters, 423–425

Bag filters, metal sludges, 569Ball valves, 835, 838Bar screens, 268–272Bar screens, safety, 701Baseline monitoring reports

initial, 87requirements, 95

Bases, 681Basins, flow equalization, 244, 260, 261–267Batch processes, metals, 527, 533–536Battery charging, 179, 206Bearings, electric motor, 841Bearings, pump, 753, 756, 761, 762, 764, 765, 767, 768, 769,

774, 775, 785, 831, 834, 839Belt drives, pump maintenance, 843, 845, 846Benching, excavations, 696, 699Benefits

flow equalization, 259pollution prevention, 117

Bernoulli effect, 641Best Available Technology (BAT), 91Best Practicable Technology (BPT), 91Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), 268Biocides, 711Biological contamination, 33, 35Biological process, effects of industrial wastes

See Toxic wastesBiological treatment, pH adjustment, 301Biomass, 493

Biosolids, 116, 260Bloodborne Pathogens (BBP) program, 679Blow down receiver, ejectors, 839Blowdown, 40Blowers

safety, 681, 862ventilation, 677, 862

Bonnet valve, 855, 857Bourdon tube, 630

See Chapter 9, ADVANCED WASTE TREATMENTBreathing apparatus, self-contained, 719Bright dipping, 58Brine, reverse osmosis, 474Brinelling, 774Bubble pipe, level measurement

See Volume II, Chapter 15Bubbler, level measurement, 633, 635Bubblers, flow measurement, 232Bubbler-type controls, 775Budget administrator, 8Buffer capacity, 286, 537Building codes, 101Buildings, maintenance, 750Bulking, sludge, 322, 408

C

COD removal efficiencies, adsorption, 506Calculations, reverse osmosis, 466–474Calibration

equipment, 652flowmeters, 240, 241, 243gas detectors, 862probes, 564

Cannell, James W., 810Capacitance strips, 233Capacity, pump, 759, 833Carbon adsorption

abnormal adsorption conditions, 506abrasion number, 515adsorber loading, 505air pockets, 507alarms, 511analysis, 508apparent density tests, 515COD removal efficiencies, 506carbon regeneration, 508carbon transfer, 509chemical loading, 505chemical warfare service (CWS) test, 515coatings, deterioration, 507collapsed screens, 507decolorizing index, 515disposal of carbon, 510dust control, 510effective size, 515

Index 951

Carbon adsorption (continued)emergency conditions, 506equipment, 496fixed beds, 497fouling, 507hardness number, 515head losses, 507hydraulic loading, 505iodine number, 496, 515laboratory procedures, 515manufacture of carbon, 495methylene blue number, 516moisture, 516molasses number, 496, 516moving bed, 497operation, 505physical–chemical treatment, 481–516plans, 510plugged screens, 507principles, 496process, 496purpose, 495reactivation of carbon, 508regeneration, carbon, 508safety, 509sampling and analysis, 508shutdown, 506sieve analysis, 516specifications, 510spent activated carbon, 508, 510start-up, 498–505total ash of regenerated carbon, 516transfer of carbon, 509uniformity coefficient, 515unloading station, 510upflow column, 503, 504upstream processes, 507, 511ventilation, 511

Carbon regeneration, 508Carbon transfer, 509Carbon usage, management, 481–516Carcinogens, 709, 711Casing, pump, 753, 757, 761, 762Categorical pretreatment standards, 88–97Categories, pretreatment

application, 93–97determination request, 92exempt, 92industrial, 89, 93local limits, 92modification, 96regulated, 88–93

Cation, 294Caustic soda, 345Caustic wastes, 182Cave-ins, 696

Cavitation, 369, 595, 760Cellulose acetate membranes, 465Centrifugal force, 755Centrifugal pumps

description, 753, 759, 761–767maintenance, 783, 830

CentrifugationSee Chapter 3, ADVANCED WASTE TREATMENT

Centrifuges, metal sludges, 568Chain drives, 844Chain of custody, 172Change oil, pump, 835Changed discharge, 96Channels (flow), maintenance, 751Characteristics of industrial wastes, 159Charging batteries, 179, 206Check valves, 783, 833, 839, 853, 854Checklists, pollution prevention, 120, 123–150Chelating agent, 56, 301, 493, 531, 532Chelation, 48, 56Chemical characteristics, wastewater, 28Chemical conditioning

See Chapter 3, ADVANCED WASTE TREATMENTChemical conditioning of sludge, dissolved air flotation (DAF)

thickeners, 373Chemical contamination, 35Chemical feed

filters, 418flow measurement, 246instrumentation, 641physical–chemical treatment, 309–382

Chemical loading, adsorption, 505Chemical treatment

agglomeration, 322alum, 327, 346aluminum sulfate, 327bulking, 322caustic soda, 345chemical feed, 342–358chemical mixing, 342chemical storage, 342chemicals, 327–331clarifiers, 358–366, 375, 376coagulation, 321, 358colloids, 322co-precipitation, 326day tank, 342, 343destabilization, 324, 325diaphragm pump, 349, 350equipment, 342–358feed equipment, 342–358ferric chloride, 328flocculation, 321, 358, 359gravimetric belt chemical feeder, 353iron salts, 324, 325, 328jar test, 331–341


Chemical treatment (continued)lime, 328, 344log, 356, 357MSDS, 340maintenance, 374material safety, 328, 340, 377material safety data sheet, 340metal salts, 324, 325, 328operation, 355, 358, 374–377phosphate monitoring, 340polishing process, 322, 323polymer, 324, 325, 347polymer map, 329, 330polymeric flocculants, 328pumps, chemical feed, 348, 349, 350rotary feeder, 352safety, 340, 377sedimentation, 321, 358–377shutdown, 355solids contact clarifier, 362, 363start-up, 355, 374, 375troubleshooting, 377, 378tube settlers, 364, 365volumetric screw feeder, 350

Chemicalsfeed, 342–358labeling, 722, 723, 727, 728mixing, 342safety, 681, 708, 713settling, 327–331storage, 342, 713toxic, 681

Chemicals, pH adjustment, 287Chemical warfare service (CWS) test, 515CHEMTREC [(800) 424-9300], 600Chlorine monitor, 678Chlorine safety, 678, 703, 708, 729Cholera, 29“Christmas Tree” arrangement, reverse osmosis, 474, 475Chromium, 532Chronic health effect, 35, 532, 682Cipolletti weir, 223, 583Circuit breakers, 795, 796, 797, 798–801Clarifiers

chemical treatment, 358–366, 375, 376safety, 377, 704

Clean Air Act regulations, 103Clean Water Act regulations, 103Cleaning pipelines, 865, 866Cleaning probes, 560Cleaning procedures, membranes, 460Cleaning pumps, 831Clearing plugged pipes, pumps, and valves

costs, 865cutting tools, 866digested sludge lines, 865

equipment, 865, 866high-velocity pressure units, 866methods of clearing, 865, 866pipes, 865pressure clearing methods, 865, 866pumps, 866scum lines, 865sludge lines, 865valves, 865, 866

Closed channel, flow measurement, 218, 233–238Closed impeller, 763Coagulation, 299, 321, 358, 436Coarse screens, 268–272, 283Coatings, deterioration, adsorption, 507Code of Federal Regulations (CFR), 81, 83, 84Codes

See Ordinances, localCollapsed screens, adsorption, 507Collection system

effects of discharges, 47–50flow equalization, 260pH adjustment, 285–304

Collection system, 689, 710Colloids, 322Color, true, 338Combustible gas monitor, 678, 682, 710Comminution, safety, 702Common metals removal, 538–541Comparative depth measurements, 240–242Compatible pollutants, 38, 42Competent person, 676Complexed metals removal, 546Compliance

reports, 95schedule, 95

Composite samples, 163, 217, 246, 367, 580Computerization, 655Concentrated solutions, 43Concentration-based standards, 93Concentration factor, sludge, 372Concentration polarization, 456, 474Conditioning of sludges, chemical conditioning, 373Conductivity, 51, 233Conductors, 791Cones, traffic, 178Configurations

filters, 397, 398membranes, 449

Confined spaceentry, 630upflow filters, 441, 445

Confined space entry permit, 680Confined spaces, 179, 675, 676–681, 689, 703, 704, 707, 862Connecting rods, 835, 838, 839Construction, equalization tanks, 265Contacts, starters, 810–813

Index 953

Contaminationbiological, 33, 35chemical, 35radioactive, 35

Continuous discharges, 45Continuous monitoring, 161Continuous processes, metals, 533–536Control systems

flow equalization, 266instrumentation, 621–630metal wastestreams, 560–568pH adjustment, 298–299

ControllerspH adjustment, 298programmable, 567

Controllers, 649, 650Controls, level, 775, 840Conventional pollutants, 116Cooking water, 35Co-precipitation, 326Cost savings, pollution prevention, 117Costs

preventive maintenance, 749repair, 749safety, 718unplugging pipelines, 865

Couplings, 756, 769, 782, 846, 847, 848Criminal actions, 100Cross connections, 716, 830Current, electrical, 790, 791, 793, 794, 795, 796, 800, 801Current measurements, 567Cutting tools, plugged pipes, 866Cycle

natural purification, 32nutrient, 32

Cylinder, calibration, chemical pumps, 243

D

DPD method, 552Dairy processing, 130–131Dall flow tube, 235Dalton, 447Database, 160Dateometer, 843Day tank, 420Day tank, chemicals, 342, 343Decant, 416Decant tank, filters, 425Decant water, 264Decibel, 688Decolorizing index, 515Dehumidifiers, 862Delamination, 461Delegation of federal authority, 82Demineralization, reverse osmosis, 463

Department of Transportation (DOT) regulations, 104Desiccation, 652, 659Destabilization, chemical, 324, 325Dial indicators, alignment, 847, 848Diaphragm bulb, level measurement, 775Diaphragm pump, 349, 350, 593Diatomaceous earth, 569Differential pressure devices, 233, 234, 583, 584Digested sludge handling, unplugging pipelines, 865Digested sludge, pumps, 753Digester heating, heat exchanger, 704Digestion, equipment safety, 704Digital readout, 791Dilute solutions, 42Direct current, 790Discharge

changed, 96pH adjustment, 300standards, prohibited, 87

Discharge, pump, 753, 759, 782, 783, 784, 786, 839Discharge table, weir, 221Dischargers

direct, 82indirect, 82regulated, 82

Discharges, industrial, 44, 45Disconnect switch, 796Displaced volume meter, 235, 237, 583, 584Disposal of carbon, 510Dissolved air flotation (DAF) thickeners

age of sludge, 369air to solids (A/S) ratio, 370, 371, 373, 374biological flotation, 367biological sludges, 369blanket thickness, 371, 373, 374chemical conditioning, 373concentration factor, 372dispersed air flotation, 367efficiency, 373effluent, 373, 374factors affecting performance, 369, 372float characteristics, 373guidelines, operation, 369, 372hydraulic loading, 369, 373observations, 373operating guidelines, 369, 372operation, 369, 372performance, 369, 372pressure flotation, 367primary sludge thickening, 369recycle rate, 371rising sludge, 369shutdown, 372sludge blanket, 371, 374solids loading, 369, 373solids recovery, 372


Dissolved air flotation (DAF) thickeners (continued)start-up, 371thickened sludge characteristics, 371, 373troubleshooting, 373, 374vacuum flotation, 367variables, 369visual inspection, 373withdrawal of sludge, 369

Dissolved solids, in wastewater, 30Doctor blade, 275, 569Domestic sewage exemption, 102Domestic wastes, 28Domestic wastewater, characteristics, 28Doppler method, flow measurement, 238Dosimeter, 682Drag out, 39, 119, 528Drag shield, 696Drain, backwash, 400Draining pumps, 775, 785, 834Drinking water, 33, 862Drip traps, 706Drowning, 707Drums, traffic control, 178Dry cleaning, 132Drying sludge, 574Dust control, carbon, 511Dusts, 675, 688Dye dilution method, 242Dysentery, 29, 676

E

EPAauthority, 81organizational structure, 82pollution control, 81regulated categories, 92regulation development, 91reporting requirements, 94

Ear protecting devices, 688Eccentric

pipe, 756pump, 835, 838

Economics, pollution prevention, 117Eductor, 498Effective size, 515Effects, industrial wastewaters, 46–53Efficiency, dissolved air flotation (DAF) thickeners, 373Efficiency, pump, 833Effluent

flow measurement, 243pumps, 753

Effluent effects, industrial wastewater, 53Effluent rate control valve, 405Ejectors, 768, 772, 839Electric motors, 775, 803–826, 841–843

Electric shock, 684Electrical

capacitance strips, 233instrumentation hazards, 628symbols, 616–620

Electrical controls, 775Electrical equipment maintenance, 788–803Electrical safety, 684Electrical system

control, 795starters, 810–813switch gear, 795

Electricitycircuit breakers, 795, 796, 797, 798–801circuits, 788, 790, 792, 793, 794, 796, 800, 801fuses, 796, 798hazards, 788meters, 791–795starters, 810–813terms, 790testers, 791–795tools, 791–795

Electrode switches, 775, 840Electrode troubleshooting, 302Electrodes, pH adjustment, 291Electroless plating solutions, 531Electrolyte, 287, 328Electromagnetic flowmeter, 235Elements

control systems, 298measuring, 645primary and secondary, 221–235

Emergency conditions, adsorption, 506Emergency procedures

electric shock, 685planning, 719, 867

Employers, operators, 5, 9Emulsion, 260Energy grade line, 219Energy requirements, pumps, 759, 782, 786Enforcement, 160Entrain, 703Equalization of flows

basins, 244, 260, 261–267benefits, 259collection system, 260construction, tanks, 265controls, flow, 266flows, 44location, 260manufacturing process, 261mixing, 265need, 257operation strategy, 266pumps, 266sizing tank, 261–265

Index 955

Equalization of flows (continued)strategy, operation, 266tanks, 244, 260, 261–267volume, 261–265when, 257

Equalization, pH adjustment, 294Equipment

air stripping, 491calibration, 652carbon adsorption, 496chemical treatment, 342–358records, 749, 750, 826, 827, 828service card, 749, 750test, 652

Equipment storage, 179Equivalence point, 288Errors, pH adjustment, 294Etching and chemical milling, 58Excavations, 696Exemptions

domestic sewage, 102on-site treatment, 102

Exfiltration, 49Exothermic, 531Explosive gases, 678, 682, 710, 711Eye protection, 713, 714

F

Face shield, 708, 713Face velocity, 293Failure, motors, 806, 807, 820–826Fall arrest system, 676, 706Falling hazards, 630Federal pollution control regulations, 81Federal Register, 81Federal statutes, 101–104

Also see RegulationsFeedback control, 295, 296Feed equipment, chemical, 342–358Feed forward control, 295Feeler gauge, alignment, 814Felony criminal actions, 100Ferric chloride, 328Film badges, 682Filter aid, 408Filter backwash, flows, 246Filter feed pumps, 418Filter press, 569Filters, gravity

abnormal operation, 408alarms, 406backwashing, 396, 400, 402, 404, 406description, 395drain, backwash, 400effluent rate control valve, 405

head loss, 396, 405inlet, 400instrumentation, 405–406log, operation, 413media, 400methods, 396mudballs, 400operation, 406–413parts, 400–405plans, 414rapid sand filter, 396, 402rate control valve, 405safety, 414scouring, media, 400shutdown, 412specifications, 414strategy, 410systems, 395totalizer, 405troubleshooting, 412troughs, 400turbidity, 405types, 396underdrains, 400, 403wash water troughs, 400

Filters, membraneSee Membrane filtration

Filters, pressureabnormal operation, 426, 427backwash, 423–425chemical feed, 418decant tank, 425facilities, 416–425filter feed pumps, 418filters, 422holding tank, 416maintenance, 426, 428operation, 426plans, 429pumps, 418recovery, backwash, 425safety, 427specifications, 429strategy, 426use, 416, 417wet well, 416

Filters, upflowabnormal operation, 440coagulation, 436equipment, 433–436flocculation, 436maintenance, 440, 443, 444metering, flow, 436metering, turbidity, 433–436operation, 436–440plans, 445


Filters, upflow (continued)safety, 445specifications, 445strategy, 439turbidity metering, 433–436use, 430

Filtrationabnormal operation, 408, 426, 427, 440alarms, 406backwashing, 396, 400, 402, 404, 406, 423–425chemical feed, 418decant tank, 425description, 395differential pressure, 399drain, backwash, 400effluent rate control valve, 405equipment, upflow, 433–436feed pumps, 418gravity filters, 395–415head loss, 396, 405holding tank, 416inlet, 400instrumentation, 405–406maintenance, 426, 428, 440, 443, 444media, 400membrane filtration

See Membrane filtrationmethods, 396mudballs, 400, 426, 427operation, 406–413, 426, 436–440, 456–463parts, 400–405, 430, 431plans, 414, 429, 445pressure, differential, 399pumps, pressure filters, 418rapid sand filter, 396, 402rate control valve, 405recovery, backwash, 425safety, 414, 427, 445, 463scouring, media, 400shutdown, 412specifications, 414, 429, 445strategy, 410, 426, 439systems, 395totalizer, 405troubleshooting, 412troughs, 400turbidity, 405, 410, 433–436types, 395underdrains, 400, 403wash water troughs, 400wet well, 416Also see Filters, gravity; Filters, pressure; Filters, upflow; and

Membrane filtrationFinal element, pH adjustment, 299

Fine screens, 273–282, 283Fines, administrative, 100Fire, 714, 715Fire control, safety, 715Fire drills, 719Fire extinguishers, 701, 714, 715, 719, 862First aid, 598First-aid kit, 862Fish, 36Fixed beds, carbon adsorption, 497Flame polished, 713Flame trap, anaerobic digester, 706Flammables, sewers, 49Float control, 775, 831, 840Float mechanism, level measurement, 775, 831, 840Float switches, 775, 831, 840Floats

flow measurement, 230, 231level, 634

Flocculation, 299, 321, 358, 359, 436Flow equalization

industrial wastes, 180See Equalization of flows

Flow measurementaccuracies, 240–244acoustic flow measurement, 238activated sludge, 244–246basics, 217–221bubblers, 232calibration, 240, 241, 243capacitance strips, 233chemical feed, 246Cipolletti weir, 223closed channel flow, 218, 233–238comparative depth measurements, 240–242comparisons, 243, 244cylinder, calibration, 243Dall flow tube, 235devices, 218differential pressure devices, 233, 234discharge, weir, 221displaced volume meter, 235, 237doppler methods, 238dye dilution method, 242effluent, 243electrical capacitance strips, 233electromagnetic flowmeter, 235elements, primary and secondary, 221–235equalization basin, 244filter backwash, 246floats, 230, 231flow nozzles, 226, 228, 233flumes, 218, 220, 224–226gauges, 230, 231

Index 957

Flow measurement (continued)head, 218hydraulic calibration, 240influent, 243instrument calibration, 240Kennison nozzle, 226, 228low flow measurements, 238magnetic flowmeter, 235mechanical flow devices, 235need, 217nozzles, flow, 226, 228, 233open channel flow, 218, 221–233operation and maintenance, 226–230orifice plate, 218, 234, 235Palmer-Bowlus flume, 226, 227, 241Parshall flume, 224, 225, 241pipe flow, 218, 233–238pressure pipe flow, 218, 233, 234pressure transducers, 233primary elements, 221–230primary sludge, 244propeller meter, 238, 239return activated sludge, 245rotameter, 235, 236secondary elements/devices, 230–235staff gauge, 230, 231stilling well, 230, 231stormwater, 238submerged pressure transducers, 233transducers, pressure, 233transit time flow measurement, 238ultrasonic devices, 232velocity meter, 235Venturi nozzle, 218, 233, 234very low flow measurements, 238waste activated sludge, 245weirs, 218, 220, 221–224well, stilling, 230

Flow measurement (rate and total), 636Flow measurement/totalization, 566, 582–584Flow nozzles, 226, 228, 233, 583Flow regulation, 175, 180Flowmeters, level measurement, 775Fluid milk processing, 133–134Fluidized, filter, 424Flumes, 218, 220, 224–226, 583Flux decline, 466Flux, membranes

concentration dependent, 456membrane, 453water measurements, 461

Flux, reverse osmosis, 465, 466Foam control, surface-active agents, 711Foaming, safety hazard, 711

Foot valves, 833Fouling

carbon adsorption, 507membranes, 456pH sensors, 293

Free oil, 458Fuels, safety, 710Fume hood, 713Fumes, 678, 681, 682, 709, 711, 713Fundamentally different factors (FDF), 97Fuses, 781, 796, 798

G

Gas, detection, 862Gas extraction, 139Gases

characteristics, 678explosive, 678, 682, 710, 711explosive range, 678safe exposure, 678, 681testing methods, 678toxic, 678, 681, 682, 709, 711, 713

Gasket, pump, 835Gasoline, 182Gasoline vapors, 678, 681, 682Gate valves, 850–853Gauges, flow measurement, 230, 231Gear pump, 348Gear reducer, 835Generation of wastewater, 39, 44, 54–62Generators, 867Gland

pump, 758, 781, 784, 786valve, 853

Gold wastestreams, 532Good housekeeping

management responsibilities, 675, 718safety, 701, 702, 704, 710

Grab samples, 162, 580Gravimetric belt chemical feeder, 353Gravity filters, 395–415

Also see Filters, gravityGreasing, pump, 839Grit channels, 703Grit, pumps, 753Ground, 801Grounds, maintenance, 751

H

Handling of chemicals, 597Hardness number, 515Harness, safety, 676, 679, 862


Hazard communication, 103Hazard communication program, 721–729Hazardous chemicals and wastes, safety, 595Hazardous waste

disposal reports, 96monitoring, 160regulations, 104

HazardsSee Safety hazards

Head, flow measurement, 218Head loss

carbon adsorption, 507gravity filter, 396, 405

Headworks, 701Health effects

acute, 35, 532chronic, 35, 532organic wastes, 532

Hearing protection devices, 688Heat exchanger, anaerobic digester, 704Heated wastewaters, sewers, 50Heating (drying sludge), 574Heavy metal removal, pH adjustment, 301Hepatitis, 29, 676Hexavalent chromium, 532, 547High-temperature waste, 182High-velocity pressure units, 866History, pollution control regulations, 81Holding tank, filters, 416Hollow fiber membranes, 449Hood, fume, 713Housekeeping

management responsibilities, 675, 718safety, 701, 702, 704, 710

Hydraulic calibration, flowmeters, 240Hydraulic capacity, 47, 50Hydraulic grade line, 219Hydraulic jump, 226, 711Hydraulic loading

carbon adsorption, 505dissolved air flotation (DAF) thickeners, 369, 373

Hydraulic shock load, 183Hydrocarbons, 182Hydrogen peroxide, odor control

See Chapter 1, ADVANCED WASTE TREATMENTHydrogen sulfide

hazards, 29industrial wastes, 159monitor, 678problems, 29safety hazard, 678, 681, 701, 711

Hydrolysis, 469, 473Hydroxide precipitation, metals, 534–536, 538–541, 551Hygiene, safety considerations, 676Hygroscopic, 598

I

IDLH, 584IDLH (Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health), 708Imbalance, voltage, 808, 810Imhoff cone, 30Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health (IDLH), 708Immiscible, solvents, 49Immunization shots, 676Impacts of waste discharges

algae, 32human health, 29nutrients, 30odors, 28oxygen depletion, 28pathogenic bacteria, 29sludge and scum, 28toxic substances, 30

Impellers, 753, 759, 761, 762, 763, 764, 766, 782, 784, 833Incineration, 492Incline screw pumps, 768, 769Indicators, instruments, 645Industrial pretreatment categories, 89, 93Industrial use of water, 36Industrial waste monitoring

accidental discharge, 201administration, 160battery charging, 179, 206care of monitoring equipment, 166chain of custody, 172characteristics of industrial wastes, 159charging batteries, 179, 206composite samples, 163confined spaces, 179continuous monitoring, 161database, 160dealing with industry, 161enforcement, 160equipment storage, 179flow metering, 175flows, regulation, 180grab samples, 162hazardous wastes, 160hydrogen sulfide, 159identifying waste materials, 171importance, 159labeling samples, 172locating sources of discharges, 171maintenance, 170monitoring, 161, 179need, 159objectives, 159odors, 159ordinance, sewer-use, 197Palmer-Bowlus flume, 163, 175

Index 959

Industrial waste monitoring (continued)Parshall flume, 175permit, sewer-use, 187portable sampling equipment, 163preservation of samples, 171, 173pretreatment inspection, 161records, 201refractory materials, 160regulation of high flows, 180representative samples, 162safety, 175, 206sample preservation and security, 171sampling points, 162security of samples, 171self-monitoring, 161sewer service charges, 160sewer-use ordinance, 160, 197sewer-use permit, 187shock loads, 159slug discharge, 171, 192standard industrial classification, 160storage of equipment, 179storage time and temperature of samples, 171strategy for monitoring, 179thermal wastes, 159toxic wastes, 159traffic safety, 175warning systems, 181water meters, 175

Industrial waste treatment, safety, 681, 682, 710, 711Industrial waste treatment system, 40Industrial wastes

need to treat, 32, 33reasons for treatment, 33types, 28

Industrial wastewatersacid, 182caustic, 182collection system effects, 47–50color, 182compatible pollutants, 38, 42concentrated solutions, 42dilute solutions, 42discharges, 44, 45effects, 46–53effluent effects, 53frequency, 44gasoline, 182generation of wastewater, 39, 44, 54–62grease, 183heavy metals, 183high temperature, 182hydraulic shock load, 183hydrocarbons, 182importance, 38–41

industrial waste treatment system, 40interference, 42, 51intermittent discharges, 45maintenance activities, 40manufacturing processes, 39, 54–62metal finishing, 54–60metals, 183nitrogen, 183noncompatible pollutants, 38, 42nutrients, 183odors, 183oil, 183operator’s responsibility, 46organic solids, 182POTW, effects on, 53pathogens, 183pesticides, 183phosphorus, 183pollutants, 42printed circuit board manufacturing, 60–62, 63radioactive wastes, 183references, 62responsibility, operator’s, 46sludge disposal, effects on, 53solids, 182solvent, 182tastes, 183thermal waste, 182toxic substances, 183treatment system, effects on, 50–54turbidity, 182variables, 42–46wastestreams, 42–46wastewater generation, 39, 44, 54–62

Infections, 676Infectious diseases, 676Infectious hepatitis, 29Infiltration, 49Influent, flow measurement, 243Inlet, gravity filter, 400Inorganic compounds, in wastewater, 31Inorganic wastes, 28Inspection of facilities, 751Instrument calibration, flowmeters, 240Instrumentation

air supply, 650alarms, 649Bourdon tube, 630bubbler, 633, 635calibration, equipment, 652categories, 645chemical feed rate, 641computerization, 655control systems, 621–630controllers, 649, 650


Instrumentation (continued)electrical hazards, 628electrical symbols, 616–620elements, measuring, 645floats, 634flow measurements (rate and total), 636gravity filter, 405–406indicators, 645laboratory, 652level measurement, 632–635maintenance, 656–660measurement systems, 621, 622, 630–642measuring elements, 645mechanical hazards, 629microprocessors, 656motor control panel, 625operation and maintenance, 656–660orifice plate, 640, 641panel instruments, 645pneumatic hazards, 629pressure measurements, 630probes, 633, 634process analytical instrumentation, 642recorders, 646rotameter, 636safety, 628–630sensors/transducers, 630–642shutdown, 657–659start-up, 657–659symbols, 616–620test equipment, 652totalizers, 646transducers, 630–642Venturi meter, 640, 641VOM (Volt-Ohm-Milliammeter), 652, 654

Instrumentation and controls, 560–568, 592Insulation

materials, 806, 807motors, 806, 807

Insulators, 791Interference, 42, 51Intermittent discharges, 45Iodine number, 496, 515Ion, 286Ion exchange, 553–557Ion exchange troubleshooting, 555–557Iron salts, 324, 325, 328

J

Jar test, 331–341, 408Jobs for operators

duties, 5locations, 5opportunities, 9

Jogging, 823

K

Kennison nozzle, 226, 228

L

Labeling samples, 172Labels, chemicals, 722, 723, 727, 728Laboratory equipment

breathing apparatus, self-contained, 719face shield, 708, 713

Laboratory hazardshydrogen sulfide, 678, 681, 701, 711tetanus, 676

Laboratory, instrumentation, 652Laboratory procedures, carbon adsorption, 515Laboratory safety

face shield, 708, 713tetanus, 676

Lagoons, safety, 707Lamella settler, 541–543Land use ordinances, 101Landscaping, 751Lantern ring, 831, 833Launders, 436Let’s Build a Pump, 754Level controls, 567Level measurement instruments, 632–635Library, plant, 752Lifeline, 676Lift stations, 701, 867Lifting, safe practices, 695Lime, chemical treatment, 328, 344Lipophilic, 53Livestock watering, 36Loading of material and product, 118Local

limits, 92ordinances, 98Also see Ordinances, local

Location, flow equalization, 260Lockout tag, 685, 702, 788, 789, 831, 832Lockout/tagout procedures, 685Log

chemical feeder, 356, 357filter operation, 413

Low flow measurements, 238Lower explosive limit, 682, 683, 701, 710Lubrication, 756, 768, 774, 775, 782, 817, 820, 831, 839, 841,

843, 845, 847, 853

M

MSDS (Material Safety Data Sheet), 340, 414, 681, 710, 712,723–725, 777, 865

Magnetic flowmeter, 235, 583, 584

Index 961

Magnetic starters, 810Maintenance

activities, 40air stripping, 493chemical treatment, 374electric motors, 775, 803–826, 841–843electrical equipment, 788–803flowmeters, 226–230mechanical seals, 768, 773, 831metal wastestreams, 590motors, 803–826, 841–843pH adjustment, 302pressure filters, 426, 428pumps, 829screens, 282–284upflow filters, 440, 443, 444valves, 833, 835, 838, 839, 850, 853, 855–859

Maintenance activities, 40Maintenance, instruments, 656–660Maintenance program, pump, 830Management support, 118Manholes, 689, 695Manometer, flow measurements, 235Manufacture of carbon, 495Manufacturing process

flow equalization, 261troubleshooting pH changes, 304

Manufacturing processes, 39, 54–62Map, polymer, 329, 330Mass-based standards, 93Mass emission rate, 43Material distribution systems, 118Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS), 340, 414, 681, 710, 712,

723–725, 777, 865Material storage and loading, 118Materials, membrane, 449Mean, 259Measurement electrode, 291Measurement of gases, 678, 679, 680, 681, 682, 683, 703Measurement systems, 621, 622, 630–642Measuring elements, 645Meat packing, beef, 135Mechanical bar screen, 269Mechanical equipment

axial flow pumps, 759, 766centrifugal pumps, 753, 759, 761–767, 783, 830electric motors, 775, 803–826, 841–843electrical controls, 775incline screw pumps, 768, 769lubrication, 756, 847multi-stage pumps, 759operation, 774, 782piston pumps, 759, 786, 835, 838pneumatic ejectors, 768, 772, 839positive displacement pump, 759, 786, 835, 838progressive cavity pumps, 768, 770, 771, 786, 839

propeller pumps, 759, 765, 766, 839pump-driving equipment, 775radial flow pumps, 759, 766reciprocating pumps, 759, 786, 835, 838repair shop, 753screw-flow pumps, 768, 770, 771, 786shutdown, 775, 782, 784, 786single-stage pumps, 759, 767sludge pump, 759, 786, 835, 838start-up, 759, 774, 781, 782, 785submersible pump, 759, 764troubleshooting, 777–782, 845turbine pumps, 759, 767vertical wet well pump, 759, 767wet well pump, 759, 764, 767, 783, 784Also see Mechanical maintenance, Meter maintenance, and

chapters 12 (607–664) and 14 (739–875)Mechanical flow devices, 235Mechanical hazards, 629Mechanical maintenance

air chamber, 835, 838air gap separation systems, 862, 863alignment, 756, 782, 814, 815, 816, 831, 847, 848ball valves, 835, 838bearings, 831, 839, 841, 843belt drives, 843–844, 845, 846capacity, pump, 759, 833centrifugal pumps, 783, 830chain drives, 844change oil, 835, 845check valves, 783, 833, 839, 853, 854cleaning pump, 831connecting rods, 835, 838, 839controls, 831couplings, 756, 769, 782, 846, 847, 848dehumidifiers, 862draining pump, 775, 785, 834eccentric, 835, 838efficiency, pump, 833ejectors, 768, 772, 839electric motors, 775, 803–826, 841–843electrode switches, 840equipment service card, 749, 750float switches, 831, 840frequency of service, 749gaskets, 835gate valves, 850–853gear, reducer, 835greasing, 839impeller, 833lantern ring, 831, 833lubrication, 756, 768, 774, 775, 782, 817, 820, 831, 839,

841, 843, 845, 847, 853mechanical seals, 831noises, 782, 835, 841, 845, 847oil change, 835, 845


Mechanical maintenance (continued)packing, 770, 781, 782, 786, 830, 831, 833, 834, 836–837,

838, 839, 850, 851piston pumps, 835, 838plug valves, 853, 855–859plunger pumps, 835, 838pneumatic ejectors, 768, 772, 839positive displacement pumps, 835, 838preventive maintenance, 830, 865progressive cavity pumps, 839propeller pumps, 839pumps, general, 830reciprocating pumps, 835, 838reducer, gear, 835rings, pump, 757, 761, 782, 784, 831, 833rods, 835, 838, 839safety equipment, 862seals, 768, 773, 782, 783, 784, 785, 830, 831, 833service record card, 749, 750shear pins, 835, 849sludge pump, 835, 838sluice gates, 853, 860, 861stuffing box, 758, 761, 831, 850, 851, 852switches, 775, 831, 840TDH, 833total dynamic head, 833troubleshooting, 777–782, 845valve chamber gasket, 835valves, 833, 835, 838, 839, 850, 853, 855–859variable-speed belt drives, 845vibrations, 783, 785, 817, 841, 847water seal, 831, 833wearing rings, 757, 761, 782, 784, 833

Mechanical operation, troubleshooting pH adjustment, 302,303

Mechanical seals, 768, 773, 831Media, gravity filter, 400Megger, 794Megohm, 794Membrane filtration (cross flow)

cleaning procedures, 460concentrating components, 453configurations, membranes, 449elements of membrane process, 453feed pretreatment, 458flux, concentration dependent, 456flux, membrane, 453flux, water measurements, 461fouling, 456hollow fiber membranes, 449materials, membrane, 449membrane life, 449microfiltration, 447nanofiltration, 449operation, 456–463permeate, 453

plate and frame membranes, 452pressure, transmembrane, 455pretreatment, feed, 458recirculation flow, 455recordkeeping, 463reverse osmosis, 449safety, 463sampling, 462spiral membranes, 451temperature, 456transmembrane pressure, 455tubular membranes, 449types, 447ultrafiltraton, 447

Membrane life, 449Membranes

performance, 465properties, 465reverse osmosis, 463, 465, 466

Mercaptans, 47Metal fabrication, 136–137Metal finishing, 54–60, 120, 137–138Metal finishing standards, 92Metal removal, 301Metal salts, 324, 325, 328Metal wastestreams

air drying, 574bag filters, 569batch processes, 527, 533–536calibration of probes, 564centrifuges, 568chelating agents, 531, 532chromium, 532cleaning probes, 560common metals removal, 538–541complexed metals removal, 546continuous processes, 533–536controllers, programmable, 567controls, 560–568current measurement, 567cyanide, 532, 549–552cyanide destruction, 549–552dewatering, sludge, 568–574dilute rinse waters, 532drag out, 528drying sludge, 574electroless plating solutions, 531filter press, 569first aid, 598flow measurement/totalization, 566, 582–584gold wastestreams, 532handling of chemicals, 597hazardous chemicals and wastes, safety, 595heating (drying sludge), 574hexavalent chromium, 532, 547hydroxide precipitation, 534–536, 538–541, 551

Index 963

Metal wastestreams (continued)instrumentation and controls, 560–568, 592ion exchange, 553–557Lamella settler, 541–543level controls, 567maintenance, 590metallic sludge dewatering, 568–574methods of treatment, 527neutralization, 537–538normal operation, 577–590ORP probes, 560–566, 592oily waste removal, 557operation, 576–590organically contaminated wastewaters, 532organics, toxic, 558pH adjustment, 537–538pH probes, 560–566, 591pickle, 533precious metals recovery, 553–557preservation of samples, 580probes, 560–566, 591, 592processes, treatment, 533–558programmable controllers, 567pumps, 585–590, 593reduction of hexavalent chromium, 547representative sampling, 579resistance measurements, 567reverse osmosis, 555rinse waters, 530, 532safety, 549, 590, 595–600sampling, 579–581sampling devices, 580sand filter, 545silver wastestreams, 532sludge dewatering, 568–574sludge drying, 574solvent control, 558source control, 528sources, 528spare parts inventory, 591spent baths, 531storage and handling of chemicals, 597sulfide precipitation, 546toxic organics, 558treatment processes, 533–558troubleshooting probes, 565troubleshooting processes, 591–595vacuum drying of sludge, 574vacuum filters, 569ventilation and exhaust systems, 584voltage measurements, 567waste minimization, 528wastestream types, 531–533

Metallic sludge dewatering, 568–574Metals, 183Meters, electrical, 791–795

Methane gas, 678, 704Methylene blue number, 516Microfiltration, 447Micron, 273, 322, 496Microprocessors, 656Milk processing, 133–134Mineral rejection, 466, 467, 468Miscible, solvents, 40Misdemeanor criminal actions, 100Mixing

flow equalization, 265pH adjustment, 296

Moisture, carbon adsorption, 516Molasses number, 496, 516Monitoring, industrial wastes

accidental discharge, 201acids, 159alkalies, 159collection system, 159corrosion, 159cyanide, 159flammable materials, 159hazardous wastes, 160hydrogen sulfide, 159labeling samples, 171, 172Palmer-Bowlus flume, 163, 175Parshall flume, 175records, 201refractory materials, 160sewer service charges, 160sewer-use ordinance, 160, 197slug discharge, 171, 192standard industrial classification, 160thermal wastes, 159

Monitoring, TTO, 94Mother circuit board, 593Motor control center, 802Motor control panel, 625Motor protection devices, 796, 800, 801Motor, pump, 785Motors

alignment, 814, 815, 816contacts, 810–813electric, 775, 803–826, 841–843failure, 806, 807, 820–826humming, 841induction, 825insulation, 806, 807lubrication, 817, 820performance, 818–819pump, 785records, 826, 828rotation, 817safety, 813starters, 810–813temperature limits, 785, 807


Motors (continued)troubleshooting, 820–826types, 803vibrations, 817, 841, 847

Moving bed, carbon adsorption, 497Mudballs, 400, 426, 427Multimeter, 791, 792Multi-stage pumps, 759

N

NFPA 820 (National Fire Protection Association Standard820), 684, 704

NPDES permit program, 83NPDES permits, 85, 416Nameplate, 355, 790, 803Nanofiltration, 449Nanofiltration, reverse osmosis, 469Naphtha, 711Nappe, 221, 222, 224National Fire Protection Association Standard 820 (NFPA

820), 684, 704National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System

permits, 85Natural purification, 5, 32Nephelometric, 436Net gross calculations, 97Neutralization, 285, 537–538Neutralizing reagents, 286Nitrogen, cycle, 32Nitrogen, industrial wastes, 183Noise, safety, 685Noisy chain drive, 845Noisy electric motor, 841Noisy pump, 782, 835Noncategorical industries, local limits, 92Noncompatible pollutants, 38, 42Nonsparking tools, 704Normal operation, metals treatment, 577–590Notification of changed discharge, 96Nozzles, flow, 226, 228, 233, 583Nuclear power plants, 28Nutrient cycle, 32Nutrients, 30, 183

O

O & M (Operation and Maintenance) manual, 752ORP, 51, 301ORP probes, 560–566, 592OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Act), 179, 677, 688OSHA regulations, 103Objectives

maintenance, 745safety, 670

Observations, dissolved air flotation (DAF) thickeners, 373Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA), 179, 677, 688

Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) regulations, 103Odors

industrial wastes, 159, 183sewers, 47

Ohmmeter, 794Ohm’s Law, 790Oil and gas extracting, 139Oil change, pump, 835Oily waste removal, 557Olfactory fatigue, 681On-site treatment exemption, 102Open channel flow, 218, 221–233Open impeller, 763Operation

air stripping, 492carbon adsorption, 505chemical treatment, 355, 358, 374–377dissolved air flotation (DAF) thickeners, 369, 372gravity filters, 406–413instrumentation, 656–660membranes, 456–463metals treatment, 576–590pressure filters, 426pumps, 774, 782sludge thickeners, 371upflow filters, 436–440

Operating practices, pollution prevention, 117Operation and maintenance (O & M) manuals, 752Operation and maintenance, flowmeters, 226–230Operation guidelines, dissolved air flotation (DAF) thickeners,

369, 372Operation strategy, flow equalization, 266Operational strategy

industrial waste monitoring, 180monitoring programs, 179

Operatoradministrator, 8duties, 5employers, 5, 9employment, 5, 9job duties, 5job locations, 5job opportunities, 9pay, 5public relations, 8qualifications, 6, 7safety, 9training, 6, 10, 721, 728

Operator’s responsibility, 46Operator’s role, pollution prevention, 116Opportunities, pollution prevention, 117–119Ordinance, sewer-use, 197Ordinances, local

building codes, 101land use, 101underground tank, 101wastewater, 98–100

Index 965

Ordinances, sanitary sewer, 100Organic compounds in wastewater, 31Organic loading or overloads

See specific process of interestOrganic, wastes, 182Organically contaminated wastewaters, 532Organics

total toxic, 94toxic, 558volatile, 489

Orifice plate, 218, 234, 235, 424, 583, 584, 640, 641Osmosis, 463, 464Overload protection, 796Oxidation, chemical, pH adjustment, 301Oxidation-reduction potential (ORP), 51, 301Oxygen consuming wastes, 36Oxygen deficiency/enrichment, 675, 676, 678, 681Oxygen depletion, 28

P

PLC (programmable logic controller), 458, 812POTW, 7, 33

effects, wastestreams, 53facilities, 98

Packed tower, air stripping, 489Packing, 770, 781, 782, 786, 830, 831, 833, 834, 836–837,

838, 839, 850, 851Paint, building and equipment, 750Paints, 129Palmer-Bowlus flume, 163, 175, 226, 227, 241, 583Panel instruments, 645Parshall flume, 175, 224, 225, 241, 583Pathogens, 183Pay for operators, 5Penalties, administrative fines, 100Permeability constants, 466Permeate, 453, 466Permeate projections, computerized, 470, 471Permit, confined space entry, 680Permit, sewer-use, 187Permits, effluent discharge, 85Permits NPDES, 83, 416Personal hygiene, 676Personal training, 6Pesticides, 129, 183Petroleum refining, 140–145pH

adjustment, 285–304, 537–538definition, 30probes, 290–294, 560–566, 591problems, sewers, 48safety, 712

pH adjustmentabsorption, alkaline buffers, 293acidity error, 294alkalinity error, 294

biological treatment, 300chemicals used, 287control system, 298–299controller, 298dead time, 296definition, 286discharge, 300electrode troubleshooting, 302electrodes, 291elements, 298equalization, 294errors, 294face velocity, 293feedback control, 295, 296feed forward control, 295final element, 299fouling, 293heavy metal removal, 301maintenance, 302manufacturing process changes, troubleshooting, 304measurement electrode, 291mechanical operation, troubleshooting, 302, 303metal removal, 301mixing, 296need, 285oxidation, 301primary element, 298reduction, 301reference electrode, 291residence time, 296response time, 293sensors, 290–294strategy, 294temperature, 293titration curves, 287, 288, 290transmitter, 298troubleshooting, 302–304velocity, face, 293

pH controlSee pH adjustment

pH, effects on, reverse osmosis, 469, 473pH probes, 290–294, 560–566, 591Phosgene, 711Phosphate monitoring, 340Phosphorus, industrial wastewaters, 183Photo processing, 146Physical injuries, 676Physical treatment, clarification

equipment, 358–366operation, 374–377safety, 377troubleshooting, 377, 378

Physical treatment processesSee Air stripping, Carbon adsorption, Filtration

Pickle, 533Pipe flow measurements, 218, 233–238Piping, maintenance, 865


Piston pumps, 759, 786, 835, 838Pitot tube, 584Plans

carbon adsorption, 510gravity filters, 414pressure filters, 429upflow filters, 445

Plans and specificationselectrical systems, 867equipment, 867lift stations, 867pump stations, 867safety, 720

Plant, appearance, 751Plate and frame membranes, 452Plug valves, 853, 855–859Plugged screens, carbon adsorption, 507Plugging sewers, 47Plunger pumps, 348, 835, 838Pneumatic ejectors, 768, 772, 839Pneumatic hazards, 629Pocket dosimeter, 682Polarization, concentration, 456Pole shader, 823Policy, safety, 720Polio, 29Polishing process, chemical treatment, 322, 323Pollutants

conventional, 116priority toxic, 90

Pollutants from wastestreams, 42Pollution

solids, 36visible, 36water, 7

Pollution control regulations, 81Pollution prevention

audits, 118benefits, 117checklists, 120, 123–150chemical formulating, 121, 129chemical manufacturing, 124–128cost savings, 117dairy processing, 130–131dry cleaning, 132economics, 117fluid milk processing, 133–134gas extraction, 139industry specific, 120loading of material and product, 118management support, 118material distribution systems, 118material storage and loading, 118material substitution, 118meat packing, beef, 135metal fabrication, 136–137metal finishing, 120, 137–138milk processing, 133–134

oil and gas extraction, 139operating practices, 117operator’s role, 27, 116opportunities, 117–119paints, 129pesticides, 129petroleum refining, 140–145photo processing, 146printed circuit board manufacturing, 146–147printing, 148process modification, 119process operations, 118product reformulation, 119product storage and loading, 118pulp and paper manufacturing, Kraft segment, 149radiator repair, 150raw material purchasing, 118reformulation of product, 119regulatory requirements, 116segregation of wastes, 118storage of material and product, 118strategy, 115walk-through, 120waste segregation, 118

Polyelectrolyte, 328, 408, 419Polymer, 324, 325, 347, 416, 419, 436, 709Polymer map, 329, 330Polymeric flocculants, 328Ponds, safety, 707Portable generators, 867Portable samplers, 163Positive displacement pumps

sludge, 759, 786, 835, 838wastewater, 759, 786, 835, 838

Potable water, 716, 862Potting compounds, 449, 564Power

requirements, 791supply, 818–819

Power outage, 867Power, pump, 759, 782, 786Precious metals recovery, 553–557Precipitate, 287, 324Preliminary treatment, 257Preserving samples, 171, 173, 580Pressure cleaning pipelines, 865, 866Pressure measurements, 630Pressure pipe flow measurement, 218, 233, 234Pressure, transmembrane, 455Pretreatment, 249–308

application, 93–97categorical standards, 88–97feed, 458general regulations, 84industrial, 33industrial categories, 89, 93industrial wastes, 198inspection, 161

Index 967

Pretreatment, 249–308 (continued)metal finishing standards, 92prohibited discharge standards, 87regulation development, 91regulations, 84, 92, 93–97standards, 92, 93Also see Chapter 4, OPERATION OF WASTEWATER

TREATMENT PLANTS, Volume IPreventing wastes

See Pollution preventionPreventive maintenance

program, 749, 830, 865records, 749variable-speed AC motors, 777

Primary element, pH adjustment, 298Primary elements, 221–230Primary sludge flow measurement, 244Prime, centrifugal pump, 757, 758, 775, 782, 783, 785Printed circuit board manufacturing, 60–62, 63, 146–147Printing, 148Priority toxic pollutants, 90Probes, 290–294, 560–566, 591, 592Probes, electrical, 633, 634Process analytical instrumentation, 642Process modification, waste reduction, 119Process operations, waste reduction, 118Processes, treatment, metals, 533–558Product recovery, air stripping, 492Product reformulation, 119Product storage and loading, 118Programmable controllers, 567Programmable logic controller (PLC), 458, 812Programs

NPDES permit, 83National pretreatment, 83, 84

Progressive cavity pumps, 768, 770, 771, 786, 839Prohibited discharge standards, 87Propeller meter, 238, 239, 583, 584Propeller pumps, 759, 765, 766, 839Protection devices, motor, 796, 800, 801Protective clothing, 676, 679, 682, 688, 707, 710, 713, 714,

720, 862Protective coating, 709Prussian blue, 853Public relations, 8, 750, 751, 752Publicly Owned Treatment Works (POTW), 7, 33Pulp and paper manufacturing, Kraft segment, 149Pump capacity, 759, 833Pumping stations, 701, 867Pumps and pump parts

air chamber, 835, 838alignment, 756, 782, 831, 847, 848axial flow, 759, 766ball valves, 835, 838bearings, 753, 756, 761, 762, 764, 765, 767, 768, 769, 774,

775, 785, 831, 834, 839belts, 782, 843–844, 845, 846capacity, 759, 833

casing, 753, 757, 761, 762cavitation, 760centrifugal, 753, 759, 761–767, 783, 830chemical feed, 348, 349, 350circuit breakers, 795, 796, 797, 798–801cleaning pump, 831connecting rods, 835, 838, 839coupling, 756, 769, 782, 846, 847, 848cross connections, 716, 830description, 753discharge, 753, 759, 782, 783, 784, 786, 839drain, 775, 785, 834draining pumps, 775, 785, 834driving equipment, 775eccentric, 835, 838electric motors, 776, 803–826energy, 759, 782, 786flow equalization, 266friction, 759fuses, 781gasket, 835gear reducer, 835general, 753, 830gland, 758, 781, 784, 786greasing, 839head, 758impeller, 753, 759, 761, 762, 763, 764, 766, 782, 784, 833incline screw, 768, 769lantern ring, 831, 833Let’s Build a Pump, 754lubrication, 756, 768, 774, 775, 782, 831, 839, 853maintenance, 829metal treatment, 585–590, 593motor, 785multi-stage, 759noisy, 782, 835oil change, 835operation, 774, 782packing, 770, 781, 782, 786, 830, 831, 833, 834, 836–837,

838, 839plunger, 835, 838pneumatic ejectors, 768, 772, 839positive displacement, 759, 786, 835, 838power, 759, 782, 786pressure filters, 418prime, 757, 758, 775, 782, 783, 785progressive cavity, 768, 770, 771, 786, 839propeller, 759, 765, 766, 839pump-driving equipment, 775radial flow, 759, 766reciprocating, 759, 786, 835, 838records, 826, 827reducer, gear, 835repair shop, 753rings, 757, 761, 782, 784, 831, 833rods, 835, 838, 839rotation, 775, 782rotor, 768, 770, 776


Pumps and pump parts (continued)screw-flow, 768, 770, 771, 786seal cage, 758seals, 768, 773, 782, 783, 784, 785, 830, 831, 833shaft, 753, 754, 761, 762, 781, 782shear pin, 835, 849shutdown, 775, 782, 784, 786single-stage, 759, 767sleeves, 754sludge pump, 759, 786, 835, 838start-up, 759, 774, 781, 782, 785stator, 768, 770, 786stuffing boxes, 758, 761, 831submersible pump, 759, 764suction, 753, 756, 759, 782, 784, 786troubleshooting, 781turbine pumps, 759, 767valve chamber gasket, 835vanes, 753vertical wet well, 759, 767vibrations, 783, 785volute, 753, 783, 784, 785wearing rings, 757, 761, 782, 784, 833wet well pumps, 759, 764, 767, 783, 784

Q

Qualifications for jobs, 6, 7

R

RCRA, 86, 101Radial flow pumps, 759, 766Radiator repair, 150Radioactive contamination, 35Radioactive wastes, 28, 183Radiological hazards, 682Rapid sand filter, 396, 402Rate control valve, gravity filters, 405Rate-of-flow controller, 423Raw material purchasing, 118Raw sludge, pumps, 753Raw wastewater, pumps, 753Reactivation of carbon, 508Reagent, 56Reagents, neutralizing, 286Receiving waters

algae, 32definition, 7human health, 29nutrients, 30odors, 28oxygen depletion, 28pathogenic bacteria, 29sludge and scum, 28toxic substances, 30

Reciprocating pumps, 759, 786, 835, 838Recirculation flow, membranes, 455Recorders, instrumentation, 646Recordkeeping

electrical equipment, 826, 827, 828membranes, 463motors, 826, 828preventive maintenance, 749pumps, 826, 827

Recovery, backwash, 425Recovery, reverse osmosis, 469Recreation, 35Recycle, 115Reduction, chemical, pH adjustment, 301Reducer, gear, 835Reduction of hexavalent chromium, 547Reference electrode, pH, 291References, industrial wastewaters, 62Reformulation of product, 119Refractory, 527Refractory materials, 160Regeneration of carbon, 508Regulated dischargers, 82Regulation of high flows, 180Regulations

abbreviations, 79–80Clean Air Act, 103Clean Water Act, 103Department of Transportation, 104development, 91EPA, 81, 94, 98federal, 101–104hazard communication, 103hazardous material regulations, 104history, 81NPDES permit program, 83Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA), 103pollution control, 81pretreatment, 84, 92, 93–97Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA), 86, 101statutes, 101–104stormwater, 103Superfund Amendment Reauthorization Act (SARA), 102

Regulatory requirements, 116Rejection, mineral, 466, 467, 468Removal credits, 97Report forms, accident, 720Reports

baseline monitoring (BMR), 87, 95compliance, 95EPA, 94hazardous waste disposal, 96slug load, 95

Representative samples, 162Representative sampling, metals, 579Resampling, violation, 96

Index 969

Residence time, pH adjustment, 296Resistance measurements, 567Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA), 86, 101Response time, pH adjustment, 293Responsibility, operator’s, 46Return activated sludge flow, 245Reuse, 115Reverse osmosis (RO)

brine, 474calculations, 466–474“Christmas Tree” arrangement, 474, 475concentration polarization, 474definition, 463flow diagram, 464flux, 465, 466flux decline, 466hydrolysis, 469, 473membrane, 449, 463, 465, 466mineral rejection, 466, 467, 468osmosis, 463, 464permeate, 466pH effects, 469, 473recovery, 469, 555rejection, mineral, 466, 467, 468temperature effects, 469, 472, 473Also see Demineralization and Electrodialysis

Review of plans and specificationselectrical systems, 867equipment, 867lift stations, 867pump stations, 867safety, 720

Right-To-Know (RTK) Laws, 721–729Rings, pump, 757, 761, 782, 784, 831, 833Rinse waters, 530, 532Rising sludge, 369, 408Rods, pump, 835, 838, 839Rotameter, 235, 236, 419, 582, 583, 636, 637Rotary chemical feeder, 352Rotating screens, 275–282Rotation, motors, 817Rotation, pump, 775, 782Rotor, 768, 770, 776, 843

S

SARA, 102SPC, 462SCFM, 370Safety

air stripping, 494carbon adsorption, 509chemical treatment, 340, 377clarifiers, 377cones, traffic, 178confined spaces, 441, 445, 704

drums, traffic control, 178electricity, 788gravity filters, 414instrumentation, 628–630membrane filters, 463metal treatment, 549, 590, 595–600motors, 813OSHA, 677, 688operator, 9policy statement, 720pressure filters, 427screens, 284traffic cones, 178tubular markers, traffic control, 178upflow filters, 445vertical panels, traffic control, 178warning tag, 685, 702, 788, 789, 831, 832

Safety equipmentair gap device, 716, 717, 862, 863air supply, 708blowers, 681, 862breathing apparatus, self-contained, 688, 719chlorine monitor, 678combustible gas monitor, 678, 682, 710dosimeter, 682ear protecting devices, 688eye protection, 713, 714face shield, 708, 713fall arrest system, 676, 704, 706, 729fans, 681, 862film badges, 682fire extinguishers, 701, 714, 715, 719, 862fire-fighting equipment, 684, 701, 715, 720, 862first-aid kit, 717, 862fume hood, 713gas testing, 678, 679, 680, 681, 682, 683gloves, 676, 713hard hat, 720harness, 676, 679, 862hearing protection devices, 688hydrogen sulfide monitor, 678lifeline, 676lockout tag, 685, 702, 788, 789, 831, 832measurement of gases, 678, 679, 680, 681, 682, 683, 703nonsparking tools, 704oxygen deficiency/enrichment indicator, 678pocket dosimeter, 682protective clothing, 676, 679, 682, 688, 707, 710, 713, 714,

720, 862purchase, 720respirators, 688safety glasses and goggles, 713, 714safety harness, 676, 679, 862self-contained breathing apparatus, 688, 719storage containers, 708, 710tag, 685, 702, 788, 789, 831, 832


Safety equipment (continued)traffic control devices, 689, 690–694ventilation, 681, 682, 702, 704, 708, 710

Safety harness, 676, 679, 862Safety hazards

acids, 681aeration tanks, 707amines, 711applying protective coatings, 709back strains, 695bar screens, 701biocides, 711blowers, 681, 862carcinogens, 709, 711chemicals, 681, 708, 713chlorine, 678, 703, 708, 729clarifiers, 704collection systems, 689, 710comminutors, 702confined spaces, 675, 676–681, 689, 703, 707, 862cross connections, 716, 830digesters, 704digestion equipment, 704drowning, 707dysentery, 676electrical, 684, 788emergencies, 719empty digesters, 751excavations, 696explosive gas mixtures, 678, 682, 710falls, 676fire, 714, 715flammable atmospheric condition, 679foam, 711fuels, 710gasoline vapors, 678, 681, 682grit channels, 703hepatitis, 676hydrogen sulfide, 678, 681, 701, 711ice, 704, 708, 710industrial waste sampling, 175industrial waste treatment, 681, 710, 711infections, 676infectious diseases, 676laboratory, 713lift station, 701manholes, 689, 695methane, 678, 704monitoring, 175natural gas, 682noise, 685oil and grease soaked rags, 710oil and grease spills, 710oxygen deficiency/enrichment, 675, 676, 678, 681pH, 712

physical injuries, 676polymers, 709ponds, 707protective coatings, 709pumping stations, 701radiological, 682sampling, 175, 713sedimentation basins, 704sewer cleaning, 700slippery surfaces, 701, 703, 706, 707spills, 706, 710start-up, 701stored energy, 685suffocating gases or vapors, 675, 678, 681, 682, 709, 711, 713sulfur dioxide, 678, 708, 729surface-active agents, 711tetanus, 676toxic chemicals, 681toxic gases or vapors, 675, 678, 681, 682, 709, 711, 713traffic, 689treatment plants, 701trickling filters, 706typhoid fever, 676vapors, 675, 678, 681, 682, 709, 711, 713wet wells, 701, 702

Safety, OSHA standards, 735–738Safety program

accident report form, 720accidents, 718, 720backflow prevention, 716conditions for program, 718confined spaces, 676–681cross connections, 716development, 718drills, 719effectiveness, 718emergencies, 719entry of confined spaces, 676–681equipment use, 713, 717, 719fire control methods, 715fire drills, 719fire prevention, 714, 715, 716forms, accident, 720hazard communication program, 721–729hearing protection program, 688housekeeping, 701, 702, 704, 710immunization shots, 676importance of program, 718, 720information, 717–721inoculations (immunizations), 676laboratory, 713laundry service, 676library, 752locker room, 676management responsibility, 675, 718

Index 971

Safety program (continued)manhole entry, 689, 695material safety data sheets, 681, 710, 712, 723–725, 777, 865meetings, 718need, 675operator responsibility, 675paper work, 720personal hygiene, 676planning, 719policy, 720procedures, 713, 714promotion, 719protective clothing, 676, 679, 682, 688, 707, 710, 713, 714,

720, 862purchase of equipment, 720purpose, 675report form, 720respiratory protection, 679review of plans and specifications, 720safety policy, 720safety rules, 720sampling techniques, 713sewer-use ordinance, 710starting program, 718, 720storage of chemicals, 713supervisor’s role, 719tailgate safety meetings, 718testing procedures, 713training programs, 717, 718, 720uniforms, 676water supply protection, 716work clothes, 676

Safety rules, 720Samplers, 163Sampling

activated carbon, 508chain of custody, 172chemical preservation of samples, 171composite samples, 163, 580continuous sampling, 161devices, 580equipment, 163, 166grab samples, 162, 580industrial wastes, 159, 161jar test, 335labeling samples, 172location of sampling points, 162maintenance of equipment, 170membrane filtration, 462portable equipment, 163preservation of samples, 171, 173, 580procedures, 579–581representative samples, 162representative sampling, 579safety, 713

security of samples, 171storage of samples, 171techniques, 713temperature of stored samples, 171time of sample storage, 171

Sampling location, 162Sand filter, metals, 545Sanitary sewer codes, 100Schedule, compliance, 95Scouring, media, 400Screening

bar screens, 268–272coarse screens, 268–272, 283fine screens, 273–282, 283maintenance, screens, 282–284mechanical bar screen, 269purpose, 268rotating screens, 275–282safety, screens, 284shutdown procedures, 269, 281start-up procedures, 269, 281static screens, 273–274troubleshooting, 271–272types, 268–282wedgewire screen, 273why, 268

Screw-flow pumps, 768, 770, 771, 786Screw-lift pumps, 768, 770, 771, 786Scum

problem, 775receiving water, 28unplugging pipes, 865

Seal cage, pump, 758Seals, pump, 768, 773, 782, 783, 785, 830, 831, 833Secondary elements/devices, flows, 230–235Security of samples, 171Sedimentation

physical–chemical treatment, 321, 358–377safety, 704

Sedimentation basins, safety, 377Segregation of wastes, 118Self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA), 719Self-monitoring, 161Sensors, pH adjustment, 290–294Sensors/transducers, 630–642Septic, 265, 366, 32Service record card, 749, 750Sewer cleaning, 700Sewer gases, characteristics, 682Sewer service charges, 160Sewer-use ordinance, 160, 197, 710Sewer-use permit, 187Shaft, pump, 753, 754, 761, 762, 781, 782Shear pins, 835, 849Sheaves, 844


Sheeting, 696Shielding, 696Shock loads, 51, 159Shockcor, Joe, 534–536, 551Shoring, excavations, 696, 697Short-circuiting

clarifier, 366equalization tank, 266filter, 408

Shutdowncarbon adsorption, 506chemical treatment, 355dissolved air flotation (DAF) thickeners, 372draining pump, 834gravity filters, 412instrumentation, 657–659pumps, 775, 782, 784, 786screens, 269, 281

Sieve analysis, 516Signal transmitters/transducers, 642Significant Industrial User (SIU), 86Silicon controlled rectifier (SCR), 419Silver wastestreams, 532Single-stage pumps, 759, 767Slake, 328Sleeves, 754Sloping, excavations, 696, 699Sludge

receiving waters, 28unplugging pipelines, 866

Sludge dewatering, 568–574Sludge disposal effects, 53Sludge drying, 574Sludge load report, 95Sludge pumps, 759, 786, 835, 838Slug discharge, 171, 192Slug loadings, 51Sluice gates, 853, 860, 861Slurry, 496Small quantity generator, 102Sodium sulfide, 711Softening membrane, RO, 469Solids

dissolved, 30, 31floatable, 31inorganic, 31nonsettleable, 30organic, 31settleable, 30suspended, 30test in wastewater, 31total, 30wastewater characteristics, 30

Solids contact clarifier, 362, 363Solids, industrial wastes, 182Solids loadings, dissolved air flotation (DAF) thickeners, 369,

373

Solids pollution, 36Solvent controls, 558Solvent Management Plan, 94Solvents, 182Source control, 528Sources, metal wastestreams, 528Spare parts inventory, 591Specific gravity, 407Specifications

carbon adsorption, 510gravity filters, 414pressure filters, 429upflow filters, 445

Spent activated carbon, 510Spent baths, 531Spiral membranes, 451Spoil, 696Squirrel-cage induction motor (SCIM), 775, 803, 804Staff gauge, flow, 230, 231Staffing needs, 9Standard deviation, 259Standard industrial classification, 160, 198Starters, 810–813Start-up

air stripping, 492carbon adsorption, 498–505chemical treatment, 355, 374, 375dissolved air flotation (DAF) thickeners, 371instrumentation, 657–659pumps, 759, 774, 781, 782, 785safety hazards, 701screens, 269, 281water level controls, 840

Static screens, 273–274Stator, 768, 770, 786, 843Statutes

See RegulationsStethoscope, 841Stilling well, 230, 231Storage

bins, 677chemicals, 713containers, 708, 710samples, 171

Storage and handling of chemicals, 597, 713Storage of material and product, 118Stored energy, 685Stormwater, flow measurement, 238Straightedge, alignment, 847Strategy, pollution prevention, 115Strategy

gravity filter operation, 410operation, flow equalization, 266pH adjustment, 294pressure filters, 426upflow filters, 439

Strategy for monitoring, 179

Index 973

Stuffing box, valve, 850, 851, 852Stuffing boxes, pump, 758, 761, 831Submerged pressure transducers, 233Submersible pump, 759, 764Suction, pump, 753, 756, 759, 782, 784, 786Suffocating gases or vapors, 678, 681, 682, 709, 711, 713Sulfide precipitation, 546Sulfur dioxide, 678, 708, 729Superfund Amendment Reauthorization Act (SARA), 102Supervisors, safety, 719Supervisory controls, 802Surcharge, 238Surface-active agents, safety, 711Surfactants, 119, 453, 711Suspended solids, 30Switch gear, electrical, 795Switches, level control, 775, 831, 840Symbols, instrumentation, 616–620

T

TDH (total dynamic head), 833TTO, 94TWA (time weighted average), 688Tailgate safety meetings, 718Tanks, flow equalization, 244, 260, 261–267Tanks, maintenance, 751Tastes in water, 183Temperature

air stripping, 490pH adjustment, 293

Temperature effect, plugging pipelines, 865Temperature effects, reverse osmosis, 469, 472, 473Temperature limits, motors, 807Test equipment, 652Testers, electrical, 791–795Tetanus, 676Thermal wastes, 28, 159, 182Thermophilic process, anaerobic digester

See Chapter 12, OPERATION OF WASTEWATER TREAT-MENT PLANTS, Volume II

Thickening sludges, dissolved air flotation (DAF) thickeners,367

Thickness gauge, alignment, 847Thin film composite membrane, 465Time weighted average (TWA), 688Titration curves, pH adjustment, 287, 288, 290Total ash of regenerated carbon, 516Total dynamic head (TDH), 833Total toxic organics (TTO), 94Totalizer, gravity filters, 405Totalizers, instrumentation, 646Toxic

chemicals, 35organics, 558

Toxic chemicals, 681Toxic compounds, 183

Toxic gases or vapors, 678, 681, 682, 709, 711, 713Toxic Organic Management Plan (TOMP), 94Toxic organics, 558Toxic pollutants, priority, 90Toxic wastes

gases, 711, 714general, 28industrial, 159materials, 711, 714

Trafficcones, 178drums, 178tubular markers, 178vertical panels, 178

Traffic control devices, 689, 690–694Traffic hazards, 689Training

courses, 719hazard communication, 721–729management planning, 718safety, 717, 718, 719

Training for operators, 6, 10Tramp oil, 458Transducers, 233, 630–642Transfer of carbon, 509Transit time flow measurement, 238Transmembrane pressure, 455Transmitter, pH adjustment, 298Treatment of industrial wastes, need, 32, 33Treatment plant maintenance

buildings, 750channels, 751costs, 749general program, 749grounds, 751inspection, 751landscaping, 751library, 752paint, 750preventive maintenance program, 749, 830, 865preventive maintenance records, 749public relations, 751, 752records, 749safety, 701, 751tanks, 751Also see Mechanical maintenance, Meter maintenance, and

chapters 12 (607–604) and 14 (739–875)Treatment plants, safety, 701Treatment, preliminary, 257Treatment processes, metals, 533–558Treatment system effects, 50–54Trenching, 696, 697, 698, 699Trickling filters, safety, 707Troubleshooting

air stripping, 492bar screen, 271–272centrifugal pump, 593


Troubleshooting (continued)chain drive, 845chemical treatment, 377, 378diaphragm pump, 593dissolved air flotation (DAF) thickeners, 373, 374gravity filters, 412instrumentation, 592ion exchange, 555–557metals treatment processes, 591–595motors, 820–826ORP meter, 592pH adjustment, 302–304pH meter, 591probes, pH and ORP, 565pumps, 781rotating screen, 281static screen, 274upflow filter, 441–442variable-speed AC motors, 777–782water level controls, 840

Troughs, gravity filters, 400True color, 338Trunk sewer, 163Tube settlers, 364, 365Tubular markers, traffic control, 178Tubular membranes, 449Turbidity, 182Turbidity meter, 433–436Turbine pumps, 759, 767Typhoid fever, 29, 676

U

Ultrafiltration, 447Ultrasonic flow devices, 232Unbalance, voltage, 808, 810Underdrains, gravity filters, 400, 403Underground tank laws, 101Uniformity coefficient, 515Uniforms, 676Unloading station, carbon, 510Unplugging pipes, pumps, and valves

costs, 865cutting tools, 866digested sludge lines, 865equipment, 865, 866high-velocity pressure units, 866methods of unplugging, 865, 866pipes, 865pressure clearing methods, 865, 866pumps, 866scum lines, 865sludge lines, 865valves, 865, 866

Upflow carbon column, 503, 504Upper explosive limit (UEL), 682, 683Upstream processes, carbon adsorption, 507, 511

V

VOM (Volt-Ohm-Milliammeter), 652, 654Vacuum drying of sludge, 574Vacuum filters, 569Valve chamber gaskets, 835Valve parts

bonnet, 855, 857gear, 850, 855gland, 853packing, 850, 851plug, 855, 857rising stem, 850seal, 855seats, 850, 853, 855, 857stuffing box, 850, 851, 852threads, 850

Valvesball valves, 835, 838check valves, 783, 833, 839, 853, 854description, 850, 853foot valves, 833gate valves, 850–853location, 783maintenance, 833, 835, 838, 839, 850, 853, 855–859plug valves, 853, 855–859unplugging, 865, 866

Vanes, pump, 753Vapor phase carbon, 491Vapors, toxic or suffocating, 678, 681, 682, 709, 711, 713Variables, industrial wastewaters, 42–46Variable-speed AC motors

description, 776preventive maintenance, 777troubleshooting, 777–782

Variable-speed belt drives, 845Variance from categorical standards, 97Velocity, face, sensors, 293Velocity meters, 235, 583, 584Ventilation and exhaust, systems, 584Ventilation, carbon adsorption, 511Ventilation, safety, 681, 682, 702, 704, 708, 710Venturi meter, 640, 641Venturi nozzle, 218, 233, 234, 583Vertical panels, traffic control, 178Vertical wet well pumps, 759, 767Very low flow measurements, 238Vibration, motors, 817, 841, 847Vibrations, pump, 783, 785Viscosity, 336, 709Visible pollution, 36Visual inspection, chain drive, 845Visual inspection, dissolved air flotation (DAF) thickeners, 373Volatile liquids, 39Volatile organics, 489Voltage, imbalance, 808, 810Voltage measurements, 567

Index 975

Volts, 790Volume, flow equalization, 261–265Volumetric screw chemical feeder, 350Volute, 753, 783, 784, 785

W

Walk-through, 120Warning tag, 685, 702, 788, 789, 831, 832Wash water troughs, gravity filters, 400Waste activated sludge flow, meter, 245Waste discharges, 28Waste minimization, 528Waste segregation, 118Wastes

biological, 33, 35chemical, 35dissolved, 33industrial, 32inorganic, 36need to treat, 32, 33oxygen consuming, 36suspended, 33

Wastestreamsindustrial, 42–46metal, 531–533types, 94

Wastewaterdefinition, 5effluent, 9facilities, 98generation, 39, 54–62ordinances, 98–100pumps, 753, 759

Wastewater characteristics, 28Wastewater treatment objectives, 27Wastewaters, industrial

See Industrial wastewatersWater

aquatic vegetation, 36contact recreation, 35fish, 36level controls, 775, 840

non-body contact recreation, 36pollution, 7, 27receiving, 7supply protection, 716uses by industry, 32, 34, 36wildlife, 36

Water hammer, 407, 585, 835Water meters, 175Water quality protector, 6Watts, 791Wearing rings, pump, 757, 761, 782, 784, 833Wedgewire screen, 273Weirs, 218, 220, 221–224, 582, 583Well, stilling, 230Wet well, pressure filter, 416Wet well pumps, 759, 764, 767, 783, 784Wet wells, 701, 702, 783, 784Wildlife, 36Work clothes, 676Worker Right-to-Know (RTK) Laws, 721–729

X, Y, Z

(NO LISTINGS)

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