industrial solid waste - toxic

8/2/2019 Industrial Solid Waste - Toxic

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Elective Pollution Impact And Remedies

Industrial Solid Waste - Toxic


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WASTES CLASSIFICATION

Solid waste is classified as HAZARDOUS by ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY

(EPA) of the US if it exhibits:

IGNITABILITY - can burst into flames easily; can irritate the skin, eyes, and lungs; and may

give off harmful vapors. Gasoline, paint, and furniture polish are ignitable.

CORROSIVITY - can wear away (corrode) or destroy a substance. For example, most

acids are corrosives that can eat through metal, burn skin on contact, and give off vapors

that burn the eyes. REACTIVITY - can explode or create poisonous gas when combined with other chemicals.

Chlorine bleach and ammonia are reactive and create a poisonous gas when they come

into contact with each other.

TOXICITY - can poison people and other life. Toxic substances can cause illness and evendeath if swallowed or absorbed through the skin. Pesticides, weed killers, and many

household cleaners are toxic.


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When it rains on soil at a waste site, it can carry hazardous waste deeper into the ground and

the underlying groundwater.

A toxic substance can cause injury or death to a person, plant, or animal if:

o A large amount is released at one time

o A small amount is released many times at the same place

o The substance does not become diluted

o The substance is very toxic (for example, arsenic)

o

Coming into contact with a substance is called an exposure

The effects of exposure depends on:

o How the substance is used and disposed of

o Who is exposed to it

o

The concentration, or dose, of exposureo How long or how often someone is exposed

Humans, plants, and animals can be exposed to

hazardous substances through inhalation,

ingestion, or dermal exposure

TOXIC WASTE EFFECTS


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Solubilityoil soluble chemicals are more likely to enter

a cell and stay in body

Bioaccumulation and BiomagnificationBioaccumulation: selective absorptionBiomagnification: movement of toxin fromprey into predator

PersistencePlastics, pesticides (DDT) are used becausethey "stay around" but also better chance ofinteraction with unintended organism

Chemical Interactions

Antagonistic, additive, synergistic


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Industrial waste amounts to some 400 million metric tons per year in the United States.

In India, there are 36,165 nos. of hazardous waste generating industries, generating 62,32,507

Metric Tonnes of hazardous wastes every year. The category-wise classification of this quantityis as follows.

HOW MUCH?


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TOP TEN MOST POLLUTED PLACES IN THE WORLD, 2007

1. Sumgayit, Azerbaijan

2. Linfen, China

3. Tianying, China

4. Sukinda, IndiaTwelve chromite ore mines dump untreated water into the river, and over 30 million tons ofwaste rock have been dumped in the valley's riverbanks, which has resulted in severewater contamination.

5. Vapi, IndiaThere are over 100 industries covering over 1,000 acres in the region that hascontaminated local produce.

6. La Oroya, Peru

7. Dzerzhinsk, Russia

8. Norilsk, Russia

9. Chernobyl, Ukraine

10. Kabwe, Zambia

compiled by the Technical Advisory Board of the Blacksmith Institute, an environmental NGO based in NewYork.


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CATEGORIZATION OF TOXIC CHEMICALS:

Hazard code "E" : an aqueous extract contains contamination in excess of that allowed

(e.g., arsenic >5 mg/l; barium >0.100 mg/l; cadmium >1 mg/l; chromium >5 mg/l; lead >5

mg/l).

"acute hazardous waste" with code H: fatal to humans in low doses or has been found

to be fatal in corresponding human concentrations in laboratory animals.

hazard code "T: designates wastes which have been found through laboratory studies to

be a carcinogen, mutagen, or teratogen for humans or other life forms.

In 1976 the Toxic Substances Control Act required the Environmental Protection Agencyto regulate potentially hazardous industrial chemicals

TRI (Toxics Release Inventory) Program-Listed

Chemicals

total number of chemicals and chemical categories is

682

593 individually listed chemicals and 30 chemical

categories (including 3 delimited categories containing

62 chemicals)


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SOURCE AND QUANTUM OF SOME MAJOR INDUSTRIAL WASTE IN INDIA


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REMEDIES

Any method, technique or, process designed to change the physical, chemical, or biologicalcharacter or composition of the hazardous waste, so as to neutralize the waste or to makethe waste less hazardous and thereby safer for transport, increase potential for recovery, reuseor storage, or to reduce waste volume.

A two-tier approach(a) prevention(b) control of environmental pollution.

Prevention- A Waste Minimisation ApproachReduction and recycling of wastes are inevitably site/plant specific.

Waste minimisation techniques can be grouped into four major categories which are applicablefor hazardous as well as non-hazardous wastes. These groups are as follows :

Inventory Management and Improved Operations Inventorisation and tracing of all raw materials Purchasing of fewer toxic and more non-toxic production materials Implementation of employees training and management feedback

Improving material receiving, storage, and handling practices

Modification of Equipment Installation of equipment that produce minimal or no wastes Modification of equipment to enhance recovery or recycling options Redesigning of equipment or production lines to produce less waste

Improving operating efficiency of equipment Maintaining strict preventive maintenance programme


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Production Process Changes Substitution of non-hazardous for hazardous raw materials

Segregation of wastes by type for recovery Elimination of sources of leaks and spills Separation of hazardous from non-hazardous wastes

Redesigning or reformulation for products to be less hazardous Optimisation of reactions and raw material use

Recycling and Reuse Installation of closed-loop systems Recycling off site for use Exchange of wastes

Waste Management at Sourcesimple, inexpensive measures modifying production processes, through changes in rawmaterials/product design and by employing recovery/recycling and reuse techniques


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CURRENT PRACTICE OF INDUSTRIAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

In the past there has been little control over the disposal of industrial wastes It has only been during the last decade that even developed countries have brought in

legislation to curb the uncontrolled and environmentally unacceptable practices that were

widespread.

The most predominant and widely practiced methods for wastes disposal are :

(a) Landfill

(b) Incineration

Landfill:

Least expensive and most widely used waste management option for both municipal

and industrial waste

percolating rainwater or snowmelt which eventually flows out from the bottom of the

landfill site and moves into the local groundwater system.

Leachate is a liquid that is formed as infiltrating water migrates through the waste material

extracting water-soluble compounds and particulate matter. These leachates, can contain

large amount of inorganic and organic contaminants.


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Incineration:

Destruction of hazardous waste by thermal process using incinerator

Burning of hazardous waste in boiler or in industrial furnace in order to destroy them and/or

for any recycling purpose and/or energy source.


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Waste dewatering

Bioremediation

In situ chemical extraction

Vapor stripping Multiphase remediation

NEW TECHNOLOGIES The Superfund program was an attempt at a quick solution to a complex problem of

hazardous waste treatment. By mid-1984, four years into the program, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

could point to only six hazardous waste sites that had been permanently cleaned up. Under the Superfund law, EPA was ordered to develop a list of more than 400 priority sites

nationwide, at least one in each state.


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Waste dewatering efficient and effective treatment method used for waste volume reduction. A variety of treatment systems are employed to dewater waste - including belt presses,

centrifuges, and other devices.

Bioremediation methods to stimulate and enhance natural biological processes that break down

hazardous organic chemicals into nontoxic substances. oil industry and several other industries have successfully demonstrated this approach,

primarily for industrial sludges. success has been realized with a wide range of chemical species, especially chlorinated

hydrocarbons.

The technique entails adding nutrients, hydrogen peroxide, or other innocuoussubstances to contaminated wells in order to accelerate degradation and solubilization ofhazardous materials.

In situ chemical extraction used for industrial applications such as paper processing, metal ore beneficiation, and

synthetic resin reactivation At hazardous waste sites, acidic or alkaline solutions injected into the soil, where theywould react with waste materials and form new compounds containing the target metals ororganic chemicals.

The substances would then be flushed from the subsurface and collected at recoverywells.


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Vapor stripping

forced movement of air through soils contaminated with volatile organic compounds

The resulting vapors rise through the soil and are collected on the surface

Multiphase remediation

introducing contaminant removing chemicals into subsurface pools

Although used by the petroleum industry to recover oil from subsurface reservoirs,

multiphase remediation has yet to be used to remove pollutants from contaminated aquifers

industrial solid waste - toxic

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